第一篇:《异类》读后感
读完之后感觉特别悲观呢,家庭出身不好,所以人生有固定的路子,这不就是妈妈之前说的命吗。之前母亲常说的就是要人命,你信命吗?我从来都是回答,我不信命,我相信命运掌握在自己手中。活了30年,我也只能承认,我自己只掌握了部分的命运。但是我如果可以成为作家、知名医生、知名政府官员,会是很难的。我只能做一个还算不错的白领,能在北京买房,那我也就改变了命运了,起码我的孩子的命运被改写了。
可是人生短短百年,而且前25年都是在懵懂中度过的,我怎么能利用这么短的时间来改变从农村家庭出身的背景呢?
我的职业生涯也有了瓶颈,我不知道该如何提升自己?我的方向在哪里?我如果去读MBA,会不会被人认为是华而不实,一个普通的农民孩子花那么多钱去镀金值得吗?如果是一个书香门第的孩子去读MBA那是非常正常的,一点都不浮夸,但是如果是我去读,就显得浮夸了。性价比高吗?我读完后会得到什么呢?
我的家庭,我出生的地方,大部分的决定了我会接受什么样的教育,遇到什么样的人,从事什么样的工作,最终过上什么样的生活。
但是我还是不甘心的,我希望可以改变自己的命运,我希望我可以过得比别人好,也希望给父母带来好的生活。不过现在我如果能过好自己的日子就已经很不错了。
总之,读完这本书,很丧气。
也更加坚定了,要留在北京买房子。
第二篇:异类读后感英文版
Alien“ is a book that can change the future, as long as you want to believe that the future can be changed.Malcolm Gladwell, ”outliers“ place of shock is it subverts the most people to success, the understanding of how successful, of the differences between the human and the human thinking.The preface tells the mystery of Cetto, where people live and live longer, the secret is not diet, not exercise, nor is it a gene or a position.But in Roseto, Rosetta trustee like each other sect, a very close relationship between family and neighbors, community here, everyone is equal.The book lists the Canadian ice hockey players, Joey Bill, the Beatles, Bill Gates, et al.Each person has a unique reason(that is, the author of the book), each person's failure also has a variety of reasons(more than you can imagine).But this is only for a specific group of meaningful evaluation, you can not from the success of the people who have some common points, but also can not from the failure of the body to find common, every one is a case, so only from the case to learn from experience and lessons.The three elements of success in the book are: environment, personal effort, opportunity.The authors cite a variety of examples to prove their point of view.In our current culture, the concept of environment is rarely considered, because the history of the river can be analyzed from the environmental changes, but in the specific individual, for the environment you almost no ability to change.Born in twenty-first Century will be doomed to face the tide of information, perhaps one thousand years later, the society is more developed, the success is easy.Maybe one thousand years ago, the society is very simple, only successful expedition.But these are history, for individuals, you can only accept their own environment.If you happen to be born in the 1950S, then you are close to a lot of success, because the 50's was born in college, just in time to catch up with the computer's dawn 70's, only in this industry has just entered, can experience 80 years of rapid growth and 90's brilliant, and then stand at the forefront of the 21 world information era.The author of the United States is now the scientific and technological circles of these big brothers, more than 50 years was born, very lucky to be born in a good environment, which makes them more likely to succeed.And in the ten years before and after ten years of people, not too early to miss the opportunity is too late to catch up with this opportunity.In short, the success of the essential environmental factors, you can do nothing.This is life”.The second point refers to the individual efforts, the very good understanding, the core idea is “ten thousand hours theory”, that is, if you want to succeed or become an expert in a field, then at least ten thousand hours of professional training before.This idea is a lot of things online, there are a special book to introduce the theory of ten thousand hours, here to recommend a blog to do a reading of the.In this paper, or lists of the gates before success through a variety of ways to learn some computer knowledge(mainly as an opportunity to speak), as well as the Beatles success before in Hamburg hard experience performance, are these daily practices that led to them when the chance comes with the accumulation of their own success.Cite the case of a side, if you from an unknown beginners to become expert in a field, assuming that you have a good opportunity to look good in this work, that work 8 hours a day, excluding other factors, then almost needs four years to scrape up enough of the 10000 hours.This is very lucky to finish the training, if it is an amateur activity or a hobby, the author gives the estimate time is ten years.Here is just to compare myself, because I am also from the zero to contact product manager this position, before also know nothing, then you can simply do a comparison, four years later, if I do not like the calculation of the field of experts。
Third points, opportunity.In fact, the author of the opportunity to enlarge the proportion of success, and the reality is that this opportunity is really an uncertain factor.Perhaps because of a minor reason, a NB characters in a lifetime will be destroyed, and then can not fly.It may also be because of a minor reason, a person on the unexpected success, and glory.A lot of people are in some of the small things that look completely small things on a little bit of accumulation, leading to a step by step to success, the author here is the case of Gates(the world's richest man is a big influence, three examples are all Gates).How because the rich at home, the school open, will encounter a step toward success.In fact it bluntly, you still can't control and opportunities so unreal things, can only say that try to do a good job in their own bale, really got the chance to brave to fight for, as can not succeed it is another matter.There is no opportunity and who can not guess.Well, in fact, this is life“。
After watching three points, may be pessimistic about the discovery, success in addition to the ten thousand hours a little bit better control, the rest of the whole look, see the face, which is called what? The book of changes? Ha-ha In fact, the author is only an analysis of the factors of success of others, inferred.What is not scientific, according to our Chinese traditional thinking, life is not to change, you can only do their own.At least three factors are related, and if the author deduced that the three factors were all in life, we could be lying on the bed waiting for the opportunity to fall on his face.We often speak insincerely that success is outstanding person gifted, however, when you open the success of history to query will found that is definitely not so simple.Instead, we found that successful people are often influenced by the blessing of the special opportunities, they also tend to be able to seize the opportunity, and tireless work, in support of all aspects of society, their unremitting struggle finally one day to get a return, their success is not starting from scratch, but their successful World Hui gift gift, in other words, their success and not have what others don't know the secret, no!Success has certain rules, if we can understand these rules, then us many problems difficult to solve, can be solved.1.Living environment is very important Compare memories is the story of Boko Neate, the tailor and hawkers, came to the big city to buy clothing, can learn as a modern economy the case, he was almost unconscious learning market survey, learn the production process, learn how to with the pride of the Yankees to deal with, but also to learn how to understand popular culture in order to be able to deeply understand the trends.So say, brothers, you are now in what kind of environment is very important!You think, a farm worker, is also very busy, but the production of crops are loaded, you do not know what their next step is sold out, after what kind of channels to what the supermarket to buy? All don't know.So he has no future to change!But if you work in a small shop, like Boko Neate, even though the salary is very low, the environment is bad, and so on, but you can learn from the success of many things, you can know how to build their own business.The book cites many of the factors behind the success of the case, the original father of the Internet and the father of Java Joey, Bill Gates, Bob Alan, Jobs, Packard......So many IT big brothers, the original just met a good opportunity!@ So, sometimes, you have to be good at choosing.Some hard work seems to have no end, but the outlook is not a dark, when Bill Gates first in the lake school beat keyboard, is also the same feeling, when the battle band in Hamburg's line of 7 hours per night, the concert is not back, so that when they encounter opportunities, will seize the opportunity, when a hard work has lost all sense of time, it is a prison work.2.Success is the opportunity of the times.Star firm case.The world's largest law firm-Star law firm founder Fromm, is an example of that.Before 1980, because of low profits and reputation, large law firms will not take over ”enterprises malicious mergers and litigation“, which became unable to find work Fromm's resting place, with the development of the world, 1980, after the business become all litigation lawyer industry in the highest part of the profits Skadden, ARPS thus formed huge development.It can be said, all of a sudden, the industrial revolution broke out, and devoted in this field the tens of thousands of hours of effort of Shida, ready this preparation.For Fromm, he spent 20 years time to prepare and hone their own, in the face of adversity end he did not complacent, because they know.It is not that they become smarter than other lawyers, but in the decades to hone skills, suddenly become extremely valuable!3.IQ can be ignored.Terman, of Stanford University in America's 25 million pupils IQ test, found the 1470 IQ between 140-200 students.This is one of psychology's most famous research, because the result was a surprise!Them as a group, called the Terman.After the second test up to 50 years, is not only the track and record every time progress, and selfless help, including their job recommendation and research students apply for admission, as well as their growth to provide advice and consultation.However, what is the final result? None of these people had a brilliant achievement, and, on the whole, their success rate and the average level of the public, there is no difference!Instead, it was not included in the test group, the three Nobel prize winners!The story of Oppenheimer and Brant.Brent is a famous people in the United States, to the high IQ and extremely smart famous, from the rupture the boy's family because very common final twice was removed from the University, he worked as a crew of construction workers all workers, relying on self-taught, but not published anything or done something important.Oppenheimer is another extreme examples, it has the Brant does not have a kind of ability, this book called ”practical intelligence,“ and that is to persuade others, overcome difficulties, to solve the problem.Oppenheimer graduate tutor to hate periods because of poison to kill the teacher, was found out......This is not important, important is at his disposal, the final disposition is on probation.Candidates for the Manhattan Project, Oppenheimer no advantage, average intelligence, age is small, no qualifications, lack of academic background, but he was able to convince the person in charge of the program...In fact, many of the successful cases, IQ is often extremely exaggerated.The final conclusion is that IQ is a threshold, as long as the threshold, there is no difference.4.Cultural heritage From Harlan area of savage fighting, Korean air crash frequently, to rice cultivation in China, illustrates the important role culture plays in the development of some things, Malcolm this section describes, with a very wide field of vision, from the West are oriental culture indeed point to this problem, culture lead to different communication and ways of doing things, which led directly to the success or failure of some of the things.Worth considering is that here, bring the cultural heritage of China's continuing efforts to be recognized, reference to the successful experience of New York of the Kipp schools here, just a replica of the domestic education, interesting, right? Different from other schools in New York, KIPP students get up before six points, they are more than 7 points to get to the school began a day of basic training, this time the children of other schools may still sleep, they encourage good grades, with strict rules and avoid excessive freedom, they are more than 50% of the school day, they work to write 11 or even more......Very familiar with it? This is not our current education mode? However, the school's test results are among the best in the United States, the ability to test is not? But not to consider these, this ”success“ is actually our eastern culture to influence the learning model, which can be seen as a cultural ideology of the ”success“ of the impact of it? 5.To learn to make all the advantages of fermentation brewing!If a person is smart, ambitious and hard working, then he is likely to succeed.But the truth is far more complicated than this, not casually to achieve success, environment, opportunity.Also depends on your ability to foresee the environment, the ability to adapt to the environment and the ability to grasp the opportunity.In some cases we can see the importance of following factors, such as the nineteenth Century tycoon who was born in 1930, is a successful lawyer, born in 1955, is the successful IT chiefs were born,(check all the IT you know brother will understand), this time, the opportunity comes, coziness bring early the results of the current generation of the industry is still, these newcomers are constantly rushing struggle in the success of the road, this is the first advantage, if your parents teach you the meaning of work, this is the second advantage, and now, you were born at the right time, change is welcome a new wave, this is the third advantage, enough, this time, as long as you are more clever and seize the full excavation, these factors will be under the active blend you, become a wonderful Combination, you're on the way to success!Finally, as the book said, ”the heterogeneous, they are the product of history and environment, is the opportunity and accumulation of crystallization".We need to understand that the so-called heterogeneous, never what is different.
第三篇:[读书笔记]《异类》读后感1500字(fwsir推荐)
[读书笔记]《异类》读后感1500字
金海亮
第一遍看这本书是刚毕业的时候,那个时候刚出来工作,特别不适应。虽然在设计公司特别苦和累,但是心中依然对未来充满希望。那时候即将考研,自信必上,觉得小小的设计公司不过是我的暂栖之地。所以那次看这本书就像看故事书,一读而过,并没有留下什么值得回味的思考。
工作了三个月后,渐渐发现,每天日夜循环,感觉单调乏味,找不到意义,看不到希望。于是重新想起此书。
在大多数人的观念里,成功就是高智商加勤奋,毕竟爱迪生也总结道:成功等于天才加汗水。而本书中给出的成功模式总结起来就是:成功=社会(机遇,文化)+家庭(见识,实践智力,社会资源)+个人(智商,勤奋)。
看完这个结论,想起了今年北京状元采访中说的话,想起几年前的文章《寒门再难出贵子》,并重新读了一遍。阅完三者,感觉脊背发凉,深感自我实现之难,阶级跨越之难。深恐自己此生碌碌无为。
1.关于社会
简而言之是文中的机遇。在论述这个因素时,作者举的例子是加拿大冰球队队员,甲壳虫乐队,比尔盖茨,奥本海默,乔弗洛姆等。现挑几个典型的说说。世人(意识到机遇的重要性的人)大多认为,比尔盖茨是抓住了机遇才在科技浪潮中脱颖而出,乔弗洛姆是抓住了机遇才使世达律师事务所闻名于世。但是在他们成功之前,他们并没有看到有什么机遇,然后去把握机遇取得成功;也就是说,比尔盖茨初中起就学编程,乔弗洛姆毕业后开律师事务所都是遵循自己的兴趣或者说原本的生活状态(即没有意识到机遇后的转变)。只是最后在同行业中成功的是他们,所以就说是他们抓住了机遇。其实在每个变革的来临时,人们依然遵循既有的生活方式做着自己的事,但是在这个变革中(美国经济的转型期,计算机革命,律师行业变革),总有少部分人成功,不是这个人就是那个人,反正会有那么一定数量的人。而且只能是一小部分人成功。于是这部分人被说是抓住了机遇。而他们的成功确实是碰到了一系列的机遇,但是并不是他们抓住的。
结论便是,机遇是成功的因素中个人无法把握的。
再说文化,从书中的“大韩航空失事的族裔理论”以及“稻田与数学”这两个例子来看,文化比机遇更加无法控制。可能稍微幸运的是,文中的例子都是拿群体分析,或是拿特例分析,并不具备个体上的意义,也不是普世原理。
2.关于家庭
关于家庭条件,这方面在某种意义上似乎可以说依然是机遇,因为你无法选择出生在怎么样的家庭中。从你出生到你成长的这段时间,你的家庭条件是不太可能发生跃迁的,如果发生了,那也算作是碰到了机遇。
父母的言传身教时时刻刻都在塑造你的人格、品行、见识,也是你的实践智力的最主要来源,而家庭经济条件则决定了你能上什么样的学校、什么样的培训班、去哪里旅游等等。其中最重要的是实践智力,用原文的话说就是该在什么时候向什么人说什么话,怎么样说才能达到最佳效果。这种实践智力仿佛完全是家庭环境决定,至少在意识到这个问题之前。
在意识到实践智力、人格品质等因素在成功中的重要性后,这几个方面是可以有意识的改变的,虽然说很难。意识到这个问题之前这些因素都是在家庭的潜移默化中成长的,意识到之后则可以有意识的做出自我改变。
结论:家庭方面的因素,除经济因素之外,()其他的几项在意识之前无法控制、无法把握,在意识到之后可以在一定程度上控制和把握。
3.关于个人
在个人方面主要是智商和勤奋两大要素。先说智商,智商的重要性不言而喻,在同等条件下,智商高的人学习能力和理解能力都比智商低的人强,特别是在智商差距较大的情况下。但是智商有门槛效应,当智商达到某个临界值时,智商在成功的作用中就骤减。
仅谈智商,则其不可控。但勤奋是可控的,这本书中那么多理论,就这个10000小时理论比较鼓舞人心,因为即使是比尔盖茨、乔布斯、莫扎特等名人在成名之前都经过10000小时临界值的训练,虽然不是完全依靠自己。但是在意识到关于勤奋方面的10000小时理论的重要性之后,假如说不考虑时机和时间的话,勤奋也是可控的。
综上所述,结论如下:成功=机遇,文化传承,智商(不可控)+实践智力,社会资源(半可控)+勤奋(可控)。
阶级弱势群体如何自处,如何获得发展?这个问题作者并未论述,但是看完本书后觉得这个问题很重要。在无解的情况下,唯有多点勤奋和行动,少点空想。
第四篇:读《异类》有感
读《异类》有感
(一)田胖
《异类》是这本书我是在地铁途中匆忙看完的,对细节已忘得差不多,只记得讲各种故事,讲述方法类似于纪录片,核心的思想就是量变的积累影响质变。
(1)10000万小时的成长理论
人的成功离不开时代的大背景,在时代的洪流推动下,个人的兴趣、素质、能力迎合了时代洪流,并且在时代发生变化前,积累了可以胜任的能力,做好了准备。
这种准备就是在特定领域积累10000万个小时的锻炼。无论是创业者经历几次失败,还是打工者按部就班做了几年基础工作,一定是按循序渐进积累10000万小时。时间的积累可以带来认识、能力的升华。所以在人生的竞争中,一朝一夕、一城一地的得失并不重要,关键是是否有质的提升。
我工作5年了,22天/月*12月/年*8小时/天*5年=10560小时,但对财务领域还是一知半解,反思一下,第一是专业领域的集中度不够,第二就是专业实操经验少。第三,最主要还是自制力不够。反思一下,我还有一个黄金5年,希望能做一点量变影响质变的事情来。
(2)略超前半步的成功
如果是九月份作为入学的起点,超级运动明星(成功主要是实力,不是刷脸)的生日往往集中在九月、十月。而比较少集中在七月、八月。如果是三月份是入学的起点,成功者多数集中在四月、五月。原因是他们入学的时候比同时入学的人成熟一些,起点略高一点点,在面临竞争时自然而然超前半步,会形成被重视、给的机会多,受的锻炼多,进步飞快,于是超前半步的起点往往在后面形成比较大的优势。
在生意场上,在职场中,莫不如此,做的比同类好10%,赢得先机优势,开始小的差距通过先天优势累计也会形成大的竞争优势。
(3)环境的影响
一个小镇,由于一件小事,形成了家族、部落矛盾,造成了血拼。这种仇恨犹如莎士比亚的《哈姆雷特》一样,家族的矛盾就影响了后代个人成长的环境,这种环境慢慢积累形成了质变,于是这个地方出生的人就形成了残酷、冷漠的性格。环境是可以影响人的,一个人在充满欢乐的环境下成长,在信任、鼓励环境下成长,他就乐观。一个人在争吵中长大,在谩骂下生活,他就自卑、暴戾。而一种性格一旦在环境中慢慢形成,其实就是影响后面几代人。
作为有了孩子的家长,我也在思考,怎样才能给孩子一个充满爱、信任、鼓励的环境。这种环境的营造其实就是对自己欲望的克制,是对自己的一举一动,一言一行点点滴滴的修行,而不是刻意营造。
(4)错误的累计
作者研究了飞机失事的原因,绝大多数原因不是特别大的失误,而是非常不起眼的小失误,这种失误特别小,以至于不能引起重视,因为单纯的一、两个失误是不会导致飞机出事的。但是一两个小错误,加上周围恶劣环境、加上精神不集中,加上判断的差错,加上紧张和表达与周围人沟通不畅,这种失事就成了大概率事件。
对照日记本翻,也确实能发现这种规律,就是做了几件比较顺的事情之后,容易出现不好的事情,这是个预警,如果我重视了,标注了,后面不会有大错,如果没有引起重视,就一定会有比较大的错误。
既然量变带来质变,就要相信积累的力量,相信坚持的力量。就要“勿以恶小而为之勿以善小而不为”,就要“雄关漫道真如铁,而今迈步从头越”.读《异类》有感
(二)不一样的成功启示录
领导给推荐了《异类》这本读物,花了一些时间终于读完了。本书定位在讲述一种不一样的成功启示录,通过很多篇幅在证明,个性作用,并非个人成功的决定因素。当然作者做到了,只是可以再概括来说,就是“天时地利人和”.本书并没有讲如何成功,他给人更多的感触是,通过这些成功给我们哪些启示,书中有很多观点,给我留下很深印象。
1、马太效应:凡是有的,还要加给他,叫他有余;没有的,连他所有的也要夺过来。换句话说,获得特殊机遇的人,他们最终取得更大的进步;富有的因为减税而更富有,成绩优异的因为获得更多老师指导而更优异;冰球队孩子中年纪稍大者因获得更多指导和训练而变得更优秀。这在社会学领域叫做“优势积累”.个人对这些社会学接触的太少了,但这种现象的确存在。比如如果你是警察,你破获的案子越多,人们越愿意给你更重要的案子让你破。于是通过优势积累,你越来越具有破案的优势了。对于一个公司,当你全身心扎入某个领域时,你在这个来领域越来越有建树。对我们个人而言,不要一味的依据木桶原理,补充自己的短板,而是更好的发挥自己的优势,让自己更具有竞争力。
2、10000小时法则:人们眼中的天才之所以卓越非凡,并非天资超人一等,而是付出了持续不断的努力。只要经过1万小时的锤炼,任何人都能从平凡变成超凡。要成为某个领域的专家,需要10000小时,按比例计算就是:如果每天工作八个小时,一周工作五天,那么成为一个领域的专家至少需要五年。
我想这也是本书核心观点之一。成功没有捷径,没有与生俱来的天才,也不存在劳苦命。领导让我们看本书,也是更看重这一观点,我在做自己的产品10年之久,没有成为该领域专家实在惭愧,其实还是积累不够,没能量变引发质变。不过,这10年来,在公司里学到的东西很多,除软件开发本身外,到后期的项目管理、部门管理;从对该产品没有概念,到对核心算法研究;从以前只到过几个地方,认识一方人,到去了10几个省份,接触了不同的人。这些变化都是随着公司的成长在成长的,但是领域很多,方向很多,所以不是没有成功的机会,而是精力分散,努力不足。所以最好找出自己的优势方向,钻研下去。
3、“弗洛姆”的启示:因出身问题,被“白鞋公司”拒之门外,于是做起了“白鞋公司”不值得一提的企业收购案子。但十几年过去,这个领域变得炙手可热时,他们早已成为这个领域的专家。
弗洛姆的成功有那么多因素导致的。如果不是出身问题,可能他会加入白鞋公司,如果不是后来并购案增多时局改变,他仍然在一个小公司接各种案子,但历史恰恰让他成功了。
记得刚刚加入公司时,市场上很多人对我们的产品没有概念,更谈不上认可。而我们公司一直在坚持着。当市场打开时候,我们已经准备好了。这不也是很好的例子么。所以说,公司发展到现在,有自身努力的结果,也有时运成分在里面。
4、令人满意的工作:自主性、复合性、付出与回报的关联性是任何一份称得上令人满意工作所具备的属性。
无论是在创业还是管理,能把握好这些都很难,但的确非常有效,因为这些是人们做事的内驱动力。从管理上看,自主性就是充分放权,让员工真正感觉到自己就是企业的主人,在为自己做事,这样即使在身心疲惫,也会为那一点点成功而努力追求;复合性就是将工作与意志力和想象力结合,就是工作中具有创造性和挑战性;付出与回报关联性就是劳有所得,个人努力能得到认可。能赚多少钱并不是使我们快乐的最终源泉,使我们快乐的源泉是这份工作在多大程度上能让我们实现自我。
5、飞机失事的族裔理论,作者原意是说飞机失事与不同族裔文化差异有关,如航班飞行员之间、及飞行员与塔台间通话,对权利距离指数的认识不同。在这个故事里,我更倾向从这个角度去看,空难的很多时候是一系列人为的小失误、机械的小故障累加的结果。
我们做产品也一样,当用户说不好用时候,可能不是某一个功能不好用,也不是某一个bug引起用户感觉不好。而是众多“小失误”引起用户体验不好所致的。乔布斯的苹果会红,还是因为他不懈努力和精益求精。
6、稻田文明与数学:因为语言结构的差异,意味着亚洲儿童学习数数要比美国儿童快;因为环境不同西方农业采用“机械导向型”而中国和日本则使用“技术导向型”.文化不同引发人们行为方式不同,亚洲人更具有努力工作的精神品质。稻田文明就是通过努力工作,在巨大不确定性和贫穷中寻找人生的真正价值。
我目前还没有那么大的视角去审视这种文化差异,但对努力工作的精神还是非常认可。正如比尔盖茨还是孩子时候就沉迷于电脑;甲壳虫乐队花数千小时在汉堡练习演出;弗洛姆在机会降临前,已经在不入流的并购诉讼生意上打拼多年。我们需要提前准备着,这样当机会来临时才能抓得住,成为那个时势造就的“异类”.最后,如书上所说,“异类,他们都是历史与环境的产物,是机遇与积累的结晶”.我们需要了解,所谓的异类,从来就不是什么异类。
第五篇:传统骑士文学的异类
传统骑士文学的异类《堂吉诃德》
又一个偶然又必然的机会,在预习《外国文学》时发现课本第三章的第二节介绍的是塞万提斯的《堂吉诃德》,不禁有些暗喜,因为早在中学时代就有听老师提起过《堂吉诃德》这部小说,只是苦于一直没条件阅读,也是因为自身的惰性使然吧。于是,我马上有滋有味地看了起来。可是,我却没能看懂它在讲什么,我不甘心,就回宿舍用电脑搜了原著的电子版出来看,结果,我还是不太懂,只能等老师讲解。后来,上完课,看完相关视频,我终于有点读懂了,所以,我就有话想说了。
首先,读一部作品我们都会习惯性的先了解一下创作背景的,那么我们就来看看它的创作背景。《堂吉诃德》于1605年出版,而十六世纪的西班牙是个激荡人心的时代,西班牙成为称霸欧洲的强大帝国,但其强盛非常短暂,很快便丧失了海上霸主的地位。在国内,封建贵族与僧侣还保持着特权,各种苛捐杂税繁多,使得贫富分配不均的现象更为突出,阶级矛盾日益激化。书中堂吉诃德在游侠生活中的遭遇揭露了社会的黑暗,抨击了教会的专横,揭示人民的困苦。作品第四章中,堂吉诃德在游侠之初发现,一个粗壮的农夫把一个十五岁左右的男孩绑在树上,脱光了他的上衣,用皮鞭抽打。堂吉诃德冲上去把孩子解救下来,可当他走后,男孩得到的是主人更加凶残的毒打。由于统治阶级的残酷压迫,当时的西班牙下层人民生活贫苦,盗贼横行,统治者对反抗者采用的刑罚往往极力严酷。在第六十章中,在前往巴塞罗那的路上,堂吉诃德和桑丘夜晚露宿在树林里,发现了一些被吊在树上的人,于是,他告诉桑丘:“这一带抓到逃犯和强盗,往往把二三十个一起挂在树上吊死。估计这儿里巴塞罗那不远了。”统治阶级的骄奢淫逸和下层民众的贫苦在作品中形成了鲜明对照。作品下卷关于公爵城堡的描写集中揭露了贵族阶级的腐朽实质:公爵夫妇闲得无聊,不惜耗费巨资以捉弄堂吉诃德主仆解闷。而劳动人民正处在水深火热中,过着地狱般的生活。桑丘就是因为贫困才不得不跟堂吉诃德外出冒险的。
虽然作者塞万提斯逝世至今已经有三百九十六年了,但其辛辣的讽刺,巧妙的艺术构思,引人发笑的夸张以及它包含的深刻的哲理,仍然吸引着广大的读者。《堂吉诃德》乍看似乎荒诞不经,实则隐含作者对西班牙现实深刻的理解。《堂吉诃德》原名《奇情异想的绅士堂吉诃德·台·拉·曼却》,作者在序言中申明:“这部书只不过是对于骑士文学的一种讽刺”,目的在于“把骑士文学的盘”完全摧毁。但事实上,这部作品的社会意义远远超过了作者主观意图的对骑士文学的讽刺和攻击。作者以史诗般的宏伟规模,以农村为主要舞台,出场以平民为主,人数近700多人,在这广阔的社会背景中,绘出一幅幅各具特色又相互联系的社会画面,尖锐地、全面地批判了这一时期封建西班牙的政治、法律、道德、宗教、文学、艺术以及私有财产制度,使它成为一部“行将灭亡的骑士阶级的史诗”,一部伟大的现实主义文学名著。书中主要描写一个瘦弱的没落贵族堂吉诃德因迷恋古代骑士小说,竟像古代骑士那样用破甲驽马装扮起来,以领居家挤奶的姑娘为自己美赛天仙的心上人,再以矮胖的农民桑丘·潘沙做侍从,三次出发周游全国进行游侠活动。但因为他的战术荒诞可笑,因而闹了不少笑话,处处碰壁受辱,好心不得好报。终被打成重伤或被当作疯子遣送回家,揭露了十六世纪末到十七世纪初正在走向衰落的西班牙王国的各种矛盾,谴责了贵族阶级的荒淫腐朽,展现了人民的痛苦和斗争,触及了政治、经济、道德、文化和风俗等诸方面的问题。
中国翻译家杨绛认为,这部作品成功的最根本原因是作者创造了堂吉诃德和桑丘这两个典型性的人物形象。堂吉诃德的形象是一个多层面、多维度的立体,作为一种典型,它蕴含和揭示了许多本质的东西,而这些本质的东西往往是贯通历史的,具有着超越时空的普遍性。我们看一下他是怎么出场的:我们的绅士快五十岁了,体格很强健,他身材瘦削,面貌清癯,他读骑士小说入了迷,发了狂,立志要当骑士,去行侠猎奇,把书里面的那些游侠骑士的行事一一照办。他的盔甲是硬纸拼起来的,备了一匹自取名为驽马辛难得,还给自己取了个不愧于骑士身份的名字:堂吉诃德,之后又确定了一个村姑作为心上人,称其为“杜尔西内娅·台尔·托波索”。后来,他又说服了邻居作为骑士必不可少的侍从:“没什么脑子”,体型矮胖的农夫,桑丘·潘沙。这样的出场,我们看到了一个单纯无知、幼稚天真的小老头,他把一切看得很简单,对现实的认识也很简单,认为只要单枪匹马就能扫尽世间所有不平。世间的复杂,人心的丑恶他完全不了解。所以当他从地主的皮鞭下解救牧童的时候,丝毫没有想到会给牧童带去更大的灾难。因此,他的好心、他的行侠仗义也总是制造笑话。堂吉诃德是一个被嘲弄的骑士,但在小说中,他也是作为真正骑士的高度品德原则的体现者而现的。他坚信自己的理想最美、最好,是真理、是正义。他怀着锄强扶弱、济世救人的宏图大志,去和他认为是恶的东西斗争。例如,他攻打风车,因为他把风车当恶魔;他大战羊群,是因为要解救正在受难的骑士;就是他惩罚财主富农而使小雇工遭到皮肉之苦一事,也是出于一片善良之心。可以说,在他的一系列怪诞行为中,都包含着他对被奴役的人民的同情,包含着他对封建统治强权的反抗。他认为:“天叫我生在这铁的时代,是要我去恢复那金子的时代。”因此他自觉地去扫除暴行,承担艰险,完成自己的使命。他这一路行侠,干了很多荒唐事,体现了他大胆鲁莽,敢作敢为的特点。他有一套理论来为自己辩护:“我知道鲁莽和懦弱都是过失,勇敢和美德是这两个极端的中折,不过宁可勇敢过头而鲁莽,也不要勇敢不足而懦弱。挥霍比吝啬更接近慷慨的美德,鲁莽也比懦弱更接近真正的勇敢。”他的行为甚至比他的理论还要进一步,没有什么“巨人”、“魔怪”使他裹足不前,也没什么自然力量是他后退害怕,毫不畏惧冲向风车,面不改色打开狮笼向狮子挑战,这些惊人的壮举只有堂吉诃德才做得出来。然而,由于不估计自己的力量而为盲干,他勇敢过头的行动,往往只能以失败告终。
平常,堂吉诃德只要一谈到骑士道就神志迷糊,荒唐可笑。但是,只要不涉及骑士道的时候,他头脑清醒、明白事理,谈吐非凡,时时流露出人文主义者的真知灼见。他一路的谈话内容范围广泛,见解高明独到。除了对骑士小说了如指掌,对古希腊罗马文学、对圣经、对艺术理论也有精深的研究。同时,他在现实生活也不是完全无知,相反是常常一语道出生活的真谛。巴西琉新婚之时,堂吉诃德告诉他:“饥饿和贫穷是爱情的大敌”奉劝巴西琉先生从事正当营生,他擅长的那些玩意儿只能博得虚名,赚不了钱的。并且,他教导即将上任的桑丘,要关心穷人的疾苦,要办事公正,执法仁慈,不要徇私纳贿。堂吉诃德认为做文官的应该廉洁,做武官的应该勇敢,绝不可临阵逃脱;认为只应该在正义的战争中使用武力,战争的目的是为了和平。他还主张破除封建等级观念,认为王侯和平民的地位经常变换。王侯不争气,也会一代代衰落,而平民由于自身的努力,可以一步步上升,直到王侯。人的贵贱,不在地位或血
统,而在于个人品德的高尚或低劣。而人的品德靠个人自己努力,是内在的,不是外加的。这个人物的性格具有两重性:一方面他是神志不清的,疯狂而可笑的,但又正是他代表着高度的道德原则、无畏的精神、英雄的行为,对正义的坚信以及对爱情的忠贞等等。他越疯癫,造成的灾难也越大,几乎谁遇到他都会遭到一场灾难,但他的优秀品德也越鲜明。桑丘本是为当“总督”而追随他,后看到无望仍不舍离去也正为此。堂吉诃德是可笑的,但又始终是一个理想主义的化身。他对被压迫者和弱小者给予无限的同情。从许多章节中我们都可以找到他以热情的语言歌颂自由,反对人压迫人、人奴役人。也正是通过这一典型,塞万提斯怀着悲哀的心情宣布了信仰主义的终结。这一点恰恰反映了文艺复兴时期旧的信仰解体,新的信仰尚未提出的信仰断裂时期的社会心态。
堂吉诃德的侍从桑丘·潘沙也是一个典型人物形象。桑丘是一个以侍从身份出现的西班牙贫苦农民的典型。他是作为反衬堂吉诃德的形象而创造出来的,他的形象从反面烘托了信仰主义的衰落这一主题。堂吉诃德充满幻想,桑丘则事事从实际出发;堂吉诃德是禁欲主义的苦行僧,而桑丘则是伊壁鸠鲁式的享乐派;堂吉诃德有丰富的学识,桑丘是文盲;堂吉诃德瘦而高,桑丘胖而矮。他,桑丘·潘沙是一个农民,有小私有者的缺点,然而到真正把他放在治理海岛(实际上上是一个村)的位置上时,他又能够秉公办事,不徇私情,不贪污受贿。后来由于受不了贵族们的捉弄离了职。他说:“我赤条条来,又赤条条去,既没有吃亏,也没有占便宜,这是我同其它总督不同的地方。”朱光潜先生在评价堂吉诃德与桑丘这两个人物时说:“一个满脑子虚幻理想、持长矛来和风车搏斗,以显示出骑士威风的堂吉诃德本人,另一个是从美酒佳肴和高官厚禄中享受人生滋味的桑丘。他们一个是可笑的理想主义者,一个是可笑的现实主义者。但是,堂吉诃德属于过去,桑丘却属于未来。随着资产阶级势力的日渐上升,理想的人就不是堂吉诃德,而是桑丘了。”堂吉诃德不是基于细节真实的毕肖描摹的卓越的典型形象,而是具有极大的夸张性、荒诞性,因而也带有一定的象征意义和寓言色彩的艺术形象。然而,透过这种荒诞正揭示了一种普遍性的状况:在现实社会中,大到国家(有报道说911后的美国就像塞万提斯笔下的堂吉诃德)小到我们每个人,都似乎有堂吉诃德的影子:堂吉诃德耽于幻想,脱离实际,缺乏起码的现实感,这种弱点在不同时代、不同国度、不同阶级阶层、不同修养阅历的人身上或多或少的存在着。
最后,我想借用尼日利亚著名作家奥克斯的一段话作为结束:他曾颇动感情的说:“人生在世,如果有什么必读的作品,那就是《堂吉诃德》。”是的,不可不读,自古以来。理想和现实是左右着人类的一个不可协调的矛盾体。而《堂吉诃德》正是利用文学形式将这对矛盾揭示的深刻而生动,淋漓尽致,是每个人都感受到,果真如此,这样一部传统骑士文学的异类。