第一篇：解析《飘》中斯嘉丽的女性主义思想在其婚姻中的体现
英语专业全英原创毕业论文，是近期写作，公布的题目可以用于免费参考（贡献者ID 有提示）
最新英语专业全英原创毕业论文，都是近期写作 中西服饰文化差异对语言的影响 《威尼斯商人》中夏洛克与《失乐园》中的撒旦的反叛者形象比较 3 《睡谷的传说》中理想与现实的矛盾 4 英文歌曲名称翻译浅析 5 裘德悲剧成因的分析 6 爱伦坡哥特式小说探析 7 论《宠儿》中的象征意象 8 合作原则与关联理论比较 目的论指导下的化妆品品牌翻译 An Eco-Critical Approach to Moby Dick 11 从《傲慢与偏见》看现代爱情观 中西方灾难新闻差异性研究-文化与传媒 13 The Environmental Influence on Emily Brontë and “Wuthering Heights” 14 从三美原则看中国古诗词中酒意象的英译 15 英语影视的课堂价值 16 中西问候语差异对比 A Brief Discussion on Creative Treason in Poetry Translation—Based on the Chinese Versions of The Isles of Greece 18 浅谈英语广告的特点及翻译 20 旅游资料翻译中文化因素的处理 从女性主义视角分析《纯真年代》中两位女主人公的不同爱情观 22 中西文化差异在家庭教育中的体现 23 简析《日常用品》中的矛盾冲突 语法翻译法视角下的中学生英语家教辅导 福克纳对女性形象的塑造—以《献给艾米丽的玫瑰》和《士兵的报酬》为例 26 从女性角度分析《喧哗与骚动》中的堕落与升华 27 从功能翻译理论看《功夫熊猫》电影字幕翻译 The Differences of Beauty Standards Between China and America 29 探析《玛莎•奎斯特》中玛莎性格的根源 Cultivation of Students’ Autonomy in Listening in Junior High School 31 On Moral Characters in The Picture of Dorian Gray 32 A Study of Expressionism in Winesburg, Ohio 33 论外国文化在英语学习中的重要性
A Comparative Study on Lin Daiyu and Xue Baochai 35 解读《小镇畸人》中三位畸形女性 36 浅析新闻英语中模糊语言的运用
An Interpretation of A Tale of Two Cities from the Perspective of Symbolism 38 On the Chinese Loanwords from English 39 英语语言中的性别歧视
通过小说《紫色》分析沃克的妇女主义思想
A Comparative Study of Cultural Connotations of Yellow and Huang in English and Chinese 英语专业全英原创毕业论文，是近期写作，公布的题目可以用于免费参考（贡献者ID 有提示）
目的论视角下旅游景区公示语误译的研究
从《看得见风景的房间》看女性身份的遗失和找寻 44 浅析《道林•格雷的画像》中的女性形象 45 论英汉数字习语的差异及翻译 46 英语教学中的跨文化意识的培养 47 从玛氏公司看英美文化对广告的影响 48 浅谈《旧约》中女性的形象和地位
浅析《动物庄园》中极权主义形成的必然性
A Comparison of Values between China and the West 51 American Country Music 52 传播学视角下的影视字幕翻译研究—以美剧《复仇》为例 53 英国哥特小说故事情节中的怪诞表现 54 从文化差异角度看英汉习语的翻译
论《最危险的游戏》中的生态伦理混乱 56 文化因素对品牌翻译的影响 57 仿拟在商业广告中的应用
从《劝导》看简奥斯汀创作思想的发展 59 跨文化商务谈判中的语用原则分析
爱丽斯沃克小说《紫色》的妇女主义话语 61 论《飘》中思嘉丽的性格特征
论《傲慢与偏见》中婚姻选择的经济动因
适者生存—解读《野性的呼唤》中的“生命的法则” 64 《虹》中的女性婚姻观浅析
英雄的成长-对《指环王》主人公弗罗多的分析 66 论《杀死一只知更鸟》的成长主题
从《一间自己的房间》看弗吉尼亚•伍尔夫的女性主义 68 论文化对词语内涵意义的影响 69 文化与幽默欣赏
关于战争对英语习语的影响的研究
《威尼斯商人》中的关键社会元素——莎士比亚心中的乌托邦社会 72 中医术语翻译方法研究
A Cross-Cultural Study on Linguistic Taboo 74 边缘人群的孤独与无奈——对《夜访吸血鬼》中路易斯的研究 75 论网络自主学习与英语课堂教学的契合 76 欧•亨利短篇小说中的美式幽默风格的翻译 77 论中美商务谈判风格的差异 78 产品说明书的翻译技巧
An Analysis of The Woman Warrior from the Perspective of Construction of Discrete Identity in Chinese American Community 80 A Cultural Analysis of English and Chinese Names 81 男女二元等级对立的颠覆－－《奥兰多》之女性主义解读 82 论概念隐喻视角下的隐喻翻译 83 培根《论读书》多种译本的比较
English Vocabulary Teaching in Junior Middle School 英语专业全英原创毕业论文，是近期写作，公布的题目可以用于免费参考（贡献者ID 有提示）
《麦琪的礼物》的叙事技巧分析
浅析《献给艾米莉的玫瑰》中渐渐消失的玫瑰 87 合作教学理论在初中英语阅读中的运用 88 Foreign Brands Translated in Chinese 89 Cultural Differences in Business Negotiations: East and West 90 广告英语修辞特点及其翻译
从多视角比较《论读书》的两个译本 92 《追风筝的人》中阿米尔的性格分析 93 试析威廉布莱克和他的《老虎》 94 合作原则在《傲慢与偏见》中的运用 95 试论用英语电影进行英语文化教学 96 英语广告中的礼貌原则
方言电视节目收视群体特点及社会影响分析 98 英语广告的语言特点
中西方文学作品中复仇的异同——《基督山伯爵》和《连城诀》比较研究 100 跨文化交际中的中西方时间观念 101 英汉基本颜色文化内涵对比
商务谈判口译的语用失误的成因及负面影响对学习的启示
The Application of Cohesive Devices in Chinese-English Translation of Chinese Literary Works 104 浅析《儿子与情人》中扭曲的人物关系 105 身势语在基础英语教学中的应用
学生英译汉翻译中的英式汉语及其改进方式
An Analysis of Youth Subculture through the Movie－－Trainspotting 108 小学英语单词情趣教学初探
A Comparative Study of Feminism in Jane Eyre and Wuthering Heights 110 奴隶制下的压迫与爱——浅析托尼•莫里森的《宠儿》
A Thousand Splendid Suns: from the Perspective of Initiation Story 112 任务型教学过程及其在初中英语教学中的应用 113 《远大前程》中皮普的心路历程 114 论《简爱》中的经济意识
《基督山伯爵》中大仲马性格的显现及其对主人公言语行为的影响 116 Application of Foregrounding Theory to Translation of Simile and Metaphor 117 论中美日常交际的文化差异 118 英语动画片中的中国元素探究
从传播美学分析国内畅销知名化妆品广告中的译文 120 An Analysis of the Translation of Film Titles 121 等值理论视阈下的英汉广告翻译 122 《推销员之死》中的反英雄主义
英语环境的营造对中学生英语学习的影响 124 英语专业本科毕业论文摘要的体裁分析
对《傲慢与偏见》中女主人公伊丽莎白的尝试性分析 126 广告英语中双关语的翻译 127 英语电影片名汉译研究 英语专业全英原创毕业论文，是近期写作，公布的题目可以用于免费参考（贡献者ID 有提示）
Oscar Wilde’s Aestheticism on The Picture of Dorian Gray 129 跨文化非言语交际失误分析
从《紫色》中的意象看黑人女性身份的自我重塑 131 英汉颜色词文化内涵的异同分析 132 中英文商标翻译的问题及其解决方法 133 中英习语文化异同及其翻译
论高中英语写作教学中的文化意识培养 135 浅析哈代笔下经典女性苔丝和苏的人物形象 136 英汉称谓语对比研究
Roger Chillingworth in The Scarlet Letter Viewed from the Humanistic Perspective 138 唯美主义在道连格雷变化中的体现 139 论英语广告的语言特点
《麦田里的守望者》的原型分析
A Comparative Analysis of Jane Eyre’s Chinese Renditions in Different Periods 142 论英文电影片名翻译方法的应用
Pronunciation Problems in English Language Teaching 144 对比分析英式英语和美式英语的区别
The Transcultural Differences in the Translation of Commercial Advertisements 146 Analysis on Ambiguity in The Scarlet Letter 147 从阿里巴巴BB电子商务平台论中小企业的发展趋势
痴情动因的解析——《一个陌生女人的来信》的精神分析
An Analysis of American Dream－－A Case Study of The Great Gatsby 150 外贸合同中介词的用法与翻译
151 The Weakness of Human Nature in Gulliver’s Travels 152 美国总统就职演说中隐喻的语用功能分析 153 对美国个人主义和中国集体主义的一些讨论
154 Pragmatic Study on the Humor Effect in The Big Bang Theory 155 商务英语中含蓄否定句的研究 156 论英语委婉语的构成与翻译
157 A Study on Problems and Solutions to JEFC Teaching under Multi-level Modes 158 通过《蝇王》看人性
159 英汉视觉动词概念隐喻的对比研究
160 A Study on the Effects of Phonetics in JEFC Teaching 161 唐诗宋词中颜色意象的研究及其翻译
162 论影视字幕翻译的特点及应注意的方面——以美剧绝望主妇为题材 163 名词化隐喻在外贸函电中的功能分析 164 语法型课堂和交流型课堂的整体研究
165 模糊数词在英语习语中的构成形式及其修辞功能 166 跨文化商务谈判中的文化差异及应对技巧 167 名词化隐喻在外贸函电中的功能分析 168 从概念隐喻看寓言的语篇连贯
169 从中国传统民居乔家大院和西方哥特式教堂看中西文化差异 170 Text Cohesion in English Business Contracts 171 外来词的翻译方法初探 英语专业全英原创毕业论文，是近期写作，公布的题目可以用于免费参考（贡献者ID 有提示）
172 从希斯克利夫的悲剧人生看“如何被逼出邪恶的人性” 173 从归化与异化之争看四字格的运用
174 论科技英语翻译中科学性与艺术性的和谐统一
175 两种文化中不同的生存希望——以电影《肖申克的救赎》和《活着》人物命运分析为例
176 功能对等理论在英语习语翻译中的应用 177 英语中常用修辞格
178 A Comparison Between the Novel and Movie of A Clockwork Orange 179 中式菜名的英译
180 The Influences of Electronic Commerce on International Trade 181 论华裔女星在好莱坞电影中的角色转变 182 从目的论的角度浅析美国电影字幕翻译
183 从功能对等的角度浅析汉语成语中数字的翻译
184 A Research on the Translation of the Chinese Dish Names 185 从中美送礼习俗分析两国文化价值观的差异 186 从语用学角度看广告英语中的模糊表达
187 侠客精神和骑士精神折射出的文化差异—《七侠五义》和《亚瑟王之死》之比较 188 中英文颜色词的文化内涵及翻译 189 浅析《法国中尉的女人》中的自由 190 对圣经文学性之赏析 191 包法利夫人的悲剧简析 192 论英语小说中俚语的汉译
193 论〈麦田里的守望者〉中“垮掉派”特质的体现 194 浅析我国中小企业电子商务现状与对策
195 从《荆棘鸟》中三个女性形象解读女性主义发展 196 英汉语言中颜色隐喻的认知差异研究
197 Analysis of the Symbolic Meanings of the Major Characters in Moby Dick 198 从归化的角度分析《飘》的中译本 199 试论盖茨比对其梦想生活的追求
200 解析《飘》中斯嘉丽的女性主义思想在其婚姻中的体现
第二篇：论《飘》中斯嘉丽的婚姻观(毕业论文)
北 京 理 工 大 学
毕业设计（论文）
论《飘》中斯嘉丽的婚姻观
Scarlett’s View of Marriage in Gone with the Wind
系
部：
专
业： 班
级：
学
生：
学
号：
指导教师：
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江 西 理 工 大 学 南 昌 校 区
毕 业 设 计（论文）任 务 书
文理系
商务英语专业
08 级（2011
届）
班 学生
题
目：论《飘》中斯嘉丽的婚姻观
专题题目（若无专题则不填）：
原始依据(包括设计（论文）的工作基础、研究条件、应用环境、工作目的等)： 玛格丽特.米契尔(Margaret Mitchell)的巨作《飘》展现了美国南北战争时期南方**的社会现实，以女主人公斯嘉丽为主线，描写了几对青年的爱情纠葛。作品一问世就引起了广大读者和评论家的极大关注。其中有些评论家对女主人公斯佳丽的婚姻观进行了评述。在《性别研究》——浅谈斯佳丽的婚姻悲剧中，作者分析了文学名著《飘》中的女主人公斯佳丽的悲剧婚姻。陈煜强在《斯嘉丽的婚姻观：马斯洛“需要理论”解读》中运用了马斯洛的‘需要理论'分析了斯嘉丽在不同的时期所确定的不同层次的需要,只要谁能满足她的需要,她就要委任以婚姻来保障她的需要能够得到较好地满足。由此我们可以看出《飘》中的女主人公斯佳丽展示了人性的某些真实特性,这些内容值得我们去研究和探讨。我们可以透过斯嘉丽每次婚姻的背景、特点，来看当时的历史，了解十九世纪的美国，了解美国女性主义的形成过程，也可通过研究斯嘉丽的爱情，树立正确的爱情观，以免后人再重蹈覆辙 主要内容和要求：（包括设计（研究）内容、主要指标与技术参数，并根据课题性质对学生提出具体要求）：
玛格丽特·米切尔的小说《飘》中的主人公斯嘉丽是一个天生丽质，性格要强，勇于面对困难的女人，在经历了人生的跌宕起伏后，仍然能够坚强的面对人生，扛起整个家庭的重担。她出生于十九世纪中期，生活在美国南部佐治亚州一个富裕的庄园主家庭，她的母亲是优雅端庄的法国海滨贵族，父亲是粗狂豪爽的法兰西人，他们一个有着豪爽仗义的爱尔兰农民精明朴实的血统，一个有着极富教养的法国海滨贵族血统，斯佳丽就是这两种血统的交汇。加上其生活的佐治亚州是美国南方一个开化较晚、不拘礼仪的地区，那里有着独特的历史人文背景，孕育了一代具有极为浓厚的“南方性”情节的人们，这样的环境为斯佳丽性格的形成提供了自由的空间。于是特殊的家庭和特殊的社会环境造就了其特殊的性格--水一般的温柔与火一样的热烈,这种性格使其对爱情有着特殊的理解，既勇于追求爱情，又把爱情当做生活的交换条件。为了生活，她自由的穿梭于各色男人之间，却忽略了自己内心的真实感情，所以她的婚姻不是建立在爱情上的，每一次婚姻都是为了满足的她的不同需要，虽然最后她重建了塔拉庄园，得到了自己梦寐以求的金钱、地位，却失去了最宝贵的爱情。日程安排：
2010年7月至9月：搜集相关资料，对资料进行汇总 2010年9月至11月：完成开题报告 2010年11月至2011年1月：完成初稿 2011年1月至3月：论文修改
2011年3月：论文答辩
主要参考文献和书目：
[1] 牛冀莲.战争中的铿锵玫瑰—从女性主义角度看《乱世佳人》中斯佳丽的形象[J].黑龙江大学学报，2009,5.[2] 马佳瑛.多重性格的结合体—浅析<飘中女主人公斯嘉丽>[J].西安翻译学院学报，2010,4 [3] 韩艳莉.郝佳丽：“逝”不去的梦和人—论<飘>中郝佳丽的女性主义意识[J].南昌高专学报, 2008,4 [4] 丁芸.思嘉精神及其形象和审美价值[J].浙江大学报（社会科学版）, 1990,3 [5] 陈煜强.斯嘉丽的婚姻观.马斯诺“需要理论”解读 [M] 云南师范大学外语学院 2007年
[6] 杨云 试论《乱世佳人》中郝思嘉的艺术形象[J].大同职业技术学院学报,2004,9 [7] Dong Hengxun.The History of American Literature.Beijing：People Literature Press，2003 [8] Guo Yuanzhong.―On Tendency of Ideology in Gone with the Wind.‖ Henan Teachers
University.2005, 4:123-124.[9] He Yuanyuan.―Gone with the Wind Will Never Gone with the Wind.‖ Hunan Metullurgical
Professional Technology College 2006, 3: 377-379.[10] Hu Guoxian.―A Dream of America-A Real Story about Scarlett‖.Guangxi University
Wuzhou Branch 2005, 2: 52-55.[11] Jing Xinmei.―On Feminism in Gone with the Wind.‖ School of Foreign languages.Nanjing
Normal University 2005, 2: 76-80.[12] Li Yanbo.―A Study about the Rebellion in Scarlett’s Character.‖ Journal of Mudan Teachers
University 2005, 2: 13-14 [13] Mitchell, Margaret.Gone with the Wind.Yili：Yili People Press，2001
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注：本表可自主延伸，各专业根据需调整
毕业论文独创性声明
本人声明所呈交的毕业论文是本人在导师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。据我所知，除了文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外，论文中不包含其他人已经发表或撰写过的研究成果，也不包含为获得 江西理工大学或其他教育机构的毕业证书而使用过的材料。与我一同工作的同志对本研究所做的任何贡献均已在论文中作了明确的说明并表示谢意。
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****年**月**日
Abstract
Margaret Mitchell’s novel Gone with the Wind is based on the civil war which happened in the united states.In that period, the situation of society was turbulent and unrest.It described a few youth’ love imbroglio around the heroine Scarlett.Scarlett was born in the mid-nineteenth century, living in a wealthy family plantation owner in the southern Georgia.On one hand, she has kinds of good quality, quite, good-hearted, full of ability like her mother Aland-a French seaside noble, but on the other hand, she is ruggedly gracious like her father-a Frenchman.She has courage to pursue love, but also regards love as a life of an exchange.She can shuttle freely in all kinds of men, but neglects her own heart’s feelings, so her marriage is not based on love, just for satisfying her need.In retaliation for Ashley, she married Charles, in order to live, she married Frank, and in order to satisfy the vanity, she married Rhett.Eventually, she got the money, position which she was dying for, rebuilt the Tara manor, but she lost the most precious thing-love.But she is a strong girl, dare to face any difficulties after experiencing the ups and downs of life, and raise the whole family.After reading her marriage story, we can understand the American culture in the nineteenth century and know American feminist forming process.What’s more, we can establish the correct view of love through the research of her love, lest posterity to repeat.Key words: Scarlett;Love;Life;Marriage
摘要
玛格丽特.米契尔(Margaret Mitchell)的巨作《飘》展现了美国南北战争时期南方**的社会现实，以女主人公斯嘉丽为主线，描写了几对青年的爱情纠葛。故事的女主人公斯嘉丽出生于十九世纪中期，生活在美国南方开化较晚、不拘礼仪的佐治亚州，那里有着独特的历史人文背景，孕育了一代具有极为浓厚的“南方性”情节的人们，这样的环境为斯佳丽性格的形成提供了自由的空间。于是特殊的家庭和特殊的社会环境造就了其特殊的性格--水一般的温柔与火一样的热烈,这种性格使其对爱情有着特殊的理解，既勇于追求爱情，又把爱情当做生活的交换条件，每一次婚姻都是为了满足她的不同需要。为了报复艾希礼，她嫁给了查尔斯，为了生活，她嫁给了弗兰克，为了满足虚荣心，她嫁给了瑞德。虽然最后她得到了自己梦寐以求的金钱、地位，重建了塔拉庄园，却失去了最宝贵的爱情。我们可以透过斯嘉丽每次婚姻的背景、特点，来看当时的历史，了解十九世纪的美国，了解美国女性主义的形成过程，也可通过研究斯嘉丽的爱情，树立正确的爱情观，以免后人再重蹈覆辙。
关键词：斯嘉丽；爱情；生活；婚姻
Contents
Abstract I.Introduction...........................................................................................1 II.Scarlett’s Living Background.............................................................1 III.Scarlett’s Marriage............................................................................2 3.1 Scarlett’s First Marriage...................................................................................2 3.1.1 Background of Scarlett’s first marriage.........................................................2 3.1.2 The characteristics of Scarlett’s first marriage..............................................2 3.1.3 The result of Scarlett’s first marriage............................................................3 3.2 Scarlett’s Second Marriage...............................................................................3 3.2.1 Background of Scarlett’s second marriage....................................................3 3.2.2 The characteristics of Scarlett’s second marriage.........................................3 3.2.3 The result of Scarlett’s second marriage.......................................................4 3.3 Scarlett’s Third Marriage..................................................................................4 3.3.1 Background of Scarlett’s third marriage.......................................................4 3.3.2 The characteristics of Scarlett’s third marriage.............................................4 3.3.3 The result of Scarlett’s third marriage...........................................................5 3.3.4 Set up the correct love view..........................................................................5 IV.Conclusion...........................................................................................6 Bibliography Acknowledgement
目 录
摘要
第一章 引言..............................................................................................1 第二章 斯嘉丽的生活背景......................................................................1 第三章 斯嘉丽的婚姻..............................................................................2
3.1斯嘉丽的第一次婚姻...............................................................................................2 3.1.1斯嘉丽第一次婚姻的背景.........................................................................2 3.1.2斯嘉丽第一次婚姻的特点.........................................................................2 3.1.3斯嘉丽第一次婚姻的结果.........................................................................3 3.2斯嘉丽的第二次婚姻.........................................................................................3 3.2.1斯嘉丽第二次婚姻的背景.........................................................................3 3.2.2斯嘉丽第二次婚姻的特点.........................................................................3 3.2.3斯嘉丽第二次婚姻的结果.........................................................................4 3.3斯嘉丽的第三次婚姻.........................................................................................4 3.3.1斯嘉丽第三次婚姻的背景.........................................................................4 3.3.2斯嘉丽第三次婚姻的特点.........................................................................4 3.3.3斯嘉丽第三次婚姻的结果.........................................................................5 3.3.4树立正确的爱情观.....................................................................................5
第四章 结束语..........................................................................................6 致谢 参考文献
江西理工大学2011届专科生毕业论文
I.Introduction The novel ―Gone With The Wind‖ written by American writer Margaret Mitchell shocked me deeply, and she finished this great work with one billion words in 1936.The story started from April, 1861, spanning 12 years, and the background was US Civil War.The writer not only created a myth, but also shows her own personal charm to the world.Heroine Scarlett is a simple but very complex figure.On the surface she has kinds of good quality, quite, good-hearted, and full of ability like her mother Aland, but the vast majority of cases, the restless temperament to her behavior.She’s so beautiful that almost all the young men in the book are tempted by her.She seems to have become accustomed to dealing within these young men, like a cold hot fire but locked of love to blame, which almost makes many men crazy.She has strong cravings in all the good things, and she wants to take away the entire boy's heart.At first, Scarlett is like a proud, attractive princess.She tends to conquer the entire world and seize all the happiness.She loves Ashley very much though she doesn’t know him at all.Being angry, she gets married with Charles Hamilton who is Ashley’s wife’s brother.Unfortunately, Hamilton dies in the war and Scarlett becomes a widow.But the war destroys her life and makes her back to her motherland.Although she is strong and brave to make a living in the wartime, it’s not enough.In order to protect her families and industries, she gets married with Frank Kennedy who is Scarlett’s sister’s finance.After Kennedy’s death, she finally marries Rhett Butler who really loved her very much.However, Scarlett still loved Ashley from the bottom of the heart.But she never tries to know Rhett.She continues to pursue the unreal love towards Ashley.Until Melanie died did she know that Rhett is the only person who really loved her.But it’s too late.Rhett determined to leave her without hesitation.In the end, Scarlett had to tell herself that tomorrow is another day.From the story, we can see that Scarlett’s special spirit leads her special experiences and life.II.Scarlett’s Living Background
Before the war, she lives in the traditional and conservative plantation and the life style forms her plantation master’s character of loving land than anything else in the world and her rebellious character spontaneously.And Scarlett who is his first daughter gains much more love from her father, Gerald, and is impressed less than anyone else by his tempers and his roaring.Gerald had drifted it onto a habit of treating her in a man-to-man manner.[13] Naturally, Scarlett forms a particular
江西理工大学2011届专科生毕业论文
character.We can say Scarlett’s father gives her brisk and restless vitality and dauntless quality.When Scarlett was a child, she had confused her mother with the Virgin Mary.As far black as Scarlett could remember, her mother had always been the same, her voice soft and sweet whether in praising or in reproving, and her manner efficient and unruffled.To her, Ellen represents the utter security that only Heaven or mother can give [13].She learns kindness, firmness and strong faith from Ellen.When Scarlett must face with all kinds of troubles, the love for Ellen gives her courage.The American Civil War was one of the most violent times in the History of the United States.Scarlett’s character matures in the war.She has experienced so many things.She leads an extremely poor life during and after the war, and that abominable environment molds her character to confront the reality bravely and her independence and selfishness to overcome difficulties.The rich life experience before war;the unstable life during the war and the extremely poor life after war provide the foundation to form the character of Scarlett.And thus in such environment, Scarlett’s character can be complicated.But the unforeseen events make her become destitute, homeless and poverty-stricken suddenly.III.Scarlett’s Marriage
3.1 Scarlett’s First Marriage
3.1.1 Background of Scarlett’s first marriage
It’s an unprepared marriage, it happened in a ignorant situation.To pursue the attachment that she carves for, unexpectedly, Scarlett decides to confess to Ashley audaciously at the barbecue and elope with him [12].Her exaggerated performance doesn’t work on Rhett Ashley Wilkes, and makes completely different effects.Scarlett can’t grasp the heart of Ashley Wilkes.What’s more, Rhett butler knows the relationship about them, and saw the scene when Scarlett told Ashley she loved him, and wanted to marry him, so she felt embarrassed and hated both of them.Scarlett’s hasty makes her pay a great price!After being refused by Ashley, Scarlett transfers all the emotions including love, anger and vanity to Charles who becomes her first husband.[7]
3.1.2 The characteristics of Scarlett’s first marriage
At that time, she is just a willful child;consequences and responsibility don’t seem to have relations to her.Soon after the war broke out, Charles die, Scarlett become a widow.According to the traditions among the Southerners, a widow had to
江西理工大学2011届专科生毕业论文
wear hideous black dresses without even a touch of braid to enliven them, no flower or ribbon or lace or even jewelers, except onyx mourning brooches or necklaces made from the deceased’s hair.And the black crepe veil on her bonnet had to reach to her knees, and only after three years of widowhood could it be shortened to shoulder length.The widows could never chatter vivaciously or laugh aloud.Even when they smiled, it must be a sad, tragic smile.And, most dreadful of all, they could in no way indicate an interest in her;she must freeze him with a dignified but well-chosen reference to her dead husband.For Scarlett, widow might as well as be dead [13].Due to her rebellious character, the ―moral standard‖ doesn’t work on her, she even can’t cry for Charles, but keep widow life away from plain and boring.For Scarlett, widow might as well as be dead.So she continues to show her own charm and still attracts a lot of men again.She behaved as she had behaved before her marriage—went to parties, danced, went riding with soldiers, flirted, did everything she had done as a girl.[13]
However, war has changed Scarlett, the inward spirit in Scarlett burst.She took courage to take a baby for Melanie by herself.In order to get away from the war, she carried Melanie and the baby to her motherland.But her family changed.Her mother died and her father became crazy.Unavoidably, she became the bread winner in the family.She kills the Northern soldiers at the critical moment, and creates an extreme poverty.It all reflects her strong, courage, indomitable.3.1.3 The result of Scarlett’s first marriage
It’s a completely failing marriage.Scarlett and Charles Hamilton didn’t gain anything from the marriage, and they didn’t feel happy.Scarlett utilizes Charles to fulfill her selfishness.She never treated Charles as her husband.She married with him, because it makes her feel more close to Ashley.If Charles didn’t die in the war, they will divorce someday, because there is no love between them.3.2 Scarlett’s Second Marriage
3.2.1 Background of Scarlett’s second marriage
After her returning Tara for the first time her manor Tara is looted, What’s more, her mother has been dead, father has been dull-witted, two sisters are both ill and the slaves have run away.Since then Scarlett struggles for living.She should rebuild Tara so that her family and she can survive [8].When Scarlett says why the stomach had a longer memory than the mind [13], people will understand how poor they are, but she move on and support the whole family.To pay the tax money – three hundred dollars for Tara, she married her sister’s fiancé Frank who has enough money to save Tara
江西理工大学2011届专科生毕业论文
after failing in borrowing from Rhett Butler.Besides, this causes her no qualm of conscience For living, Scarlett becomes selfish and speculative.She realizes the importance of money and believes that only money can give her safety in the world.3.2.2 The characteristics of Scarlett’s second marriage Scarlett is a beautiful, coquettish southern belle brought up on the Georgia plantation of Tara before the American Civil War [7].After the Civil War, Scarlett has to face the troubles alone while she is also tired and hungry.She helps Melanie to deliver a child and drives a carriage transporting a lying-in woman, two children and a stupid maidservant [10].So in her second marriage she doesn’t perform as a good wife or a mother all the same.She manages a shop of Frank and a mill regardless of her husband’s dissuasion and others’ criticisms [7].Even when she is pregnant she also appears in public.Already people were criticizing her for appearing in public when she was in such a condition [9].No lady ever showed herself when she was pregnant.While doing business, Scarlett is an expert.She always tries her best to pretend herself.She could upon occasion look so helpless and appealing that she melted hearts and sells a poor grade of lumber for the price of good lumber, even pushes her competitions’ lumber for business and money.Until now we can see that Scarlett does business by hook or by crook almost.In short, the selfishness and speculation are described incisively and vividly.3.2.3 The result of Scarlett’s second marriage
Scarlett treat this marriage as a deal, and she never love Frank or even care about him, Frank is a poor man, he never know he was treated by Scarlett and lose his true love until he was dead.3.3 Scarlett’s third marriage 3.3.1 Background of Scarlett’s third marriage
Not long after her second husband’s death, she marries Rhett for her third marriage.She marries him for the consideration that she will never have to bother about money again and never to worry about money again, and that Tara was safe, the family was fed and clothed, she would be safe.She marries him all because Rhett can Satisfied her, not for love.3.3.2 The characteristics of Scarlett’s third marriage
Scarlett is alike Rhett very much, they are all selfish and they will try all means to achieve their goals.They seem to be made for each other.In fact, Scarlett has already trusted in him and depended on him when she affiliates with him, but she doesn’t realize her love to him.Rhett to Scarlett, in the final scene: “You were such a child，江西理工大学2011届专科生毕业论文
my dear, I wanted to marry you and protect you”.Rhett is such a man who can understands Scarlett and a man who has the ability to offer her support and help.He asks her to ignore the social conventions and encourages her to start her own business with the money given by him.He wants Scarlett to forget Ashley, but after long efforts he still cannot change her love and let her accept and understand his love for her which made he feel frustrated and tired.Scarlett’s fancy about Ashley slowly fades in the course of time, and she finally realizes that the man she loves is not real but an illusion.3.3.3 The result of Scarlett’s third marriage
In the past years she has ignored and refused Rhett’s love.In fact the real man who loves her, understands her, and always helps her is Rhett.It is Rhett who helps her out of the bondage of mourning, who saves her through the fire and explosions;who comforts her when she wakes up from the horrible nightmare.No man does such things without deep love in his heart.Scarlett realizes her feelings at last.However when she wants to tell him she loves him and she wants to restore their love, it becomes too late.The tragedy has taken place.Her daughter has died, and Rhett is tired and decides to leave her.What Scarlett loses is not only her love but also her soul, although she owns much in terms of materials comforts.However, Scarlett is determined enough to handle the difficulties by thinking ―tomorrow is another day‖ and ―things always look better in the morning‖.In her mind, tomorrow will be new and different.So she wants to return to her homeland, where she thinks she can find the source of her strength, and by building a bright ―tomorrow‖, she can win Rhett’s love back.3.3.4 Set up the correct love view Love is patient, love is kind.It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud.It is not rude, it is not self-seeking, it is not easily angered, and it keeps no record of wrongs.Love does not delight in evil but rejoices with the truth.It always protects, always trusts, always hopes, and always perseveres.Love is a choice, it’s a commitment.Bible says that God is love.God, as our designer and creator, made us with needs for love.Do you ever wonder why we constantly seek love from others but never feel completely satisfied? It’s because God designed us for an unconditional love, and we, as people, are flawed.Therefore, we should learn to love the one who loved us.Scarlett’s father believes that the best marriages should be arranged by the parents for the girl.Marrying one of the twins and then the plantations will build you
江西理工大学2011届专科生毕业论文
a fine house, right where they join, in that big pine grove.Scarlett thinks that her father only deals with the questions from real profit, not from the feeling about love of her, so she refuses it.But she never regards marriage as a serious matter just treats it as a game, and she marries with the men she doesn’t love just because she wants to resolve living problems.It is widely accepted by most of people that love is the foundation of marriage.Unfortunately Scarlett never understands what love and marriage mean though she has experienced marriage three times.She somewhat thinks that marriage can be separated from love, which proves that she is a character full of contradiction and complexity.However, she knows what she really want, and have the courage to pursue it though sometimes she is wrong.IV.Conclusion
There are many aspects that have deep effects on the shaping of Scarlett’s character, among which the triangular love between Scarlett, Ashley and Rhett is a distinct one.Scarlett fell in love with Ashley blindly, which shows her immaturity because Ashley is a man who still lives in the past even after the death of Melanie and can’t face the reality.His cowardice and decadence cannot match Scarlett’s bravery and unyieldingness.She is bruised by Ashley’s refusal several times.When Scarlett realizes that Ashley is not the man she wants, she turns to Rhett, showing her realistic character.Rhett always loves her and supports her though Scarlett holds the man in utter contempt.But Rhett tolerates Scarlett’s bad manners towards him and waits for Scarlett’s love.Under the tolerance of Rhett, she shows her rebellion, her vanity and selfishness.She can’t realize her true feeling and she avoids facing the reality of the spirit.Until her dream for Ashley is broken and Rhett’s patience is exhausted, she realizes the value of Rhett.But it is too late because Rhett decides to leave Scarlett in an extremity of pain.Scarlett always thinks of tomorrow and she has never been defeated by any difficulty, so it is better to see her not being blown down.She always encourages herself that ―Tomorrow is another day‖ and ―Things always look better in the morning.‖ She still believes that she can get Rhett back finally.As a woman, Scarlett is admired for her bravery and strong will.I am shocked by the indomitable spirit of Scarlett facing difficulties.To her, I really admire her.Scarlett is so brave that she can support the family in poor condition.She is sacrifice to her motherland that she tried her best to protect her.She can do farm work in spite of usual education.She can create her great business in spite of other’s comment.At the end of the story, there is classic ending.―I won’t think of it,‖ she said again, aloud.―I’ll think of it all tomorrow, at Tara.Tomorrow, I’ll think of some way to get him
江西理工大学2011届专科生毕业论文
back, After all, tomorrow is another day.‖ Standing on that land, she can’t forget the forever land.Tomorrow is willful.In our daily life, we should also have some sort of qualities.We must cherish any trivial happiness instead of ignoring.When we face difficulties, we should be brave and confident.Tomorrow is another day!Though I didn’t admire her view of love, I love her.江西理工大学2011届专科生毕业论文
Bibliography
[1] 牛冀莲.战争中的铿锵玫瑰—从女性主义角度看《乱世佳人》中斯佳丽的形象[J].黑龙江大学学报，2009,5.[2] 马佳瑛.多重性格的结合体—浅析<飘中女主人公斯嘉丽>[J].西安翻译学院学报，2010,4 [3] 韩艳莉.郝佳丽：“逝”不去的梦和人—论<飘>中郝佳丽的女性主义意识[J].南昌高专学报, 2008,4 [4] 丁芸.思嘉精神及其形象和审美价值[J].浙江大学报（社会科学版）, 1990,3 [5] 陈煜强.斯嘉丽的婚姻观.马斯诺“需要理论”解读 [M] 云南师范大学外语学院 2007年
[6] 杨云 试论《乱世佳人》中郝思嘉的艺术形象[J].大同职业技术学院学报,2004,9 [7] Dong Hengxun.The History of American Literature.Beijing：People Literature Press，2003 [8] Guo Yuanzhong.―On Tendency of Ideology in Gone with the Wind.‖ Henan Teachers
University.2005, 4:123-124.[9] He Yuanyuan.―Gone with the Wind Will Never Gone with the Wind.‖ Hunan Metullurgical
Professional Technology College 2006, 3: 377-379.[10] Hu Guoxian.―A Dream of America-A Real Story about Scarlett‖.Guangxi University
Wuzhou Branch 2005, 2: 52-55.[11] Jing Xinmei.―On Feminism in Gone with the Wind.‖ School of Foreign languages.Nanjing
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Normal University 2005, 2: 76-80.[12] Li Yanbo.―A Study about the Rebellion in Scarlett’s Character.‖ Journal of Mudan Teachers
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[13] Mitchell, Margaret.Gone with the Wind.Yili：Yili People Press，2001.9
江西理工大学2011届专科生毕业论文
Aknowlegedment
First and foremost, I would like to show my deepest gratitude to my supervisor Hu danjuan, a respectable, responsible and resourceful scholar, who has provided me with valuable guidance in every stage of the writing of this thesis.Without her enlightening instruction, impressive kindness and patience, I could not have completed my thesis.Her keen and vigorous academic observation enlightens me not only in this thesis but also in my future study.I shall extend my thanks to Mrs.Cai for all her kindness and help.I would also like to thank all my teachers who have helped me to develop the fundamental and essential academic competence.My sincere appreciation also goes to the teachers and students from Jiangxi University of science and technology, who participated this study with great cooperation.Last but not least, I' d like to thank all my friends, especially my five lovely roommates, for their encouragement and support.
第三篇：婚姻经营的艺术：《飘》中艾伦和斯嘉丽的性格与婚姻
婚姻经营的艺术——
《飘》中艾伦和斯嘉丽的性格与婚姻
我一直觉得，婚姻中的相处是一门伟大的艺术，要不怎么会有经营婚姻这个说法呢？持有某一种毒鸡汤观点的人大多是以女性为视角，仿佛婚姻不好大多或全部是女性的责任似的。幸福的婚姻都是相似的，男的有钱、顾家、爱妻子，妻子负责让别人认为贤惠温柔就行了；不幸的婚姻各有各的不幸，却大多数归结于女性不会经营。说到底这终归是一个男权主义的社会。但是不可否认的是，能够经营好婚姻的人，不管是男性还是女性，都是双商高的人，不仅聪明而且聪慧。
《飘》这本书呢，是为数不多的女作家的作品，反映了大多数女性对待爱情、对待婚姻的态度，也许这也是女性读起来特别容易带入的原因吧。《飘》是一个大部头的著作，我只看了一遍，所以有些地方记忆会有一些差错，如有差错敬请指出。
整本书描写了美国南北战争时期波澜壮阔的场景，刻画了许多个性非常鲜明的人物。在1200多页的故事里，艾伦出场的次数并不多，大多数是作为介绍斯嘉丽的家庭背景时出现的，（仅有一次我觉得比较独立的场景，是她临死前在睡梦中叫了死去情人的名字）。但是她的性格与对待婚姻的态度却给我留下了深刻的印象。因此，接下来的内容里，我重点分析艾伦与斯嘉丽的性格以及性格对他们婚姻的影响。
简单的人物介绍
艾伦：斯嘉丽的母亲，贵族小姐，少女时期的情人是她的表哥；情人死后，伤心欲绝的远嫁他乡，嫁给了比自己大12岁的杰拉尔德（斯嘉丽的父亲，富有的农场主）；结婚后操劳一生，为杰拉尔德生育了三个女儿。
斯嘉丽：本书女主角，富有农场主的女儿；少女时期的恋人是艾希礼；一共结了三次婚，生了三个孩子，与白瑞德的纠缠在书中贯穿始终。
艾伦：百炼钢可化绕指柔
艾伦是美国旧社会南方妇女的缩影，也许是大多数男性心中的完美女性的形象。艾伦是贵族家庭的小姐，容貌漂亮、气质端庄、说话优雅，而且很有钱，但是却嫁给了杰拉尔德。杰拉尔德是怎样的一个人呢，他是一个靠赌博白手起家的野蛮人，性格暴躁、说话大声粗鲁，但是却非常精明，于是他可以从一个一穷二白的外省人成为当地拥有上百个黑奴的富有农场主，关键是还很好的融入了当地社会，受到了当地群众的尊重。
这对夫妻的对比非常明显，仅从这一段两人出身的描述中，你可能会认为在他们的婚姻中，肯定是杰拉尔德占主导地位，艾伦处于从属地位。从某些方面来看确实是的，艾伦和黑奴们对杰拉尔德非常尊重，都叫他“老爷”；作为一家之主，家里和外面的事情都由他拍板。但是，我们从细节认真来看事实是怎样的呢？
艾伦是一个贵族小姐，她的打扮、谈吐，不管是在家里或是面对客人、面对黑奴、面对外人时，她都能够保持一贯的优雅与高贵，按我们现在的说法叫做“自律”的气场，这是一般人难以做到的。这让杰拉尔德对她也十分尊重，或者说有一点像对待女神般的崇拜。能让丈夫在婚后还能像女神一般的对待你，这一点是大多数女性很难做到的。从射雕英雄传到神雕侠侣，嫁了人的黄蓉一下子从女神成为了精明的妇人。很多人都觉得在两部书中，黄蓉的性格差异太大了，我想也许这就是一个女人婚前婚后的差别呢。所谓女神，还不是要从一个或者一群人的神坛，走向另一个人的灶台，从不食烟火到护犊算计。
艾伦还非常的能干，操劳一生把塔拉农场、家庭事务、邻里相处打理的井井有条。所有的事情由杰拉尔德拍板，但是却由艾伦决定。注意，这里的决定和拍板绝对不是近义词。只有在艾伦在场的时候，黑奴们才汇报各项事务；如果杰拉尔德有不同的意见，尽管他非常大声，但是总会被艾伦的轻声细语说服；即使是杰拉尔德发布的命令，大家也会向艾伦询问一下建议再做执行。搁宫斗剧里面，艾伦应该是一个非常有手段的皇后。她的出身高贵、见识卓越，却非常的小鸟依人、和风细雨，让夫君感受不到一点威胁；总是在恰当的时间出现，以你的利益为出发点为你分忧；她的主意是如此之好，让你认为绝对没有比这更好的方法了，因此你会心怀感激却又有点不甘；但她是如此柔弱的一个人，最终的决定当然需要你做最后的拍板，于是你内心的一点点不甘也消失了。其实，杰拉尔德是有点怕艾伦的，或者说叫做“敬畏”。
出身贵族的艾伦品味高雅，从室内装饰到杰拉尔德个人的食衣住行、子女的教育、仆人的管理、邻里的相处，无一不流露出其大家风范，这让整个县城的人都对杰拉尔德这个鲁莽的农民态度改观，从最初的排挤到尊重。因此，杰拉尔德爱戴艾伦。
杰拉尔德肯定是爱他的妻子，在艾伦死后，杰拉尔德的精神有点失常了，他每天都能看到艾伦的身影出现在餐桌、会客室、办公室中；艾伦爱不爱杰拉尔德呢？我宁愿相信她是爱的，只是她自己不知道，（这一点跟她的女儿很像，她们爱的只是年少时候自己想象出来的影子），她操劳一生为他打理里里外外、生儿育女。尽管她最后死前叫了少女时期情人的名字，也许那也只是因为年少时期爱而不得的遗憾呢。（在每个女人的心中，发乎情止乎礼的初恋是最难忘的？）
由于艾伦的柔软与坚韧，使得杰拉尔德这个暴君一样的人物也变得柔软了，艾伦是他的精神支柱，虽然他很强壮，但是少了艾伦，他便失去了力量。艾伦真正做到了化百炼钢为绕指柔。这是高级的御夫之道？那是因为杰拉尔德肯心甘情愿让她“御”。两个人共同努力经营的婚姻才是美好的婚姻，可惜杰拉尔德始终没有得到艾伦完整的爱情。
三个女儿没有一个像艾伦，也许是因为艾伦一生的精力都在操持家庭事务，疏忽了与女儿的相处与教育吧，她与杰拉尔德的结合并不是由于爱情，她的家庭女主人的角色扮演的非常好，却在母亲的角色上有了欠缺。
斯嘉丽：霸道总裁与野蛮女友的纠缠
大部分女性读者都爱看霸道总裁爱上我的戏码，一个聪明多金、英俊潇洒、风流倜傥的霸道总裁，偏偏对一个不爱自己的女子一见钟情、再见倾心、三见相许，从此万花丛中过片叶不沾身。《飘》中的白瑞德正是第一代霸道总裁人设，但是遇到的偏偏是个野蛮女友。
我很喜欢斯嘉丽这个人物，又倔强又聪明又愚蠢。斯嘉丽的性格遗传了杰拉尔德，非常精明、倔强、不服输。南北战争开始后，塔拉农场被摧毁、母亲去世，靠着她的倔强恢复了农场经营；凭借她精明的经商头脑，在战后的亚特兰大城将生意做的风生水起，而那个时候美国贵族妇女是不能抛头露面的去做生意的。正像书中写的，她不是一个上等的女人，上等女人只需要穿的漂漂亮亮去参加舞会，她却在想方设法的弄钱。她那个时候已经非常有钱，但还是每天驾着马车在亚特兰大城奔走，与男人谈生意。她非常倔强，认定一个目标便不达目的不罢休。她过往的经历决定了她不相信任何人，她只相信钱。
我个人认为每个人都有自己的价值观，并没有完全正确与错误的价值观。斯嘉丽的价值观就是金钱至上，她想尽任何办法达到自己的目标——更多的钱、花不完的钱。她的聪明与倔强让她成为了亚特兰大城最有钱的女人。
但是她在感情上却又是极其愚蠢的一个人。从少女时期到中年时期，斯嘉丽一直爱着艾希礼。即使艾希礼已经娶了眉兰，她自己结了三次婚。在这一点上，斯嘉丽与母亲艾伦有着相似的地方，艾伦在心爱的情人表哥去世后，嫁给了霸道总裁杰拉尔德，虽然杰拉尔德敬她、爱她，却没有得到她完整的爱情；斯嘉丽虽然结了三次婚，但是心底一直爱着艾希礼。第一次结婚，是因为艾希礼要娶眉兰，她赌气在艾希礼婚礼前随便嫁给了一个男孩，第一个丈夫不久便在南北战争中战死了，她因此成为了一个带着儿子的寡妇；第二次结婚，是因为她要保住塔拉农场，抢了妹妹的未婚夫，这次结婚使她过上了不用担心温饱的生活，在亚特兰大城有了一间小小的杂货铺子；第三次结婚，嫁给白瑞德，是因为什么？书中的描写是，一个吻。
斯嘉丽是一个可以把爱情与婚姻分开的人，她的婚姻是为了保障自己的生活，而把爱情给了一个不切实际的幻影。她从始至终爱的艾希礼，只是年少时候一个美丽的幻影。与艾伦不同的是，艾希礼并没有死。斯嘉丽最后终于明白自己爱的一直都是白瑞德，但这时身心俱疲的白瑞德已经走了。
斯嘉丽的一次爱情、三次婚姻都是悲剧。我想，是因为她太固执，不像她母亲那样聪慧。尤其是跟白瑞德的感情纠缠，把读者看的太心疼了。一个多金英俊的霸道总裁，为你花钱、买礼物、在服丧期间花重金请你在舞会上跳舞（这一段描写太“苏”了）、支持你做生意、帮你出谋划策；在你怀孕期间为你驾马车，虽然怀的并不是自己的孩子；在大火烧到亚特兰大城的时候，冒着生命危险抢了一辆马车送你回塔拉；在乱糟糟的战后恢复期间暗中保护你；救了你的初恋艾希礼„„从头到尾他做了这么多，难道你以为这只是基于普通朋友间的人道主义援助？
终于等到斯嘉丽跟白瑞德结婚了，又看到俩人各种“作”。一个明明是深情款款、用情至深，却打死也不对你说；另一个明明动摇了，还是每天自我催眠对自己说，他不爱我、我不爱他，我爱他的钱、他爱我的颜，我的心里至死不渝的爱着艾希礼（虽然知道他是我最好朋友的丈夫）。作为一个读者，看的真是心累啊。恨不得自己能够钻到书对他俩说，你俩别“作”了，你俩真是天生一对。还好，斯嘉丽终于发现自己爱的并不是艾希礼，而是白瑞德。但是两个人共同的第一个孩子的死亡和第二个孩子的流产，导致白瑞德离她而去。
在书中，白瑞德和斯嘉丽都是令人喜欢的人物。但是在婚姻中，两个人却都不善于经营。也许是因为他们两个人的性格太相似了，棋逢对手却没有惺惺相惜。两个强势的人走到了一起，却没有一个人肯低头妥协，导致了他们婚姻的悲剧。
虽然书的最后给了开放性的结局，但是我相信，斯嘉丽一定会把白瑞德弄回来的。因为她回到了塔拉，想起了她的母亲艾伦。还因为斯嘉丽自己说的，“After all, tomorrow is another day!”
2017.2.10 后来看了边城，我觉得傩送一定不会回来了。斯嘉丽敢说“我一定能把白瑞德搞回来”，翠翠只会“睡在虎耳朵草的梦里，等傩送回来”。这两个人物都让我觉得很心疼。
第四篇：论张养浩忧国哀民思想在其作品中的体现
论张养浩忧国哀民思想在其作品中的体现
—————以《山坡羊.潼关怀古》为例
【摘要】张养浩是我国古代著名的散曲家，其创作作品丰富，为人正直。他曾二度为官，悲悯百姓，心系苍生。其散曲深沉大气，富于内涵。由于其个人经历与政治生涯的影响，他的散曲中体现着深刻的忧国哀民思想，本文以其代表作《山坡羊.潼关怀古》为例，探讨他忧国爱民思想的形成原因及在该作品中的体现。【关键词】张养浩、散曲、忧国哀民 【正文】
一．张养浩生平简介
元朝后期的重要散曲家张养浩（1270-1329），字希孟，号云庄，济南人。他也是元代名臣，为人正直、刚强、淳厚。据《元史》本传记载，他少有义行，勤奋好学。元成宗时，为山东按察使焦遂荐为东平学正，后游京师，又受知于平章不忽木，辟为礼部令史，荐入御史台，又为丞相掾，选授堂邑县尹，惩强锄暴，深孚民望，史载“去官十年，犹为立碑颂德”。随后又任监察御史。英宗在位时，因谏言触怒皇帝。因而处处受限，深感宦海险恶，此后不久，便以父老终养为由，弃官归乡，在故乡的云庄过了八九年林泉隐居的闲散日子，虽朝廷再三征召，皆力辞不赴。直至关中大旱时，依然接受朝廷征召，遣散家财，登车就道。终于因为积劳成疾，卒于任所。
张养浩自幼好学，上自儒家经典，下至诸子百家，唐诗、宋词、笔记小说，无所不读，又诗赋、文章无所不能，尤长于散曲。他隐居济南云庄8年期间，登华不注，游大明湖，览龙洞，赏泉水，“寄傲山林，纵情诗酒”，创作了大量诗文散曲。其作品流传下来的有散曲小令160多首，诗近400首，各类文近百篇。
二．张养浩忧国忧民思想形成的原因
在散曲发展前期，我们确实看惯了散曲作家们笔下的山水风月，听惯了他们的牢骚怨叹，读厌了他们的恋情相思时，然而一读到张养浩的哀民散曲，便不啻于在百鸟啼喧中听到鸾凤的引颈高鸣。张养浩人生的一次大转折点是他去陕西赈灾的时期，他由厌弃功名，到担当重任而救民于水火；也是他散曲创作的一次大转变，即由写个人的隐逸闲情，转向社会人生，抒发了忧国忧民的怀抱。他在这最有价值的人生阶段，写出了最有价值的散曲作品。这是张养浩忧国忧民思想形成的个人政治经历因素，也是对他行文思想最重要的影响因素之一。
张养浩忧国忧民的思想也与他的出身的时代背景和家庭环境紧密相关。他不幸生活在一个不尊重知识、不尊重读书人，尤其是特意压制汉族读书人的元代。他自幼接受的是儒家思想的熏陶，因而兼济天下、大爱苍生的抱负已经深深织入他的生命，我们也可以从他沉浮仕隐的一生窥见一斑。“国家社稷之所以血食悠久者，微民不能而也”。他把爱民、重民提到国家之兴衰、事业之成败的高度上来认识，是颇有见地的。在儒家思想深根蒂固的影响下，他身体力行这勤政爱民，民为贵、君为轻的民本思想。而社会万物的沉浮，人民百姓的水深火热让他看到了社会的黑暗与无情，无奈已，发出“兴，百姓苦；亡，百姓苦”的呐喊。其忧国忧民的思想与他身上深入骨髓的儒家大义密切相关。正是儒家的经世致用、兼善天下、忧国忧民等思想的根深蒂固，使得张养浩“进亦忧，退亦忧”，正是因为他有着对黎民百姓的厚爱，对天下苍生疾苦的忧心如焚，花甲之年的他毅然结束了闲居的生活，赴任陕西赈灾，正是因为他始终心系苍生，哀民散曲最后在他的笔端绽放出光华。
三．从代表作《山坡羊潼关怀古》看张养浩忧国哀民思想的体现
就在陕西赈灾时，张养浩途中登临潼关古塞，怀古思今，用《山坡羊》的曲调写了九首怀古曲（《元史·张养浩传》说：“天历二年，关中大旱，饥民相食，特拜张养浩为陕西行台中丞。登天就道，遇饥者则赈之，死者则葬之。”）在他传世的九首怀古曲中，最感人心者，当推《潼关怀古》一首。这首散曲的写作与张养浩在特定时空与亲身见闻密切相关，可谓纵观世变，吊古伤今，恨时局之险恶，哀民生之多艰，气势雄浑，感情深沉，深刻体现了张养浩忧国忧民的思想。
“峰峦如聚，波涛如怒，山河表里潼关路。
望西都，意踌躇。
伤心秦汉经行处，宫阙万间都做了土。
兴，百姓苦；亡，百姓苦。”（《山坡羊.潼关怀古》张养浩）
前三句写登临潼关所见，由远至近，既是写景也是抒情，含蓄地表达了心中
.波澜起伏的情感。“峰峦如聚，波涛如怒，山河表里潼关路。”极写潼关形势的险要。潼关地处陕西、山西、河南三省的要冲，外有黄河，内在华山，重峦叠嶂的华山与波涛汹涌的黄河，把潼关路艰险的状貌映衬得更为突出。“聚”和“怒”写出了山河的动态与灵性，将山的雄伟与水的奔腾之势勾勒出来，有力地烘托了作者吊古伤今的悲愤伤感之情，同时以景铺垫，为下文的忧国哀民思想作了铺垫。“望西都”四句点题怀古，面对昔日帝都的遗址，作者展开充分的想像，突出了历史的变迁。落日苍茫之中，潼关以西三百里，便是西京长安，从秦汉到隋唐，好几个朝代曾在那一带建过都，当年是何等的繁华、昌盛，可如今如今踪影全消，剩下来的只有黄土一片，万千滋味涌上心头，怎能不令诗人踌躇伤心呢？遥想当年，秦之阿房，汉之未央，规模宏大，弥山纵谷，可如今崇丽之宫阙，寸瓦尺专皆荡然无存，想到今番前去的任务，他又不禁感慨万千。因而引出了第六、七句“伤心秦汉经行处，宫阙万间都做了土”的无限伤感。将其忧国忧民的思想进一步延伸，更上一层内涵。
“宫阙万间都作了土”，便是这由盛到衰的过程的真实写照，在这里概括了历代帝业盛衰兴亡的沧桑变化。这里作者面对繁华过后的废墟所发出的“伤心”实乃悲凉。同时诗人亦为百姓悲凉。当“宫阙万间都做了土”的时候，人们只有“伤心”！他们为之伤心的，不是朝代的覆灭，而是他们的血汗乃至生命竟然是这样付诸东流了；他们更为伤心的是，接踵而来的那一个朝代又要他们继续付出血汗乃至生命。所以，不管哪个朝代，他们在历史上的存在随着时间的流逝都转化成一代人痛苦的回忆。辉煌过去了，随即而来是朝代的变换，百姓在战争中的苦不堪言。此情此景，让作家沉重的说出 “兴，百姓苦；亡，百姓苦”这句千古流传的语句。道出了下层人民千百年来的悲剧命运，强烈地抒发了作者对受苦受难人民的深切同情。这里，将张养浩忧国忧民的思想提升到最高处，可以看出此时他心中的悲愤已到达一个顶点，而哀伤与悲愤共存，表现出了诗人踌躇却又无可奈何的心情，对此，只能哀叹。
四．张养浩《山坡羊潼关怀古》的历史意义
元的统治者对读书人实行民族歧视政策，直到元仁宗延祐二年（公元1315年）才正式实行科举取士制度，然而由于历史遗留问题过多，这种制度也是不公平的，因此造成下层读书人在很大程度上对元统治者失去信心，对社会缺少责任
.感。所以同时期其他作家怀古作品都深刻地打上时代地烙印，多为抒发个人沉沦不遇之忧情。惟有《潼关怀古》洋溢着沉重的沧桑感和时代感。从作品内容、作家其他怀古作品、同时期其他作家怀古作品三个层面上看，《潼关怀古》都表现为一份难得的沉重。
纵观这首散曲，我们可以从每个字都感受到张养浩内心深处对天下苍生、百姓疾苦发出的无限凄苦，也体现了他对人民的关切和爱护，为国为民而积虑操劳。这是一位刚正不阿，关心民瘼，而又感情深沉的文学家。他痛恨一切祸害百姓的行为，更不能忍心看着百姓受苦而袖手旁观。现实人生的悲苦有着异常的敏感，有着设身处地般的痛切体验。他在关中灾民危难之际毅然出任陕西行台中丞，他在远望长安、审视古今时深切悟出“兴，百姓苦；亡，百姓苦”的历史真相，正是其忧患意识与人道情怀相互融合的具体反映。
从张养浩的这些哀民散曲中，我们可以管窥到他的忧国忧民，爱民为民的人生追求。元散曲的发展演变以及内容上的觉醒，特别是哀民散曲的出现，张养浩功不可没。张养浩的哀民散曲虽然不多，但是独树一帜。在元散曲的偌大沙盘中，他的此类散曲如金子般熠熠生辉，这些散去宛如一面镜子，不仅反射给我们后来者历史的美丑善恶，而且还折射着作家甚至元代文人的心路历程。张养浩是不朽的，他的哀民散曲也是不朽的，参考文献：
1.钕艳红，论张养浩的哀民散曲与儒家思想[J]济南职业学院学报
2.赵义山，张养浩哀民散曲简论[J]四川师范学院学报 1998年3月
3.李文举 杜志敏，张养浩散曲的忧患意识[J]河南教育学院学报 1996年第2期 4.秦勤，论张养浩散曲创作的艺术风格[J]天府新论2003年第一期
5.邱英明，张养浩《山坡羊.潼关怀古》赏析 [J]连云港教育学院学报，1996.1
第五篇：中学数学中无穷思想的体现
龙源期刊网 http://.cn
中学数学中无穷思想的体现 作者：丁智林 杨子龙
来源：《读写算》2012年第45期
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