国际贸易理论习题集（大全5篇）

第一篇：国际贸易理论习题集

《国际贸易理论》练习题第一章国际贸易概述 一单项选择

1、能够比较确切地反映一国对外贸易实际规模，便于各个时期进行比较的是（D）指标。

A贸易顺差 B对外贸易额 C对外贸易商品结构 D对外贸易量

2、海岛国家，如英国、日本，也常用（D）来表示对外贸易。A国外贸易 B外国贸易 C商业贸易 D海外贸易

3、一国在其境内设有自由港和自由贸易区时，其关境（B）A 大于国境 B 小于国境 C 等于国境 D 与国境无关

4、一国关境与其国境相比（D)

A关境可以小于国境 B关境可以大于国境 C关境可以等于国境 D以上都对

5、以货物通过关境为标准统计的进出口标准称为（D）A有形贸易

B无形贸易

C总贸易

D专门贸易

6、转口贸易又称（A）

A间接贸易

B进口贸易

C出口贸易

D对外贸易

7、贸易顺差是指（A）

A．出口总额大于进口总额

B．进口总额大于出口总额 C．国际收支为正

D．国际收支为负 元，这—年该国贸易依存度为(C)。

A．出口贸易依存度力16.6%

B．进口贸易依存度为20% C．对外贸易依存度为36.6%

D．对外贸易依存度为16.6%

9．能指明一国出口货物和服务的去向与进口货物和服务的来源，并能反映出一国与其他国家或国家集团之间经济贸易联系程度的指标是：（B）

A、对外贸易方向

B、国际贸易地理方向

C、对外贸易结构

D、国际贸易商品结构

10、当一定时期内一国进口总额超过出口总额时，称为（B）

A贸易顺差

B贸易逆差

C贸易失衡

D贸易平衡

11、在世界贸易中，（A）国家是世界贸易的主体，是各国主要市场。

A发达资本主义

B发展中

C不发达资本主义

D转型

12、通常所说的国际贸易额是单指（B）而言。

A世界进口总额

B

世界出口总额

C世界进出口总额

D世界进口差额

13、一个单位的出口商品可以换回多少个进口商品，即出口价格与进口价格之间的比率是（B）

A贸易依存度

B贸易条件

C贸易结构

D贸易比率

14、具体商品的进出口属于（A）

A有形贸易

B无形贸易

C进出口贸易

D商品贸易

15、当货物运输的过程中经过第三国的国境，对第三国来说这种贸易是（C）

A进口贸易

B出口贸易

C过境贸易

D转口贸易

二、多项选择题

1、当进口总额超过出口总额时，可称之为(B C E)

A.贸易顺差

B.贸易逆差

C.贸易赤字

D.出超

E.入超

2、反映国际贸易地理方向的指标有（A B）

A.一国的出口额占世界出口总额的比重 B.一国的进口额占世界进口总额的比重

8、某国1988年国民生产总值为1 200亿美元，同年该国出口贸易为240亿美元，进口贸易额为200亿美

C.各国的制成品出口额占世界出口总额的比重 D.各国的制成品进口额占世界进口总额的比重 E.各国的进出口总量占世界进出口总量的比重

3、按货物移动方向不同，国际贸易可分为（BCD）

A.直接贸易

B.进口贸易

C.出口贸易

D.过境贸易

E.转口贸易

4、某国在1992年贸易规模为：出口380亿美元，进口312亿美元，这一年该国贸易状况为(ABE)。

A．顺差68亿美元

B．净出口68亿美元

C．入超68亿美元

D．净进68亿美元 E．贸易总额692亿美元

5、按贸易是否有第三国参加，国际贸易可分为（ADE）

A.直接贸易

B.进口贸易

C.出口贸易

D.间接贸易

E.转口贸易

6、下列属于无形贸易是（BCDE）

A服装贸易

B技术服务

C劳务输出

D运输

E保险

7、按参加国的情况国际贸易可分为（CD）

A单方贸易

B多方贸易

C双边贸易

D多边贸易

E单边贸易

8、对外贸易依存度的指标包括（ABC）

A外贸总依存度

B出口依存度

C进口依存度

D进口比例

E出口比例

9、关于贸易条件的说法正确的有（ABC）

A又称交换比价

B又称贸易比价

C其值大于100贸易条件转好

10、补偿贸易的方式有（ABC）

Ａ返销

Ｂ互购

Ｃ部分补偿

Ｄ以货换货

Ｅ协作生产

三、名词解释

1、国际贸易：是指不同国家（或地区）之间进行的商品交换活动。

2、对外贸易量：

从某个国家或地区的角度来看，是指该国（或地区）同别国（或地区）进行的商品交换活动。3国际贸易商品结构：

一国在一定时期里（如一年）各类商品在进出口贸易额中所占的比重，叫做该国的对外贸易商品结构。

4、易货贸易：

是指两国之间不使用货币而是以货物作为偿付工具的商品交换活动，即以货换货。

四、简答题

1、简述国际贸易与对外贸易的区别。

答：国际贸易与对外贸易的区别是看待问题的角度不同。国际贸易是从整个世界范围来看这种商品和劳务的交换活动的；而对外贸易是从一个国家或地区的角度来看这种商品和劳务的交换活动的。

2、简述总贸易与专门贸易的联系与区别。

答：总贸易与专门贸易对进出口的统计标准不同。总贸易是以货物经过国境作为统计进出口的标准；而专门贸易是以货物经过关境作为统计进出口的标准。

3、简述转口贸易与间接贸易的差异。

答：由于某些原因，商品的生产国与消费国不能直接进行交易，而只能通过第三国商人转手来间接地进行买卖。对于生产国和消费国来说进行的是间接贸易，而对第三国来说进行的是转口贸易。

4、简述过境贸易与转口贸易的区别。

答：过境贸易中第三国不直接参与商品的交易过程，只对过境的商品收取少量的手续费和印花税；而转口贸易是由转口商人来完成的交易，是以营利为目的的。

5、贸易差额与一国经济发展有何关系。

答：一个国家的贸易收支是其国际收支中经常项目的主要部分，贸易差额对一国的国际收支有着重大的影响。长期的贸易不平衡对一国国家经济发展会产生一定的影响。

D其值小于100贸易条件转好

E其值等于100贸易条件转好

6、简述当代国际贸易的主要特点。

答：

1、国际贸易发展速度很快

2、国际贸易集团化

3、自由贸易是世界贸易发展的主流

4、科学技术在国际贸易中的地位日益重要

5、“绿色环保”日益受到重视

7、对外贸易依存度指标说明什么问题？

答：对外贸依存度反映了一国对外贸易在国民经济中的地位，同其它国际经济联系的密切程度及该国加入国际分工、世界市场的广度和深度。

五、论述题

1、论述对外贸易与国内贸易的异同？

要点：国际贸易与对外贸易的区别是看待问题的角度不同。国际贸易是从整个世界范围来看这种商品和劳务的交换活动的；而对外贸易是从一个国家或地区的角度来看这种商品和劳务的交换活动的.2、如何正确看待国际贸易地理方向的集中与分散？

要点：一国与某个或某几个国家的贸易额占其对外贸易总额的比重比较高，则对外贸易地理方向比较集中；反之，则比较分散。说明对外贸易地理方向集中与分散的优劣。

3、试述国际贸易对一国经济发展的作用。

要点：

1、促进一国经济增长

2、提高各国的劳动生产率

3、调节各国市场的供求关系

4、促进生产要素的充分利用

5、优化国内产业结构

6、加强各国经济联系

4、谈谈当今我国对外贸易发展的概况及特点。

六、计算题：

1、如果以2003年为基期（即2003年出口单位价格为100），2004年和2005年中国的出口价格指数分别为

105和107.8，同期出口额分别为5933.2亿美元和7620亿美元，请通过计算贸易量来判断中国2004年相对于2005年出口的实际规模的变动幅度。

中国2004年的贸易量=（2004年的贸易额/以2003年为基期的出口价格指数）×100＝5933.2 ÷ 105 ×100 ＝5650.67(亿美元)

要点：

1、贸易规模不断扩大

2、贸易结构继续优化

3、贸易的商品结构和地理方向在不断地调整

中国2005年的贸易量=（2005年的贸易额/以2003年为基期的出口价格指数）×100＝7620 ÷ 107.8 ×100 ＝7068.65(亿美元)

2005比2004出口实际规模变动幅度=（7068.65-5650.67）/5650.67×100%＝25.09% 答：中国2005年相对2004年出口的实际规模增加了25.09%。

2、以2002年为基准年，某国进出口价格指数均为100，到2006年该国出口价格上涨了9%，进口价格下降了6%，其贸易条件如何变化？

贸易条件=（出口价格指数/进口价格指数）×100=[（1+9%）/（1-6%）]×100 =116 答：贸易条件转好。

第二章、国际分工与世界市场

一.单项选择题：

1、国际分工形成的阶段是在（D）世纪时期。

A.11-12

B.14-15

C.16-18

D.18-19

2、国际分工产生与发展的基础是（D）。

A.自然条件

B.人口规模

C.资本的国际化

D.国家的出现 3、各国的（A）决定着其在国际分工中的地位。

A.生产力水平

B.市场规模

C.自然条件

D.社会制度

4、在资本原始积累时期，国际分工主要是在（D）之间进行的。A.发达国家与发展中国家

B.发达国家与发达国家 C.发展中国家与发展中国家

D.宗主国与殖民地

5、以自由竞争为特征的世界市场是（B）

A.封闭市场

B.自由市场

C.垄断市场

D.北美市场

6、几个发达国家进行专业化协作，联合生产，这是（A）国际分工

A.水平型

B.垂直型

C.混合型

D.交叉型

7、经济发展水平不同的国家之间的纵向分工是一种（A）

A．垂直型分工

B水平型分工

C混合型分工

D三大产业分工

8、绝对利益论和相对利益论都是一种主张（A）的传统理论。

A.自由贸易 B.保护贸易 C.国家干预 D.国家干预与自由放任相结合

9、绝对利益论提出的国际分工基础是各国间（B）的差异。

A.比较成本 B.绝对成本 C.要素禀赋 D.要素组合比例

10、在相对利益论中，国与国之间进行分工的基础是各国（A）的差异。

A.产品比较优势 B.产品垄断优势 C.产品密集程度 D.产品保护程

11、赫克歇尔——俄林提出（D）学说。

A.绝对成本

B.比较成本

C.动态比较成本

D.要素禀赋

12、根据比较利益论假定A、B两国生产X产品的单位生产成本分别为100和90人劳动一年，生产Y产品的单位生产成本分别为120和80人劳动一年，则（C）

A.B国同时生产X、Y 产品，A国不生产

B.A国生产Y 产品，B国生产X产品

C.A国生产X产品，B国生产Y产品

D.A国同时生产X、Y 产品，B国不生产

13、里昂惕夫反论说明了什么之间存在的矛盾（C）。

A.绝对利益论，相对利益论

B.相对利益论，要素禀赋论

C.实践的验证结果，要素禀赋论理论结论

D.实践的验证结果，相对利益论理论结论

14、在当代的国际分工格局中（C）

A发达国家之间的分工占主要地位

B发展中国家之间的分工占主要地位

C发展中国家与发达国家之间的分工占主要地位

D发展中国家内部的分工占主要地位

15、国际市场价格由于受到供求关系的影响，总是围绕着：(D)A国内价值上下波动

B国内生产价格上下波动

C个别价值上下波动

D国际生产价格上下波动

二、多选题：

1、按照参加国际分工的各国经济发展水平状况，国际分工可分为：(ABD)

A垂直型分工

B水平型分工

C国际三次产业分工

D混合型分工

E技术分工

2、随着国际分工的发展，国际商品结构与各国的进出口商品结构不断发生变化，表现在（ABCD）

A工业制成品在国际贸易中的比重上升

B发展中国家出口产品的工业制成品增长 C中间性机械产品的比重提高

D服务贸易迅速发展

E货物贸易比重上升

3、自然条件是国际分工产生和发展的基础，这种条件包括（BCDE）

A人口分布

B地理地质条件

C气候

D自然资源状况

E国土面积（AC）。

A.各国要素禀赋的差异

B.各国规模经济程度差异

C.各国要素组合比例不同

D.各国贸易政策不同

E产品价格

5、若德国和英国在同一劳动时间内分别生产8码毛呢，15码麻布和10码毛呢，20码麻布，那么，基于比较利益原则的分工格局为（BC）。

4、要素禀赋论认为，在国与国之间劳动生产率相同的条件下，形成各国间比较成本差异的原因有

A.英国生产并出口毛呢

B.英国生产并出口麻布

C.德国生产并出口毛呢

D.德国生产并出口麻布

E两种产品都由德国生产并出口

6、对于“里昂惕夫之迷”的解释，其中有代表性的观点包括（BCE）

A． 决对成本说

B． 技术差距说

C．要素价格均等化说

D． 劳动熟练说

E． 人力资本说

7． 世界市场中有固定组织形式的国际贸易市场包括（ABCD E）

A．商品交易所

B拍卖

C博览会

D展览会

E集市

8、国际市场价格根据商品交易中的竞争状况，有世界“封闭市场”价格和世界“自由市场”价格之分，在“封闭市场”价格中又可分为（ABCD）

A 调拨价格

B垄断价格

C区域性贸易集团内的价格

D商品协定下的协定价格

E国际价格

9、影响国际分工的因素有（ABC）

A社会生产力

B自然条件

C政治、文化因素

D人口因素

E地理因素

10、穆勒的相互需求论的观点包括（ABDE）

A国际供求关系决定商品的国际价值

B国际价值是国际商品交换的比例

C需求决定于国际供给

D供给决定于国际需求

E一国的商品需求是另一国的供给

三、名词解释：

1、世界市场：

是世界各国交换产品、服务、科技的场所，是由世界范围内通过国际分工联系起 来的各个国家内部及各国之间的市场综合组成。

2、国际分工：

是指超越了国家界限的专业化劳动分工，是社会分工的延伸和发展。

3、绝对成本论

认为国际分工的基础是各国商品之间存在绝对成本差异。

4、垄断价格

是指在世界市场具有一定垄断地位的跨国公司，利用其经济力量和市场控制力量所决定的价格

四、简答题

1、国际分工分成哪几个阶段？

答：国际分工的产生和发展是一个漫长的历史过程，是社会生产力不断发展提高的必然产物。国际分工的发展大致经历了萌芽、形成、发展与深化四个阶段

2、简述世界市场的含义及其分类构成。

答：世界市场是世界各国交换产品、服务、科技的场所，是由世界范围内通过国际分工联系起来的各个国家内部及各国之间的市场综合组成。世界市场是由各种类型的国家、订约人、商品和劳务、国际食品生产与销售渠道、国际生产运输与信息网络和各种市场组织机构构成。

3、影响国际分工发展的因素有哪些？

答：

1、社会生产力是国际分工形成和发展的决定因素；

2、自然条件对国际分工有一定的影响；

3、政治、文化等因素也会制约着国际分工的发展；

4、国际分工的性质受国际生产关系的制约。

4、为什么说社会生产力的发展是国际分工形成和发展的决定因素？

答：因为一国的社会生产力发展水平高，技术水平也就高，而技术水平决定了一国在分工中的位置。生产力发展水平高的国家在国际分工中就处于领先的位置。

5、在亚当.斯密的绝对利益论中，对外贸易产生和发展的原因主要表现在哪些方面？

答：

1、国际分工的基础是各国商品之间存在绝对成本差异

2、以绝对优势的产品去进行贸易，能使各国的资源、劳动力和资本得到最有效的利用，将会大大地提高劳动生产率和增加各国的物质福利。

6、绝对利益论和比较利益论在阐述国际贸易分工格局的决定方面有何不同

答：绝对利益论强调国际分工的基础是各国商品之间存在绝对成本差异，而比较成本论强调各国按生产力比较差异和生产成本比较差异进行分工和交换。

7.大卫.李嘉图的比较利益论是在什么样的背景下产生的？

答：在斯密的绝对成本论无法解释几乎所有产品都处于绝对优势的发达国家与几乎所有产品都处于绝对劣势的经济不发达国家之间仍然存在贸易现象时，李嘉图提出了比较利益论。

五、论述题

1． 试述国际分工对国际贸易的影响。

要点：

1、国际分工的发展与国际贸易的发展速度成同方向变化

2、国际分工导致国际贸易商品结构发生了较大的变化

3、国际分工极大地影响着国际贸易的地区分布和地理流向

4、国际分工使各国对外贸易依存度不同程度地提高

2．试述世界市场形成的特点。

要点：世界市场的萌芽和初步形成时期的特点 世界市场的迅速扩大时期的特点

世界市场的最终形成时期的特点

3． 试述当代世界市场的基本特征。

要点：

1、参与世界市场竞争的国家和地区增多，世界市场在动荡中不断扩大

2、世界市场在全方位开放的同时，集团化趋势在发发展

3、国际经济贸易、合作方式的多样化

4、世界市场以价格竞争为主转向以非价格竞争为主

4、对里昂惕夫反论加以评述。

要点：里昂惕夫反论是西方国际贸易理论发展史上的一个重大转折点，它引发了人们对二战后国际贸易新现象、新问题的深入探索，使当代国际贸易理论的研究更接近现实，补充了生产要素禀赋理论。

六、计算题分析

1．假设有甲、乙两国生产小麦和布匹，在国际分工前各国的投入产出如下：

小麦

布匹

劳动投入量 产出量 劳动投入量 产出量

甲 15

120

乙 10

120

问：甲、乙两国分别在哪种产品生产上具有绝对优势？

要点：甲国在生产布匹上有绝对优势，乙国在生产小麦上有绝对优势。

2．在古典贸易模型中，假设A国有120名劳动力，B国有50名劳动力，如果生产棉 花的话，A国的人均产量是2吨，B国也是2吨；要是生产大米的话，A国的人均产量是10吨，B国则是16吨。分析两国中哪一国拥有生产大米的绝对优势？哪一国拥有生产大米的比较优势？

要点：A国生产大米有绝对优势，B国生产大米有比较优势。

5、世界市场上商品的相对性过剩和结构性的供给不足并存

2、非关税壁垒比关税更能直接达到限制进口的目的

3、非关税壁垒比关税更具有隐蔽性和歧视性

2、技术性贸易壁垒的主要措施及应对策略的分析

要点：（1）严格、繁杂的技术法规和技术标准

（2）卫生检疫标准

（3）复杂的合格评定程序（4）严格的商品包装和标签规则（5）信息技术壁垒

3、试论述非关税壁垒不断强化的原因与对策。

要点：

1、分清非关税壁垒各种措施的性质

2、应付进口配额的办法

3、提高科技水平

4、增强与贸易伙伴国家的经济联系

5、完善外贸管理制度

4、论述关税壁垒与非关税壁垒对国际贸易的影响

要点：从对外贸易发展的速度上、范围上以及对发展中国家的贸易影响上加以讨论。

六、计算题

1、美国进口钨砂5000磅，单价200美元，征收40%的从价税或每磅征收60美元的从量税，试计算征收的税额并选择征税的方式。

从价税=200×5000×40%=40（万美元）从量税=60×5000=30（万美元）答：选择从价税。

2、日本进口手表300只，单价5，000日元，每只征收从价税15％，并加征从量税150日元。计算应征收的税额。

应征收的税额=5000×300×15%+150×300=27（万日元）答：应征收的税额27万日元。

第五章鼓励出口和出口管制措施

一、单选题

1、买方信贷是指(B)A.出口方银行向本国出口商提供的贷款 B.出口方银行向外国进口商提供的贷款

C.进口方银行向外国出口商提供的贷款

D.进口方银行向本国进口商提供的贷款

2、买方信贷是为了促进商品的出口，是一种约束性贷款，其贷款必须用于（C）

A进口商品

B出口商品

C购买债权国的商品

D购买债务国的商品

3、卖方信贷是指(A)

A.出口方银行向本国出口商提供的贷款 B.出口方银行向外国进口商提供的贷款 C.进口方银行向外国出口商提供的贷款 D.进口方银行向本国进口商提供的贷款

4、卖方信贷是一种向进口商提供（D）的方式

A短期贷款

B中期贷款

C长期贷款

D延期付款

5、出口信贷国家担保制为政治风险提供担保的金额一般为合同金额的（A）

A、80%—95%

B、70%—85%

C、75%—90%

D、80%—90%

6、出口信贷国家担保制的担保期限可分为短期、中期和长期，其短期的期限为（A）A半年左右

B一年

C一年左右

D二年

7、出口直接补贴的形式是（D)A.提供给厂商比其在国内销售货物时更优惠的运费 B.退还或减免出口商品的直接税 C.超额退还间接税

D.给予厂商现金补贴

8、出口补贴问题是贸易谈判的长期话题，在乌拉圭回合任何产品禁止使用出口补贴，（B）除外。

A工业品

B农产品

C半制成品

D制成品

9、关于掠夺性倾销，下列说法中正确的是（C）

A．以倾销方式在国外时常抛售“剩余货物”

B．长期以低于国内市场上的价格在国外市场上出售商品

C．通过倾销排挤竞争者后再提高价格

D．对进口国损害相对较小

10、出口企业以低于国内市场价格，甚至低于商品生产成本的价格，在国外市场抛售商品，打击竞争对手以占领市场的行为，称为（D）

A出口配额

B出口国家垄断

C出口行政组织措施

D商品倾销

二、多选题

1、在出口信贷中，按照借贷关系可划分为（DE)

A长期信贷

B 短期信贷

C中期信贷

D卖方信贷

E 买方信贷

2、买方信贷的是向（BC）提供贷款

A 出口商

B进口商

C进口方银行

D出口方银行

E商业银行

3、出口信贷国家担保制的担保项目主要包括（AB）

A 政治风险

B经济风险

C商业风险

D市场风险

E经营风险

4、间接补贴是政府对某些出口商品给予财政上的优惠等措施，主要包括（ABCD）A 减免或退还有关的国内税

B 暂时免税进口

C 退还进口关税

D免出口税

E 免运费

5、按倾销的具体目的将商品倾销可分为（ABC）

A持续性倾销

B掠夺性倾销

C偶然性倾销

D暂时性倾销

E永久性倾销

6、外汇倾销对出口的促进作用受到多因素的制约，出现下列情况作用被抵消的是（ABC）A 国内价格上涨

B 进口国同等程度贬值货币

C进口国征报复性关税

D 调整生产结构

E 减少进口

7、经济特区的基本形式有（ABCDE）

A 贸易型经济特区

B工业型经济特区

C 保税区

D自由边境区

E 过境区

8、出口管制的形式主要有（AB）

A单边出口管制

B多边出口管制

C自动出口管制

D共同出口管制

E国别出口管制

9、属于对外贸易管理的经济杠杆调控措施的是（BCDE）A 货币政策

B 价格

C 税收

D信贷

E 汇率

10、对外贸易管理的主要行政措施有（ACE）

A进出口配额管理

B 进出口价格管理

C 进出口许可证管理

D进出口生产管理

E 对外贸易经营权管理

三、名词解释题

1、出口信贷

是指出口国为了鼓励商品出口，加强本国商品在国际市场上的竞争能力，通过银行对本国出口厂商或外国进口厂商提供的贷款。

2、出口信贷国家担保制

是出口国政府为了扩大出口，对于本国出口厂商或银行向国外进口厂商或银行提供的信贷，由国家设立的专门机构出面担保。

3、外汇倾销

就是利用本国货币对外贬值来扩大出口。

4、多边出口管制

四、简述题

1、简述买方信贷与卖方信贷的异同。

相同：都是为了鼓励出口而提高信贷，放贷者都是出口方银行。

不同：贷款对象不同，买方信贷对象是进口国的商人和银行，其风险较小；卖方信贷的对象是出口商，风险较大。

2、为什么出口信贷国家担保制可以起到促进出口的作用。

当外国债务人由于政治或经济原因拒绝付款时，国家担保机构即按照承保的数额给予补偿，降低了出口商的风险。这是出口国政府为鼓励出口而较为常用的一种手段。

3、简述政府在促进出口中的作用。

1、设立机构研制出口战略

2、建立商业情报网

3、组织国际贸易中心和贸易展览会

4、组织贸易代表团互访

5、组织出口商的评优评奖活动

4、商品倾销有哪几种？判断商品倾销的条件是什么？

答：倾销可分为：偶然性倾销；间歇性或掠夺性倾销；持续性倾销。

条件：(1)进口国生产同类产品的企业是否受到低价冲击，以使其市场份额明显减少；(2)进口国同类企业的利润水平是否明显降低；(3)是否威胁进口国新兴工业的建立。

5、外汇倾销发挥作用的条件是什么？

（1）、货币贬值迟早会引起国内价格的上涨，当国内价格上涨的程度赶上或超过货币对外贬值的程度时，外汇倾销的条件也就不存在了；（2）如果其他国家也实行同幅度的货币贬值或采取提高关税等其他报复性的措施，外汇倾销的作用也将被抵消；

6、各国的经济特区有何共同点？

1、目的相同

2、投资环境开放

3、具有一定的基础设施

4、具有良好的社会经济条件

5、有良好的自然条件

7、出口限制的具体措施一般有哪些？

1、国家专营

2、征收出口税

3、实行出口许可证制

4、实行出口配额制

5、出口禁运

五、论述题

1、联系实际论述建立经济特区的作用。

要点

1、促进对外贸易的发展，2、鼓励转口贸易和出口加工贸易，3、繁荣本地区和邻近地区的经济，4、增加本国的财政收入和外汇收入。

2、联系实际论出口管制的利与弊。

要点：利：可以维护本国或国家集团的政治利益与安全，限制某些短期 和重要物资的外流，保护本国文化艺术遗产。

弊:助长了国内垄断集团，限制了贸易自由化的进程。

3、联系实际谈谈你对商品倾销的认识。

要点（1）存在倾销事实

（2）存在损害国内产业的事实（3）倾销与损害之间有因果关系

4论述一国货币贬值对进出口的作用。

要点：这种手段也能起到限制进口的作用。因为，本币对外币贬值，出口商用外币表示的价格就会下降，从而提高了商品的竞争能力，有利于扩大出口。

1、根据重商主义的观点一国必须保持贸易顺差在两国模型中是否可能为什么? 思路：在两国模型中一国的贸易顺差等于另一国的贸易逆差不可能出现两国都顺差的情况 重商主义贸易顺差的目标必有一国无法实现。

2在分析中国加入世界贸易组织WTO的利弊时有人说为了能够打开出口市场我们不得不降 关税进口一些外国产品这是我们不得不付出的代价请分析评论这种说法？ 思路：这种说法实际是重商主义认为出口有利进口受损实际上降低关税多进口本国不具有比较优势的产品把资源用在更加有效率的产品生产中去再出口能大大提高一国的福利，对一国来说反而是好事。下表列出了加拿大和中国生产1单位计算机和1单位小麦所需的劳动时间。假定生产计算机和小麦都只用劳动，加拿大的总劳动为600小时，中国总劳动为800小时。

计算机

小麦

中国 100小时 4小时

加拿大 60小时 3小时

1】 计算不发生贸易时各国生产计算机的机会成本。

中国生产计算机的机会成本为100/4=25，加拿大为60/3=20 棉花

大米 A国 240 100 B国 800 1200

2】 哪个国家具有生产计算机的比较优势？哪个国家具有生产小麦的比较优势？

因为加拿大生产计算机的机会成本比中国低，所以加拿大具有生产者计算机的比较优势，中国就具有生产小麦的比较优势。

3】 如果给定世界价格是1单位计算机交换22单位的小麦，加拿大参与贸易可以从每单位的进口中节省多少劳动时间？中国可以从每单位进口中节省多少劳动时间？如果给定世界价格是1单位计算机交换24单位的小麦，加拿大和中国分别可以从进口每单位的货物中节省多少劳动时间？

如果各国按照比较优势生产和出口，加拿大进口小麦出口计算机，中国进口计算机出口小麦。加拿大进口一单位小麦需要出口1/22单位计算机，折合成劳动时间来算，生产一单位小麦本国要用3小时，但生产1/22单位计算机本国要用60/22小时劳动，所以加拿大进口一单位小麦相当于用60/22小时的劳动换回本国3小时生产的产品，节省了3-60/22=3/11小时的劳动时间。中国进口一单位计算机需要出口22单位小麦，相当于用22*4=88小时劳动换回本国需用100小时生产的产品，节省了100-88=12小时。

如果世界价格是1单位计算机交换24单位的小麦，则相当于用60/24小时的劳动换回本国3小时生产的产品，节省了3-60/24=1/2小时的劳动时间。中国进口一单位计算机需要出口24单位小麦，相当于用24*4=96

小时的劳动换回本国需用100小时生产的产品，节省了100-96=4小时的劳动时间。

4】在自由贸易的情况下，各国应生产什么产品，数量是多少？整个世界的福利水平是提高还是降低了？试用图分析。（以效用水平来衡量福利水平）加拿大应专业生产计算机，数量为600/60=10单位；中国应专业生产小麦，数量为800/4=200单位。中国的福利水平从U01上升到U11，加拿大的福利水平从U02上升到U12，整个世界福利水平上升了。

4、在古典贸易模型中，假设A国有120名劳动力，B国有50名劳动力，如果 生产棉花的话，A国的人均产量是2吨，B国也是2吨；要是生产大米的话，A国的人均产量是10吨，B国则是16吨。画出两国的生产可能性曲线并分析两国中哪一国拥有生产大米的绝对优势？哪一国拥有生产大米的比较优势？

思路：B国由于每人能生产16吨大米，而A国每人仅生产10吨大米，所以B 国具有生产大米的绝对优势。从两国生产可能性曲线看出A国生产大米的机会成本为0.2，而B国为0.125，所以B国生产大米的机会成本或相对成本低于A国，B国生产大米具有比较优势。

5、两种产品多个国家的情况。下表给出了4个国家生产1单位大米和小麦的 劳动投入量。

美国 法国 中国 泰国 大米 2 5 9 8 小麦 0.5 2 3 6

已知国际市场均衡的大米相对价格为2，则按照比较优势的原则，各国的贸易模式如何？当国际市场对大米需求增加导致大米的相对价格上升至3.5，各国贸易模式会受到影响吗？如果有，怎样变化？

思路：各国大米的相对成本按照从低到高排列依次为美国4，中国3,法国2.5, 泰国4/3, 国际市场均衡的大米相对价格为2,介于法国和泰国之间,所以按照比较优势的原则,泰国出口大米进口小麦,美国、中国和法国出口小麦进口大米。当大米的国际价格上升到3.5时,就只有美国出口小麦进口大米,其它国家出口大米进口小麦。

6、两个国家多种产品的情况。下表给出了两国生产四种产品所需的单位劳动 时间。

芯片 香蕉 单放机 汽车 美国 25 5 10 50 菲律宾 100 1 20 250

如果美国工资是＄10/小时，菲律宾的工资水平是＄3/小时，两国发生贸易，按照比较优势的原则，各应生产和出口什么产品？如果美国的工资上升为＄11/小时，贸易模式会受影响吗？

思路：美国生产这四种产品的相对劳动生产率从高到低为汽车5,芯片4，单放 机2,香蕉0.2, 而同时美国的相对工资为10/3，介于芯片和单放机之间，按照比较优势的原则，美国应该生产和出口汽车和芯片，进口单放机和香蕉；菲律宾应该生产和出口单放机和香蕉，进口汽车和芯片。如果美国的工资上升为$11/小时，美国的相对工资还是介于芯片和单放机之间，所以贸易模式不会受影响。

7、假设A、B两国生产技术相同且在短期内不变：生产一单位衣服需要的资本为1，需要的劳动为3；生产一单位食品需要的资本为2，需要的劳动为2。A国拥有160单位劳动和100单位资本；B国拥有120单位劳动和80单位资本。则

（1）哪个国家为资本充裕的国家？（2）哪种产品为劳动密集型产品？

（3）假设所有要素都充分利用，计算各国各自最多能生产多少服装或多少食 品？（4）假设两国偏好相同，两国间进行贸易，哪个国家会出口服装？哪个国家 出口食品？

思路：（1）由于B国的资本劳动比例高于A国，所以B国为资本充裕的国家。（2）由于衣服的劳动资本比例高于食品，所以衣服为劳动密集型产品。

（3）A国最多能生产160/3单位的衣服和50单位的食品；B国最多能生产 40单位的衣服和40单位的食品。

（4）根据H-O模型的结论，服装是劳动密集型的产品应由劳动充裕的国定 即A国出口，食品为资本为密集型的产品应由资本充裕的国家即B国出口。

8、假设A国是个劳动力充裕的国家，以劳动力和土地两种要素生产服装和玉 米。服装是劳动密集型产品，玉米是土地密集型产品。给定A国作为一个小国参加自由贸易。

（1）A国会出口什么产品？

（2）A国国内服装和玉米的价格会发生什么变化？

（3）假设突然有大批移民进入A国，对该国的生产、贸易量和福利有什么影响？请简要说明。

（4）如果A国是个大国，上述3题的结论还会一样吗？ 思路：（1）A国会出口服装。

（2）A国作为一个小国参加自由贸易后会出口服装进口玉米，从而导致服 装价格上升，玉米价格下降。

（3）由罗勃津斯基定理，大量移民的涌入会使该国密集使用劳动的品— —服装的生产增加，同时使另一种产品——玉米的生产下降，贸量扩大，社会总体的福利也会扩大。

（4）如果A国是大国，则前两问不变。由于大国的贸易条件会随着进出口 量的变化而变化，第三问的结论有被大国贸易条件恶化所抵消，这种贸易条件恶化的程度取决于进出口产品的供需弹性。

9、设中国是汽车进口的小国，对汽车的需求和供给分别Dc = 2000-0.02P Sc = 1200 + 0.02P 并设国际市场上汽车的价格为10000，请用数字和图形说明下列问题：

1】贸易前，中国汽车的产量和价格； 令Dc =Sc，得贸易前中国汽车价格为20000，产量为2000-0.02×20000=1600。

2】自由贸易下，中国汽车的产量及进口或出口量； 自由贸易下中国进口汽车，由于假设中国为汽车进口小国，则国内汽车价格等于国际市场价格10000，汽车的需求为Dc =1800，生产为Sc =1400，进口量为1800-1400=400。3】自由贸易对国内消费者、厂商和整个社会的福利影响价格

消费者福利增加a+b=1/2*(1800+1600)*10000=1.7*107

生产者利润减少a=1/2*(1400+1600)*10000=1.5*107 社会福利增加b=(a+b)-a=2*106

第二篇：国际贸易理论

国际贸易额：是以货币表示现行世界市场价格计算的各国与各地区的进口总额或出口总额之和，它能够反映某一时期内的贸易总额。国际贸易量：是以一定时期的不变价格为标准计算的各个时期的国际贸易额，即用出口价格指数去除出口额，得出消除价格变动的近似值。

对外贸易依存度：是指一国对外贸易总额在该国国内生产总值（GDP）或国民生产总值(GNP)中所占的比重。

贸易差额：是一国在一定时期内出口贸易额与进口贸易额之间的差额。贸易条件：是用来衡量在一定时期内一个国家出口相对于进口的盈利能力和贸易利益的指标

总贸易：以国境作为为标准统计货物进出口的方法，凡进入国境的商品一律列为总进口，凡离开国境的商品一律列为总出口。

对外贸易地理方向：又称对外贸易地区分布或对外贸易国别结构，指一定时期内世界各国、各地区、各国家集团在一国对外贸易中所占地位，通常以它们对该国的进出口总额占该国出进口总额的比重来表示。

转口贸易：也称中转贸易，是指一国或地区进口某种商品不是以消费为目的，而是将它作为商品在向别国出口的贸易活动。

垂直型国际分工：是指经济发展水平不同的国家之间的纵向分工，主要指发达国家的制造业与发展中国家的农业、矿业之间的分工。

水平型国际分工：是指经济发展水平基本相同或相似的国家之间的分工，主要指发达国家与发达国家之间在工业部门间的分工。

世界市场：或国际市场，是世界各国相互间进行商品、服务和科技交换的场所，是由世界范围内通过对外贸易联系起来的各国商品流通领域的总和。

重商主义：是资本主义早期的国际贸易理论。绝对优势理论：一个国家生产某单位商品所使得资源少于另一个国家同类商品的生产。

比较优势理论：在两国都能生产两种产品的条件下，其中一国在两种产品的生产上都处于优势地位，而另一国均处于劣势地位，则处于优势地位的国家应专门生产相对优势最大的那种产品，处于劣势地位的国家应专门生产相对劣势最小的那种产品，然后参与国际贸易，双方均可以获得利益。要素禀赋：是指一国所拥有的可用于生产商品和劳务的各种生产要素的总量。

要素密集度：是指商品生产中所需要的各种要素之间的投入比例。要素丰裕度：是指一国的生产要素禀赋中某要素供给所占比例大于别国同种要素的供给比例而相对价格低于别国同种要素的相对价格。要素价格均等化理论：可表述为，在满足要素禀赋理论的全部假设条件下，国际贸易会使得各国同质的生产因素获得相同的相对于绝对收入。

贸易条件：是指商品的污物交换比例，是以商品表示的贸易条件，它适用于抽象的理论分析，但不能用于分析一国一定时期贸易地位的变化。四种形式：

1、商品贸易条件或净贸易条件

2、收入贸易条件

3、单因素贸易条件

4、双因素贸易条件

里昂惕夫之谜：不同解释：

1、劳动者技能水平的差异

2、人力资本的差异

3、贸易壁垒的差异

4、自然资源因素被忽略

5、要素密集型逆转发生 产品生命周期：是解释工业制品贸易流向最有说服力的理论之一。三个阶段：分为

1、产品创新阶段。创新国发明并垄断技术、技术尚需改进、工艺流程尚未定型；创新国生产 ；需要科学家、工程师等高度技术熟练工人的大量劳动，是技术密集型 ；对于企业来说不是最重要的问题 ；价格比较高 ；创新国出口，国外富有者进口

2、产品成熟阶段。生产技术已定型，技术诀窍扩散到国外，仿制开始；在东道国设立子公司进行生产；半熟练劳动力，产品由技术密集型转变为资本密集型；成本要比创新国的进口产品低 ；降低价格扩大销路；创新国对东道国的出口有所下降，但对其他绝大多数市场的出口仍可继续

3、产品标准化阶段。产品已完全标准化，发展中国家也开始掌握这种技术；生产地已开始向一般发达国家，甚至发展中国家转移；劳动密集型产品；产品成本开始下降；价格大众化；创新国开始从产品出口转变为进口

规模经济：指的是随着厂商生产规模的扩大，产量的增加，产品的平均成本下降，厂商因生产规模扩大而获得额外的报酬，规模经济也称为“规模报酬递增”。

产业内贸易：是指一个国家或地区，在一段时间内，同一产业部门产品既进口又出口的现象。产品必须具备两个基本条件：

1、是产品中使用的生产要素相近或相似；

2、是消费具有相互替代性。形成原因：

1、产品的异质性是产业内贸易的重要基础

2、规模经济收益递增是产业内贸易形成的重要原因

3、经济发展水平是产业内贸易的重要制约因素 新贸易理论：是指80年代初以来，以保罗·克鲁格曼(Paul Krugman)为代

表的一批经济学家提出的一系列关于国际贸易的原因。

内部规模经济贸易：主要来源于企业本身规模的扩大。一个企业享有内部规模经济的优势，它的成本就随着产量增加而减少，从而得到了生产的优势。这样它的产品在贸易活动中的竞争能力必然大大提高，占据贸易优势，取得贸易利益。外部规模经济贸易：主要来源于行业内数量的增加所引起的产业规模的扩大。外部规模经济同样影响国际贸易。当存在外部经济时，大规模从事某一行业产品生产的国家，往往在该产品的生产上具有较低的平均成本，这样，该国在该种产品上就具有比较优势。在存在外部规模经济效果的行业，该行业在哪一国最先建立，最先扩大了规模，降低了成本，在很大程度上取决于历史原因。

国际贸易额：是以货币表示现行世界市场价格计算的各国与各地区的进口总额或出口总额之和，它能够反映某一时期内的贸易总额。国际贸易量：是以一定时期的不变价格为标准计算的各个时期的国际贸易额，即用出口价格指数去除出口额，得出消除价格变动的近似值。

对外贸易依存度：是指一国对外贸易总额在该国国内生产总值（GDP）或国民生产总值(GNP)中所占的比重。

贸易差额：是一国在一定时期内出口贸易额与进口贸易额之间的差额。贸易条件：是用来衡量在一定时期内一个国家出口相对于进口的盈利能力和贸易利益的指标

总贸易：以国境作为为标准统计货物进出口的方法，凡进入国境的商品一律列为总进口，凡离开国境的商品一律列为总出口。

对外贸易地理方向：又称对外贸易地区分布或对外贸易国别结构，指一定时期内世界各国、各地区、各国家集团在一国对外贸易中所占地位，通常以它们对该国的进出口总额占该国出进口总额的比重来表示。

转口贸易：也称中转贸易，是指一国或地区进口某种商品不是以消费为目的，而是将它作为商品在向别国出口的贸易活动。

垂直型国际分工：是指经济发展水平不同的国家之间的纵向分工，主要指发达国家的制造业与发展中国家的农业、矿业之间的分工。

水平型国际分工：是指经济发展水平基本相同或相似的国家之间的分工，主要指发达国家与发达国家之间在工业部门间的分工。

世界市场：或国际市场，是世界各国相互间进行商品、服务和科技交换的场所，是由世界范围内通过对外贸易联系起来的各国商品流通领域的总和。

重商主义：是资本主义早期的国际贸易理论。绝对优势理论：一个国家生产某单位商品所使得资源少于另一个国家同类商品的生产。

比较优势理论：在两国都能生产两种产品的条件下，其中一国在两种产品的生产上都处于优势地位，而另一国均处于劣势地位，则处于优势地位的国家应专门生产相对优势最大的那种产品，处于劣势地位的国家应专门生产相对劣势最小的那种产品，然后参与国际贸易，双方均可以获得利益。要素禀赋：是指一国所拥有的可用于生产商品和劳务的各种生产要素的总量。

要素密集度：是指商品生产中所需要的各种要素之间的投入比例。要素丰裕度：是指一国的生产要素禀赋中某要素供给所占比例大于别国同种要素的供给比例而相对价格低于别国同种要素的相对价格。要素价格均等化理论：可表述为，在满足要素禀赋理论的全部假设条件下，国际贸易会使得各国同质的生产因素获得相同的相对于绝对收入。

贸易条件：是指商品的污物交换比例，是以商品表示的贸易条件，它适用于抽象的理论分析，但不能用于分析一国一定时期贸易地位的变化。四种形式：

1、商品贸易条件或净贸易条件

2、收入贸易条件

3、单因素贸易条件

4、双因素贸易条件

里昂惕夫之谜：不同解释：

1、劳动者技能水平的差异

2、人力资本的差异

3、贸易壁垒的差异

4、自然资源因素被忽略

5、要素密集型逆转发生 产品生命周期：是解释工业制品贸易流向最有说服力的理论之一。三个阶段：分为

1、产品创新阶段。创新国发明并垄断技术、技术尚需改进、工艺流程尚未定型；创新国生产 ；需要科学家、工程师等高度技术熟练工人的大量劳动，是技术密集型 ；对于企业来说不是最重要的问题 ；价格比较高 ；创新国出口，国外富有者进口

2、产品成熟阶段。生产技术已定型，技术诀窍扩散到国外，仿制开始；在东道国设立子公司进行生产；半熟练劳动力，产品由技术密集型转变为资本密集型；成本要比创新国的进口产品低 ；降低价格扩大销路；创新国对东道国的出口有所下降，但对其他绝大多数市场的出口仍可继续

3、产品标准化阶段。产品已完全标准化，发展中国家也开始掌握这种技术；生产地已开始向一般发达国家，甚至发展中国家转移；劳动密集型产品；产品成本开始下降；价格大众化；创新国开始从产品出口转变为进口

规模经济：指的是随着厂商生产规模的扩大，产量的增加，产品的平均成本下降，厂商因生产规模扩大而获得额外的报酬，规模经济也称为“规模报酬递增”。

产业内贸易：是指一个国家或地区，在一段时间内，同一产业部门产品既进口又出口的现象。产品必须具备两个基本条件：

1、是产品中使用的生产要素相近或相似；

2、是消费具有相互替代性。形成原因：

1、产品的异质性是产业内贸易的重要基础

2、规模经济收益递增是产业内贸易形成的重要原因

3、经济发展水平是产业内贸易的重要制约因素 新贸易理论：是指80年代初以来，以保罗·克鲁格曼(Paul Krugman)为代

表的一批经济学家提出的一系列关于国际贸易的原因。

内部规模经济贸易：主要来源于企业本身规模的扩大。一个企业享有内部规模经济的优势，它的成本就随着产量增加而减少，从而得到了生产的优势。这样它的产品在贸易活动中的竞争能力必然大大提高，占据贸易优势，取得贸易利益。外部规模经济贸易：主要来源于行业内数量的增加所引起的产业规模的扩大。外部规模经济同样影响国际贸易。当存在外部经济时，大规模从事某一行业产品生产的国家，往往在该产品的生产上具有较低的平均成本，这样，该国在该种产品上就具有比较优势。在存在外部规模经济效果的行业，该行业在哪一国最先建立，最先扩大了规模，降低了成本，在很大程度上取决于历史原因。

第三篇：国际贸易实务习题集

习题集

山东工商学院中加学院

国际贸易教研室

国际贸易实务（双语）

国际贸易实务（双语）综合习题集

Part I: Multiple Choices(Choose the Best Answer for Each of the Following Questions)

1.The one who buy insurance is called()A.an insurance company

C.the insured

B.a broker

D.an insurer 2.What is the name given to the sum of money which a person agrees to pay to an insurance company? A.compensation

C.investment

B.premium

3.An insurance agreement is called an()? A.insurance policy

C.insurance cover

B.insurance contract

D.insurance document D.commission 4.Under FOB contract, the()is to arrange insurance.A.seller

C.buyer

B.insurer

D.carrier 5.When the seller contracts for insurance, it is a(n)()contract.A.CFR

C.FAS

B.FCA

6.The one who lodges a claim is known as an().A.insurer

C.insurance broker

B.the insured

D.claimant D.CIF 7.()does not have the normally accepted meaning, but means loss in the insurance business.A.Partial loss

C.Coverage

B.Total loss

D.Average8.()is the broadest kind of coverage but does not include all risks.A.Free of Particular Average

C.With particular Average

B.All Risks 9.Risk of breakage is considered to be the()A.Free of Particular Average

C.General additional risks

B.With Average

D.Special additional risks D.TPND 10.The person to whom the goods are shipped is called _______.A.the consignor

C.the shipper

B.the consignee

D.the manufacturer 11.As Swedish arbitrators often are()lawyers, the arbitrators’ fees are usually in line with those of lawyers.A.practice

C.practising

B.practise

D.practised 12.The Institute may also decide to discharge an arbitrator on the()of any lawful excuse or failure to perform his duties in an adequate manner.A.basis

C.excuse

B.reason

D.ground 13.If the institute has requested a party to perform any act within a()time, such time limit may be extended by the Institute.A.specified

C.specifying

B.specify

D.limited14.If an arbitrator is replaced in the course of the proceedings, the newly()tribunal shall decide whether and to what extent a prior oral hearing shall be repeated.A.comprised

C.consisted

B.composed

D.built 15.The arbitrators are()to receive remuneration for their work in accordance with the principles stated above and, in addition, to receive reimbursement of their expenses.A.entitled

C.subject

B.qualified

D.required 16.The international uniform customs practice in written for documentary collection is().A.UCP600

C.Incoterm2000

B.ISP98 17.The payer of promissory note is the().A.drawer

C.payee

B.drawee 18.（）needn’t draft generally.A.Open Negotiation L/C

C.Deferred payment L/C

B.Sight Payment L/C 19.The Opening Banks of L/C deal with（）.A.services

B.goods

C.documents

D.performance to which the documents may relate 20.According to UCP600, if there is no indication in the credit of the insurance coverage required, the amount of insurance coverage must be at least（）of the CIF or CIP value of the goods.A.110%

B.10%

D.Restricted Negotiation L/C D.creditor D.URC522 2 C.100%

D.130%

21.If the cargoes are not discharged from the ship or lighter, then the time of insurance duty under war risks shall be limited to()days counting from the midnight of the day when the vessel arrives at the port of destination.A.15 days

C.60 days

B.30 days

22.WPA is（）in Chinese.A.平安险

C.一切险

B.水渍险

D.战争险 D.2 years 23.The Ad.V.standard for liner freight is calculated on the basis of().A.CIF price

C.CFR price

B.FCA price

24.Unless the Credit stipulates otherwise,().A.Partial shipments and transshipments are allowed B.Partial shipments and transshipments are not allowed C.transshipments are not allowed, but Partial shipments are allowed D.transshipments are allowed, but Partial shipments are not allowed 25.The net weight and G.W for some goods is 28kgs per piece and 30kgs respectively.Its measurement is 45CMX35CMX22CM per piece.If the calculation standard for liner’s freight tariff is W/M10, the shipping company will calculate the freight（）

A.on the basis of net weight

C.on the basis of measurement

B.at the shipper’s option

26.The most frequently used pricing methods is()A.fixed pricing

C.Partial fixed price and partial unfixed price

B.flexible pricing

D.Floating pricing).D.at the carrier’s option D.FOB price 27.In international export practice, in case we conclude a FOB or CFR contract with the buyer abroad, unless otherwise agreed, we must give the buyer notice that the goods have been delivered on board the vessel, so as to enable him to()in time.A.arrange shipment

C.take delivery

B.cover insurance

D.open L/C 28.The CIF contract is a typical “document transaction” or “()”.A.dependent transaction

C.symbolic delivery

B.physical delivery

D.arrival contract 29.The variations of CFR involve only the problem of who is to pay()charges, with nothing to do with the place of delivery or the place of risk separation.A.loading

B.demurrage

C.freight

D.unloading

30.In INCOTERMS 2000, under()trade term, the customs declaration for import is the responsibility of seller.A.EXW

C.CIF

B.DDP

D.FOB 31.Which of the following expressions to quality is right and proper?()A.Chinese Groundnut, Moisture 13%, Admixture 5%, Oil content 44%.B.Cloth Doll Sample No.123, quality to be completely equal to the sample.C.Tetracycline HCL Tablets, Sugar Coated, 250mg, B.P.D.grey duck's down, duck's down content 18%(1% more or 2% less)“.32.If no expiry date for presentation of documents is stipulated in L/C, banks will not accept documents presented to them later than()days after the date of shipment.A.15

C.7

B.21

D.60 33.In Credit operations all parties concerned deal with().A.goods

B.services

C.documents

D.other performances to which the documents may relate 34.If the cargoes are not discharged from the ship or lighter, then the time of insurance duty under war risks shall be limited to()days counting from the midnight of the day when the vessel arrives at the port of destination.A.15 days

C.60 days

B.30 days

D.2 years 35.Under ICC, the insurer will bear the maximum responsibility if ICC()is adopted.A.A

C.C

B.B

D.Malicious risks 36.The net weight and G.W.for some goods is 30kgs per piece and 34kgs respectively.Its measurement is 45CMX35CMX20CM per piece.If the calculation standard for liner’s freight tariff is W/M10, the shipping company will calculate the freight（）

A.on the basis of net weight

C.on the basis of measurement

B.on the basis of gross weight

D.at the carrier’s option

37.As for the(), the charter will employ the master and take charge of the deployment and management of the ship.A.Voyage Charter

C.Bare-boat Charter

B.Time Charter

D.Liner 38.The Ad.V.standard for liner freight is calculated on the basis of().4 A.CIF price

C.CFR price

B.FCA price

little damaged” on the B/L.This B/L is a/an().A.Clean B/L

C.To order B/L

B.Unclean B/L

D.Shipped B/L D.FOB price 39.The shipping company makes a notation such as “Few carton bottom little wet”、“Some carton 40.When a company negotiates payment through bank, which kind of B/L will the bank accept?().A.Clean on board B/L

C.Unclean B/L

B.Received for shipment B/L 41.COD is the abbreviation of().A.Cash of Delivery

C.Cash of Document

B.Cash on Delivery

D.Cash on Document D.Ante-dated B/L42.It should be stressed that the scope of INCOTERMS is limited to matters relating to the rights and obligations of the parties to the S/C with respect to the delivery of goods sold in the sense of,()A.“merchantable”

C.“tangible” such as stationary

B.“negotiable”

D.“intangible” such as software

43.If the parties to a sales contract do not in advance agree upon whether the quantity of goods is determined by gross weight or net weight, it will be determined by().A.gross weight or net weight

C.tare weight

B.net weight

D.gross weight 44.According to the CISG, if the quantity delivered by the seller is greater than of the contract, the buyer can refuse().A.all the goods

C.the quantity stipulated in S/C

B.the excess part of the whole quantity

D.the quantity stipulated in L/C 45.Suppose you are an export and your business place is in China, which one of the following quotation is correct?()A.USD150 PER BALE FOB NEW YORK

B.$200 FOB SHANGHAI C.EURO500 PER SETS DEQ VANCOUVER

D.HKD50 PER PAIR GUANGZHOU 46.Contracts must renewed one week _____their expiration.A.on

C.the moment of

B.against

D.before

47.The commodities you offered are _____line with the business scope of our clients.5 A.outside

C.out

B.out of

D.without

48.We are arranging for an inspection tour of _____the material was processed.A.place

C.where

B.the place

D.there 49.We are reconsidering those trade terms _____might be adverse to the interest of our principals.A.what

C.when

B.that

D.where

50.We find that there is no stipulation of transshipment _____in the relative L/C.A.allowing

C.which allowed

B.which allows

D.being allowed 51.After unpacking the case we found that the goods did not ______with the original sample.A.match

C.agree

B.come up

D.measure 52.If the first shipment ______ , we guarantee that we will send you many repeat orders.A.match

C.agree

B.come up

D.measure 53.It is necessary that an arbitration clause ________in the contract.A.will be included

C.be included

B.must be included

D.has been included 54.Please see that your written confirmation ________by the end of this month, otherwise we will be free form the obligation for this offer.A.reaches us

C.reach us

B.will reach us

D.reached us 55.That helps to explain ______businesses are setting up Net sites even though profits aren’t yet very big.A.that

C.why

B.the reason for

D.why that 56.We wish to stress that shipment must be made within the prescribed time limit, as a further ______will not be considered by our end-users.A.prolong

C.extension

B.protract

D.expansion

57.With computer users linked to the Internet growing _____every year, business is trying to cash in on the worldwide network.A.at million

C.with one million

B.with a million

D.by millions

58.We regret having to remind you that 30% of the freight is still______.A.owned

C.outstanding

B.owning

D.understanding

59.________you fulfill the terms of the L/C, we will accept the drafts drawn under this credit.A.Provided

C.In the case

B.To provide

D.Only if 60.Kindly advise us of the steamers that call _______your port every month.A.at

C.in

B.on

D.for61.It should be _____if you could immediately ________what quantity you can supply us at present.A.thankful, advise

C.appreciated, advise

B.appreciate, advise

D.appreciating, inform 62.We thank you for your e-mail of November 25__B____your purchase of 10 M/T wild rice.A.confirm

C.to confirm

B.confirming

D.confirmed 63.Subject to satisfactory arrangements ______terms and conditions, we should be pleased to act as your sole agent.A.as

C.as if

B.as per

D.as to 64.Our usual terms of payment are _______L/C and we hope they will be satisfactory ______you.A.by, for

C.for, to

B.by, to

D.for, with 65.That helps to explain why businesses are setting up Net sites ______ profits aren’t yet very big.A.even

C.even though

B.although

D.why that 66.The contract between a party who agrees to accept the risk and a party seeking protection from the risk a contract of _________.A.payment

C.shipment

B.production

D.insurance 67.The customs duties act _______an essential leverage on regulating import and export behavior.A at

C.in

B.as

D.to 68.The Chinese word “运单” is translated as________.7 A.invoice

C.Waybill

B.B/L

D.Contract 69.When we want to buy something from other countries, we should make ________ first.A.an offer

C.a confirmation

B.a inquiry

70.Swedish Krona is the currency of ________.A.Singapore

C.Sri Lanka

B.Spain

71.Cairo is a city of _______.A.Sri Lanka

C.Egypt

B.Denmark

D.Indonesia D.Sweden D.an acceptance 72.In the contract, usually there is a ________ clause to protect the buyer against loss from delay of the shipment of the goods.A.payment

C.penalty

B.shipment

D.quality 73.This contract is made _______ Dalian International Economical Trade Co.and Kich Boro International Limited.A.among

C.with

B.between

D.by 74.In foreign trade business, the trade terms CFR is often used, CFR is the abbreviation for _______.A.cost, insurance and freight

C.cost and freight

B.commercial invoice

D.consular invoice

Keys to multiple choices:

71

C C A D B B C C 2 12 22 32 42 52 62 72 B D B B C B B C 3 13 23 33 43 53 63 73 A A D C D C D B 4 14 24 34 44 54 64 74 C B A A B A B C 5 15 25 35 45 55 65 D A C A C C C 6 16 26 36 46 56 66 D D A B D C D 7 17 27 37 47 57 67 D A B C B D B 8 18 28 38 48 58 68 B B C D C C C 9 19 29 39 49 59 69 C C D B B A B 10 20 30.40 50 60 70 B A B A D A D

Part II: True or False 1.Exporting gives a manufacturer a large market for his products, while imports have unfavorable effects on the home market.2.Some commodities, like tea and wool, are sold on a tale quail basis and the buyer has to inspect a consignment himself.3.Immediate delivery is known as a future contract.4.Quoting firm prices for many months ahead involves little risk.5.Hedging is an operation adopted by merchants and others in the commodity markets who deal in futures to protect themselves against risk of loss, caused by future changes in price.6.The prices of produce remain unchanged for weeks and months, so buyers can place orders on the basis of printed price lists.7.The manufacturer may appoint a foreign agent who acts as a principal and pays for the goods himself.8.A closed indent is one which names the supplier of the goods required.9.A clearing agent is usually skilled in completing the formalities needed to clear goods through the Customs.10.Advertising aims to make a product or service known to the public in order to sell it.11.An offer may not indicate the terms of payment.12.The price-list and catalogues sent to some companies are also offers with binding effect.13.According to the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, an acceptance with non-material alterations or additions can still constitute a valid acceptance..14.According to the CISG, a late acceptance caused by abnormal transmission of the post office is nevertheless effective unless the offeror shows objection without delay.15.Landed quality refers to the quality of the goods re-inspected upon their arrival at the port of destination.16.After issued of the letter of credit, the Issuing Bank may refuse payment if the applicant becomes bankrupt.17.After the negotiating bank negotiates the documents, which are refused by the opening bank later, the negotiating bank may ask the beneficiary for repayment.18.According to the UCP600, a freely negotiable credit must stipulate a place for presentation of documents for negotiation.19.If the L/C prohibits partial shipments and the goods are shipped in full quantity with the price not reduced, a short drawing of 5 percent in the amount is permissible.20.If the Issuing Band appoints the Bank of China as its Advising Bank of L/C, then the Issuing Bank may ask the Bank of Asia to advise amendments to the L/C.21.A bank will only accept a clean transport document.A clean transport document is one bearing no clause or notation expressly declaring a defective condition of the goods or their packaging.The word “clean” need not appear on a transport document, even if a credit has a requirement for that transport document to be “clean on board”.22.The date of the insurance document must be no later than the date of shipment, unless it appears from the insurance document that the cover is effective from a date not later than the date of shipment.23.The war risks both under CIC and ICC are can be covered independently.24.Insurance against F.P.A.means that the insured cannot obtain compensation from the insurer if particular average occurs.25.The insurance endorsement cannot be used as a dependent document.It is only a supplementary document attached to insurance policy or certificate.26.Warsaw-Oxford Rules clearly explain the thirteen kinds of trade terms in current use.27.According to INCOTERMS2000, FCA is suitable for all kinds of transportation.28.The main difference between a CIF contract and a DES contract lies in the fact that the former is a symbolic delivery of goods, whereas the latter is a physical delivery of goods.29.In general, soft currency should be chosen for exports and hard currency for imports.30.The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods does not limit the forms of contracts.31.The “receipt rule” insists that delaying or missing of an acceptance on the way constitutes an effective contract.32.The conformity of goods with samples refers, according to the CISG, to the conformity of the quantity, quality, description and packing of goods with those of the sample.33.When the goods do not conform to the sales contract, the bank may stop payment immediately even if the documents are correct and complete.34.According to INCOTERMS 2000, FAS is suitable for all kinds of transportation.35.Unless otherwise stated in the Credit, a transferable Credit can be transferred more than once.36.After issued of the letter of credit, the Issuing Bank may refuse payment if the applicant becomes bankrupt.37.According to the UCP500, a freely negotiable credit must stipulate a place for presentation of documents for negotiation.38.When the goods are posted, the latest date of shipment refers to the date of Post Receipt.39.If the Issuing Band appoints the Bank of China as its Advising Bank of L/C, then the Issuing Bank may ask the Bank of Asia to advise amendments to the L/C.40.The instrument of payment used in M/T is cheque.41.According to international trade practice, you cannot have the goods insured if you did not have insurable interest in the goods.42.Under CIC, no additional risk can be purchased to insure goods independently.43.The insurance endorsement cannot be used as a dependent document.It is only a supplementary document attached to insurance policy or certificate.44.Institute Cargo Clause(A)has the widest coverage among all its clauses.10 45.When there are optional ports in the S/C, where the goods are to be unloaded must be decided and confirmed by the buyer at least 48 hours before the ship arrives at the first optional port.46.A letter of indemnity is issued by the seller to the buyer to certify that the goods delivered are in good condition.47.When the ship-owner speeds up his ship and arrives at the destination at an earlier date than is stipulated, he can obtain dispatch money from the shipper.48.According to the interpretation of the Revised American Foreign Trade Definition, FAS is suitable for all kinds of transportation.49.The Neutral packing means the packing without the name of the origin.50.Price terms are mainly applied to determining the prices of commodities in international trade.51.Warsaw-Oxford Rules clearly explain the thirteen kinds of trade terms in current use.52.As an exporter, you concluded a deal with an American on basis of EXW;then your transaction risk is reduced the minimum degree.53.According to the interpretation of the Revised American Foreign Trade Definition, FAS is suitable for all kinds of transportation.54.On CIP terms, the seller must pay the freight rate and insurance premium as well as bear all the risks until the goods have arrived at the destination.55.A letter of indemnity is issued by the seller to the buyer to certify that the goods delivered are in goods condition.56.According to the UCP 500, a bill of lading which is issued subject to a Charter Party must be accepted unless the Credit stipulates otherwise.57.When you transport your goods by a Time Charter, you have to pay for loading and unloading.58.When the ship-owner speeds up his ship and arrives at the destination at an earlier date than is stipulated, he can obtain dispatch money from the shipper.59.When the charterer fails to load or unload the goods within the stipulated period of time, he has to pay demurrage to the ship-owner.60.Sometimes when the buyer cannot determine a specific port of discharge, he may require two or three ports to be written on the contract for option.61.When there are optional ports in the contract, the goods may be unloaded at any one of the ports at the shipping company’s disposal.62.When importing on FOB terms, we can generally stipulate the port of discharge.14 An order bill of lading may be negotiable after being endorsed.63.A bill of lading is a transport contract in which the shipping company promises to transport the goods received to the destination.64.In China, insurance companies do not accept insurance based on Institute Cargo Clause.65.Institute Cargo Clause(A)has the widest coverage among all its clauses.66.Almost all the insurance companies provide door-to-door coverage service.67.Insurance against F.P.A.means that the insured cannot obtain compensation from the insurer if particular average occurs.11 68.If you have insured your goods against All Risks, you will get compensated whatever risks occurs to your goods.69.The quantity terms of goods is one the conditions of an effective sales contract.70.In international trade, only the Metric System is allowed to indicate the quantity of goods.71.If the parties to a sales contract do not in advance agree upon whether the quantity of goods is determined by gross weight or net weight, it will be determined by gross weight.72.Net weight refers to the actual tare of all the packing materials.73.Conditioned weight is, in fact, the actual weight of the moisture of a certain commodity.74.The quantity terms of goods is one the conditions of an effective sales contract.75.In international trade, only the Metric System is allowed to indicate the quantity of goods.76.If the parties to a sales contract do not in advance agree upon whether the quantity of goods is determined by gross weight or net weight, it will be determined by gross weight.77.Net weight refers to the actual tare of all the packing materials.78.Conditioned weight is, in fact, the actual weight of the moisture of a certain commodity.79.According to the CISG, if the quantity delivered by the seller is greater than that of the contract, the buyer can refuse all the goods.80.The more or less Clause in a S/C allows the seller to deliver as more or as fewer goods as possible.81.The only weakness of delivering fewer goods than stipulated is that the seller gets less paid.82.The Beneficiary of a letter of credit may indicate his acceptance or rejection of the amendments till when he presents the relevant documents.83.In our country goods for export must go through customs clearance.84.When exporting goods on CFR, CPT or FOB terms, the seller must pay the insurance premium.85.According to UCP500, if documents are in correspondence with L/C’s stipulations, discrepancies between the documents themselves are allowed.86.Banks will refuse to pay if the documents which are not required by the L/C are presented to them.87.When documents are presented to the Opening Bank, they shall be examined carefully within one month.Keys to True or False:

01.F

0 2.T

03.F

04.F

05.T

06.F

07.F

08.T

09.T 11.T

12.F 13.F 14.T 15.T 16.F 17.T 18.F 19.T 21.T

22.T 23.F 24.F

25.T 26.F

27.T 28.T 29.F 31.F

32.T 33.F 34.F

35.T

36.F 37.F

38.T

39.F 41.F

42.T

43.T 44.T 45.T

46.F 47.F 48.T 49.T 51.F

52.T

53.T 54.F 55.F

56.F

57.T 58.F 59.T 61.F

62.T

63.T 64.T 65.F

66.T 67.T 68.T

69.F

10.T20.F 30.T40.F50.F 60.T 70.T 71.F

72.F

73.F 74.T 75.F

76.F

77.F 78.F

79.F 80.F 81.F

82.T

83.T 84.F

85.F

86.F 87.F

Part III: Definitions 1.tariff 23.clean draft 2.surtax 24.TT 3.anti-dumping duty

25.documentary letter of credit

4.specific duty 26.sight L/C 5.ad valorem duty 27.standby L/C 6.quota 28.particular average 7.import license 29.general average 8.foreign exchange control 30.partial loss 9.shipper 31.constructive total loss

10.charter party

32.open policy 11.shipped B/L 33.warranty 12.clean B/L 34.receipt 13.straight B/L 35.acceptance 14.order B/L 36.force majeure event 15.stale B/L 37.private dispute resolution

16.foreign exchange 38.mediation 17.exchange rate 39.consular invoice 18.offer rate(of foreign exchange)

40.Customs invoice 19.definite offer 41.certificate of origin

20.acceptance 42.pro-forma invoice 21.commercial draft 43.packing list 22.usance draft 44.mate’s receipt

Keys to the Definitions:

1.A tariff is duty or fee is levied on goods being imported into(or exported out of)a country.2.Surtax is an additional tax.It may also be temporary and discriminatory.In international trade, import surtax is often collected to cope with international payment difficulties and to prevent dumping.3.Anti-dumping duty is a fee that is collected by the importing country when it believes that the exporting country is selling a significant amount of goods to the importing country at prices much lower than in the exporting country.4.Specific duty is a tax of a certain sum assessed and collected on an article without reference to its value or market.5.Ad valorem duty is a tax which is graded according to the cost, or market value, of the article taxed.6.A quota is a quantitative restriction or an upper limit in terms of physical quantity or value.7.An import license is a permit for import issued by the government to control the import of goods.8.Foreign exchange control means various forms of restriction imposed by a government on the purchase/sale of foreign currencies by residents or on the purchase/sale of local currency by nonresidents.9.Shipper: the person who makes the contract with the carrier and hands over the goods for carriage.10.Charter party: a written contract in charter shipping between the ship operator and the charterer(shipper)11.Shipped B/L: a B/L indicating that the goods have been shipped or loaded on board on a named vessel, as evidenced by the pre-printed wording or the on board notation on the bill of lading 12.Clean B/L: a B/L bearing an indication that the goods are received without damage, irregularities or short shipment 13.Straight B/L: a non-negotiable B/L in which the goods are consigned to a designated party 14.Order B/L: a negotiable bill of lading in which the goods are consigned to the order of a named party, usually the shipper 15.Stale B/L: a B/L that is negotiated when the L/C has expired or one that will reach the consignee after the arrival of the cargo 16.Foreign exchange is the currency of any foreign country which is the authorized instrument of settlement and the basis for record keeping in that country 17.Like any other commodities, a foreign exchange has a price, which is expressed in another currency.Exchange rate is the price relationship between the currencies of two countries or the price of one currency in terms of the other.18.Offer rate is the price at which a bank is willing to sell foreign exchange to its customers.19.A definite offer is one that clearly expresses the offerer’s willingness in concluding a transaction by providing complete and clear information for the deal.Normally it includes all the necessary items for a transaction, specifies the time by which the offer is valid and the time the acceptance must be received, and uses the phrase “offer firm” meaning that the offer is made without reservations.20.An acceptance is a statement made by the offeree indicating assent to an offer.21.A commercial draft is a payment order issued by a firm, not a bank, directing another party to pay a specified sum to the payee.22.A usance draft is an order of payment that will be made in a specified number of days after issue or acceptance of the draft or at a fixed future date.23.A clean draft is one that is paid without the presentation of any other documents attached.24.TT is a method of transferring funds by telecommunication system such as telex and cable.25.Documentary letter of credit is a conditional bank undertaking or guarantee of payment.26.A sight L/C is one by which the beneficiary is paid upon presentation of complying document.27.A standby L/C is an L/C representing an obligation by the issuing bank on a designated third party(the beneficiary)which is contingent on the failure of the bank’s customer to perform under the terms of a contract with the beneficiary.28.Particular average means a loss that is borne solely by the owner of the lost property such as damage of cargo by sea water.29.General average means a partial, deliberate and reasonable sacrifice of the ship, freight, or goods, undertaken for the common safety of the adventure in time of peril and/or extraordinary expenditure with the like object such as the charges for towing a stranded ship.30.Partial loss means: 1)total loss of part of the insured cargo and 2)damage to all or part of the insured cargo.31.Constructive total loss means the subject matter insured is reasonably abandoned on account of its actual total loss appearing to be unavoidable or because it would not be preserved from actual total loss without an expenditure greater than its recovered value.In other words, it is unlikely to recover the subject matter or the cost of recovery will exceed the value of the subject matter.32.Open policy is an arrangement in which terms such as types of risks to be covered, validity of the insurance contract, rate, premium, maximum(but not specific)value of each shipment, geographical limits, etc are worked out when the contract is sighed.Each shipment is covered once the assured declares the details.The assured may be authorized to issue against payment a pre-printed insurance certificate which is valid after completion of shipment details and his signature for documentation purposes.33.A warranty is an assurance by one party to a contract of the existence of a fact upon which the other party may rely.It is intended precisely to relieve the promise of any duty to ascertain the fact for himself, and it amounts to a promise to indemnify the promise for any loss if the fact warranted proves untrue.34.Receipt means that the goods have come into the control of the buyer without regard to ownership or to agreement to any aspect of the goods.35.Acceptance means that the buyer has the control of the goods with consent regarding the goods delivered.36.A force majeure event is one that can generally be neither anticipated nor brought under control.37.Private dispute resolution refers to the settlement of dispute privately instead of by litigation.38.Mediation is informal, voluntary process in which an impartial person, trained in facilitation and negotiation techniques, help the parties reach a mutually acceptable resolution.39.Consular invoice: usually a copy or an original of the commercial invoice and transport document that has been recorded and stamped by a consul of the destination country.A consular invoice is a document prepared by the shipper and certified in the country of origin by a consul of the country of importation, e.g., at the consular section of the embassy.It shows the transaction details such as name of exporting firm, name of consignee, country of origin, place of loading, description of goods, quantity, weight/measurement, etc.It is required by the importing country in order for them to compile statistics, to control import, and to check the origin of goods and the credit of exporter.40.Customs invoice: generally a destination country customs form.Such forms duplicate much of the information on the commercial invoice and packing list, and additionally require information or answers to questions of particular interest to customs in determining the admissibility of the goods and assessing duty and/or tax.Such customs invoices are currently required by relatively few countries, and typically only for higher value shipments or shipments of certain commodities, and/or in cases where the importer may be seeking some type of preferential treatment or admissibility by customs.This invoice is required by the destination country in order to clear the goods through Customs, to compile statistics, to verify country of origin for import duty and tax purpose, to compare export price and domestic price, and to fix anti-dumping duty.41.Certificate of origin: a document issued by a government agency, a chamber of commerce or relevant association.An importing country often asks for such a certificate in order to extend preferential duties to goods form acceptable countries, to apply import controls such as sanction, quota, or anti-dumping duty and to collect statistics.42.Pro-forma invoice: a document created in the format of a commercial invoice, but not actually constituting an invoice(i.e., not a demand for the payment of money).It should contain all or most of the information which will or should appear on a prospective commercial invoice should the described transaction materialize.Pro-forma invoice are commonly used as a format for rendering a quotation for the sale of goods, particularly an export sale where the trade terms and/or shipping and other incremental cost must be specially accounted for if they are included within the total transaction price.It is not a record of sales effected already, but a representation of a sales invoice issued before a transaction has been concluded.43.Packing list: a supplement to a commercial invoice to show the details of a shipment when specifications, quantities, weights or contents of individual units in the shipment vary(e.g., car parts).It is used in order to recognize the goods, to clear the Customs, and to check the goods.44.Mate’s receipt: a document issued by the mate of the carrying vessel when loading is completed.Shipper then exchanges the receipt for a B/L at the shipping company.It has no legal authority regarding processing financial settlement of international consignments but merely confirms cargo is placed on board a ship pending issue of a B/L.Part IV: Answer the Following Questions 1.What is international trade? 2.What are the major motivations for private firm to operate international business? 3.What is the most essential motive to pursue international trade? 4.What measures do most companies usually adopt to avoid wild swings in the sales and profits? 5.Pleas give the four major operation forms chosen by most companies.6.What does balance of payments account mean? 7.What are the basic sources of international revenue and expenditure for most countries? 8.Could you find any difference between Direct Investment and Portofolio Investment? If you can, please tell the main reasons.9.What is MNE? What are its synonyms? 10.Please give examples to explain “Services are earnings other than those from goods.” 11.What influences the international operational forms which a company will choose? 12.What limits a firm’s sales?

13.Why is merchandise exports and imports the firs type of foreign operations in which a firm gets involved? 14.What does “royalties” mean? 15.What is “franchising”?

16.What is the definition for contract? What may happen if any party fails to fulfill his contractual obligations? 17.What are the two parties of business negotiations? And give examples as you can.18.Why do the trading parties usually prefer a written contract? What is the difference between a sales contract and a sales(purchase)confirmation? 19.What does the setting up of a contract generally contain? 20.What does the contract proper usually include? 21.Please explain in English what the meaning of chartering is and its character.22.What is time of delivery and what has to be paid attention to in stipulating the time of shipment? 23.Please tell the functions of a bill of lading.24.What are the main kinds of bill of lading in international trade? 1.简述国际贸易中包装的重要性及约定包装条件的意义。2.国际贸易中商品运输包装的要求有哪些？ 3.简述运输包装的分类情况。

4.国际贸易中商品销售包装的要求有哪些？

5.设计和制作销售包装时，应做好哪些工作？ 6.条形码的使用对国际贸易有何促进作用？

7.影响定牌生产产生的原因有哪些？其具体做法是什么？ 8.联合国制定标准运输标志的原因是什么？其作用有哪些？ 9.买卖双方制定合同中包装条款时应注意哪些问题？ 10.各国法律对实际履行作为一种救济方法的规定有何不同？ 11.大陆法、英美法和《公约》对损害赔偿责任的成立各有什么规定？ 12.各国法律对损害赔偿范围的规定有何不同？

13.各国法律对构成解决合同的条件的规定有何不同？我国又是怎样规定的？ 14.处理理赔工作时应该主要哪些问题？

15.按英国法规定，卖方行使停运权有几种方法？行使停运权时应注意拿几个条 件？

16.按《英国货物买卖法》的规定，所交货物与合同不符违反要件的情况有几种？

Keys to the questions:

1.International trade is business whose activities involve the crossing of national borders.It includes not only international trade and foreign manufacturing but also encompasses the growing services industry in areas such as transportation, tourism, banking, advertising, construction, retailing, wholesaling, and mass communications.It includes all business transactions that involve two or more countries.Such business relationship may be private or governmental.2.Sales expansion, resource acquisition and diversification of sales and supplies.3.To gain profit.4.To seek out foreign markets and procurement.5.There are four major forms which are the following: Merchandise exports and Imports, Service Exports and Imports, Investment and Multinational Enterprise.6.It is the account which is a summary statement of the flow of all international economic and financial transactions between one nation(eg.the United States)and the rest of the world over some period of time, usually one year.7.Merchandise Exporting and Importing.8.Yes.There are great differences between them.1)direct investment takes place when control follows the investment.It usually means high commitment of capital, personnel, and technology abroad.It aims at gaining of foreign resources and foreign markets.Direct investment may often get higher foreign sales than exporting.And sometimes it involves two or more parties.18 2)While portfolio investments are not under control.And they are used primarily for financial purposes.Treasures of companies, for example, routinely more funds from one country to another to get a higher yield on short term investments.9.MNE is the abbreviation of the multinational enterprise.Its synonyms are NNC(the multinational corporation)and TNC(transnational corporation).10.Examples are travel, transport, fee, royalties, dividends and interest.11.The choice of forms is influenced by the objective being pursued and the environments in which the company must operate.12.It is limited by the number of people interested in a firm’s products and services and by customers’ capacity to make purchase.13.This is because at an early stage of international involvement these operations usually take the least commitment and least risk of a firm’s resources.14.Royalties means the payment for use of assets from abroad, such as for trademarks patens, copyrights, or other expertise under contract known as licensing agreements.Royalties are also paid franchising.15.It is a way of doing business in which one party(the franchiser)the use of a trademark that is an essential asset for the franchisers’ business.16.A contract is an agreement which sets forth bind obligations of the relevant parties.And any part that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued and forced to make compensation.17.There are two parties of business contract negotiations: oral and written.The former refers to direct discussions abroad;written negotiations often begin with enquiries made by the buyers.18.A written contract is generally prepared and signed as the proof of the agreement and as the basis for its execution.A sales or purchase confirmation is less detailed than a contract, covering only the essential terms of the transaction.It is usually used for smaller deals or between familiar trade partners.19.The setting up of a contract is similar to that of a trade agreement or any other type of formal agreements.It generally contains: 1)the title.The type of the contract is indicated in the title;2)the contract proper.It is the main part of a contract;3)the signature of the contracting parties indicating their status as the seller or the buyer;4)the stipulations on the back of the contract and are equally binding upon the contracting parties.20.It generally contains the time of shipment, the mode of payment described in addition to an exact description of the goods including the quantity, quality, specifications, packing methods, insurance, commodity inspection, claims, arbitration and force majeure, etc.21.It is also called tramp.A shipping by chartering is a freight-carrying vessel which has no regular route or fixed schedule of sailing.It is first in one trade and then in another, always seeking those ports where there is a demand at the moment for shipping space.The shipper 19 charters the ship from the ship-owner and uses it to carry the goods.It falls into 3 kinds: voyage charter, time charter and demise charter.22.The time of delivery refers to the time limit during which the seller shall deliver the goods to the buyer at the agreed place by the agreed methods.There are the following ways to stipulate the time of delivery in the contract.In stipulate the time of delivery we have to pay attention to the followings:(1)The shipment date should be made in such a manner that it facilitates the seller and enables the seller to effect shipment on time and perform the relevant obligations stipulated in the contract.For instance, the seller should be given a period of reasonable time for arranging the supply of the contracted goods.(2)Different shipment period should be fixed, based on the availability of shipping space, for contracted goods of different nature.An unreasonable short time for shipment shall cause no little inconvenience to the seller.(3)According to the relevant stipulations of(Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits): Expressions such as “prompt”;“immediately”, “as soon as possible” and the like should not be used.If they are used banks will disregard them.(4)Unless otherwise stipulated in the credit, the expression “shipment” used in stipulating an earliest and/or a latest shipment date will be understood to include the expressions “ loading on board”, “dispatch”, “accepted for carriage”, “flight date”, “date of post receipt”, ”date of pickup“ and in the case of a credit calling for or allowing a multi-modal transport document the expression “taking in charge”.(5)If the expression “on or about” and similar expressions are used, banks will interpret them as a stipulation that shipment is to be made during the period from the five days before to five days after the specified date, both end days included.The words “to”, “until”, “till”, “from” and words of similar expressions applied to any date or period in the credit referring to shipment will be understood to include the date mentioned.The word “after” will be understood to exclude the date mentioned.The term “first half”, “second half” of a month shall be construed respectively as the 1st to the 15th, and the 16th to the last day of such month, all dates inclusive.The terms “beginning”, “middle”, or “end” of a month shall be construed respectively as the 1st to the 10th, the 11th to the 20th', and the 21st to the last day of such month, all dates inclusive.23.The Bill of Lading has three important functions.a.It is a receipt for goods signed by the shipping company and given to the shippers;b.It is also evidence of a contract of carriage between the shipping company and shippers.In addition, c.it is a document of title because the legal owner of the Bill of Lading is the owner of the goods.For this reason the Bill of Lading can be used to transfer the goods-from one owner to another.“When the exporters complete it, they can write the buyer’s name in the space, “consignee”.This means the consignee is the legal owner of the goods, 20 as named on Bill of Lading.Otherwise the exporters can write “to other” in the consignee space.Underneath “to order” they write the name and address of the agent.Then the agent in the importing country can endorse the bill to the buyer.In this way the importers can transfer the consignment to their customers.This means that there has to be a separate Bill of Lading for each consignee and several consignments can not be consolidated on to one bill.24.There are several types of Bills of Lading which are categorized in different ways.(1).On board B/L and received for shipment B/L According to whether the goods are loaded or not, the bills of lading can be classified into on board(or shipped)B/L and received(or received for shipment)B/L.A shipped on board B/L is evidence that the goods have been loaded on board a certain steamer.It commences with the wording “Shipped in apparent good order and condition”, According to general foreign trade practices, only the shipped on board B/L is accepted by banks for payment under a L/C.(2).Clean bill and unclean bill According to whether there are notes on the B/L, it falls into 2 kinds: clean B/L and unclean B/L.A clean B/L shows that the goods have been shipped on board a vessel in apparent good order and condition, and there is no modification of the shipowner.This bill of lading is called “clean” or “unclaused”.It confirms that the goods have not suffered apparent or outside damage and there does not seem to be any defect in the packing.By issuing clean bill of lading, the shipowner admits his full liability of the cargo described in the Bill under the law and his contract.This type is much favored by banks for financial settlement purpose.Unclean B/L is generally marked “insufficiently packed”, “covers old and stained”, “wet by rain”, “…packed in damaged condition”, “unclean”, “foul”, etc.There are many recurring types of such clauses including inadequate packaging, unprotected machinery, wet or stained cartons, damaged crates, etc.This type of B/L is usually unacceptable to a bank.But not all B/L(s)which are noted are unclean B/L.(3).A straight B/L, An order B/L and A blank B/L According to whether the B/L is transferable, it is divided into 3 kinds: straight B/L, order B/L and blank B/L.A straight B/L is made out so that only the named consignee at the destination is entitled to take delivery of the goods under the bill.The consignee is designated by the shipper.The carrier has to hand over the cargo to the named consignee, not to any third party in possession of the bill.This kind of B/L is not transferable.The shipper cannot pass the bill to a third party by endorsement.So the bill is of very restricted application.When the goods are shipped on a non-commercial basis, such as samples or exhibits, materials in aid of other countries, or when the goods are extremely valuable, a straight B/L is generally issued.21 An order B/L indicates that the bill is made out to the order of or to order of …any person named in such a bill, which may be transferred /negotiated after endorsement.So it is sometimes called transferable B/L.It is because of this that nowadays, it is commonly used in international practice.A blank B/L is also called open B/L or bearer B/L.It refers to the bill in which the name of a definite consignee is not mentioned.The area in B/L calling for the name of the consignee is left blank, with neither the name of the consignee nor the phraseology of “to order” filled in.This kind of B/L can be transferred/ negotiable without endorsement.There usually appear in the box of consignee words like “to bearer” and holder of the B/L can take delivery of the goods against the surrender of B/L, i.e., ownership of the goods passes when the bill is handed over to anyone.(4).Direct B/L, A transshipment B/L, A through B/L According to the modes of transport, it can be divided into 3 kinds.A direct B/L is referred to the consignment carried to the port of destination directly without transshipment.A transhipment B/L is issued by shipping companies when there is no direct service between the port of loading and port of destination, and the ship owner arranges to tranship the cargo at an intermediate port at his expense.This kind of Bill usually bears such a clause “Transhipment to be made”

A through B/L is issued when the entire voyage involves more than one carrier, where the ocean shipment forms only part of the complete journey and, subsequent thereto, the goods have to be carried by other land or sea carriers.The first carrier issues the bill and collects the freight for the entire voyage, and arranges transshipment and forwarding of the goods at the intermediate port.The shipper prefers this kind of B/L because of the trouble having been saved to deal with other carriers by himself.(5).A long form B/L, A short form B/L According to the contents of the B/L, it can be divided into 2 forms: Long Form B/L and Short Form B/L A long form B/L refers to the B/L on the back of which all the detailed terms and conditions about the rights and obligations of the carrier and the consignor are listed as an integral part of the bill.It is more frequently used.A short form B/L is a document which omits the terms and conditions on the back of B/L.(6).A freight prepaid B/L, A freight to be collected B/L According to the time for payment of freight, it can be divided into 2 types.A freight prepaid B/L means that all the freight is paid by the consignor when B/L is issued by the carrier on which “freight prepaid” is indicated.A freight to be collected B/L refers to the B/L on which “freight payable at destination” is indicated.22(7).A liner B/L, A charter party B/L According to the types of the carrying vessels, it can be classified into a liner B/L and a charter party B/L.(8).Other types of B/L Besides the above-mentioned types of B/L there are some other types such as: container B/L;on Deck B/L;stale B/L;groupage B/L;house B/L;antedated B/L and advanced B/L.1.答：包装重要性体现在以下几个方面：

（1）是实现商品价值和使用价值的重要手段，是商品生产和消费之间的桥梁。

（2）出口商品需经过长距离辗转运输，有时需多次装卸、搬运和存储，包装可保证商品质量和数量完整，方便货物装卸、搬运、储存。

（3）商品生产过程，包装是最后一道工序；在流通领域中，包装具有保护商品、美化商品、宣传商品、提高售价的重要作用，并可作为对外竞争的重要手段。约定包装条件的意义在于：

（1）不仅起到保护和美化商品作用，且包装本身还是货物说明的组成部分。

（2）按一些国家法律解释，如一方违反了所约定的包装条件，另一方有权提出索赔，甚至拒收货物。

2.答：（1）必须适应商品特性。（2）必须适应各种不同运输方式的要求。（3）必须考虑有关国家的法律规定和客户要求。

（4）要保证包装牢固的前提下节省费用，便于各环节有关人员进行操作以免使货物遭受损失。

3.答：（1）按包装方式，可分为单件运输包装和集合运输包装，后者又分为集装包和集装袋。

（2）按包装造型，可分为箱、袋、桶和捆等方式。

（3）按包装材料，可分为纸制，金属、木制、麻制品、玻璃制品、陶瓷制品及竹、柳、草制品包装等。

（4）按包装质地，可分为软性，半硬性和硬性包装。（5）按包装程度，可分为全部包装和局部包装。

4.答：（1）便于陈列展销，以吸引顾客和供消费者选购。（2）便于识别商品，以便消费者了解，看货成交。（3）便于携带和使用，为消费者提供方便。

（4）要有艺术吸引力，以便吸引顾客、提高售价、扩大销路。

5.答：（1）包装的装潢画面要美观大方，富有艺术吸引力，突出特点，图案和色彩要适应有关国家民族习惯和爱好，便于扩大出口。

（2）包装上的文字说明应同装潢画面紧密配合，互相衬托，以达到宣传和促销目的，使用文字应简明扼要，并能让顾客看懂，必要时可中、外文并用。

23（3）包装上标签应注意有关国家的标签管理条例，尤其是食品、药品、服装。（4）销售包装还应注意条形码技术的使用问题。

6.答：（1）有效提高结算效率和准确性，也方便了顾客。

（2）有利于提高国际间贸易信息传递的准确性，使交易双方及时了解对方 商品有关资料和本国商品在对方的销售情况。

（3）条形码的使用是有效促使名优商品打入许多国家超级市场的前提条件。7.答：定牌生产产生的原因有：

（1）世界许多国家超级市场、大百货公司和专业商店在其经营出售商品上标有本商店使用的商标或品牌，以扩大本企业知名度并显示该商品身价。

（2）出口厂商为利用买方经营能力及商业信誉和品牌声誉，以提高商品售价和扩大销路，也采用定牌生产。

我国出口贸易中定牌生产具体做法有：

（1）在商品或包装上，打印上外商所指定的商标或品牌，而不标明生产国别和出口厂商名称。

（2）在商品或包装上，表明我国的商标或品牌，同时加注国外商号名称或表示其商号的标记。

（3）在商品或包装上，采用买方指定商标或品牌，同时注明“中国制造”字样。8.答：制定原因为：（1）运输标志内容较多。（2）有时要加进一些不必要项目。

（3）各国和各种运输方式之间对运输标志的要求差异较大，不能适应国际货物流动量的增加和多式联运的开展，不利于电子计算机在运输和单证流转方面的应用。作用有：

（1）减少了运输标志内容，节省出口成本、时间和费用。（2）提高计算机操作和审单效率，加速船舶和资金周转。

（3）消除因运输标志内容过多和繁杂而可能造成的失误和困难，保证交货的顺利进行。9.答：

（1）对包装要求应当明确具体，做到明确规定包装材料、造型、规格。除传统商品外不宜采用“按惯常方式包装”等含糊包装术语。另外，除非买卖双方对具体内容事先充分交换意见或在长期业务往来中就问题取得一致认识，包装条款一定要明确具体。

（2）应订明包装费用由何方负担。按惯例，包装费用一般在货价之内，包装条款中无须另行订明。若买方坚持要求对原本不需包装的商品实施特殊包装，导致包装费用超出正常，增加产品成本，或包装物料刚好构成产品成本增加时，则订明包装费用负担。若卖方同意接受买方提供包装，包装条款中还应订明寄送包装方法，包装送达日期，送交包装延迟责任及运送包装费用负担等内容。进口合同中对包装技术性较强的商品通常在单价后注明“包括包装费用”，以免发生纠纷。

24（3）明确由何方提供运输标志。按惯例，运输标志可由买方提供，也可由卖方决定。卖方决定时可不订入合同，或只订明“卖方标志”，由卖方设计后通知买方。买方提供时应在合同中规定买方提供时间，如超过时间卖方可提出其他补救方法。

（4）明确包装不良应负的责任。保险公司一般不负责因包装不良造成的损失。在包装条款中，应对包装不善所造成损失的索赔问题作适当规定，以防止进口货物因包装不良受到损失，对仪器、机器设备进口时使用的包装条款，更应就索赔问题作出详细规定。10.答：（1）大陆法系将实际履行作为一种主要的救济方法。（2）英美法系将实际履行作为例外的辅助性的救济方法。（3）按《公约》的规定，当事人有权要求对方实际履行合同义务。

11.答：（1）大陆法系认为，损害赔偿责任的成立，必须具备以下三个条件： 必须要有A、必须要有损害事实。B、须有归责于债务人的原因。

C、损害是由于债务人应予负责的原因造成。

（2）英美法认为，只要一方违约，就足以构成对方可以提起损害赔偿之诉。（3）《公约》认为，损害赔偿是一种主要的救济方法。

12.答：（1）《德国民法典》认为，损害赔偿的范围应包括违约所造成的与实际损失和所得利益两方面。法国法关于损失赔偿的范围的原则与德国法是一致的。（2）英美法认为，损失赔偿的范围，是使由于债务人违约而蒙受损害的一方，在经济上能处于该合同得到履行时同等地位。另外还规定，一方违约，另一方有 义务采取一切合理的措施以减少违约造成的损失，否则本来可以合理避免的损 失，不能要求给以赔偿。

（3）我国《涉外经济合同法》对损害赔偿金额的确定，遵循两个原则： A、当事人赔偿责任应相当于另一方所受的损失。

B、赔偿责任不得超过违约方在订立合同时应当预见到的因违反合同可能造成的 损失。

（4）《公约》对此也有规定、A、一方当事人违反合同应负的损害赔偿额，应与另一方当事人因他违反合同而 遭受的包括利润在内的损失额相等。

B、为限制守约方漫天要价，还规定了守约方可以得到的损害赔偿“不得超过违反合同一方在订立合同时，按照他当时已知道或理应知道的事实和情况，对违反合同预料和理应预料到的可能损失”。

13.答：（1）大陆法对此规定得比较简单。大陆法认为，只要合同一方当事人不履行其合同义务时，对方就有权解除合同。

（2）英国法认为，一方违约构成违反要件，对方才可要求解除合同；如果一方 仅仅是违反担保，对方只能请求损害赔偿，而不能要求解除合同。美国法与英国 法的规定有些相似。

25（3）《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》认为，合同一方不履行义务构成根本性违约，另一方有权解除合同。

（4）我国《涉外经济合同法》认为，一方违约，另一方在下列两种情况下才能 要求解除合同：

A、违约必须导致严重影响订立合同所期望的经济利益。

B、如果一方在合同规定的期限内没有履行合同义务，而且在被允许的推迟履行 的合理期限内仍未履行，则守约方可要求解除合同义务。

14.答：（1）认真细致身后国外买方提出的单证和出证机构的合法性。（2）认真做好调查研究、弄清事实、分清责任。（3）要合理确定损失程度、金额、和赔付办法。15.答：（1）两种办法：

A、通过实际占有货物的办法行使停运权。

B、把行使停运权的要求通知占有货物的承运人和货物的保管人，但要按卖方的 指示处置货物。

（2）未收货款的卖方在行使停运权时要注意必须符合下列三个条件： A、卖方已经丧失了对货物的占有权。B、卖方必须在买方无力偿付时行使停运权。C、卖方必须在货物处于运输过程中行使其停运权。16.答：（1）卖方所交货物不具备商销品质。（2）卖方所交货物与合同说明不一样。（3）卖方所交货物不适合约定的特殊用途。（4）卖方所交货物与凭样成交时的品种不符。（5）卖方所交货物与合同规定的品种不同。

（6）卖方所交货物在数量上大于或小于合同规定的数量。

Part V: Case Study

1.A company concludes a contract under CIF term.It receives a L/C issued abroad on 1 July.The opening date of the L/C is 20 June and the validity of the L/C is 15 August.Suppose that：（1）the L/C stipulates ”Prompt Shipment“，then the latest date of shipment is（）。（2）the L/C stipulates ”Shipment on or about 20th July"，then the date of shipment is（）。（3）the beneficiary starts the shipment on 10 July and finishes it on 12 July.The ship arrives the port of destination on 20 August.The buyer takes delivery of the goods also on 20 August.Then, the date of B/L should be（）.The date of insurance policy should be（）.The time of document presentation should be not late than（）.The time of delivery for the seller is（）。

2.Company CH exported to a Nigerian company a consignment of torches totaling about 60000 pounds.The relevant L/C from Nigeria stipulated, “The goods shall be shipped by six installments from June to November” Company CH shipped the goods in compliance with the prescription of the L/C in June, July and August, and obtained the relevant installment payments.However, in September the goods could not be loaded on board because a heavy typhoon was attacking the coastal area.Then, company CH decided to continue with the shipment in October.When the documents were sent to Nigeria, the Issuing Bank was justified in refusing payment? Please refer to relative stipulations in the UCP 600 and explain the reasons.3.A ship started on its voyage after loading, but in the course of the journey a fire broke out during transit in Hold A, which had been loaded with stationary and tea.The captain ordered his crew to pour water on the fire.It was found out, after the fire was extinguished, that part of the stationery had been burned, the remainder and the tea had been soaked through.Then, what risk would you have covered if you had wanted to be compensated for the losses? 4.A Chinese export company concluded a business with a British agent in 2005 metric tons of commodity at DM 345 CFR Antwerp per metric ton.The time of shipment was November 2005 and February 2006.The agent issued the relevant letter of credit on time, stipulating the latest date of shipment as December31, 2005.The original ship the Chinese company booked, however, came to the port of shipment on December 31.Because of unidentified reasons, the goods were actually shipped on the 18th of January 2006.The Chinese export company put the issuing date of the bill of lading back to December 31, 2005, and obtained payment from the bank against the relevant documents.The ship reached Antwerp in early April 2006.This aroused doubt from the client, who, after inviting the court surveyors, went aboard and examined the logbook.When the client found out that the actual date of shipment was January 18, 2006, he refused to take delivery and claimed compensation from the Chinese export company.How would you settle this issue? 5.In 2005, a certain export company of China sent a group of businessmen to the United States for purchase of equipment.In New York both parties reached an oral agreement on such items as specifications, unit price, and quantity.Upon leaving, the group indicated to the other party that, when they got back to Beijing, they would draw a contract, which would become effective after being signed by both parties.After going back to Beijing, the group found that the clients withdrew their import of the equipment, and thus the contract was not signed and the L/C was not opened, either.The US side urged the Chinese side to perform the contract;otherwise they would lodge a claim with the Chinese side in the US.Please analyze the case and give an opinion on how the Chinese export company was to deal with this case and why? 6.A Chinese trading company E concluded a transaction in steel with a Hong Kong company W on the basis of FOB China Port.Company W immediately resold the steel to Company H in Libya on the terms of CFR Liberia.The L/C form W required the price terms to be FOB China Port and the goods to be directly delivered to Liberia.The L/C also required “Freight Prepaid” to be indicated on Bill of Lading.Why did Company W perform so? What should we do about it? 7.A Chinese import and export company concluded a Sales Contract with a Holland firm on August 5, 2000, selling a batch of certain commodity.The contract was based on CIF Rotterdam at USD 2500 per metric ton.The Chinese company delivered the goods in compliance with the contract and obtained a clean-on-board Bill of Lading.During transportation, however, 100 metric tons of the goods got lost because of rough sea.Upon arrival of the goods, the price of the contracted goods went down quickly.The buyer refused to take delivery of the goods and effect payment and claimed damages from the seller.How would you deal with this case? 8.The ABC Company exported a consignment of silk.As the shipping marks in the relevant L/C were not clear, the person in charge thought that the L/C did not stipulate the shipping marks.He, then, made the shipping marks himself.As a result, discrepancies occurred between the made shipping marks and those stated in the L/C.The buyers, therefore, refused to pay for the documents.However, after negotiation, the buyers agreed to pay only when the ABC Company had reduced the original prices by 10 percent.What lesson can we learn from this case? 9.Mr.Smith, an American businessman, sold a batch of IBM computers to a Hong Kong importer, Mr.Chen.The sales contract was concluded in the United States of America on the terms of CIF Hong Kong.During execution of this contract, disputes arose between the seller and the buyer on the form and interpretation of the contract.In such a case, did the law of the U.S.A.or the law of Hong Kong apply to the disputes? Why? 10.我某外贸公司向日本商人以D/P见票即付方式推销某商品，对方答复如我方接受D/P见票后90天付款条件，并通过他指定的A银行代收货款则可接受。请分析日方提出此项要求的出发点。

11.一载货船舶在航行途中不慎搁浅，事后船长下令反复开倒车，强行起浮，但船上轮机受损并且船底划破，致使海水渗进货舱，造成船货部分受损。该船驶进附近的一港口修理并暂卸大部分货物，共花一周时间，增加了各项费用支出，包括船员工资共8000美元。船修复后装上原货重新启航后不久，A舱起火，船长下令灌水灭火。A舱原载有儿童玩具、茶叶等，灭火后发现儿童玩具一部分被烧毁，另一部分儿童玩具和全部茶叶被水浸湿。试分析上述各项损失的性质，并说明在投保何种险别的情况下，保险公司方负责赔偿？

12.我国某出口公司向法国出口货物一批，合同中的贸易术语是CIF MARSEILLES，卖方在合同规定的时间和装运港装船，货船离港后不久便触礁沉没。次日，当卖方凭提单、保险单 28 以及发票等有关单据通过银行向买方要求付款时，买方以无法收到合同中规定的货物为由，拒绝接受单据和付款。问：我方应该如何处理？

13.某公司向国外出口一批仪器，合同规定由买方提供唛头，但截至买方提供时间届满为止，仍未见其通知设计情况，而该公司货已备好。问：该公司应如何处理此事？

14.某公司以FOB条件出口一批茶具，买方要求公司代为租船，费用由买方负担。由于公司在约定日期无法租到合适的船，且买方不同意更换条件，以致延误了装运期，买方以此为由提出撤销合同。

问：买方的要求是否合理？

15.某公司以CPT条件出口一批冬装，公司按期将货物交给指定承运人，但运输途中由于天气原因延期一个月，错过了销售季节，买方由此向该公司提出索赔。问：此项损失应由谁承担？

16.我方按CIF 条件进口一批床单，货物抵达我方后发现床单在运输途中部分受潮，而卖方已如期向我方提交了合同规定的全套合格单据并要求我方支付货款。问：我方是否能以所交货物受潮而拒付货款或向卖方提出索赔？

17.英国某公司以CFR 条件进口一批大豆，在约定日期未收到卖方的装船通知，却收到卖方要求该公司支付货款的单据。过后我方接到货物，经检验部分货物在运输途中因海上风险而丢失。

问：该公司应如何处理？

18.我方按CIP 条件进口10 顿化肥，先经上海运输，抵达目的港后转为铁路运输，我方受领货物后，卖方要求我方支付货款和铁路运费，请问卖方行为是否合理？

19.我方某公司出口一批冻鸡，货物抵达目的港后经海关检验发现因包装不良导致部分冻鸡变质，外商据此向我方提出索赔，请问外商做法是否合理？

20.我方某公司从国外进口一批手套，合同上规定每箱60 双，共100 箱。货物运抵大连海关后，经检验发现外商擅自改为每箱50 双，共计120 箱。请问我方若据此提出拒收和索赔是否合理？

Keys to case study:

1.July 1, 15 July-25 July, 12 July, on or before 12 July, 2 August, 12 July 2.The Issuing Bank was justified in refusing payment because it acted in accordance with the relevant stipulations in the UCP 600 stipulates that If drawing and/or shipments by installments within given periods are stipulated in the Credit and any installments is not drawn and/or a shipped within the period allowed for that installment, the credit ceases to be available for that and any subsequent installments„„

In this case, the L/C from Nigeria stipulated installment shipments from June to November, and 29 Company CH shipped the goods from June to August and got paid.However, in September Company CH stopped shipping because of a heavy typhoon.In accordance with article 41, the Credit ceased to be availed for the September installment and the subsequent installments, unless otherwise stipulated in the Credit.In this case, as there no other L/C stipulations, the Issuing Bank was right.3.The loss to the stationary pertained to particular average caused by fortuitous accident while the loss to the tea was a partial one, but general average, the losses of G.A.need to be compensated by the interest parties on the proportion value saved„„The insurance company will have compensated for the losses if the goods had been insured against F.P.A.4.In this case the Chinese company had to accept the claim.According to international business practice, the date of delivery is one of the essential terms in a contract, which means that, if one party breaches the date of delivery, the other party may ask for compensation from that party.In this case, the seller put back the real date of shipment so as to cheat the buyer and get paid from the relevant bank, thus trying to escape the responsibilities for the delay of shipment.This is not allowed in business practice because the prices in international markets are frequently changing;therefore, time is money.If the buyer had received his goods in time, he might have been able to grasp a good opportunity and achieve a good profit.On the contrary, as a result of delay on the part of the seller, the buyer lost the chance.5.According to Article 11 of CISG: “A contract of sale need not be concluded in, or evidenced by, writing and is not subject to any other requirement as to form.It may be proved by any means, including witnesses.” Though China and the US are both member countries of the CISG, China declared that it won’t be bound by Article 11 and its related articles.That is to say, any kind of contracts in China must be evidencing by writing.In this case, though both companies agreed orally as to the main terms of the sales contract, there is no writing evidencing the contract.This contract, according to Chinese law, is not effective.6 In this case the contract was concluded between Company E and Company W on FOB term, according to which the seller(Company E)ended his responsibilities when he delivered the goods on board the ship at the port of shipment.He did not need to pay for transportation of the goods or the insurance premium.Therefore, it was not right for W to ask E to pay the freight and indicate “Freight Repaid” on the Bill of Lading.The reason why W asked E to do that might be that he wanted to transfer the freight charges to E.However, in practical dealings, foreign trade companies often come across such situations, especially when a contract is concluded with an agent, who wants to resells the goods.In this case, E might comply with W’s request, but he had to indicated that the freight should be borne by W.7.According to Article 11 of CISG: “A contract of sale need not be concluded in, or evidenced by, writing and is not subject to any other requirement as to form.It may be proved by any means, including witnesses.” Though China and the US are both member countries of the CISG, China declared that it won’t be bound by Article 11 and its related articles.That is to say, any kind of 30 contracts in China must be evidencing by writing.In this case, though both companies agreed orally as to the main terms of the sales contract, there is no writing evidencing the contract.This contract, according to Chinese law, is not effective.8.The most important lesson we can learn is that, it is essential for the exporter to present documents in accordance with the stipulations of the relevant LC.In this case, finding the shipping marks illegible on the LC, the export salesman in the ABC Company, instead of asking the buyer for clarification, decided the shipping marks himself.This constituted discrepancy between the documents and the LC.Article 14 of the UCP500 clearly indicates, “When the Issuing Bank authorizes another bank to pay, incur a deferred payment undertaking, accept draft(s), or negotiate against documents which appear on their face to be in compliance with the terms and conditions of the Credit…” It is clear that the documents presented must be in conformity with the stipulations in the L/C.9.The law of the United States of America applies to this contract because:(a)this was a CIF contract;(b)the place of conclusion of the contract was in the USA;(c)the place of the execution of the contract was also in the USA.The seller completed these responsibilities after he delivered the goods at the port of the USA.10.（1）提出将D/P即期改D/P90天远期，旨在推迟付款，利其资金周转。

（2）而日商指定A银行作为该批托收业务的代收行，则是为了便于向该行借单，以便早日获取经济效益。

在一般的D/P远期业务中，代收行在未经授权的情况下通常是不会轻易同意付款人借单的。该日商所以提出通过A银行代收货款的原因，当然是该商与A银行有既定融资关系，从而可取得提前借单的便利，以达到进一步利用我方资金的目的。

11.（1）案中因触礁造成船底划破，致使海水渗入货舱，造成船货的部分损失以及船舶遇恶劣气候，导致装载的某货主的一部分货物被海水浸湿的损失，属单独海损； 而因修理船只所花费的修理费和各项费用开支共8000美元属共同海损。A舱起火使一部分儿童玩具被烧毁属于单独海损；

而因灌水灭火使另一部分儿童玩具和全部茶叶被水浸湿属共同海损。

（2）在投保了平安险的情况下，被保险人有权就案中所有损失向保险公司提出赔偿要求。

12.本案买卖双方订立的是CIF合同。CIF合同的含义是卖方负担货物在装运港越过船舷前的一切责任、费用和风险。2000通则在CIF解释中的第B5款规定：“买方负担货物越过装运港的船舷后一切货损货差的风险”。因此，货船在途中沉没造成的货物损失应由买方负担，买方应接受所有单据并且按合同规定支付全部货款。在接受单据后，买方可以凭单据向保险单载明的承保人（保险公司）索赔，通常可以获得相当于货物价值1.1倍的赔偿。

13.（1）按国际贸易习惯，唛头由买方提供时在合同中应规定买方提供时间。如超过时间，卖方可提出其他补救办法，如自行规定唛头。

（2）该公司在此情况下应致电买方询问延误原因，请其快速电告所设计唛头，否则将由该公司自行规定。

14．买方的要求不尽合理。理由如下：

采用FOB术语成交，一般由买方负责租船订舱。卖方可以接受卖方的委托代为租船订舱，但卖方不承担租不到船的责任和风险。就此案例来说，因公司代为租船没有租到，买方又不同意更换条件，因此，该公司不承担因自己未租到船而延误装运的责任，买方也不能因此提出撤消合同。所以，买方的要求不合理，责任和风险应该由买方自己承担。

15.此项损失应由买方承担，买方不应该向该公司提出索赔。以CPT术语成交时，风险转移以货交承运人为界，即卖方将货物交给指定承运人，风险即由卖方转移至买方，买方可投货物保险以确保损失最小。就本案例而言，该公司已将货物交给承运人，运输途中及后期风险均由买方自己承担，因此，该公司可拒绝买方的索赔要求。

16.我方不能因床单受潮而拒付货款，也不能向卖方提出索赔。理由如下：

（1）采用CIF 术语成交时，属于象征性交货，卖方是凭单交货，买方是凭单付款，只要卖方如期向买方提交了合同规定的全套合格单据，即使货物在运输途中损坏或灭失，买方也必须旅行付款义务。反之，如果卖方提交的单据不符合要求，即使货物完好无损地运达目的地，买方仍有权拒付货款。就此案例而言，卖方提交了全套合格单据，我方应支付货款。（2）在CIF 条件下，买卖双方风险转移界限以船舷为界。货物越过船舷后的风险应由买方负担。就本案例可以看出，货物越过船舷之前是完好的，因此卖方不承担风险。我方据此不能向卖方提出索赔，可依据所投险别向保险公司提出索赔。17.该公司可向卖方提出索赔。理由如下：

按CFR 条件成交时，尽管货物在海运途中的风险已转移给买方，但买方为降低自己的风险可办理货运保险，这取决于卖方是否及时向买方发出装运通知。据惯例解释，如果卖方未及时向买方发出装运通知，导致买方未能及时办理保险手续，由此引起的损失由卖方负担。就本案例而言，该公司货物部分丢失是由于卖方未发出装船通知而公司未办理保险手续而引起的损失，故此，该公司应向卖方提出索赔。

18.按照CIP 条件成交，卖方要承担保险费和运费。因为CIP 条件适合于各种运输方式，风险是在承运人控制货物时转移，所以卖方要负责办理交货地点到指定目的地的全程运输，而不仅仅是水上运输，因此卖方应支付全程运费。就本案例而言，卖方支付了海上运输的费用，但并没有将货物送往指定目的地，因此还需支付铁路运输的费用。由此，我方应支付货款，但不需支付铁路运费，卖方行为不尽合理。

19.（1）外商做法是否合理应从两个方面来看。（2）一般来讲，保险公司不负责因包装不良所造成的损失。所以在进口合同条款中外商应对包装不善造成的损失的索赔问题做出详细规定。若买方已做出规定，包装不良造成损失由卖方负责，那么外商的做法是合理的。若买方未作具体规定，则外商做法不尽合理，应由双方协商解决，或提交仲裁机构解决。20.（1）我方据此提出拒收或索赔是完全合理的。（2）在国际货物买卖中，如一方违反了所约定的包装条件，另一方有权提出索赔，甚至可以拒收货物。由此可知，虽然外商交货数量与合同规定数量相符，但他的行为违反了合同中的包装条款，已构成违约，我方可以提出拒收或索赔。

Part VI: Calculation 1.Company A in China exports some goods in carton to UK.They quote: USD50 PER CARTON CFR LONDON.But the businessman in UK requires FOBC2 price.To meet his requirement, how much should we offer then?（Suppose：the measurement of the carton is 45CM x 40CM x 25CM;the gross weight for one carton of goods is 35kgs;the calculation standard for freight tariff is W/M;the basic freight rate is USD120 per freight ton;the BAF is 20% and the port surcharge is10%）。2.We import from Australia 1000 bales of wool.the standard weight is 136.08kg each bale.When the goods reach China, the actual weight of a bale is 137.092kg, the actual moisture measuring 11.84%.Then what is the conditioned weight in total should be?(The acceptable international standard regaining water content of wool and raw silk is 11%.)3.我某公司以CIFC3％条件出口一批货物，外销价为每公吨1000 美元，支付运费80 美元，保险费10 美元。该公司进货成本为每公吨4000 元人民币，国内直接和间接费用加15％。求该商品出口总成本、出口外汇净收入、出口换汇成本。

4.我方某公司对外报价FOB 价每公吨500 美元，外商来电要求改报CIF 纽约含佣金3％，保险费率合计为0.8％，国外运费每公吨60 美元。请计算我方应报价。

5.我方对外报价每公吨1000 美元CIF 新加坡，外商来电要求改报FOB 价中国口岸，已知保险费率为0.85％，国外运费每公吨75 美元，试计算我方应报价。

6.我方某公司对外商报价为CFR 价1000 美元，外商要求改报CFRC4％价，我方应报价多少? 7.某合同规定：CIF 香港，每公吨1000 美元，折扣2％。根据该合同成交的进出口业务中出口方每公吨净收入是多少？

8.买卖双方订立合同，规定整套机械设备初步价款为100 万美元，双方约定原材料、工资、管理费和利润在价格中的比重分别为50％、30％、20％。签订合同时物价指数、工资指数均为100，交货时原材料物价指数、工资指数分别上升至110、112。假设双方约定按物价指数和工资指数调整价款，那么最终价格应为多少？

Keys to calculation:

1.1）measurement ton of the carton:0.45*0.4*0.25=0.045 2）weight ton of the carton:0.035 3）0.045>0.035 Based on the w/m, so choose the measurement ton 4)FREIGHT= Freight ton x Basic Freight per F/T x(1+additional freight rates)= 0.045*120*(1+20%+10%)=7.02

5)FOB=CFR-F=50-7.02=42.98(USD)

6)FOBC2=FOB/(1-commission rate)=42.98/(1-2%)=43.86(USD)So, we offer USD43.86 PER CARTON FOBC2 CHINA PORTS.33 2.Wa x(1+standard regaining rate of water)Wc =-1 + actual regaining rate of water In which: Wa-Actual Weight Wc-Conditioned Weight

In this case: Wa = 1000 x 137.092 = 137092 KGS standard regaining rate of water = 11% actual regaining rate of water = 11.84% so, Wc = 137092(1+ 11%)/(1+ 11.84%)= 136062.34KGS 3.解：出口总成本＝4000×（1＋15％）＝4600（人民币元）

出口外汇净收入＝1000－（80＋10＋1000×3％）＝880（美元）出口换汇成本＝4600÷880≈5.227（人民币元/美元）

4.解：CIFC3％纽约价＝（500＋60）÷（1－1.1×0.8％－3％）≈582.6（美元）5.解：fob 中国岸价＝1000×（1－1.1×0.85％）－75＝915.65（美元）6.解：CFRC4％价＝1000÷（1－4％）≈1041.7（美元）7.解：出口方单位商品净收入＝1000×（1－2％）＝980（美元）8.解：按题意可知P0＝100 万，A＝20％，B＝50％，C＝30％，M＝110，M0＝100，W＝112，W0＝100 则最终价格P＝100×（20％＋50％×110/100＋30％×112/100）＝108.6（万美元）

第四篇：传统国际贸易理论

第三章传统国际贸易理论

一、名词解释

1重商主义2.零和游戏3.绝对优势理论

4．比较优势理论5.要素禀赋6.要素密集度

二、单项选择题

1.重商主义的基本观点是一种()。

A．国际金融的“乘数理论”B.国际贸易的“零和理论”

C.国际金融的“杠杆原理”D.国际贸易的“绝对优势理论”

2.国际分工—国际贸易理论的创始者是()。

A、亚当·斯密B.大卫·李嘉图

C.赫克歇尔D.俄林

3.假如A国使用同样数量的时间比B国生产更多同种商品X,那么A国在商品X的生产上()。

A．有相对优势B.有绝对优势

C.相对有利D.绝对不利

4．国际分工的形成与发展受到各种因素的影响，其中决定性因素是()。

A．自然条件B.社会生产力

C.上层建筑D.生产关系

三、简答题

1．试述重商主义的要旨。

2．试述绝对优势理论的主要论点。

3．试述比较优势理论的主要内容，并简评之。

4、有比较优势的一定有绝对的优势，但有绝对的优势并不一定有比较利益。

请问上述的说法正确吗？为什么？

5．A国与B国同时生产小麦与布，A国在生产小麦上比B国的生产成本低1/3，在生产布上低2/5。按照李嘉图的比较优势原理，在其他条件一样时，A国应该生产什么？B国应该生产什么？

6．中国的土地比澳大利亚大得多，但为什么澳大利亚的农产品比中国更具有竟争力？

第五篇：国际贸易理论学习心得

国际经济学之贸易理论与政策学习心得

班级：金融学2015届 学号：20150221016 姓名：雷顺利

一 绪论

大一的第二学期，我选修了一门“国际贸易理论与实务”的课程。我学的专业是制药，一开始选择这门课是觉得国际贸易听上去挺得瑟的，学了后和人交谈的时候就可以忽悠他几下；但是我也觉得在未来的日子里，总是要与经济方面的东西所联系的，所以学点经济也是有实用的。随着近一学期的课程的学习，同时在老师平时的悉心教导下，我对国际贸易这门学问有了崭新的认知与了解，并对这门学科产生了更加深刻的感想。

国际贸易是指不同国家（和/或地区）之间的商品和劳务的交换活动。国际贸易是商品和劳务的国际转移。国际贸易也叫世界贸易，它分为国际贸易理论与国际贸易实务。

（一）国际贸易理论的发展

大致经历了古典、新古典、新贸易理论以及新兴古典国际贸易理论四大阶段。古典和新古典国际贸易理论以完全竞争市场等假设为前提，强调贸易的互利性，主要解释了产业间贸易。二战后，以全球贸易的新态势为契机，新贸易理论应运而生，从不完全竞争、规模经济、技术进步等角度解释了新的贸易现象。新兴古典国际贸易理论则以专业化分工来解释贸易，力图将传统贸易理论和新贸易理论统一在新兴古典贸易理论的框架之内。

（二）国际贸易实务

主要包括国际贸易术语、国际货物运输、国际货物运输保险以及合同条款和付款方式等。国际贸易实务与现实的联系非常紧密，操作性非常强，有助于强化我们的动手实践的能力，巩固和深化已学过的理论、方法，提高发现问题、分析问题和解决问题的能力。在这门课程中，我自己认识与了解了进行国际货物买卖实务的具体操作，熟练了运用进出口的成本核算、询盘、报盘、还盘等各种基本技巧，还熟悉了国际贸易的物流、资金流和业务流的运作方式，体会国际贸易中不同当事人的不同地位、面临的具体工作和互动关系，学会了外贸公司利用各种方式控制成本以达到利润最大化的思路。通过调整商品成本和价格、调整汇率、业务费用、海运费、保险费率及突发事件等让我们了解到在相关法律下要充分发挥主观能动性，真正掌握和吸收课堂中所学的知识，为将来步入工作岗位打下良好基础。

国际贸易实务具有涉外活动实践性很强的特点,涉及到国际贸易法律与惯例、国际金融、国际运输与保险等学科的基本原理与基本知识的应用。因此我在学习过程中,往往感到内容多,涉及面广,政策性和操作性强,既有出口业务,又有进口业务;既要掌握国际法律与惯例,学会应用基本理论知识分析案例,又要学会有关的计算方法。面对市场化、国际化和信息化社会，作为一名物流专业学生,我认为掌握一些有关国际贸易的基本理论与实务知识有助于培养全方位的能力，提高综合素质,培养创新精神,增强我们的核心竞争能力。

（三）贸易术语

构成国际贸易单价的重要组成部分，故又称为价格术语或价格条件；同时还是用以划分买卖双方在交接货物过程中各自应承担的责任、风险和费用。而交货地点往往成为划分责任、风险、费用的界点。商品交换离不开运输，对外贸易运输是外贸业务中的一个重要环节。对外贸易运输方式种类很多，其中，海洋运输占有重要的地位。货运保险与货物运输一样，是国际贸易一个不可缺少的组成部分。保险涉及的范围很广，内容也较复杂且技术性强。货运保险的种类取决于运输方式，而海运又是国际货物运输的主要方式，海运货物保险在国际贸易中便具有突出的重要意义。价格、装运、结汇是国际贸易中的三大问题，在国际贸易中，大多以汇票作为支付工具、以信用证(L/C)作为支付方式进行货款的结算。货款的收付不单纯是一个技术问题,而且还受到各种政治和经济因素的制约。在学习中，我们要以国际贸易基本原理和国家对外方针政策为指导，把课程中所学到的基础理论和基本政策加以具体运用。力求做到理论与实践、政策与业务有效地结合起来，不断提高自己的分析与解决实际问题的能力。

二 总结

掌握国际贸易的理论和国内外常用的贸易政策，认识和理解国家有关贸易政策的理论依据及其对经济的影响，同时启发加入WTO后我国贸易体制和贸易政策的改革，让我们真正做到理论和实践相结合。即通过课程学习，使我们既有国际贸易和投资的基本理论知识，以便能为其他经济类课程的学习奠定基础。同时又有较强的操作能力和分析解决问题的能力，成为符合社会主义市场需求的新型人才。

自我国加入WTO之后，全球经济一体化日益加强，知识经济也成为了主流。如何在贸易大潮中取得先机，如何利用贸易更好的发展经济、改善国民生活质量，这些都是一个国家要思考要探索的问题。改革开放三十年以来，我国的经济建设取得了举世瞩目的成就，GDP一直保持举世罕见的高速增长。但是，我们深知，经济总量上的增长并不代表经济质量的真正发展，以此我国提出了转变经济发展方式的方针。在我国，拉动经济增长的“三驾马车”按照比例排，分别是“出口、投资、消费”。出口是主要增长点。因此，转变经济发展方式具体在对外贸易上，就是要转变出口结构，从以低价产品为主向高新技术产品为主转变。因此，作为当代的大学生，我想没有人可以完全对国际贸易丝毫不懂。国际贸易的最大意义也在于此。

同时，作为个人，要适应这样的时代，或者想要在这样一个经济全球化、一体化的时代有所作为，就必须掌握国际贸易的知识。总之，通过对国际贸易的学习，使我更加深刻的感觉到，国际贸易这门课是注重理论与实践紧密结合。通过系统地学习国际贸易理论与实务，使我们了解了国际贸易的基本理论，掌握了国际贸易的基本程序和基本做法，熟悉了进出口业务的各个环节，同时也掌握了国际上一些通行的惯例和普遍实行的原则，受益匪浅。这门课程是一种实践性很强的课程，它不光要求我们有扎实的理论知识而且必须具有很强的动手操作能力，因此在以后的学习生活中我还必须加强社会实践，培养自己的动手能力以适应社会的要求。在以后的学习中我会更加努力学习国际贸易知识，并且要学会把各门知识融会贯通，注重理论与实践的相结合，丰富自己的知识和生活阅历。