大学英语自学考试英语二下册unit8教案

第一篇：大学英语自学考试英语二下册unit8教案

UNIT 8

Text A Jet Lag: Prevention and Cure

I课文简介：

我们许多人在国际旅行时都有过时差反应。

科学家们发现，时差综合症是我们体内的生理调节机制在不同的环境中发生变化所引起的。实际上，有两套时间调节系统在相互作用，它们在新时区内需要一段时间才能重新设定。

值得庆幸的是，我们可以通过调节环境定时和改变饮食睡眠来减少时差带来的不便。

Para.1 If you understand what Jet Lag is, your flights will be less stressful.Paras.2 – 9 Various causes of Jet Lag

Paras.10 – 14 Ways to deal with the bad effects of Jet Lag

II New Words

词汇精讲:

lag: v/n.走得慢，落后

After I get over jet-lag, I’ll call you.我倒过时差后给你打电话。

He’s lagging behind a bit, and I think we’d better wait for him to catch us up.他有点落后了，我想我们最好等他赶上来吧。

There is often a lag between becoming affected by this illness and its first signs.受这种疾病的感染和出现最初症状之间经常会间隔一段时间。

His actions lagged behind his thinking.在他的思想和行动之间存在很大差异。

mechanism n.机械装置；机构，机制；（自然现象等的）作用过程 These automatic cameras have a special focusing mechanism.这些自动相机有一种特殊的聚焦装置。

The mechanism for collecting taxes needs revising.税收机制需要改革。

The mechanism of oral learning is largely that of continuous repetition.口语的学习过程在很大程度上来说就是进行不断的重复。

overcome: v.战胜，克服

Support from his family and his own survivor instincts have helped him overcome obstacles.家人的支持和求生的本能帮助他克服了障碍

The learner of a second language has many obstacles to overcome.学第二语言的人有许多障碍要克服。

First of all, we should overcome ourselves in order to overcome difficulties.要战胜困难，首先要战胜自己。

internal a.内部的，内在的，国内的

The bullet passed through his back and several internal organs and he died later in hospital.子弹射穿了他的背部以及若干内脏，结果他死在了医院里。

The bank says it will conduct its own internal investigation into the disappearance of the money.这家银行说他们会就这笔款项的失踪在银行内部展开调查。

The international community is increasingly willing to intervene in the internal=domestic affairs of countries where there is serious abuse of human rights.国际社会越来越愿意干涉存在严重侵犯人权行为的国家的内政。

external a.外在的，在外的

The external walls of the house are in need of repair.这栋房子的外墙需要修缮了。

The doctor thinks her injuries are all external.医生认为她的伤都是外伤。

You shouldnt judge people solely by their external appearances.你不应以貌取人。

discrepancy n.差异，不一致

There are several discrepancies between the original estimates of the cost and the actual bills.最初估计的费用与帐单之间有几处不一致的地方。

The committee is reportedly unhappy about the discrepancy in numbers.据说委员会对数字上的出入很不满。

feasible: a.可行的，可能的

Your plan sounds quite feasible.你的计划听起来是可行的。

Now that we have the extra resources, the scheme seems feasible.既然我们有了额外的财力，这一方案就可行了。

The plan seems to be feasible.这个计划似乎是可行的。

assumption: n.假定，设想，承担，采取

派生词：assume v.假定，设想

His assumption proved to be wrong.他的设想被证明是错的。

You will assume your new duties tomorrow.你们明天开始执行新任务。

neutral neutrality a.1.中立的；2.中性的

She is /stays/remains/keeps neutral in this argument;she doesnt care who wins.在这场辩论中她保持中立，不在乎谁赢谁输。

He is a rather neutral character.他的品性平平。

promote: vt.促进，发扬，提升

派生词：promotion n.促进，发扬

He certainly ought to be promoted.他的确应该被提升。

The company is promoting their new sort of soap on television.公司正在电视上为这种新香皂促销。

We should promote the mutual understanding between the two countries.我们要增进两国之间的相互了解。

词组： effect on: 对„ 的作用，影响

It had an almost immediate effect on his thinking.这事几乎立刻对他的想法有了影响。

Violent TV programs have a bad effect on children.暴力电视节目对孩子有不好的影响。

相似词组： influence on: 对„有影响。to blame on: 把..归咎于

He blamed his failure on his teacher.他把他的失败怪在老师的头上。

They blamed the failure of the action on George.他们把此次行动失败归咎于乔治。

相关词语： to blame „ for

The accountant was blamed for his error.这个会计由于出错而受到谴责。to advantage: 有利地，有效地

More practice will be to your advantage.多练习对你有利。

It is to your advantage to invest wisely.明智地投资对你很有利。

The model is seeking a chance to display herself to advantage.那位模特正在寻找一个机会来有利地显示自己。now that: 既然，由于

Now that you have come you may as well stay.既然你来了还是待着吧。

Now that oil is scarce, the fate of the motorcar is uncertain.由于石油短缺，汽车将来的命运如何就难以预料了。to leave „alone: 不管，不理；听其自然

Leave me alone – take your hand off my arm.别动我 – 松开我的胳膊。

I should leave that question alone if I were you.如果我是你的话，我不会去碰这个问题。out of step: 步伐不一致，不协调

That boy was out of step during most of the parade.在游行检阅的大部分时间里，那个男孩的步伐都与别人的不合拍。

I’m not good at dancing – I always get hopelessly out of step.我不善长跳舞–总是踩不上点，已经无可救药了。

He is out of step with modern life.他同现代生活不合拍。

III课文精讲： P.190 第一段：

1.The problem of Jet Lag is one every international traveler comes across at some time.喷气飞机时差综合症是每个乘坐国际航班旅行的人在某个时候会碰到的问题

one是代词，代替a problem，后面every international traveller comes across at some time是定语从句，修饰先行词one，定语从句前省略了关系代词that或which；come across意思是“（偶然）遇到”；at some time相当于sometimes，意为“有时”。

2.But do you have to suffer? Understand what it is, and how a careful diet can minimize its worst effects, and your flights will be less stressful.Understand what it is„这是个祈使句，相当于一个条件状语从句：If you understand what it is„

例句：Work hard and you’ll succeed.相当于 If you work hard, you’ll succeed.该句可改写为：If you understand what it is, and how a careful diet can minimize its worst effects, your flights will be less stressful.所以，当有“Do„, and + 主语 + 动词 „”结构时，可把它改写为：“If you do „, 主语 + 动词 „”；what it is 和how a careful diet can minimize its worst effects是两个并列的宾语从句。第二段： 1.The effects of rapid travel on the body are actually far more disturbing than we realize.乘飞机旅行对身体的影响实际上远比我们意识到的更令人焦灼不安。

此句是个比较结构。disturbing 是分词式的形容词，比较级是more disturbing，far 用来修饰比较级。effect（影响）后面与介词on搭配，表示“对„的影响”，另有influence和impact后面可与介词on搭配；far可用来修饰比较级，可以替换为much或a lot或a great deal。2.Jet Lag is not a psychological consequence of having to readjust to a different time zone.adjust to是固定搭配，意思是“调整、适应”，故有readjust to。

3.It is due to changes in the body's physiological regulatory mechanisms, specifically the hormonal systems, in a different environment.due to意思是“由于、因为”，通常用作表语成分。第三段：

1.Confused? 是不是被弄糊涂啦？

该句是Are you confused?之省略。

2.So was John Foster Dulls, the American Secretary of State, when he flew to Egypt to conduct negotiations on the Aswan Dam.美国国务卿约翰·福斯特·杜勒斯从美国飞往埃及谈判阿斯旺水坝问题时就被弄糊涂了。他后来把自己在谈判中判断失误归咎于时差综合症。

当so（表示“也”）置于句首时，句子必须使用倒装结构，so 位于句首，表示前面所说的情况也适合于本句。由“So + 助动词 ／ 连系动词 ／ 情态动词 ＋ 主语 ＋ „”构成；这是一种部分倒装结构，常见类型有：

3.He later blamed his poor judgement on Jet Lag.blame „ on „意思是“把„归咎于„”；另有blame sb for sth，意为“因为某事而责怪某人” 第四段：

1.The effects can be used to advantage, too.to advantage意思是“有效地、有用地” 2.President Johnson once conducted an important meeting in Guam and kept the entire proceedings at Washington DC time.keep the entire proceedings at Washington DC time意思是“按照华盛顿时间安排议程”，keep是使动用法，此处是keep + n.+ prep.结构。

3.The White House working personnel were as fresh as paint, while the locals, in this case, were jet-lagged.该句是由 while 连接的两个并列句，表示前后对比。in this case 作状语，译为“在这种情况下，” the locals 是指关岛的本地人，作主语。personnel在此处意思是“（全体）职员、（全体）人员”，表示复数概念，故谓语动词是were；as fresh as paint意思是“精神饱满 / 抖擞”；the locals 相当于the local people；jet-lag是动词，并用于被动语态，意思是“使患有时差不适症、使无精打采”。4.Essentially, they had been instantaneously transported to America.句首essentially意为“实际上”。P.191 第二段：

1.Now that we understand what Jet Lag is, we can go some way to overcoming it.既然我们了解了时差综合症是什么

句首的now that意思是“既然”；动词understand后接宾语从句what Jet Lag is；go some way to doing sth意为“想办法做某事”。

2.A great number of the body's events are scheduled to occur at a certain time of day.a great number of意思是“许多、大量”；schedule由名词转化为动词；to occur充当句子的主语补足语。

3.Naturally these have to be regulated, and there are two regulatory systems which interact.these指代上句的the body's events。第三段：

1.One timing system comes from the evidence of our senses and stomachs, and the periodicity we experience when living in a particular time zone.一个定时系统来自我们的感官和胃肠饥饿感以及我们在某个特定时区所经受的周期性变化

该句主干结构是“one timing system comes from„.”;from 有两个宾语，由and 连接。we experience是定语从句，修饰the periodicity，关系代词that / which因作宾语而被省略；when living in a particular time zone是由连词when + 现在分词短语构成的时间状语。

2.The other belongs in our internal clocks(the major one of which may be physically located in a part of the brain called the suprachiasmatic nucleus)which, left alone, would tie the body to a 25 hour--yes, 25--rhythm.另一个定时系统在我们的体内时钟内（其中一个主要时钟可能位于我们大脑的称为超交叉核的那部分中）这些体内时钟在不受干扰时，会使人体有一个25小时——是的，25小时——的生理节奏。

该句的主干结构“The other belongs in our internal clocks „”，which 引导定语从句修饰our internal clocks。在定语从句中，left alone 是过去分词词组作条件状语，相当于条件状语从句If it is left alone。括号中的定语从句也修饰our internal clocks。belong in意思是“存在于”；“名词 / 数词 / 代词 + of + 关系代词”引导非限制性定语从句；be located in意思是“位于”；called the suprachiasmatic nucleus是过去分词短语，修饰前面的名词a part；leave „ alone意为“听其自然、不理、不管”。

3.Normally the two timers are in step, and the external cues tend to regularize the internal clocks to the more convenient 24 hour period.in step意为“步调一致”；tend to意思是“倾向于”；regularise „ to „意思是“把„调整到„”。第四段：

1.If, however, you move the whole body to a time zone which is four hours different, the two clocks will be out of step, like two alarm clocks which are normally set together, but which have been reset a few hours apart.然而如果你把整个身体移到一个时差4个小时的时区，两个时钟就不再同步，正像两个闹钟通常被一起定时，但现在定时相差几个小时。

however 是插入语，意思是“然而”； “which is four hours different”是定语从句修饰zone。which „和but which „是两个并列的定语从句，修饰前面的two alarm clocks。out of step意为“乱了步调”；

2.Whereas the two clocks would normally sound their alarms together, now they ring at different times.尽管两个闹钟通常同时报时，但现在则在不同时间报时。

whereas连接让步状语从句，意为“尽管，虽然”

3.Similarly,the body can be set for evening while the sun is rising.第五段：

1.In time the physiological system will reset itself, but it does take time.经过一段时间后，生理系统将会自我调整过来，但这需要时间。

句首的in time意思是“终于、经过一段时间以后”；it does take time意为“这确实要花时间的”，其中does是助动词，用以加强语气。2.One easily monitored rhythm is palm sweating.monitored是过去分词，修饰rhythm，作定语，表示被动意义。

3.A man flown to a time zone different by 10 hours will take eight days to readjust his palm sweat.flown to a time zone different by 10 hours是过去分词短语，作a man的定语。

4.Blood pressure, which is also rhythmical, takes four days to readjust.血压也是有节奏性的，需要4天才能调整过来。

which is also rhythmical是非限制性定语从句，修饰前面的blood pressure。第六段：

1.One reason for this discrepancy is that different bodily events are controlled by different factors.此句是一个表语从句，that 引导一个从句作表语。reason常与介词for搭配，表示“„的理由”；

2.The hormone cortisol, which controls salt and water excretion, is made in the morning, wherever the body is.出现这种差异的一个原因是人体的不同活动受到不同因素的支配

which controls salt and water excretion是非限制性定语从句，修饰the hormone cortisol；wherever the body is是地点状语从句或让步状语从句。

3.But the growth hormone is released during sleep, whenever in the day that sleep occurs.但生长激素在睡眠时才分泌，而不论一天中什么时候睡觉。

whenever Whenever in the day 意为“不管在一天中的什么时候”；whenever in the day that sleep occurs中whenever是副词，意思是“无论什么时候”。引导时间状语从句。that sleep 是从句的主语，that 是指示代词修饰sleep。

4.Normally these two hormones are separated by seven or eight hours, but if the body arrives at a destination in the early morning(local)and goes to sleep as soon as possible, the two hormones will be released simultaneously.该句是并列复合句，中间以but连接，第一分句是被动语态，第二分句中if the body arrives „ and goes to sleep as soon as possible是条件状语从句，the two hormones „ simultaneously是主句。P.192 第二段：

1.What can we do about it?

it指上文所说的 the two hormones will be released simultaneously这件事。2.It is not feasible to wait four days until the body is used to the new time zone.句首it是形式主语，真正主语是to wait „；be used to意思是“习惯于”。3.Fortunately there is a short cut.4.It relies on two things--the power of the stomach to regulate the timing of other events, and the pharmacological actions of coffee.rely on是固定搭配，意思是“信赖、依赖、依靠”；破折号后面的两个并列的名词短语是two things的同位语成分。第三段：

1.The basic assumptions are: 第四段：

1.Coffee delays the body clock in the morning, and advances it at night.it指代本句的the body clock。

2.Coffee at mid-afternoon is neutral.下午三点左右喝咖啡对人体时钟不起作用。

该句中neutral 意为“中性的”，在这里是与上文的delay 和advance 相对，表示“既不推迟，也不提前”

第五段：

1.Protein in meals stimulates wakefulness, while carbohydrates promote sleep.while意为“而”。第六段：

1.Putting food into an empty stomach helps synchronize the body clock.help do sth意思是“有助于做某事”。Jet Lag: Prevention and Cure Unit 8 常考句子：

1.The problem of Jet Lag is one every international traveler comes across at some time.(para.1)

时差综合症是每个国际旅行者常会碰到的问题。

2.The effects of rapid travel on the body are actually far more disturbing than we realize.(para.2)

快速旅行对身体干扰程度实际上远比我们意识到的要大

3.He later blamed his poor judgement on Jet Lag.(para.3)

他后来把他不好的判断归咎于时差反应。

4．Essentially, they had been instantaneously transported to America.从本质上说，他们被瞬间送到了美国。

5.Now that we understand what Jet lag is, we can go some way to（在一定程度上）overcoming it(para.4)

既然我们懂得时差反应综合症是怎么回事，我们就能够在克服时差综合症方面有所作为。

6.The other belongs in our internal clocks which, left alone, would tie the body to a 25 hour – yes, 25 – rhythm.(para.5)

另一个定时系统在我们的体内时钟内，它们在不受干扰时，会使人体有一个25小时——是的，25小时——的生理节奏。

To belong in 对……合适或有用；属于，归入……一类

Leave…… alone：听其自然；不打扰，不管……，不理……

To tie to

系，拴；束缚，约束

He did not want to be tied to a steady job.他不愿永远做一件固定的工作。

7.In time the physiological system will reset itself, but it does take time.(para7)

经过一段时间之后，生理系统将会重新自我调整过来，但这需要时间。

In time 除作“及时”讲外，还有“经过适当时间；逐渐地；最终；迟早”

Eg.In time he forgot all about it.过了一段时间后，他把这一切都忘了。

8.One reason for this discrepancy is that different bodily events are controlled by different factors.(para.8)

出现这种差异的一个原因是身体的不同活动是由不同的因素控制的。

9.It is not feasible to wait four days until the body is used to the new time zone.(para.9)

我们不可能等上四天直到身体习惯新的时区。

历年考题

1.In practical application, concentration is not _____ the definition may imply.(99.4)

A.as simple to deal successfully with as

B.so simple to deal successfully with that

C.simpler to deal successfully with as that

D.as same simple to deal successfully with as

答案：A

考点：本题主要考查as … as 搭配表示“和….一样”。而选项D 中as 的后面还有一个词same。因为same 表示的意思也是同样，与…同样的意思与as … as 意义重复，因此不选D。

2.Understand what Jet Lag is, and how a careful diet can minimize its worst effects, ______.（99.10）

A.your flight will be less stressful

B.and your flights will be less stressful

C.or your flights will be less stressful

D.in order that your flights will be less stressful

答案：B

分析：本句是一个and 连接的并列句。因此只有B符合题意。

3.Coffee delays the body clock in the morning, and advances _____ at night.(00.4)

A.it

B.them

C.the coffee

D.the body

答案：A

分析：本句是个并列句，and 连接的两个句子结构应一致。因此，advances 后面的宾语应是the body，而为了避免重复，因此用代词it 代替。

4.汉译英：快速旅行对人体的影响比我们意识到的要大得多。(00.10)

The effects of rapid travel on the human body are much greater than we realize.5.The other timing system belongs in our internal clocks, which , left ______, would tie the body to a 25-hour rhythm.(03.4)

A.behind

B.alone

C.out

D.aside

答案：B

考点：本题主要考查分词短语leave alone，不管，不理，把…放在一边。

1.快速旅行对人体的影响比我们意识到的要大得多。

答： The effects of rapid travel on the body are much greater than we realize 2.他后来把自己的错误判断归咎于时差反应。

答：He later blamed his poor judgement on Jet Lag.3.食物中的蛋白质使人兴奋，而碳水化合物使人易于入睡。答： Protein in meals stimulates wakefulness while carbohydrates promote sleep.4.在外语学习中没有捷径可走。

答： There is no short cut in the study of a foreign language.5.为了克服时差反应我们能做些什么呢？

答： What can we do in order to overcome Jet Lag?

（一）词汇英译汉：

1.flight

2.negotiation

3.transport

4.overcome

5.internal

6.external

7.rhythm

8.feasible

9.assumption

10.promote

1.effect on

2.to blame… on

3.to advantage

4.now that

5.out of step

6.to leave … alone

Word study

1.proceeding

n.程序，进程；[pl]项目，活动，会议文集

That is by no means(“决不是”，如放句首，要倒装)the best way of proceeding.那决不是最好的行动方式。

He brought divorce proceedings against his wife.他诉请与妻子离婚

2.alarm

n.警报；惊恐

He didn’t take alarm at the news.他听到消息后并不吃惊

Vt.向……报警，使警觉；使……惊恐，打扰

I was quite alarmed last night at the cry of “fire”

昨晚有人大呼救火，使我大吃一惊。

3．Promote

Vt.促进，发扬；提升，升级；发起，创办

He was promoted to director.他被提升为厂长

It is believed that taking a walk after meals promotes digestion.人们认为饭后散步促进消化。

The pianist promoted a grand benefit concert.那个钢琴家筹办了一次盛大的义演音乐会。

We should promoted the mutual understanding between the two countries，我们应该促进这两国之间的相互了解。

汉译英：

1．要战胜困难，首先我们要战胜自己

First of all, we should overcome ourselves in order to overcome difficult.（二）句子英译汉：

1.The problem of Jet Lag is one every international traveler comes across at some time.(para.1)

2.The effects of rapid travel on the body are actually far more disturbing than we realize.(para.2)

3.He later blamed his poor judgment on Jet Lag.(para.3)

4.Now that we understand what Jet lag is , we can go some way to overcoming it(para.4)

5.The other belongs in our internal clocks which , left alone, would tie the body to a 25 hourrhythm.(para.5)

6.In time the physiological system will reset itself, but it does take time.(para7)

7.One reason for this discrepancy is that different bodily events are controlled by different factors.(para.8)

8.It is not feasible to wait four days until the body is used to the new time zone.(para.9)

9.But the growth hormone is released during sleep, whenever in the day that sleep occurs.(para.9)

10.Protein in meals stimulates wakefulness, while carbohydrates promote sleep.(para.13)

（三）句子汉译英

1.不难理解高速旅行给身体带来的不适。

It is not difficult to understand the disturbing effects of rapid travel on the body.It is not difficult to realize that the disturbing effects on the body are caused by rapid travel.2.引起这一不同的原因之一是不同的人体活动由不同的因素控制。

One reason for this discrepancy is that different bodily events are controlled by different factors.3.食物中的蛋白质使人兴奋，而食物中的碳水化合物使人易于入睡。

Protein in food stimulates wakefulness, while carbohydrates promote sleep.4.时差反应是每一个国际旅行者可能遇到的问题。

The problem of Jet Lag is one every international traveler comes across.5.等待几天直到身体的调节机制自然适应新时区，这并不可行。

It is not feasible to wait a few days until the body's regulatory mechanisms are used to the new time zone.negotiate v.(与某人)商议, 谈判, 磋商, ,买卖, 让渡(支票、债券等), 通过, 越过 negotiation n.商议, 谈判, 流通 negotiable adj.可通过谈判解决的 negotiant n.协商者

negotiatory adj.协商的, 交涉的 regulate vt.管制, 控制, 调节, 校准 regulation n.规则, 规章, 调节, 校准 regulatory adj.调整的

regularize vt.使有规则, 使有秩序, 调整, 使系统化, 使合法化 3.assume vt.假定, 设想, 采取, 呈现

assumption n.假定, 设想, 担任, 承当, 假装, 作态 assumed adj.假定的, 假装的, 装的 assuming adj.傲慢的, 不逊的, 僭越的

4.periodical adj.周期的, 定期的n.期刊, 杂志 periodicity n.周期

period n.时期, 学时, 节, 句点, 周期,（妇女的）经期adj.过去某段时期的int.没有了 periodically adv.周期性地, 定时性地

语法要点

形容词、副词比较级的用法

1．英语形容词、副词比较级的一般用法为“比较级 + than”结构，如：

1)lots of dependent babies are more of a liability than numbers of the inactive aged.(Unit 9)

2)There is often resistance to the idea that it is because the birthrate fell earlier in Western and Northwestern Europe than elsewhere, rather than because of any change in the death rate, that we have grown so old.(Unit 9)2．比较级前面可以用much, far, a lot, a great deal, a little, a bit 等词或词组修饰，表示“…得多”，“稍微…”等意义，如：

1)The effects of rapid travel on the body are actually far more disturbing than we realize.2)We have among us a very much greater experience of continued living than any society that has ever preceded us anywhere,…(Unit 9)

3.用“the + 比较级，the + 比较级”的结构表示“越…，越…”的意思，如：

1)We know that we are getting even older, and that the nearer a society approximates to zero population growth, the older its population is likely to be--at least, for any future that concerns us now.(Unit 9)

2)The older you are now, of course, the greater this proportion will be, and greater still if you are a woman.(Unit 9)

4.还可以用连接两个相同的比较级，表示“越来越…”，注意与用法3相区别，如：

1)The kite is flying higher and higher in the sky.2)The story proved to be more and more interesting.Text B

Text B Controlling your concentration

I New Words

重点词汇：

span n.跨度，一段时间

例：She has a wide span of responsibility in her new job.她在新工作中要负责很多事情。

Children’s attention span is poor.儿童的注意力集中时间很短。

fluctuate v.波动，起伏fluctuation v.波动，起伏

例：Vegetable prices fluctuate according to the season.蔬菜的价格随季节而波动。

fade v.凋谢，枯萎，褪色，（声音等）变弱

例：The voice on the radio faded out.收音机里面的声音逐渐小了。

illusion n.幻觉，错觉Disillusioned Illustrate

例：I have no illusions about his ability.我对他的能力不存幻想。

5.moderate : a.中等的，适度的，温和的

I’m a moderate drinker.我是一个饮酒适量的人。

He is well-known as a moderate in the party.他作为该党中一个温和派人士而著称。

6.finance : n.财政，金融；资金，经费

派生词：financial a.财政的，金融的

We’ve had some difficulty raising finance for the project.我们在为这个项目筹集资金的过程中遇到过一些困难。

If you do have financial difficulty, you can apply for a student loan.如果你确实经济上有困难，可以申请学生贷款。

distract v.分散（注意力，心思等）；使人分心

I hope Marys new hi-fi wont distract her(from her studies).我希望玛丽的新高包真音响不会使她从学习上分心。

An alarming accident has distracted media attention(away)from the economic crisis.一个惊人的事变分散了媒体对经济危机的注意力。

adverse a.1.相反的；2.不利的，有害的

The match has been cancelled due to adverse weather conditions.由于天气条件不利，取消了这场比赛。

The advertising company responsible for the campaign say that they are surprised by the adverse public reaction.负责这次宣传活动的广告公司说，他们对公众的反对态度很吃惊。

A lot of local people are worried about the adverse impact that the road building scheme may have on the environment.很多当地人担心这个筑路计划会对环境造成不利影响。

adversely a.1.相反地；2.不利地，有害地

A lot of companies have been adversely affected by the new economic policy.很多公司都受到了新经济政策的不良影响。

.appreciate : vt 欣赏，鉴赏，感激，感谢

派生词：appreciation n.欣赏，鉴赏

用法：appreciate 后接动名词作宾语。

We shall appreciate hearing from you again.我们将乐于再收到你的信。

You can’t appreciate English poetry unless you understand its rhythm.你不懂英文诗的韵律，就不能欣赏英文诗。

课文精讲

P.203 第一段：

1.Psychologically defined, concentration is process of centering one's attention over a period of time.句首psychologically defined是过去分词短语，充当条件状语，相当于if it is psychologically defined。

2.In practical application, however, concentration is not as simple to deal successfully with as the definition may imply.however（然而）是插入语成分；not as „ as „是原级比较的否定结构；simple后面可跟to do，表示被动意义，另有difficult / hard / easy + to do。

3.For this reason, it is helpful to keep the following points in mind.因此，记住下列几点是很有帮助的。

for this reason意思是“因为这个理由”；keep „ in mind意为“把„牢记在心”。be helpful to ….对… 很有益； 第二段：

1.Even with the greatest effort, our span of attention fluctuates.Even with the greatest effort意为“即使尽了最大的努力”。2.You can demonstrate for yourself this fluctuation of attention.demonstrate的宾语是this fluctuation of attention。

3.In a quiet room, place a watch so that it can just scarcely be heard.在一个安静的房间里，放一块表，表的声音几乎刚刚能听见。

该句主句是祈使句 place a watch;so that 引导目的状语从句;scarcely是否定副词，相当于hardly。

4.Listen carefully and notice how the ticking increases in apparent intensity, fades to a point where it cannot be heard, and then increases again.注意听表的走动声，并且注意表的嘀嗒声怎

样明显增大，然后小到听不见，然后又变大。

how 引导宾语从句，从句中有三个并列的谓语动词：increases „, fades „, and then increases again。where it cannot be heard 是定语从句修饰 point 5.This phenomenon reveals how our span of attention fluctuates, for the intensity of the ticking is actually constant.该句为并列复合句，由for连接两个分句，第一分句中有how引导的宾语从句。第三段：

标题：pay attention to意思是“注意”；试比较at a time和at one time：前者意为“一次、每次”，后者意思是“一度、曾经”。

1.Evidence to date indicates that you attend to one idea at a time.to date意思是“到目前为止”；attend to表示“专心、注意”。

2.It is possible for your attention to shift so rapidly that it seems that you attend to several concepts at once.你的注意有可能转移得十分迅速，以至于好像你同时能够专心于几个想法。

句首的it是形式主语；该句句末的at once意思是“同时、一次”。so …that…结果状语从句

3.But apparently this is only an illusion.4.In high concentration the shift from the focus of attention is of short duration and relatively infrequent.be of是一固定搭配，意思是“具有”。第四段：

1.High attention has long periods of attending and short distraction periods.2.In low attention the periods of attending are short and the distraction period long.long前面省略了连系动词are。

3.In moderate attention there is a mixture of the extremes.4.Thus it is easy to see that it is highly unlikely that the student who has most of his attention centered on fancying at large will be able to recall even the major points of a lecture.这样我们可以很容易地看到，如果一个学生的大部分注意力用于自由幻想，即使是讲课要点，他也不可能回想起来。

句首it是形式主语，真正主语是to see „；不定式to see后面有that引导的宾语从句，其中it也是形式主语，that the student „是主语从句，在主语从句中，the student后面有定语从句who has most „ at large，该定语从句中含有have sth done结构、center one's attention on和at large（不受拘束、不受控制、自由自在、逍遥法外）等短语。P.204 第二段：

1.Lack of concentration is a symptom, not the cause, of difficulty.该句相当于：Lack of concentration is a symptom of difficulty, not the cause of difficulty.2.When a student says “I can't concentrate”, what he is really saying is, “I can't attend to the task at hand because my distractors are too strong.”

attend to意思是“集中精力于”；at hand意为“手边”。第三段：

标题：be of可译为“具有”。

1.A distractor is anything which causes attention to vary from a central focal point.通常情况下，在anything, something, nothing, everything后面的关系代词是that，而不是which，本句说法不很规范。2.In the study situation distractors may be thought of as either psychological or physical in nature.在学习的情况下，干扰物实际上可以被认为是心理的或者是物质的。

think of „ as „意思是“把„看着”；either „ or „意思是“或者„或者„、要么„要么„”。

3.Both types of distractors must be understood before the student can attempt to remedy his lack of concentration.before引导时间状语从句。第四段：

1.The angry man forgets the pain of injury, the fearful man finds it difficult to enjoy pleasure and the tense or anxious person may react violently to the smallest of matters.愤怒的人会忘记伤痛，人害怕的时候很难享受快乐，人在紧张或焦虑的时候可能对非常小的事情做出强烈的反应。

该句由三个并列分句构成，第二分句中，it是形式主语，真正主语是不定式短语to enjoy pleasure，第三分句中react与to是固定搭配，意思是“对„作出反应”。另有：reaction to, respond to, response to等搭配。

2.In the student's life there are many psychological pressures and tensions which block effective productivity.which引导定语从句，修饰前面的many psychological pressures and tensions。

3.The fears about making the grade, the doubts of the friendliness of a friend's behaviour and the pressures of limited finances--these are only a few of the emotional forces which affect the student.these指代破折号前面的三个并列的名词短语：The fears „, the doubts „ and the pressures „；emotional forces译为“情感因素”。第五段：

1.Emotional reaction varies greatly from person to person.人与人的情绪反应差异很大。

vary from „ to „意思是“因„而异、因„而变化”。

2.Some persons gain goal and direction from their tensions and actually do better because of them.because of是短语介词，意思是“因为”，后接名词短语。

3.Others fall apart under pressure, while a few people do well despite the pressure.fall apart意思是“崩溃”；under pressure“在压力下”；despite与in spite of 同义，意思是“尽管、虽然”。P.205 第二段：

1.Our environment is much more important to how we feel and react than we often think.环境对于我们如何感觉和反应的重要性比我们所想的要大得多。

.how we feel and react 是介词to 的宾语从句；much more … than … 结构表示“远比…要…得多”than引导比较状语从句。

2.Particularly is this true of the effect of physical distractors on mental tasks.物理性干扰对需要动脑筋完成的作业的影响尤其如此。

该句为倒装结构，正常语序为：This is particularly true of the effect of physical distractors on mental tasks.名词effect（影响）后面常与介词on搭配；另有：influence on, impact on搭配。

3.One research report has shown that comprehension and retention of reading were decreased when students listened to lively music.该句是主从复合句，has shown后面有that引导的宾语从句，该从句中又有when引导的时间状语从句。

4.However, rate of reading was not affected, so that many students were not aware that they were affected by the background distractor.so that引导结果状语从句，译为“结果、因此、所以”；be aware that意思是“意识到”；另有be aware of, be conscious of, be conscious that等搭配。be＋形容词＋that从句“这类结构后面，that引起的从句在概念上接近宾语。能接这类从句常见的形容词有：aware, sure, certain, convinced, confident等。例如：We are fully confident that we can surmount these difficulties.我们完全相信能克服这些困难。

5.Another study found that the ability to recall accurately was affected by distracting conditions.to recall accurately是不定式短语，修饰名词the ability。

6.Most of the evidence indicates that noise affects adversely higher mental task output.evidence是不可数名词；that引导宾语从句。

7.Still, the effect of distractors is seldom fully appreciated by students.有些副词如still, though, however, otherwise.等在句子中起链接词的作用，使句子和前面说的话连接得更紧密一些.appreciate意思是“正确评价、鉴别、认识”。第三段：

1.Many routine tasks can be performed with distraction in the background with little or no adverse effect on output.with distraction in the background和with little or no adverse effect on output都是含有介词with的独立结构。该结构是：

2.Most students have found this fact to be true from their own experience.to be true是宾语补足语成分。

3.They may have had high school homework which was drill or merely copying assignments.may have had中情态动词may表示可能性，此处是对过去的一种推测。

4.It was possible to do such work with the latest recordings or the television set playing in the background.句首的It作形式主语，真正主语是不定式短语to do such work „；with the latest recordings or the television set playing in the background是独立结构，由with + 名词 + doing构成。

5.In time such students began to feel certain that they could do all work--routine or problem-solving--in the same manner.最后（终于）这些学生开始确信，他们能用同样的方式完成作业，无论是常规性的还是解决问题性的。

句首in time意思是“逐渐地、最终、过了一段时间以后”。feel certain 相当于feel sure，意为“感到肯定”本句中that引导宾语从句，6.The evidence indicates the contrary conclusion.第四段：

1.Typically when students are faced with the evidence on distractors the argument is given that their cousin, friend, or classmate can study in “Grand Central Station.” 典型的情况是，当要求学生们拿出关于干扰物的证据时，他们提出自己的表兄弟、朋友或同学能在纽约的“中央火车站”学习。

be faced with意为“面对、面临”；when引导时间状语从句；that引导的是主语the argument的同位语从句。

2.And he makes “all A's” too!3.There is evidence, of course, that motivation plays an important role in overcoming the effects of distractors and that there are considerable differences in individual spans of attention.当然，有证据表明，学习动机在克服干扰的影响方面起作用，并且每个人的注意力广度相差很大 play a role / part in „意思是“在„方面发挥作用 / 在„中扮演角色”；evidence后面有两个that引导的并列的同位语从句。

这两种因素中哪一种都能解释某些人用效率不高的方法都能学得很好。

5.The fact that some exceptional people do well under adverse conditions scarcely justifies your assuming that you are exceptional in the same manner.一些特殊的人在不利条件下能学得好，这一事实绝不能证明，你有理由认为自己在同样的条件下也是特殊的。

第一个 that 引导同位语从句，第二个that 是动名词assuming 的宾语从句

justify 意为 “证明…”，它的宾语是动名词assuming，物主代词your 是动名词assuming的逻辑主语。your assuming „也是动名词短语的复合结构。

6.Your chances of success are higher if you avoid the distractors which are known to hinder the typical student.chances在此意思是“可能性”。

语法 练习

一、补充语法知识

形容词和副词的比较级

1.比较级+than

steel is harder than iron.2.用词或词组修饰比较级，表示强调或稍微。

3.the+比较级，the+比较级：越来越…The nearer an object is to us, the larger it looks.比较级重复，4.more and more越来越多

colder and colder越来越冷

注意事项：

1.n.的可数与不可数，修饰可数名词用“few”“a few”，所以比较级“fewer”后面接的也是可数名词。但是“less”即“little”的比较级也修饰不可数名词。

2.没有比较级的词：如empty

二、单元练习

第二篇：大学英语自学考试英语二下册unit4教案

UNIT 4 Text A Slavery On Our Doorstep

I.课文内容简介

这篇文章介绍了在英国工作的大约两万多名海外家仆，这些家仆中有1/10 正遭受雇主的各种各样的虐待和奴役。尽管英国政府采取了新的措施，这些佣人的生活和工作条件并没有发生太大的变化。

这种状况得到了媒体的普遍关注。

解决问题的关键办法也许在于允许家佣们自由地选择顾主。

段落大意：

Paras.1-2 In Britain, about 10% of the domestic servants are being exploited and abused in various forms.Paras.3-8 The sad condition of domestics received media attention.Para.9 The key to the problem lies in allowing domestic workers the freedom to change employers.II.New Words

词汇精讲：

1.slave 奴隶 slavery 奴隶制

discover

discovery n.发现

2.domestic

a.家庭的；国内的，本国的；n.家仆

反义词：abroad

GDP(= gross domestic product)国内生产总值

Many women feel they cannot apply for the top jobs because of domestic commitments.很多妇女感觉她们因为家庭责任而不能申请高级工作。

The president's new foreign policy is heavily influenced by domestic factors.总统的对外政策在很大程度上受到了国内因素的影响。

家仆 domestic，servant，maid（女佣）,female girl

3.Briton 大不列颠人；英国人

Britain 英国，不列颠

英伦三岛：England、Scotland，Welsh, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国

Briton 英国人； the British;Englishman

oversea 海外的，在海外

4.statistics统计数字：（用作单数）统计学：

These statics only tell part of the story.Statistics is taught in our college.5.abroad在国外、到国外：He has lived abroad for years.6.exploit : vt.开发，开采；利用，剥削 n.exploition

He exploited his authority personal gratification.他利用职权来满足个人的私欲。

A mine is exploited for its minerals.开发矿山是为了采矿。

The company exploited its workers with long hours and low pay.该公司利用长工时、低工资的方法来剥削工人。

Resources should be properly exploited.开发资源要适度。

7.abuse v./ n 虐待，滥用

Drug and alcohol abuse contributed to Brian's early death.滥用毒品和酗酒导致了布莱恩的早逝。

Be physically abused 肉体受到虐待

the Iraqi prisoner abuse

abuse one's power

8.campaign : n.战役，运动；v.参加运动

The Huai-Hai Campaign was essential to the victory of the War of Liberation.淮海战役对解放战争的胜利至关重要。

We are launching a campaign against waste.我们正发起一场反浪费活动。

He announced that he would campaign for the senate.他宣布他将参加议员竞选。

9.sex 性别；visa 签证

10.execute vt.将…处死，执行，实行 executive a.执行的，执政的 The criminal was executed after the trial.审判后罪犯被处死。

All orders were immediately executed.所有的命令将尽早执行。

CEO = Chief Executive Officer 首席执行官

EMBA= Executive Master of Business Administration 高级管理人员工商管理硕士

11.convict: vt.证明… 有罪，宣判…有罪；n.罪犯

He was convicted of smuggling.他被判犯有走私罪。

相关词汇：accuse sb.of … 指控某人有罪；

charge sb of...指控某人有罪

12.despite : prep.尽管，任凭

Despite the fact that there was almost no hope of finding the missing boy , the search party still went on looking.尽管找到失踪男孩几乎无望，搜寻的人群仍然在继续寻找。

Despite the shortage of raw materials, industrial output has increased by ten percent.尽管原材料短缺，工业产量仍增长百分之十。

Despite what he said, I didn't believe the news.不论她如何说，我也不相信这个消息。

相关词汇：in spite of 尽管，任凭

13.guilt有罪;内疚

There is no doubt about the guilt of a man who steals.Her face showed guilt though she said she had not done that.14.deserving : a.应得，值得

派生词：deserve v.应得，值得（宾语可用名词、动名词、或不定式）

用法：be deserving of;deserve + n./ doing / to do sth.His efforts are certainly deserving of praise.他的努力当然值得表扬。

The question deserves consideration.这个问题值得考虑。

He deserves to lose because he cheated.他该输，因为他作弊。

The project deserves further investigation.这个项目值得进一步调查。

15.Saudi Arabia 沙特阿拉伯

16.breadwinner 养家糊口的人

同义词：provider

17.shelf 搁板，架子 复数：变f为I+ves 类似地，life, leaf

18.minimum: a./ n.最小量；最低限制

派生词：minimize v.使最小化

反义词：maximum n.最大量，最大限制（手写板）

用法: Wage increases are being kept to a minimum in many companies because of the depression.由于经济不景气，很多公司的工资增长都被限制在最小幅度。

We need a minimum of ten people to play this game.玩这个游戏我们至少需要10个人。

We have reduced the costs to the minimum.我们已将费用减至最低额。

19.employee 雇员 employer 雇主

20.incidence 发生率

21.status n.1.情况，状况2.地位，身份 同义词：situation

the status of world affairs 世界形势

status as a scholar 学者身份

immigrant status 移民身份

status of women in society 妇女的社会地位

the political situation 政治面貌

the domestic situation 国内形式

the international situation 国际形式

to kick out

驱逐出境 immigrant a.移民的，侨民的

New York has a huge number of immigrant population.纽约有大量的移民。

n.移民，侨民

Illegal immigrants are sent back across the border if they are caught.非法移民如果被抓住会被遣送出境。

deport v.驱逐出境

Thousands of illegal immigrants are caught and deported every year.词组：

1.to bring over: 把… 带来;使转变

You might bring your girlfriend over tomorrow evening.明天晚上你不妨把你的女朋友带来。

What she said brought me over to her opinion.她的话使我转而同意她的意见。

Can this small boat bring them over to this side of the river ?

这条小船能把他们运到河的那边吗？

相关词汇：bring up 养育，抚育； bring about 引起，带来，产生

2.be deserving of 值得，应得

He is deserving of the praise for his work.鉴于他的工作应受到这表扬。

The robber is deserving of capital punishment.这个强盗应处极刑。

3.be supposed to : 应该, 理应

You are not supposed to smoke in here.你不应在这里吸烟。

Employees are supposed to be here at eight every day.雇员们应该每天8点钟到这里。slave machine machinery

Britain Briton

Statistical figure

Diploma

Broad abroad board aboard

Exploitation

Abuse normal abnormal

Use usage used useless misuse

Launch a campaign

Sexual sexy

Visa carry out implement

Execution CEo=chief executive officer

Convict sb of murder

Convict

Despite= in spite of the difficulty/ the bad weather，Guilty be guilty of

Are you guilty of telling a lie?

Innocent innocence

Deserve doing

His deeds deserve praising.Be deserving of =deserve

Breadearner Minimum minimal minimize

Maximum maximal maximize

The purpose of management is to minimize the waste and maximize the efficiency.Employ employer employee

Interviewee interviewer employment unemployment

Leaflet booklet starlet

Incidence of cancer

Incident

Immigrate immigration immigrant

Emigrate emigrant emigration

Deport

Make use of

The residents are campaigning the local government to drive the factory away.He deserved to be criticized.Take over

III.课文精讲

第一部分：

paras.1－2

1.There are estimated to be more than 20,000 overseas domestic servants working in Britain(the exact figure is not known because the Home Office, the Government department that deals with this, does not keep statistics).据统计，在英国工作的外籍家庭佣人有两万多人

本句为there be 句型的变体，working in Britain 为现在分词短语作定语，修饰servants.括号里内容：（由于处理该项事务的政府部门-内政部-没有做过统计，精确数字不得而知）

原因状语从句中主语“内政部”有一个同位语。

There are estimated to be more than 20,000 „可以改写为“It is estimated that there are more than 20,000 „”；表示“据说、据报道、据信、据认为、据估计、据称”的结构有两种：

2.Usually, they have been brought over by foreign businessmen, diplomats of Britons returning from abroad.returning from abroad是现在分词短语，充当Britons的定语。

3.Of these 20,000, just under 2,000 are being exploited and abused by their employers, according to a London-based campaigning group which helps overseas servants working in Britain.根据设在伦敦的帮助在伦敦工作的外籍家庭佣人的政治组织说，在两万多外籍家庭佣人中几乎有2000人正遭受雇主的剥削和虐待。

句首Of相当于Among，意思是“在„当中”；句中“are being exploited and abused”为现在进行时被动语态，表示“正在被…剥削和凌辱”。

under相当于less than，意为“将近、不到”；“-based”意为“设（驻）在…的，以…为基础的，以… 为主要手段的”。例如： shore-based aircraft 岸基飞机

the agency's Paris-based press officer 该机构驻巴黎的新闻发布官。

London-based意思是“总部设在伦敦的”；which引导的是定语从句，修饰前面的a London-based campaigning group，从句中working in Britain是现在分词短语，修饰前面的servants，作定语。第二段：

1.The abuse can take several forms.2.Often the domestics are not allowed to go out, and they do not receive any payment.该句的domestic是名词，相当于domestic servant；allow sb to do sth意思是“允许某人做某事”，句中to go out是主语补足语成分。

3.They can be physically, sexually and psychologically abused.4.And they can have their passports removed, making leaving or “escaping” virtually impossible.他们在身体上、性和心理上遭受凌辱。他们还会被收去护照，使得出走或“逃跑”根本不可能。

“have their passports removed”是 have+宾语+过去分词的结构。“removed” 是过去分词作宾补，表示被动，意为“使得护照被拿走”。making … impossible 为现在分词短语作结果状语.第二部分：

paras.3－8 1.The sad condition of women working as domestics around the world received much media attention earlier this year in several highly publicized cases.今年年初，几个透明度颇高的案例中有关世界各地的家庭女佣的悲惨状况受到新闻媒体的关注。

该句主要结构是：The sad condition received much media attention.The sad condition of women working as domestics around the world 在句中作主语，谓语是received 受到, “in several highly publicized cases”的意思是“在几个被高度曝光的案例中”。

介词短语of women working „ around the world是主语的定语成分，earlier this year in several highly publicised cases是状语成分；women working as „ 是动名词短语的复合结构，所有格标记“'s”被省略，本应为women's working as „，当动名词短语的复合结构充当宾语时，所有格标记's则可以省略。work as意思是“当、充当”，试比较work like：He works as a slave.他当奴隶。He works like a slave.他象奴隶一样地工作。

2.In one of them, a Filipino maid was executed in Singapore after being convicted of murder, despite protests from various quarters that her guilt had not been adequately established.其中一个案例是讲一位菲律宾女佣因被指控犯有谋杀罪在新加坡被处死，尽管有来自各地的抗议认为她的罪名不足以成立。

句中“being convicted of murder”为动名词被动式作介词 “after”的宾语，表示“被判为谋杀罪”。convict sb of sth 是固定搭配，意思是“判某人犯有„罪行”；despite是介词，相当于in spite of，意思是“尽管、虽然”后接名词性成分；from various quarters意为“来自四方”；that所引导的从句是protests（抗议）的同位语从句。

3.Groups like Anti-Slavery International say other, less dramatic, cases are equally deserving of attention, such as that of Lydia Garcia, a Filipino maid working in London:

be deserving of意思是“值得”，deserving是形容词，来自动词deserve，deserve可用于以下结构：

P.85

第4段：

1.“I was hired by a Saudi diplomat directly from the Philippines to work in London in 1989.the Philippines可指”菲律宾群岛“，也可指国家名称”菲律宾“；to work in London 是不定式短语，充当主语补足语。

2.I was supposed to be paid ￡120 but I never received that amount.be supposed to 有两种用法：表示理应、应该：Everyone is supposed to wear a sear belt in the car.汽车内每个人都应系安全带。表示“一般认为”I haven’t seen it myself, but it is supposed to be a really good film.我自己并未看过这部片子，但普遍认为这是一部好片子。此处的be supposed to 和be expected to同义，译为”应该“，例如：

You are supposed to finish your work by Friday.你应该在星期五之前把工作完成。3.They always threatened that they would send me back to my country.”

动词threaten可用于以下结构： threaten sb with sth以„威胁某人 threaten that 威胁说„

threaten to do sth威胁说要做某事 第5段：

1.Then there is the case of Kumari from Sri Lanka.2.The main breadwinner in her family, she used to work for a very low wage at a tea factory in Sri Lanka.比较used to和be used to：

1）used to意思是“过去、过去常常”；used是动词，且只有过去时态；to是不定式符号，后面接动词原形。

2）be used to表示“习惯于”；be是连系动词，有时态变化；used是形容词；to是介词，后面接名词或动名词。

3.Because she found it difficult to feed her four children, she accepted a job working as a domestic in London.it 是形式宾语，真正的宾语是to feed her four children；形容词difficult是宾语补足语。4.She says she felt like a prisoner at the London house where she worked:

该句中feel like意思是“感觉象”；feel like也可表示“想”，例如： I feel like a swim / going swimming.我想去游泳。第6段：

1.“No days off--ever, no breaks at all, no proper food.No days off意思是”不放假“，此处off 表示”休假、休息、不上班“，例如： I think I'll take the afternoon off.我想我下午要休假半天。The manager gave the staff a day off.经理放全体职员一天假。

You mustn't take time off just because you want to see a football match.你不可以只是为了看一场足球赛而休假。

2.I didn't have my own room;I slept on a shelf with a space of only three feet above me.该句第二分句中，with a space of only three feet above me是含有介词with的独立结构，充当shelf的定语成分；该结构是：

3.I wasn't allowed to talk to anybody.to talk to anybody是不定式短语，充当主语补足语。4.I wasn't even allowed to open the window.该句结构同上。

5.My employers always threatened to report me to the Home Office or the police.”

动词threaten可用于以下结构： threaten sb with sth以„威胁某人 threaten that 威胁说„

threaten to do sth威胁说要做某事 本句出现了上面的第三种结构。第7段：

1.At the end of 1994 the British Government introduced new measures to help protect domestic workers from abuse by their employers.at the end of意思是“在„底、在„末、在„的最后”；introduce measures相当于take measures，意思是“采取措施”；help +(to)do意为“帮助做某事”；protect „ from „是一固定搭配，表示“保护„免遭（„的痛苦或虐待）”。“that”引导protests 的同位语从句，表示抗议的内容。

2.This included increasing the minimum age of employees to 18, getting employees to read and understand an advice leaflet, getting employers to agree to provide adequate maintenance and conditions, and to put in writing the main terms and conditions of the job(of which the employees should see a copy).措施包括把雇工的最小年龄提高到18岁，使受雇者能阅读并理解通告单，使雇主同意提供适当的生活费用和条件，并写出工作条件和主要的工作条款（受雇者应有此种副本）。

该句谓语动词是included，include后要接动名词作宾语。其宾语是三个并列的动名词短语：increasing „, getting employees to „和getting employers to „，表示新措施包括的三项内容。get sb.to do sth.意为“让某人做某事”，其中to do sth.是宾语补足语；to agree to provide „和to put in writing the main „是并列关系，同时作宾语补足语；put „ in writing意思是“把„形诸文字”，in writing ,因为作宾补的介词短语较短，而宾语较长，故把宾补提前。此处put的宾语是the main terms and conditions of the job；of which 引导的是非限制性定语从句，修饰writing。第8段：

1.However, many people doubt whether this will successfully reduce the incidence of abuse.doubt可以是动词，也可是名词，一般情况下，在否定句中，doubt 后总是跟着that 从句，在肯定句中，doubt后接if(whether)或that 从句。但一般以为肯定句接if(whether)较为规范。

I don’t doubt that he’s telling the truth.I doubt whether/if he’s telling the truth.2.For the main problem facing overseas maids and domestics who try to complain about cruel living and working conditions is that they do not have independent immigrant status and so cannot change employer.因为那些企图抗议恶劣生活和工作条件的外籍女佣和家仆所面临的主要问题是他们没有独立的移民身份，因此不能更换雇主。

该句的主要结构为 “For …problem … is that ….”该句是主系表结构，主语是the main problem，系动词是is，表语是that引导的从句；主语后面有现在分词短语facing overseas maids and domestics „作定语，而overseas maids and domestics后面又有who引导的定语从句；complain about亦作complain of，意思是“抱怨”。

3.(They are allowed in the United Kingdom under a special concession in the immigration rules which allows foreigners to bring domestic staff with them.)

该句有一定语从句，由which引导，该从句修饰前面的a special concession，故which为单数，后面的谓语动词是allows。

4.So if they do complain, they risk being deported.do是助动词，用以加强语气，risk后面只可接动名词，而不可接不定式，因是被动意义，故出现risk being deported；这类动词有：finish, mind, suggest, enjoy, give up, can't help, avoid, escape, consider, delay, put off, postpone, admit, deny, practise, excuse, fancy, imagine, keep, miss, risk, appreciate P.86

第三部分

Para.9 1.Allowing domestic workers the freedom to seek the same type of work but with a different employer, if they so choose, is what groups like Anti-Slavery International are campaigning the Government for.Allowing domestic workers the freedom „ but with a different employer是动名词短语，作句子主语，is是连系动词，后面有what引导的表语从句；if they so choose条件状语从句意思是“如果他们这样选择的话”，相当于if they choose to seek the same type of work but with a different employer；campaign sb for sth意思是“为了„对某人进行运动、促使某人去做某事”，而campaign sb against sth与它意思相反，意思是“为了反对„对某人进行运动、促使某人不要去做某事”。

2.It is, they say, the right to change employers which distinguishes employment from slavery.他们说，正是有权改变雇主的这一做法区分了雇佣制和奴隶制 该句they say是插入语；distinguish „ from „意思是“把„和„区别开来”；It is the right „ which distinguishes „意思是“正是改换雇主的权利划清了雇佣和奴役的界限”，该句是一很不规范的英语句子，规范的说法应该是：It is the right „ that distinguishes „，这是强调结构。to distinguish … from 把…区分开

Unit 4重点句

1.There are estimated to be more than 20,000 overseas domestic servants working in Britain(the exact figure is not known because the Home Office, the Government department that deals with this, does not keep statistics).There be 表“存在”的句型。

2.Of these 20,000, just under 2,000 are being exploited and abused by their employers, according to a London-based campaigning group which helps overseas servants working in Britain.3.And they can have their passports removed, making leaving or “escaping”virtually impossible.4.The sad condition of women working as domestics around the world received much media attention earlier this year in several highly publicised cases.5.In one of them, a Filipino maid was executed in Singapore after being convicted of murder, despite protests from various quarters that her guilt had not been adequately established.Guilt n.有罪 反义词： innocence

Guilty adj.有罪的 反义词 innocente

6.Then there is the case of Kumari from Sri Lanka.The main breadwinner in her family, she used to work for a very low wage at a tea factory in Sri Lanka.7.This included increasing the minimum age of employees to 18, getting employees to read and understand an advice leaflet, getting employers to agree to provide adequate maintenance and conditions, and to put in writing the main terms and conditions of the job(of which the employees should see a copy).注意三个并列的动名词短语。

8.For the main problem facing overseas maids and domestics who try to complain about cruel living and working conditions is that they do not have independent immigrant status and so cannot change employer.9.It is, they say, the right to change employers which distinguishes employment from slavery.只有更换雇主的权利才能把雇佣同奴役区别开。

IV.练习

1.单词英译汉

domestic，statistic，diplomat，exploit，campaign，execute，convict，despite，deserving，shelf，minimum，status，deport，Word study

1.exploit: vt.开采，开发；利用；剥削

The student exploits every possibility to learn English.这个学生利用一切可能性学英语。

2.campaign

n.1.战役；2.运动，参与运动

Our country is launching a campaign against waste.我们国家正在开展反浪费运动。

Our country is launching a campaign environment protection.我们国家正在开展环保运动。

Vt.参加运动，参加竞选活动

They were campaign to keep the local school open.他们为使当地学校不致关闭而奔走活动。

3．Execute

Vt.实行，执行，完成，贯彻；将„„处死

The pianist executed the piece of music perfectly.这位钢琴家把这首曲子演奏得完美极了。

The criminal was executed after the trial.审判后罪犯即被处死。

课后汉译英：

1．开发资源要适度

Resources should be properly exploited(用被动).2．这个项目值得进一步调查

The project deserves/is deserving of further investigation

3.无论她如何说，我也不相信这个消息

Despite what she said, I didn’t believe this news.B课文重点词汇

eyewitness：n.目击者；见证人

degrade：vt.降级，贬低；堕落；退化

liberty：n.自由，自由权；冒昧，失礼；（pl.）特许权，特权

2.句子英译汉

（1）There are estimated to be more than 20,000 overseas domestic servants working in Britain.（2）Of these 20,000 , just under 2,000 are being exploited and abused by their employers.（3）The sad condition of women working as domestics around the world received much media attention earlier this year in several highly publicized cases.（4）A Filipino maid was executed in Singapore after being convicted of murder, despite protests form various quarters that her guilt had not been adequately established.（5）She used to work for a very low wage at a tea factory in Sri Lanka.（6）Because she found it difficult to feed her four children, she accepted a job working as a domestic in London.（7）So if they do complain , they risk being deported.（8）This included increasing the minimum age of employees to 18, getting employees to read and understand an advice leaflet, getting employers to agree to provide adequate maintenance and conditions, and to put in writing the main terms and conditions of the job(of which the employees should see a copy).（9）For the main problem facing overseas maids and domestics who try to complain about cruel living and working conditions is that they do not have independent immigrant status and so cannot change employer.（10）It is, they say, the right to change employers which distinguishes employment from slavery.3.句子汉译英

（1）处理有关事务的政府部门没有做统计。

The government department that deals with relevant affairs does not keep statistics.（2）正因为她无法养家才同意做家仆。

It was because she found it difficult to feed her family that she accepted a job working as a domestic.（3）她是一名沙特外交官直接从菲律宾雇到伦敦来工作的。

She was hired by a Saudi diplomat directly from the Philippines to work in London.（4）家仆的工作状况得到了新闻媒介的关注。

The conditions of working as domestics have received media attention.（5）雇主们总是威胁要把我们遣送回国。

The employers always threatened to send us back to our countries.Translation

1.许多家庭佣人受到雇主的剥削和虐待。

答：Many domestic servants are exploited and abused by their employers.2.自去年以来，女佣们的悲惨境况已受到媒体密切关注。

答：The bad condition of the woman servants has received much media attention since last year.3.他经常威胁我，说要将我遣送回国。

答： He always threatened that he would send me back to my country.4.她曾在一家茶叶厂工作，工资很低。

答： She used to work for a very low wage at a tea factory.5.据估计有两万多名外国家佣在英国工作。

答： It is estimated that there are more than 20,000 overseas domestic servants working in Britain.4.历年考题

（1）When they get out of prison, they ______(increase)the level of their criminal behavior.答案：will increase.考点：时间状语从句中主句用将来时，从句用一般现在时表示将来。从句谓语动词是get 一般现在时，所以从句用will increase.(主将从现)

（2）At the end of 1994 the British Government introduced new measures to help ______ domestic workers from abuse by their employers.A.protect

B.suspect

C.expect

D.inspect

答案是：A.考点是：protect … from 保护… 免受 …

（3）_____ their differences, they fell passionately in love with each other.A.As for

B.Owing to

C.Despite

D.Through

答案：C.考点：despite 表示让步的关系。本句的意思是：尽管他们之间有分歧，但他们彼此深爱对方。exploit vt.开拓, 开发, 开采, 剥削, 用以自肥v.使用 exploitable adj.可开发的,可利用的,可剥削的 exploitability n.可开发性,可利用性,可剥削性

exploitation n.开发, 开采, 剥削, 自私的利用, 宣传, 广告 exploitative adj.开发资源的, 剥削的 execute vt.执行, 实行, 完成, 处死, 制成, [律]经签名盖章等手续使(证书)生效 accomplish carry out complete do kill perform put to death executive adj.实行的, 执行的, 行政的n.执行者, 经理主管人员

execution n.实行, 完成, 执行, 死刑, 制作,(武器等的)破坏效果, 杀伤力 execute a command 执行命令

execute one's duties [office]尽职 execute a piece of work完成一件工作

execute a plan实施计划

execute a purpose达到目的execute instruction执行指令

execute an order接受订货

execute a contract在合同上签字

execute the part of Hamlet扮演哈姆雷特

execute a piece of music演奏一首乐曲 3.employ vt.雇用, 用, 使用v.使用n.雇用

employee n.职工, 雇员, 店员

employer n.雇主, 老板 employment n.雇用, 使用, 利用, 工作, 职业 employless adj.失业的,无业的 4.immigrate vt.使移居入境vi.移来

immigrant adj.(从外国)移来的, 移民的, 移居的n.移民, 侨民 immigration n.外来的移民, 移居入境

动词时态

1.It’s reported that by the end of this month the output of the factory ___by about 10%.a.will have risen b.has risen c.will be rising d.has been rising 2.It’s already 5 o’clock now.Don’t you think it’s about time____? a.we are going home b.we go home c.we went home d.we can go home 3.That work is needed by next week, so make sure ___ to the deadline.a.you keep b keeping c you’ll keep d.for keeping 4.If you ___ television every evening, of course your eyes will ache.a.sit and watch b.will sit and watch c.are to sit and watch d.sat and watched 5.I suddenly ___ an insect crawling up my leg.a.felt b.was feeling c.was felt d.was being felt 6.He ___ New York and will stay there for a year.a.has been to b.has left for c.has come from d.has left 7.When she got to the office, she ___ a cup of tea.a.made b.was making c.makes d.has made 8.“What are you looking for?” “I can’t remember where I __ my pen”.a.leave b.left c.had left d.was left 9.Atoms ____ to be indivisible units of matter.a.are considered b.will be considered c.were considered d.would be considered 10.Alice was very angry because _____.a.she was feeling well b.she didn’t feel well c.she doesn’t feel good d.she wasn’t feeling good 11.I wish you ____ me yesterday.a.tell b.could tell c.would tell d.had told 12.The boss asked that the letter ____ immediately.a.be typed b.typed c.have typed d.being typed 13.Grandpa hoped that his grand-children ___ him weekends.a.visit b.will visit c.would visit d.visited 14.”Will you go to the park with us tomorrow? “If the weather_______, I’ll go.”

a.permits b.would permit c.be permitting d.will permit 15 He __ for six years by the time he takes his examination.a.had been studying English b.will have been studying English c.studies English d.study English 16.We’ll set off at noon if it_____ raining by then.a.will stop b.has stopped c.will have stopped d.stopped 17.Weather______, we will go out for picnic.a.permits b.should permit c.will permit d.permitting 18 “Have you seen a football match?”

“Yes.”

“ And __ it?”

“No.”

a.were you enjoying b.had you enjoyed c, did you enjoy d.have you enjoyed 19.I like Tom but I don’t like______to me like that.a.he talking b.he talk c, his talking d.his talk 20 When he was in Japan, he was considering_______ a trip to China.a.making b.to make c make d.made 21.Look at these clouds._____.a.It’ll rain b.It’s going to rain

c.It’ll be raining d.It is to rain 22.Look at John!What ___? a.does he b.he is doing c.is he doing d.does he do 23.Bill ___ a job in a factory, but he refused to take it.(offer)24.I __ my breakfast when the morning post came.(have)25.Nobody likes him because he ___ too much but __ too less.(say, do)26.I’ll be going to school on foot while my bike ___.(repaired)27.My mother ___ here before, I had to meet her at the station.(be)28.“What happened?” “We __ for an hour when the bus finally came.”(wait)29.Charles Dickens ___ a lot of novels.(write)30.How many people ___ the meeting.(attend)31.Mr.Brown ___ here for two weeks.(be)32.Hand in your papers when you ____ the test.(finish)33.When I arrived in Beijing the sun ___.(shine)34.I hope I ___ no mistakes in my work so far.(make)35.By the end of last month, she ___ all her money.(spend)36.You’d better take your raincoat with you.It__ for hours.(rain)37.Mr.Li ___ stamps since he was a little boy.(collect)38.I feel very tired.I __ all the morning.(read)39.By the time the course ends, we __ a lot about Britain.(learn)40.She was so interested in the book that she __ it for three hours before she realized it.(read)41.I __ him twice during the past week.(see)42.She told me she ___ the party two years before.(join)43.I can’t tell you if it __ tomorrow.(rain)

44.The goods ____ when we arrived at the airport.(unload)45.Will you tell us how you ___ to overcome the difficulties?(manage)46.The doctor arrived quickly, but the patient ___(already die).47.I ___ here since I retired.(live)48.When she arrived, I ___ tea.(make)49.I knew what he ____.(mean)50.This park ____(open)half an hour after sunrise and ___(close)half an hour before sunset.51.I ____(think)you already ____(know)my views on the matter.52.I’m tired of working in an office.I ___(think)of changing my job.53.I gradually ___(forget)all the French I ever learnt at school.54.What do you ____(think)I should do? 55.I ___(see)you’ve got a new car.56.For the past few years, my reading ___(limit)to newspapers.57.Great changes _____(take place)here since he ____(leave)58.I ____(ring)the doorbell for several minutes, but no one answered.59.What on earth ___ you ___(do)all this morning? Your clothes ___(cover)in paint.60.At last they got the letter they _____(expect).翻译：

1.He is always telling lies.2.She is always helping others.3.圣诞节就要来了。

4.今年夏天我打算去游览巴黎。

5.我原打算去那儿，但我有一些急事要处理。

1． A 2． C 3． A 4． A 5． A 6． B 7． B 8． B 9． A 10． D 11． D 12． A 13． C 14． A 15． B 16． B 17． D 18． C 19． C 20． A 21． B 22． C 23． Was offered 24． Was having 25． Is always saying, doing 26． Is being repaired 27． Had never been 28． Had been waiting 29． Wrote 30． Attended 31． Has been 32． Have finished 33． Was whining 34． Have make 35． Had spent 36． Has been raining 37． Has been collecting 38． Have been reading 39． Will have learnt 40． Had read 41． Have seen 42． Had joined 43． Will rain 44． Were being unloaded 45． Managed 46． Had died 47． Have lived 48． Was making 49． Meant 50． opens 51． Think knew 52． Am thinking 53． Am forgetting 54． Think 55． see 56． Has been limited 57． Have taken place, left 58． Have been ringing 59． Have you been doing, are covered 60． Had been expecing 4.I had intended to go there, but I had something emergent to deal with.5.we are going to visit paris this summer.Text B Return of The Chain Gang

Title翻译：又返回到用铁链子把囚犯们拴在一起干活的时代了 I.New Words

重点词汇精讲：

1.deny : 否认，否定；拒不给某人所需之物：

用法：deny 后要加动名词作宾语

Neil denies breaking the window, but I'm sure he did.内尔否认打破了窗户，但我肯定是他干的。

Their boss denied them their request for higher wages.2.degrade : v.降级，贬低；分解、堕落、退化：

派生词：grade n.等级，级别

de-是前缀表示 “reduce, remove, down, showing an opposite”的意思。

相关词汇构词法： codedevalue;formdemerit;

3.ineffective: 无效的

反义词：effective a.有效的；

4.watch over 看守、照管、监视： Would you watch over our clothes while we have a swim?

5.call up打电话：使想起、使回忆起：

Tonight I am going to call up my parents(to call my parents up).The sound of happy laughter call up memories of his childhood chain gang 用铁链拴在一起劳动的囚犯队

II.课文分析

P.97

第一段：

1.Eyewitnesses say it was a scene straight out of a black and white movie from the 1950s.目击者说这仿佛是直接取自20世纪50年代黑白电影的一幕。

句中宾语从句省略了引导词that.straight为副词,意为“直接地” the 1950s表示“20世纪50年代”。

2.As the sun rose over the fields of Huntsville, Alabama, in the American South, the convicts got down from the trucks that had brought them there.As the sun „ in the American South是时间状语从句，主句是the convicts got „ had brought them there；在主句中，the trucks 后面有that引导的定语从句。

3.Watched over by guards with guns, they raised their legs in unison and made their way to the edge of the highway, Interstate 65.他们在荷枪实弹的警卫的看守下，步伐一致地迈动双腿，向着65号州际公路路边走去。

watch over意思是“看守、监管”为过去分词短语作伴随状语。；in unison意思是“一致”，make one's way后面往往接介词to / towards / along / across / through，意思是“（向、朝着、沿着、横穿、穿过„）走去”。the highway,interstate 65(美国)65号州际公路

4.The BBC's Washington correspondent Clare Bolderson was there and she sent this report:

this report译为“如下报道”，此处this是后指代词。第二段：

1.“They wore white uniforms with the words 'Chain Gang' on their backs and, in groups of five, were shackled together in leg irons joined by an eight-foot chain.with the words 'Chain Gang' on their backs是含有with的独立结构，由 ”with + 名词 + 介词短语“构成；该结构是：

2.The prisoners will work for up to 90 days on the gang: they'll clear ditches of weeds and mend fences along Alabama's main roads.up to意为”长达“，on the gang意思是”是这一帮派的一员“，在名词gang, committee, team前面的介词用on，例如：The black girl is on the American team.那位黑人姑娘是美国队的。clear ditches of weeds意思是”把杂草从阴沟里清除掉“；clear A of B相当于clear B from A。3.While they are working on the gang, they'll also live in some of the harshest prison conditions in the United States.work on the gang意思是”串在一起劳动“。

4.There'll be no televisions or phone calls;many other day-to-day privileges will be denied.”

no televisions or phone calls意为“没有电视，也没有电话”，前面有否定词时，并列的名词用or连接，都被否定；该句中deny意为“剥夺”。第三段：

1.The authorities in Alabama say there is a lot of support for the re-introduction of chain gangs in the State after a gap of 30 years(the last gangs were abolished in Georgia in the early 1960s).巴马当局声称，事隔30年（乔治亚州最后一批用铁链串在一起的囚犯于60年代初被废止），有许多人赞成恢复使用这种刑法，认为这是让罪犯向社会赎罪的有效方法。1）authority作当局解释时，前面要有定冠词，而且总用复数形式。

2）re-introduction(恢复使用)，是个派生词，re是前缀，表示：再、又。Introduction在此处的意思是“采用、推行”： The government is introducing a ban on smoking in public places there is a lot of support for the re-introduction of chain gangs „意思是many people support the re-introduction of chain gangs„；in the early 1960s意思是“在20世纪60年代早期”。2.Many people believe it is an effective way to get criminals to pay back their debt to society.许多人相信这是一种让罪犯向社会还清债务的有效途径。

it是形式宾语，不定式to get criminal to pay back their debt to society为实际宾语

to get criminals to „是不定式短语，充当前面way的定语成分；因为way与get criminals to pay back „之间没有逻辑主谓或动宾关系，故以不定式短语作定语；此处get是使动用法，意思是“使„处于„状态、让„做某事”；使动用法的动词用于下列结构：

第四段：

1.The prisoners stay shackled when they use toilets.囚犯们上厕所的时候也带着镣铐。

本句是个复合句。Stay既是实义动词，也是系动词（出现在系动词的位置上），相当于are，所以后面常接形容词或类似的词。Shackled 在此是过去分词，相当于形容词。：Last night I stayed awaked in bed.2.They reacted sharply to the treatment they are given: 他们强烈反抗他们所受到的待遇。

动词react 与to 搭配，表示“对„作出反应”；另有respond, reaction, response与to 搭配。they are given 为定语从句，修饰 the treatment

第五段：

1.Prisoner one: “This is like a circus.A zoo.All chained here to a zoo.We're all animals now.”

此句为省略句，谓语动词are 被省略 , 应为all are chained here to a zoo.意为：所有的人都被锁链拴住，这里成了动物园。

P.98

第二段：

1.Prisoner two: “It's degrading.It's embarrassing.” 第三段：

1.Prisoner three: “In chains.It's slavery!” 第四段：

1.Six out of every ten prisoners in chains are black, which is why the chain gangs call up images of slavery in centuries gone by, when black people were brought from Africa in leg irons and made to work in plantations owned by white men.本句是一个复合句。Six out of every ten… are black是主语、which 引导的是非限制性定语从句，修饰全句、在定语从句中，又有一个why引导的表语从句、表语从句之后，又有一个when引导的时间状语从句修饰定语从句。

call up意思是“使想起、使忆起”；when引导非限制性定语从句，修饰前面的centuries gone by ；gone by过去分词短语，修饰 centuries.,相当于ago.； make sb do sth结构中宾语补足语不定式符号to必须省略，但是当make用于被动语态时，to必须保留。句中并列谓语是were brought ,(were)made to work是主语补语，因此不可以省略不动式符号to。

Chains 与irons 为同义词，意为“镣铐”。

2.Not surprisingly, although three quarters of the white population of Alabama supports chain gangs, only a small number of black people do.a small number of意思是“少数”，后接可数名词的复数形式；句末的do是助动词，代替support chain gangs。

3.Don Claxton, spokesman for the State Government of Alabama, insists that the system is not racist:

该句中insist意思是“坚持认为”，后面的从句用陈述语气，若insist表示“坚持要求”，后面的从句则必须使用虚拟语气，动词形式为(should)do。例如： He insisted that I was wrong.他坚持认为我错了。

He insisted that the meeting(should)be put off till the next week.他坚持要求把会议推迟至下一周举行。第五段：

1.“This isn't something that's done for racial reasons, for political reasons.that引导定语从句，修饰something；reason前面的介词用for。

2.This is something that's going to help save the people of Alabama tax money because they don't have to pay as many officers to work on the highways.help + do意为”有助于做某事“；pay sb to do sth意思是”付钱给某人做某事“。3.And it's going to help clean up our highways and it's going to help clean up the State.”

clean up意思是“清理、打扫、治理”。

第六段：

1.However, the re-introduction of these measures has caused a great deal of strong disagreement.a great deal of意思是“大量的”，后接不可数名词。

2.Human rights organizations say that putting prisoners in chains is not only inhumane but also ineffective.not only „ but also „意为“不仅„而且„”。

3.Alvin Bronstein, member of the Civil Liberties Union, says that study after study has shown that you cannot prevent people from committing crimes by punishment or the threat of punishment:

study after study意思是“一项又一项研究”；prevent „ from „意为“阻止某人做某事”，和stop „ from „，keep „ from „同义。

4.“What they will do is make prisoners more angry, more hostile, so that when they get out of prison, they will increase the level of their criminal behaviour.”

make prisoners more angry „是不定式短语，充当句子的表语成分，what引导的主语从句中有do,则在表语中不定式省略to，因为主语部分含有实义动词do，试比较： The girl's wish is to become a movie star.What the girl wishes to do is(to)become a movie star.so that引导结果状语从句，意思是“因此、所以”。第七段：

1.Civil liberties groups say that chaining people together doesn't solve the causes of crime, such as poverty or disaffection within society.such as意思是“诸如”。

2.What it does is punish prisoners for the ills of society.What it does is punish prisoners „结构中，主语部分含有实义动词do，所以，表语可以用动词原形。

3.They say the practice takes the United States back to the Middle Ages, and that it is a shame to American society.the Middle Ages意思是“中世纪”；and that „和前面的从句the practice takes „ the Middle Ages是并列关系，前一从句的that被省略，而后面的that不可省略。

4.But that's not an argument likely to win favour among many people in the Deep South of the United States.此处的argument译为“说法”，后面有形容词短语likely to win„the United States作定语，修饰argument；该定语可改为定语从句which is likely to win „，likely意为“可能”，后接to do sth，不可替换为possible。win favour 意为“赢得赞同”be not likely to 不可能favor 喜欢 5.Alabama's experiment is to be widened to include more prisoners, and other States, such as Arkansas and Arizona, will very probably introduce their own chain gang schemes.阿拉巴马要在更多的犯人身上试用这种办法，像阿肯色喝亚里桑那等其他几个州也很有可能施行各自的一套串绑犯人的方法。

该句为并列句，以and连接；第一分句中，“be to + 动词原形”表示将来时间，表示按计划安排即将发生的动作；第二分句中introduce意思是“施行、实施”。

III.语 法

There be “存在”句型

1.to be 作谓语动词单复数与后面的主语一致

例如：There are a lot of people in the room.There is one person/ nobody in the room.2.be 与助动词搭配作谓语

例如：There is no doubt about his guilt.There can be very little doubt about his guilt.3.与其它词相结合构成谓语

例如：There are estimated to be more than …

There is going to …

4.其它一些表示“存在”意义的动词也可以代替to be作谓语

例如：There existed a conflict.5.除be之外，谓语动词还可以用 occur ,come,live stand , lie

以及复合结构 happen to be，seem to be , be likely to be , be bound to be。例句参见书中P.91注释1

第三篇：自学考试“英语(二)”热门问题解答分析

自学考试“英语

（二）”热门问题解

答

英语

（二）教学大纲是从1998年的5月份制定的，目前还没有改变，所以根据教学大纲题型，试卷结构应该是一样的，大家应该注意一下结构有70%是客观性题目，30%是主观性题目。所谓主观性题目就是自己要思考、要写的，就像汉译英、英译汉，卷还是两个卷子，1卷和2卷，1卷是选择题，2卷是非选

择题。

英语

（二）包括英语

（一）的内容

吗？

从近两年的试卷来看，英语一课文中的内容很少，最多一两句，但是英语一是英语二的一个基础，所以里边的语法内容还有词汇、短语肯定要考的。所以有人说考英语二不考英语一，是不对的，英语一只能说考的不是原句。

英语

（二）备考需要背课文吗？

教材的课文一定要看，都要读一www.xiexiebang.com 学招网 成都培训招生 d7f78bc 遍，读懂里边的语法要点，不是读课文，有的同学说把课文都背下来了，但是考试还没通过，原因不是让你背课文，是把所有课文里边的知识点、语法点要弄

通。

英语

（二）考语法吗？

语法题是体现在题目中，比如结构题、词性变化题，以及完形题，这里边主要是考英语语法。所以必须把语法弄通，因为英语是一种有规则的语言，有规则的语言不懂这个规则就不能掌握这

门语言。

英语

（二）阅读理解题备考技巧

这个阅读理解有一个应试技巧，简单说一说，在平常要多读，要加大速度，要知道后边问的题目，每个阅读的段后边都有5个题目，5个题目大概要问的有几类，主要的有问作者观点，或者问这个字是什么意思，这都是直接的。最难回答的就是推理性的，如果看不懂就不会做对。所以在阅读理解的时候要抓住两个“要”，一个要是要阅读快，再有一www.xiexiebang.com 学招网 成都培训招生 d7f78bc 个抓住要点。提醒考生，每段里面的第一句一定要注意。

英语

（二）英译汉备考技巧英译汉是一段小短文，英译汉的翻译首先要留出足够的时间，因为是最后一个题目，最后一个题目我的很多同学跟我说，其实我都能够翻译，但是最后都没有时间了，就简单的胡乱写了几句，这是一个失误。因为英译汉有15分，这个短文相对来说虽然有一定的难度，但是相对整个考卷来说这部分应该是能够拿分的题，所以大家一定要留出足够的时间。前边的题目要做，像我刚刚说的选择题，有的可以留在后边，实在没有时间了选择题可以瞎蒙，但是主观性的题目，像英译汉、汉译英，这个可以先做，如果是因为时间问题丢了必得分，那就太划

不来了。

英语

（二）比英语四级考试难吗？

首先自考英语跟四级的考试性质不太一样，自考英语主要是考大家的阅读能力，就是英语的阅读能力，读英语www.xiexiebang.com 学招网 成都培训招生 d7f78bc 的能力。而四级是全面的，比如说听力，自考英语就没有，考研也是，自考英语的性质不太一样。但是自考大家认为英语比较难过，主要是对于非英语专业的考生在比较短的时间内要使英语达到很高的水平，这个难度是非常大，大家知道我们自考英语不要求听说读写各种语言能力，只要求了解一些阅读，根据大纲要求，重点放在阅读能力以及英汉互译能力，实际上就是考大家的这种能力，所以跟四级的性质还是不太一样。

英语二是我们专科毕业以后考自考本科毕业，四级是大学生四年大学公共英语学完了两年以后要考的，测试的方向还是跟刚才我讲的不一样。我们自考就是强调重点放在阅读和英汉互译能力，难度应该是一样的，比如说词汇量要求是一样的，还有要求的词组和词汇两个方面掌握应该是一样的，但是侧重

点不一样。

英语

（二）词汇记忆方法

英语二词汇要求达到3800词，词www.xiexiebang.com 学招网 成都培训招生 d7f78bc 组750.有的同学问是不是就只要背下册书的词汇就行了，回答是不够的，肯定是不够的，因为词汇没有说只考下册，上册也要背。但是有人说我短期内怎么记住这些大量的词汇呢？大家词汇学习第一个应该是有一定的时间，因为有的同学说一个星期或者两个星期教给你方法能够记住几千，他这个方法有点儿像变魔术，不太现实，我觉得词汇是一个积累。因为从心理学角度来讲学词汇有两个方向，一个方向是要把词汇学习的时候印象深刻，一个词能够像串葡萄似的串出一串来，比如同义词、反义词、近义词，应该把有关联的词相互记忆。第二，词汇一定得重复，从心理学角度

学词必须这样。

英语

（二）学习重点

英语是一种语言，任何语言都是由词和句子构成的，所以光会了词，不会把这些词组成句子是不行的，因此怎么组成句子呢？得知道组成句子的规则，还有一些习惯用法，你必须要了解这种www.xiexiebang.com 学招网 成都培训招生 d7f78bc 语言的文化，所以说学英语光学词是不行的，因此是除了学词以外还得学词的用法以及文化，习惯用法就是一种文化，死背根本记不住。为什么记不住？背的这个词应该是灵活的，怎么灵活呢？这个词首先要知道词性是什么，做个句子，学了一个词不会做句子造一个短语，还要大声的念，李阳疯狂英语为什么风靡全国，就是要把词大声地念出来，这样从耳朵里能够听进去的，对大脑的刺激比眼睛里看见的要强得多，所以学习词汇的一个技巧要大声念，要组一个词或者组一个短语，这样记忆比光看两遍、写几遍要好得多。

英语

（二）考前冲刺方法

最好的方法应该是做冲刺的题目，所谓冲刺的题目就是要做一些题目跟考试的真题一样的，每一部分都是给自己做测试，做模拟题，比如要设定时间是2个半小时，考试是2个半小时，你就要用2个半小时做模拟卷然后做考试题，因为考试的真题都有答案，最后对一下www.xiexiebang.com 学招网 成都培训招生 d7f78bc

答案看得多少分。

没有学过的，像一个月以前根本就没有接触过教材，不要盲目地去参加考试，一个月时间绝对不可能一下子英语成绩突飞猛进，在最后这一个月时间只能安下心把英语要考什么内容先做一个了解，现在在一个月背下3800词是不可

能的。

英语

（二）考试与教材关系大吗？

2005年4月份的考题题目，出自于课文的句子很多，比如说第一个题，是课文中的原题，这个我跟大家讲，因为大纲要求可能是出题完全跟书上一样的，也有可能根据书上的题目改编的，所以不一定完全是书上的一模一样的句子，但是考的考点或者词、语法点都是属于跟我们的讲课重点一致的。像我们2005年的试题我做一个简单的分析，像结构题，比如说主要的还是考语法的从句部分的关联词，关联词10个里边就考了4个。另外有考虚拟语气的，还有考固定搭配的就考了4个，所以这些搭配，www.xiexiebang.com 学招网 成都培训招生 d7f78bc 像关联词，虽然句子不是原来书上的句子，但是是我们要重点复习的语法内容，一个是从句的关联词，再有一些固定搭

配。

再有，后边的词型变化，也应该是出自于书上，但是它大部分还不是书上的原句，基本上是改编的，但是考的语法点都是我们重点要强调的主要是一些动词的变化，基本上考10个题里有四五个都是考动词的变化，所以要分清句子，是谓语动词还是非谓语动词。

英语

（二）考试如何安排考场时间

考试时间安排，总有最后的翻译题来不及做的这种情况，所以我跟大家讲主观性题目，我刚才说了有30%，一定要留出足够的时间，至少三分之一的时间来做。有一部分比较难的，就像完形填空，那个只有10分，但是有大部分同学在那儿花的时间太多了，完形填空一段文章是比较难的，把10个空填进去，如果耗费了很多时间不值得。因为完形填空一般的同学语法知识比较差的话，www.xiexiebang.com 学招网 成都培训招生 d7f78bc 做不好这道题。但是像第一个题目词汇结构题，如果有一定的语法知识这道题应该是可以拿到分的。再有阅读理解题，也是30分，有的同学最后来不及把文章仔细看，就随便乱选了很容易选错，所以把三分之一的时间一定要留给阅读理解，还有三分之一的时间留给主观性题

目就是翻译题。

再有词形变化的10分题是比较难的，这跟完形填空一样，这个也是10分，语法知识不好这个题目也可以放在最后

做。

再有单词拼写，20个，大部分同学做得不好就是平常的基本功不够，大家拼写20个题里肯定有容易拼的，像比较短的尽量做，比较长的放弃就放弃算了，所以时间分配大家应该多考虑，把考试的两个卷1卷、2卷都有什么内容心中要有数。考前多做模拟试题，感觉一下，设定时间2个半小时，这样时间分配心

里就有数了。

考过英语

（一）的考生如何备战英www.xiexiebang.com 学招网 成都培训招生 d7f78bc

语

（二）有同学说通过英语一很容易，为什么英语二考了很多次通不过，这因为作为英语学习还没有达到一定的水平，英语一是专科水平，水平比英语二低，考的容易。想考好英语二，不下工夫不花一定的时间做努力是不行的，精讲课程要听，考前要做一个努力的复习，如果没有这个阶段想要走捷径，我告诉大家学英语二是没有捷径可走的，一定要经过勤学苦练，才能够把这门课程真正学到手，顺利通过考试。

《大语》(本)导学：扎扎实实打基础

《大学语文（本）》是文科类学生的专业必修课。《大学语文》的目的是为了使学生进一步提高阅读能力与写作能力，为学好高等教育文科类各专业的课程，及接受通才教育，成为复合型人才打下扎实的基础。该课程知识点多，内容丰富，课文中每句话都可以作为一个www.xiexiebang.com 学招网 成都培训招生 d7f78bc 考点来出题考试，因此这门科学习起来有一定的难度，历年来考试通过率也不是很高。本文针对学生在学习《大学语文》的过程中存在的问题，有针对性地提出学习，考试时应该注意的问题，以期对学生学习，考试有所帮助。

一，《大学语文（本）》教材的内容体系。

《大学语文（本）》分为四个单元，即议论文单元（收有14篇课文），记叙文单元（收有14篇课文），诗词单元（收有30篇课文），小说单元（收有8 篇课文）。每篇课文要求掌握的知识点，在书后面的考试大纲里都能找到。每单元要求掌握的知识点，在每单元后面的《议论文的特点与写作》《记叙文的特点与写作》《诗词曲赋的特点与写作》《小说的特点与写作》中都有详细的介绍。对于考试大纲要求掌握的知识点，学生在学习时一定要一个一个对应起来，一个一个地掌握，不能有所遗漏。同时，课程还有三方面知识要求掌握，即表现手法，www.xiexiebang.com 学招网 成都培训招生 d7f78bc 修辞手法，古汉语语法知识。这三方面的内容掌握起来有一定的难度，但是学生要下大气力去钻研，力求弄通弄懂。

二，学好《大学语文》的关键。

学好《大学语文》的关键就在于熟读教材上面的课文，夯实基础。

这类话好像是废话，老生常谈，没有新意。确实，要想学好每一门课程，首要就是要认真钻研教材，刻苦学习，这是放之四海皆准的真理。对于《大学语文》的学习尤其是这样。有这样一种教学理念，就是提高学生的语文素养，语文水平，不是空话，而需要有途径，就是通过认真阅读典范的，优秀的语文范文这条途径来达到目的。因此《大学语文》考试，教材里犄角旮旯每个点全考，就是考查学生是不是认真阅读教材上面这些典范的，优秀的课文了。

其中专门有一类题，没有难度，只要学生认真阅读了课文就能答出。

比如，去年10月考题第一道选择题：

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孟子认为达到“数口之家，可以无饥”这一目标的主要措施是，五亩之宅，树之以桑； 2，鸡豚狗彘之畜，无失其时；，百亩之宅，勿夺其时； 4，谨庠序之教，申之以孝悌；

这道题没有任何难度，只要阅读了课文，马上就能答出是3.如果对课文不熟悉，恐怕就答不出来了。

2001年一道考题：司马光指责王安石新法是“生事”，王安石在驳斥这一指责时，所依据的主要理由是

1，“受命于人主” 2，“辟邪说，难壬人”

3，“为天下理财” 4，“举先王之政”

这道题也没有难度，只要阅读了课文，就能很顺利地答出来。

这类题在历年考题中占比较重要的份量。占分值较多。其他类的题目，也同课文有密切的关系。

就是只要掌握了课文，回答考题应www.xiexiebang.com 学招网 成都培训招生 d7f78bc 该是没有什么问题的。

因此学生要学好《大学语文》没有别的捷径可走，什么“押题”“漏题”，什么“权威模拟题”

等等，全不要相信。只要扎扎实实夯实基础，认真阅读课文，掌握课文，就会考出好成绩。

三，要认真学习考试大纲，考试大纲上面的每一个要求，不能有遗漏地全要掌握。

高等教育自学考试实行“考-教分离”的教学制度，就是教课的老师不参与出题，出题的老师不参与教学。《大学语文》全国一张卷。考试大纲把教学的，出题的，学习的这三者联系起来。也就是教学的按照考试大纲来教，学习的按照考试大纲来学，出题的按照考试大纲来出题。考试大纲是连起教-学的桥梁，必须高度重视。现在市场上卖的参考书，也都是根据考试大纲来编写的。因此在学习时，对考试大纲上面的知识点要一个一个钻研，弄通弄懂。从历年《大学www.xiexiebang.com 学招网 成都培训招生 d7f78bc 语文》考题来看，全部是考试大纲上要求掌握的内容，没有出大纲的要求。因此学生不要迷信什么“模拟试卷”，更不能听信什么“押题”“漏题”之说。

四，从历年考试情况看，以下三部分知识，学习起来有一定的难度，学生丢分很多，要引起学生高度重视。

1，文学表现手法。

2，修辞手法；

3，文言语法知识。

这三部分在考试中占三类题，分值虽不很多，但是学生丢分很多，有的学生甚至一分都得不到，因此学生在学习时要高度重视起来。，文学表现手法，教材上面共介绍9 种。对比，烘托，铺垫，暗示，比兴，象征，白描，夹叙夹议，托物言志。学生在学习时可以通过自己整理来掌握。

譬如烘托，主要在《兵车行》，《**》中运用；

铺垫主要在《种树郭橐驼传》《兵www.xiexiebang.com 学招网 成都培训招生 d7f78bc 车行》《杜陵叟》中运用；

比兴主要在诗词中运用，《摸鱼儿》是全篇比兴；

白描在《**》《背影》中运用；

托物言志主要在《往事》中运用。等等。

通过自己整理，找出规律，就容易掌握这部分内容了。，修辞手法，教材上面共介绍了12种修辞手法，比喻，夸张，对偶，排比，用典，反语，反诘，设问，借代，反复，层递。其中“借代”在课文中没有涉及，可以不管它。余下11种，可以分析一下。

反复，反语很容易识别，先把它们排除；

一看到有问号的，就在“设问”“反诘”两个里找。从正面问的是设问，《论毅力》《人的正确思想是从哪里来的》；从反面问的，又没有回答的是“反诘”，《赵威后问齐使》《秋水》《谏逐客书》《灯下漫笔》等等。

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一看到几个句子连排的，就在“排比”“对偶”中找，一般来说，三个或三个以上的句子连排为排比，《秋水》《谏逐客书》《寡人之于国也》等等；两个句子为对偶，《谏逐客书》《答李翊书》

等等。

引用典故来说明问题的是“用典”。

4，文言语法知识。学生可以学习教材后面的“古代汉语语法常识”一节，如果学习起来有困难，还有一个相对变通的方法，就是把教材中每篇古文后面“思考与练习”的最后一道题认真做出来，也可以在一定程度上弥补。

五，认真写作作文。

作文水平的提高非一日之功。而且作文要靠练习，光讲是没有什么用处的。

只提醒学生在考试时注意几点，在现有作文水平的基础上面，尽量考得好一些。，审题。这问题又是老生常谈。但是是关键。作文只要不跑题，基本就是胜利，基本就可以拿到15分以上（满www.xiexiebang.com 学招网 成都培训招生 d7f78bc 分30分）。从历年来看，学生作文分数不高的主要原因就是跑题，扣题不紧，或扣题不准。

《大学语文（本）》的作文题大部分是议论文。

（1）要紧扣题目来写。写的每一个论据全要紧扣题目，这点务必注意。可以采取经常“点题”

的办法，也就是在作文中叙述一段内容，就点一下题目，用这种办法防止跑题。

（2）尤其要注意作文题是给学生一段短文，然后让学生根据短文的意思来写作文。这类作文，学生不要一上来拿笔就写，而是一定要认认真真读懂短文的意思，然后根据这篇短文提供的“特殊意思”

来写。千万不要另起炉灶。，议论文要注意论据的运用。

（1）说明论点要用事实，也就是要用论据。要注意的是论据的写作不要展开，点到为止，能够说明论点就行了，www.xiexiebang.com 学招网 成都培训招生 d7f78bc 论据千万不要加以描写，加以展开论述。

（2）议论文要多谈道理，也就是多谈理论，少举例子，例子点到为止。要特别防止一篇议论文，开头讲一两句理论，然后就大量举例子，或者是通篇全是一个例子。，注意字数。

千万要注意试题上面要求写的字数。这点学生要特别注意。一般来说，《大学语文（本）》作文要求写作600 字（有时要求写作700 字）。写作时既不能写作字数太多，更不能少于要求的字数。一般来说，作文字数以多出所要求的字数100 字为宜。，卷面要清楚，整洁。

从考试情况来看，有一些学生作文字迹太乱，卷面十分不清楚，字迹龙飞凤舞，卷面沟的，画的，涂的，摸的，乱七八糟，让判卷教师先从感情上面就有一个不好的印象。判卷老师每天要判几百份试卷，根本没有时间一个字一个字去认。卷面不清楚，字迹老师认不得，www.xiexiebang.com 学招网 成都培训招生 d7f78bc 很可能就影响了学生的成绩。

这点也务请学生注意。

大学的课程全有一定的难度。但是，难与不难都是相对的。一般来说，只要认真掌握了教材上面要求的内容，按照考试大纲上面的知识点一个一个地去攻克，学习方法对头，《大学语文（本）》定会考出一个好成绩的。

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第四篇：人教版九年级英语unit8教案

Unit 8 I’ll help clean up the city parks．

The 1st period

何梅林

Ⅰ． Teaching Aims and Demands

1． Knowledge Objects

（1）Key Vocabulary

clean up, hunger, homeless, cheer up, give out, volunteer, food, bank

（2）Target Language

I’d like to work outside．

You could give out food at a food bank．

2． Ability Objects

（1）Train the students to express offering to help with the target language．

（2）Train the students’ listening skill．

3． Moral Object

Offer help to the others as much as possible．

Ⅱ． Teaching Key Points

1． Key Vocabulary

clean up, hunger, homeless, cheer up, give up

2． Target Language

How to express offering to help with target language．

Ⅲ． Teaching Difficult Points

1． Teach the students how to use the new phrasal verbs．

2． Teach the students to express offering help with target language． Ⅳ． Teaching Methods

1． Teaching by giving sample sentences and making up sentences．

2． Teaching by showing pictures．

Ⅴ． Teaching Aids

1． A tape recorder

2． Some pictures on volunteer’s offering help

Ⅵ． Teaching Procedures

Step Ⅰ Revision

1． Revise the language points in Unit 7．

Ask some questions like this: Where would you like to go on vacation? Why?（Because…）

2． Revise the contents in Unit 7．

3． Check homework by asking some students to read their sentences they’ve made with the verbs． Let them hand in their homework．

4． Dictate ten words in Unit 7．

Step Ⅱ la

In this unit we learn to offer to help．We’ll use some phrasal verbs． Each phrasal verbs has two or three words, such as clean up, cheer up, give out． Here is an example on how to use clean up． Look at the title of Unit 8． I’ll help clean up the city parks． Repeat it twice, please．

Ask the students to read the title twice．Then go on saying, “clean up means make a place clean and tidy, put things there in order”． Let’s see another example, We should always clean up after a picnic．Who can explain this sentence in your own, words?Ask one student to explain the sentence．

He or she may say like this． This sentences means we should burn wastepaper, collect litter and empty bottles, etc．Then ask the class． Who can make more sentences

with clean up?Ask several students to share their sentences to the class．Do the same with the other phrasal verbs．

Read the instructions to the students．

Please look at the picture now． We can see a bulletin board and two children in it． What is the bulletin board about? Help students to answer: Volunteer Today!Then continue saying, “Who can tell me the meaning of volunteer?”

Ask one student to try to explain it． Then tell them the meaning of it． Volunteer means a person who offers to do something unpleasant or dangerous． It means a person who offers to help the others sometimes． Volunteer is used as a verb in this lesson．

Draw the students’ attention to the three posters on the board．We can see one sentence in each poster．And we can see some people in each poster, too． What are the volunteers doing in each poster? Please work in pairs and talk about the posters．

Give the students a few minutes to talk about what they will say． Let them talk about all the three items． Move around and help the pairs as needed．Then read the sentences in the posters to the class． Ask the pairs of students to explain what the sentence means in their own words． Or tell what the volunteers are doing in the posters．For example, for the first poster, a pair might say:

It means there is trash in the park． There are papers on the ground． We can help clean up the park by picking up papers and trash． We can make the park clean．

After the students have finished all the items, ask the students to add some other ways they can help people． Get them to write the ways down in the box below the picture．

At last, ask some students to share their ideas with the class． Write any new words or phrases on the board and explain these words to the class, if necessary． Step Ⅲ 1b

Call the students’ attention to the two lists in the box in Activity lb． Ask some students to read the eight sentences on the lists to the class． Explain any new words and phrases in it．

Make sure that all the students can understand the meanings of the eight items．Then get the children to read the instructions together．

Say, we will hear four conversations．

Your task is to match the items in the two lists． We can see the blanks in fro

nt of the first line of each conversation． Listen to the conversations and write the letter in front of the first line of each conversation． Put the letters of the second line of conversations in right places． Point out the sample answer to the class．

Play the recording the first time． Tell the students to only listen． Then play the recording a second time．

Tell them to write a letter in front of each numbered sentence this time．Check the answers．

Step Ⅳ 1c

Read the instructions with the class．Call their attention to the example in the speech bubbles in Activity la． Ask a pair of students to read this conversation to a class． Then let them practice in pairs．

Note their pronunciation of “like to” in phrases such as, I’d like to help hungry people． Tell them English speakers usually pronounce the words “like to” as if they were spelled like-tuh．

Play the I’d like to statements on the recording to demonstrate this

pronunciation．After they’ve finished practicing the sample conversation, ask them

to make up similar conversations based on the other two posters． Get two pairs to demonstrate two conversations first．

Then let the whole class practice in pairs．After that, play the recording of activity 1b and let the children read after it twice．Then ask them to practice similar conversations using the information in Activity 1b．

Step Ⅴ Summary

Step Ⅵ Homework

1． Make up one sentence with each of the following phrasal verbs:

clean up, cheer up, give out

2． Write out three conversations of activity 1c．

Step Ⅶ Blackboard Design

第五篇：新牛津英语Unit8教案

7A Unit 8 教案

Comic strip and welcome to the unit Teaching Aims: 1.Learn some new words about fashion.2.Arouse the students’ interests in fashion and learn to enjoy nice things.Step 1.Lead-in

Enjoy a short video about a fashion show, teach the word “fashion”.And draw the Ss’ interest in the following words and expressions.Step 2.Presentation

Show some pictures to learn the new words: fashion n.时装；时尚，风尚 think about 考虑

spend vt.度过；花费（钱、时间等）lazy

adj.懒惰的

blouse

n.(女子穿的）短上衣，衬衫 tie

n.领带 lend vt.借给

Step 3.Learn some words about clothes

Present the words about clothes and make sure Ss know each word then fill in the boxes in PA on Page 93.Step 4.Borrowing things

1.Listen to the conversation between Millie and Mum, then answer

1)What does Millie need for the fashion show?

2)Why doesn’t she wear Mum’s blouse?

2.Read aloud and then make a similar conversation about borrowing things from others.A: Can you lend me/ us …?

B: Of course.A: What size/ colour is/ are your …? B: …

A: Oh, it’s … but … can … it/ them.B.OK then.A: Thank you, …

Step 5.Listen and fill in the blanks.Listen to the conversation between Eddie and Hobo on Page 92, then fill the blanks:

Eddie is ________ about what to wear.But Hobo tells him dogs don’t _______ clothes.So Eddie wants to ________ ten more minutes in bed.He is a ______ dog.Step 6.Read and act

Read aloud the conversation in groups, then present the comic strip on the screen for the Ss to act out the conversation.Step 7.Explain 1.wear 穿着，戴着（表示穿、戴的状态）

put on 穿上，戴上（表示穿戴的动作）

e.g.She likes wearing red.她喜欢穿红色。

It’s cold outside.Put on your coat.外面冷，穿上外套。2.think about sth.考虑某事；想起某事

e.g.She is thinking about how to spend her holiday.她正考虑如何度假呢。Don't think about it any more.不要再去想这事了。

3.what to wear

意思是“穿什么”，英语中“疑问词+ to do ”是一个短语而不是句子。

e.g.I don’t know what to do.我不知道该怎么办？

Let me tell you how to do it.让我告诉你如何做这件事。4.spend vt

花费，度过

常用结构(1)Sb.+ spend +time/money doing sth.(2)Sb.+ spend + money on sth.e.g.He spends a lot of time playing football every day.他每天花大量时间踢足球。

How much does she spend on clothes every year? 她每年在衣服上花多少钱？

5.spend ten more minutes = another ten minutes

再花十分钟 e.g.We need five more chairs.6.lend sb.sth.= lend sth.to sb.把某物借给某人

e.g.Can you lend me your bike? 你能把自行车借给我吗？= Can you lend your bike to me? 注：lend 是“借给”，而英语中的borrow

是指句子的主语将东西借进，含义是“借来”。常用结构是borrow sth.from sb.“向某人借某物”。e.g.Can I borrow your rubber? 我可以借用你的橡皮吗？ Step 8.Exercises

一、根据Millie 与Mum的对话内容填空：

Millie wants her mother to _______ her some clothes for the _________ show.Her mother’s red ________ is ________ 4.It’s too large for her.but she thinks Sandy can _______ it because Sandy is tall.So she borrows it from her mother.二、翻译：

1.她正在考虑去哪度假（holiday)。2.我可以再吃两个苹果吗？ 3.你穿多大尺码的鞋？ 4.Tom经常将自行车借给我。Homework: 1.Act out the two conversations in pairs after class.2.Preview the new words in Reading.Reading I Teaching Aims: 1.Learn some new words about fashion.2.Practise reading skills by learning Millie’s article.Step 1.Presentation Present the new words: lady

女士，夫人

gentleman

(pl.gentlemen)先生;君子 style

风格，样式 trainer

运动鞋

comfortable

舒适的，使人舒服的 popular

受喜爱的，受欢迎的 among

在（三者或以上）中 purple

紫色(的)grey

灰色(的)smart 衣着讲究的；聪明的；精干的 cool

酷的，绝妙的 cotton 棉；棉织物 scarf

(pl.scarves)围巾 both

两者（都）jeans

（复）牛仔裤 silk

（蚕）丝；丝绸 wool 羊毛，羊绒 boot

靴子

both… and …

…和… 都；不仅…而且… be made of … 由… 制成 Step 2.Lead-in

Present two pictures about a fashion show and ask: What are they doing? Are you interested in it? Step 3.Reading

1.Listen to Millie’s article and answer the questions:

1)Where do they hold the fashion show? 2)How many students are there in this show? 2.Read the article and complete the form:

3.Complete B1 on Page 95.4.Read aloud the article and put T or F in the blanks.5.Complete B3 & 4 on page 96.Step 4 Homework

1.Read aloud the article and underline the difficult parts.2.Remember the new words in this lesson.Reading II Teaching Aims: 1.Learn the language points in this article.2.Learn to describe a fashion show.Step 1.Revision The students are having a fashion show in the school _______ in the ________.Millie wears _______ clothes.She thinks trainers are __________ to wear, so they are popular _________ young people.Simon’s shirt is _______ and his trousers are ________.He looks _______.______ Amy _______ Daniel wears blue ________.Young people also like to wear them.Sandy looks ________ because she is in red _______ blouse, a ______ wool skirt and a pair of red __________.Step 2.Explain 1.trousers, jeans本身就是复数，其数量的表达要用 a pair of 这样的短语，这样的短语作主语时要由pair 的单复数形式来决定谓语动词形式。e.g.The jeans are popular among young people.There is a pair of jeans in the bag.The two pairs of trousers are different.2.look cool 看上去很酷

当look的译为“看起来，看上去” 的意思时是连系动词，这种动词后面可以接形容词作表语，但不能接副词，e.g.You look happy today.（正）（happy是形容词）

You look happily today.（错）（happily 是副词，不能作表语）

 本课短文中的look cool, look smart，look modern中look都是连系动词。3.both 两者（都）

(1)这个词只能用于两者或两部分时，三者及以上的“全，都”要用all。e.g.His parents are both teachers.There are 40 students in our class.We are all Chinese.(2)“both of + 名词复数/ 宾格代词”作主语时谓语动词要用复数形式。

Both of them work in Beijing.（3）both … and …

…和… 都；不仅…而且… She can both sing and dance.她不仅会唱歌而且会跳舞。4.Here comes Sandy.西蒙来了。

这是一个以Here 开头的倒装句，句子的真正主语是Sandy。请观察here 开头的倒装句的两种不同情况：

Here comes the bus.(主语是名词the bus）

Here it comes.(主语是代 it）

Here you are.(主语是you)5.be made of …

由… 制成

Sandy’s blouse is made of silk.桑迪的衬衫是由丝绸制成的。6.be popular among …

在……中很受欢迎

Jeans are popular among young people.Step 3.Exercises

一、用所给词的适当形式填空。

1.Good evening, ________(lady)and _____________(gentleman)!2.You will feel ___________(comfort)if you wear trainers.3.Whose ________(scarf)are these? 4.My T-shirt is ________(make)of cotton.5.His red and grey tie ________(match)his clothes.6.Look!Amy is ________(wear)a blue scarf.二、完成句子：

1.今天我打算向你们展示不同式样的鞋子。2.牛仔裤在年轻人中很受欢迎。3.瞧，汽车来了。

4.她今天看起来时髦又漂亮。5.他的裤子是棉制的。6.我们俩都喜欢穿运动鞋。7.今天的会议到此结束。

8.Amy正穿一件红色的羊毛短裙。Step 5.Interview You are an interviewer.You want to interview Millie about the fashion show.Work in pairs, try to ask at least five questions about the show.Homework 1.Recite this article.2.Remember the language points in this lesson.Grammar Teaching aims: Learn the use of the present continuous tense.Step 1.Presentation Present the new words: write to, wait for, look for… Step 2.Lead-in Present three pictures in gif.and ask: What are they doing? /What am I doing? /What is he doing? Help them to answer and tell them they are using the present continuous tense.Step 3.Grammar

一、现在进行时肯定句和否定句的构成：

肯定句:

主语+ am/ is /are + v-ing...肯定句:

主语+ am/ is / are not + v-ing...I am not eating.You/ We/ They are not eating.He/ She/ It is not eating.二、动词ing形式的构成：

Exercise 1: Complete Part A on Page 97.三、现在进行时一般疑问句的构成及回答： I am eating.→ Am I eating?

Yes, I am./ No, I am not.(或 No, I’m not.)

You/ We/ They are eating.→ Are you/ we/ they eating?

Yes, we/you/ they are.No, we/ you/ they are not(或用缩写aren’t)He/ She/ It is eating.→ Is he/ she/ it eating? Yes, he/she/it is.No, he/she/it is not.(或用缩写isn’t)规律：将be 动词移到主语前面。注意：肯定回答时主语be动词不能缩写，否定回答时be动词和not可以用完全形式也可以用缩写。

Exercise 2: Complete Part B on Page 98.四、语法补充：

（一）现在进行时可以表示说话时正在进行或发生的动作，也可表示当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。Look!He is reading in bed.(说话时正在进行）Mr Green is writing a new book.(现阶段正在做）

（二）现在进行时的判断方法：

如果句子中带有鲜明的时间状语，如：now, 或带有Look, Listen 等暗示动作正在发生，或有表示现在的上下文语境时，我们常用现在进行时。Listen!She is singing in the next room.—Where is your mother? — She is cooking dinner.（三）注意点：

（1）现在进行时的谓语动词由“be 的某种形式+ 动词ing 形式” 这两部分构成。这时be是个助动词，没有实际意思，只起构成时态的作用。同学们在使用现在进行时时千万不要忘了用be动词。

We having breakfast.(错）We are having breakfast.(正)(2)有些动词一般不用进行时，如：know, understand(理解), love, like, want, hope, hear, see等。

(3)双写末尾一个辅音字母再加ing形式的动词的条件参考书本P121。这个规律不易掌握，所以同学们可以在学习英语的过程中学到一个双写词就记住它，慢慢体会规律。以下是已经学过的一部分双写词：shop, run, get, swim, begin, stop, cut, hit，forget等。Homework Remember the new words in this lesson.Integrated skills

Teaching Aims: 1.Practise listening skills by listen to a conversation.2.Practise speaking skills by talking about different materials of the things.Step 1.Presentation Present the new words by showing some pictures: go for sth.去做某事，去参加 fit for

适合于

think of

认为；想起；考虑 glove

n.手套 leather n.皮革

smooth

adj.光滑的，平坦的；顺利的 lovely adj.可爱的；亲切友好的 hat

n.(有檐的）帽子 Step 2.Lead-in

Show a picture of a lady and let Ss discuss what she is going to do? Step 3.Listening 1.Listen to a conversation and complete A1 on page 99.2.Listen to the conversation again and complete A2 on page 99.3.Complete A 3 according to A1 & A2.Step 4.Speak-up 1.Listen and answer: 1)What colour are Kitty’s gloves? 2)What are the gloves made of? 3)What is Amy’s hat made of? 2.Read after the recorder.3.Talk about different materials of the clothes your classmates wear like this.Step 5.Explain 1.go for sth.去从事（某项活动或运动），去参加

go for a walk 去散步

go for a meeting 去开会

go for a dinner

去吃晚饭 2.am/ is / are going to do sth.打算做某事

—What are you going to do tomorrow?

你明天打算做什么？

—I’m going to see my grandparents.我打算去看望我的外祖父母。3.What do you think of … ?

(= What do you think about …?)

你觉得……怎么样？（用来询问别人对某事的看法的问句）

What do you think of this film? 你觉得这部电影怎样？

It’s so boring.太无趣了。4.plan(to do)sth.计划(做)某事

（注：plan---planning)

They are planning a school trip.他们正计划一次学校组织的旅游呢。5.They’re made of leather.be made of 由 …… 制成，通常表示该成品仍看得出原材料。

This bottle is made of glass.这个瓶子是由玻璃制成的。

be made from 由……制成，表示该制成品看不出原材料。

Paper if made from wood.纸是由木头制成的。

6.feel soft and smooth 摸上去柔软光滑

feel 感觉，摸上去（是连系动词，后常接形容词）

I’m not feeling well.我觉得有点不舒服。（well 作“健康的，身体好的”之意时是形容词，而不是副词)11 7.sb + look + 形容词+ in + 颜色

= 颜色 +look + 形容词+ on sb.意为“ 某人穿某种颜色怎样怎样” You look good in red.= Red looks good on you.你穿红色很好看。Step 6.Exercises 翻译句子：

1.他今晚得去参加一个生日聚会。2.运动鞋适合长时间步行。3.她穿白色漂亮极了。

4.你的围巾是什么制成的？

是丝绸制成的。5.—你觉得这本书怎么样 ？

—很有兴趣。Homework 1.Remember the new words and the language points in this lesson.2.Preview the next lesson.Study skills & Task Teaching aims: 1.Learn syllables in words.2.Write about the S’s own fashion design.3.Review the important points in this unit.Step 1.Presentation

Present the new words by showing some pictures: jacket

n.夹克衫，短上衣 feature n.特征 material n.材料 design

n.设计；构思 model

n.模特；模型

dark

adj.昏暗的；黑暗的，深色

include vt.包括，包含

Step 2.Learn syllables in words.1.英语单词可以划分成音节。一个单词可能分成一个、两个、三个或更多音节。例如：

clean，late, feel, tea, at

（单音节）

lazy

fashion about

（双音节）

expensive

popular（三个音节）

2.Listen to A and repeat the words: 3.Listen to B and write down the number of syllables in the blanks.Keys: 2,3,21,2,3,1,4 4.Listen and complete C & D on page 101.Keys:

C:

special, weekend, present，children, football, modern D:

3, 5, 6, 7 Step 3.Read Part A on Page 102 and answer the following questions: 1.What is the shirt made of? 2.What colour is the jacket? 3.What are the trainers made of?

Step 4.Task 1.Listen and complete the form.2.Read aloud the article and then try to complete Part C.Step 6.Exercises

一、选择题：

1.I’m thinking about ______.A.what to do it

B.how to do

C.to do what

D.how to do it 2.She always spends a lot of money ____

clothes.A.buy

B.buying

C.buys D.to buy 3.Can she ___ you her dictionary?

A.lends

B.lend

C.borrows

D.borrow

4.This pair of trousers ____ made of leather.A.is

B.be

C.are

D./ 5.Look!Here _____ two bus.A.come

B.comes

C.is coming

D.are coming 6.It’s six o’clock.Sandy ____ a letter.A.writes

B.writing

C.is writeing

D.is writing 7.---____ you ___ with her now?

---No, I’m not.A.Do;play

B.Are;play

C.Are;playing

D.Do, playing 8.She looks ____ with her new hat.A.beautifully

B.happily

C.lovely

D.well

二、翻译：

1.你能把你的深蓝色的夹克衫借给我吗？ 2.这件男衬衫摸上去柔软光滑。3.她不仅会唱歌而且会跳舞。4.瞧！他正在河里游泳。

5.你觉得这双皮鞋怎么样？

6.白色和其他任何一种颜色都可搭配。Homework Review all the new words and language points in this unit.