研究生英语阅读教程(下册)教案电子版2

第一篇：研究生英语阅读教程(下册)教案电子版2

Unit Seven: The Virtues of Ambition

Joseph Epstein

Explanation of the Text

1.define it and you instantly reveal a great deal about yourself: the way you personally define ambition will tell a lot about you, your dreams, your desire, your values, your philosophy, etc.reveal v.: make known something that was previously secret or hidden e.g.He revealed that he had been in prison twice before.His biography revealed that she was not as rich as everyone thought.These letters revealed him as an honest man.2.give itself away: reveal itself give oneself/someone away: reveal oneself/someone;show one's real self secret e.g.The swindler gave himself away when he was asked to establish his identity.She really likes him and thinks no one knows, but the look on her face when I mentioned his name gave her away.3.assumes a heat incommensurate with good sense and stability: takes on a desire disproportionate to good sense and stability be commensurate with/to: match something in size, quality, or length of time;suitable 相称的,相当的 e.g.The salary will be commensurate with age, experience and position.He was given a job commensurate with his abilities.be commensurable to/with: can be measured by the same standard as 相应的，匀称的 e.g.Their achievements are not commensurable to their hard work.4.be ambitious for the public good, for the alleviation of suffering, for the enlightenment of mankind: strive to be successful, rich, powerful, etc., in order to help the public, to ease human suffering, to enlighten mankind 5.Surely ambition is behind dreams of glory: Ambition makes possible dreams of glory.Pay attention to the meaning of “behind” in the following sentences: e.g.: I knew that behind(=hidden by)her smile was sadness.Marie Curie was the woman behind(=responsible for)enormous changes in the science of chemistry.He wondered what was behind(=the true reason for)his neighbor's sudden friendliness.We're all behind(= in support of you in this decision.6.distinction n.: 1)classification of two or more;a clear difference between two similar things 区分，区别 e.g.Do other countries have the same distinction between amateur and professional? Look at them closely when they occur separately and the distinction between them is then clear.2)quality of excellence;honor, mark of respect 非凡，卓越 e.g.He is a man of distinction in his own country.I had the great distinction of being invited to speak at the conference.7.What life does with our dreams and expectations: What will actually happen to our dreams and expectations during our lives.do with: get on with somebody;have a connection with something.e.g.: Truth to tell, I don't know how to do with him.The program has to do with mental illness.do without: get along without 没有...也行 e.g.As Old Li isn't here, we shall have to do without him.1 8.The unpredictability of the outcome of dreams is no reason to cease dreaming: Although the outcome of dreams cannot be predicted, one shouldn't stop dreaming.9.the sheer thing: The word sheer is used for emphasis, and the sheer thing means the simple, pure thing.e.g.The suggestion is sheer nonsense.The engine's sheer size would make it difficult to transport.10.some larger purpose than merely clambering up: a reason to do more than merely climb up socially or materially 11.prospect n.: likelihood;something one expects e.g.There was little prospect of significant military aid.Success or failure here would be crucial to his future prospects.She rejoiced at the prospect of the China trip.12.As drunks have done to alcohol, the single-minded have done to ambition-given it a bad name: Just as people who have had too much alcohol have given alcohol a bad name, so people who have had only one aim, to get what they themselves want, have given ambition a bad name.13.Like a taste for alcohol, too, ambition does not always allow for easy satiation: As with people who enjoy the taste of alcohol, it is very difficult for ambitious people to become satisfied, they usually want to obtain more and more.Taste here means preference.satiate v.:(usu.passive)completely satisfy(oneself or one's needs)e.g.He drank greedily until his thirst was satiated.The company can hardly produce enough of these toys to satiate public demand.14.driving ambition under the counter: forcing ambition to become secret and hidden under the counter: secretly;illegally e.g.handle business under the counter;The banned book was sold under the counter.At least one of my own novels has to be sold under the counter as though it were whisky.(...好像私下里卖 whisky 似的)15.The ambitious individual, far from identifying himself and his fortunes with the group, wishes to rise above it: An ambitious person does not want to be part of a group, but he wishes to progress and outdistance it.Far from: not at all e.g.The newspaper accounts are far from(being)true.He was far from the attainment of his object.It isn't far from the truth.Far from eye, far from heart.眼不见，心不想。identify...with: equate with;associate oneself with 等同，联系 e.g.If I protested he would at once identify me with his father.It is a mistake to identify art with life.She has always been identified with the radical left.I didn't enjoy the movie because I couldn't identify with any of the characters.(I didn't enjoy the movie because I felt unable to share or understand the situation or feelings of any of the characters.)2 16.argue those possessed by it into believing: persuade those who are controlled by ambition to believe argue...into: persuade to do something e.g.: They argued him into adoption of the plan.You want to argue me into agreeing your proposal? possess vt.: control e.g.I'm absolutely dreading making the after-dinner speech-I don't know what possessed me to agree to it.possessed(by)a.: obsessed(with)e.g.She is possessed by her drive to get into the best college.If you behave like someone possessed, you behave in a wild and uncontrolled manner(often associated with an evil spirit)so that other people don't understand you.17.a dog-eat-dog world: a world that is very competitive or a very competitive world where the weak are the prey of the strong 18.they are distinguished by wanting to be the dogs that do the eating: what makes them different is that they want to come out on top in the competition 19.From here it is but a short hop believe: From this point, it is easy to think...but: only, just(It can also be used to give force to a statement.)e.g.She's but a young girl!Everyone, but everyone, will be there.20.through corruption: by dishonest and illegal means 21.high places: high positions 22.on ambition's behalf: because of ambition on someone's behalf(on behalf of someone): because of;representing;for the sake of e.g.Please don't leave on my behalf.On behalf of the company as a whole, I would like to thank you for all your work.Unfortunately, George cannot be with us today so I am pleased to accept this award on his behalf.23.not least:(usu.not the least)especially e.g.The president's speeches were alarming, not(the)least to the country's allies.not the least/not in the least/not the least bit: none at all;not at all e.g.She didn't seem the least bit worried.24.There is a heavy note of hypocrisy in this: The situation is filled with hypocrisy.a note of: showing someone's thinking and feeling by the way their voice sounds 口气，特征 e.g.a note of anger/jealousy/anxiety 25.Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its accoutrements now than formerly: Certainly people now seem as much interested in success and the comforts that come with it as before.accoutrement:(usually in pl)equipment 3 26.lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive, vulgar: in order that they not be thought ambitious, greedy ill-mannered, lest: in case;in order that...not e.g.: I'll be kind to her lest she decide to leave me.27.Instead we are treated to fine pharisaical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: We see more hypocritical examples now than ever.treat...to: supply...with...e.g.I shall treat myself to a good weekend holiday.John treated Linda to the theater when they met first time.I offered to treat you to dinner.treat n.: a special event;something pleasant e.g.Granny took us for tea at Lyons Conner House as a special treat.A meal at home came as a real treat after all the institutional food I've been having.28.quarter: find lodging 29.in all phases of life: in all stages of life 30.its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive: Public defenders of ambition are few.In the cases where they are not extremely repulsive, they are unimpressive.where conj.: It can be used to introduce a clause that contrasts with the other part of the sentence.e.g.Where most people saw nothing but a hardened criminal, John saw a lonely and desperate man.31.As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and inculcated in the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States: As a result, support for ambition as a respected value to be taught to youth is lower than ever in the US.inculcate...in/into somebody e.g.: inculcate young people the duty of loyality 32.at an end: finished e.g.This latest injury must surely mean that her tennis career is now at an end.33.its stirrings and promoting: its stimulation and encouragement 34.as witness the blatant pratings of its contemporary promoters: as shown in the offensive ongoing idle talk of its current sponsors.35.get on in life: be successful in life 36.distrustful of ambition: suspicious about/of ambition be distrustful of: be suspicious about e.g.I was distrustful of his motives.37.were to blame for: were responsible for;were the reason for e.g.: The hot weather is partly to blame for the water shortage.4 38.is morally a two-sided street: has two sides to it.A two-sided street is a metaphor.One side means blind ambition, that is to say, sacrificing some morally important things because of ambition.The other side indicates that ambition is not important enough to sacrifice moral principles for it.39.Place next to John Dean Andrew Carnegie: Place Andrew Carnegie next John Dean 40.among other philanthropic acts: besides other philanthropic acts 41.excesses:actions so bad that they pass the limits expected of human behavior 过度行为，暴行 e.g.: The soldiers in the conquered town committed the worst excesses.42.worldly or unworldly things: material or spiritual things

43.holding many of its disparate elements together: hold/keep...together: remain united e.g.: use a pin to hold the pages together;The needs of the children often hold a marriage together.disparate c.f.: desperate!44.Remove ambition and the essential elements...: If we remove ambition, the essential elements...45.as opposed to:(you are contrasting 2 things and you want to emphasize the first one)相反，而不是 e.g.There is a need for technical colleges as opposed to universities.He was wearing a grey lightweight suit as opposed to his usual check sports jacket.The juvenile offender's misbehavior should be well treated, as opposed to being punished.46.incidentally: by the way e.g.: I must go now.Incidentally, if you want that book I'll bring it next.47.run on: be concerned with, have as a subject e.g.His talk ran on recent developments in the industry.Bright's mind kept running foolishly on the same theme.48.shorn of: having lost completely e.g.The gambler came home shorn of his money.shear of:(fig)deprive of;strip bare of: be shorn of one's right;His recent illness has shorn him of strength.49.superfluous: more than is necessary or wanted;redundant ample: 1)more than enough e.g.: We have ample money for the journey.2)large, with plenty of space e.g.There is ample room for an garden.50.unrelievedly: completely e.g.: unrelievedly dull unrelieved adj.not varied in any way;continuous or complete e.g.unrelieved anxiety/darkness Comprehension

1.(1)ambition is an ardent desire for rank, fame, or power(2)ambition is incommensurate with good sense and stability(3)one can be ambitious for the public good, for the alleviation of suffering and for

the enlightenment of mankind 2.The main idea of this part is that, although for a long time ambition has come

under heavy attack, and has been given a bad name, and can be dangerous, it is by no means a completely bad thing.3.Aspect 2: Most ambitious people are to be distrusted.Aspect 3: The outcome of ambitious dreams is usually unpredictable.Aspect 4: Ambition does not always allow for easy satisfaction;single-minded ambitious people give ambition a bad name.antisocial;ignore the collectivity;socially detached;on his own;out for his own;

far from identifying himself and his fortunes with the group;wish to rise above

the group;battle;jesuitical;dog-eat-dog world 4.According to the information conveyed in paragraph 4, it is very easy to believe

that the common goals of ambition such as money, fame, and power are often

achieved by dishonest means.5.According to the worst that can be said about ambitious people in paragraph 4，one might think that any high-ranking politician must have gone against moral

principles in order to climb so high.By using this example, the writer suggests

that the worst idea about ambition seems unreasonable.6.The writer thinks if ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared, and it must be esteemed by people who are themselves admired.But strangely, those who enjoy the rewards of ambition have claimed to have given up on ambition as ideals.So the writer gives readers a warning that there is a heavy note of hypocrisy.Four examples are mentioned.They are(1)the revolutionary lawyer,(2)the critic of American materialism,(3)the publisher of radical books, and(4)the journalist.7.The surface meaning is to try every means to succeed but not to appear ambitious.The deep meaning is that nowadays the educated are more hypocritical than before.8.(1)F(2)T(3)F

9.The Watergate incident is a good example to show readers why many people are naturally istrustful

of ambition.And from this example the author gives readers some advice on the relationship

between ambition and morality.10.It refers to ignoble actions versus kind and helpful actions.The Watergate affair is an example of ignoble actions and Andrew Carnegie, a Benefactor, is an example of someone who performed kind and helpful actions.11.because to discourage ambition is to discourage dreams of greatness.12.No.The author thinks ambition should be admired, and he also mentions ambition must be underscored.Even in the last paragraph , he says how unrelievedly boring life would be without ambition.Although the author mentions a number of good things that would exist if there were no ambition, he criticizes what the world would be like without competition, without creativity, because he thinks there would be no progress, or development in such a world.The communication technique used here is disproving.13.It is impossible for a world to be empty of ambition.If it were, the life in it would be very boring and nobody would endure it.14.Part 2(paragraph 4 to paragraph 5)“What is the worst that can be said about ambition?”

Part 3(paragraph 6 to paragraph 7)“There is a heavy note of hypocrisy in this.”

Part 4(paragraph 8 to paragraph 11)“To discourage ambition is to discourage dreams of greatness.” Key to vocabulary and structure A.1.distinction 2.sheer 3.commensurate 4.refraining 5.incidentally 6.alleviate 7.deemed 8.are blamed for 9.impulse 10.come across B.1.give...away 2.going at 3.imbued with 4.identify...with 5.has risen above 6.own up 7.allow

for 8.treat...to 9.Dog-eat-dog 10.the counter C.1.choice;choose;chosen;2.inextricable 3.shorn 4.definition 5.increasingly 6.social 7.Participatory 8.acquisitive 6.weighing 10.intimacy D.1.D)to pay them 2.A)Much as 3.D)endearing himself 4.C)number of 5.D)ignored 6.D)differently 7.A)respond 8.C)no more 9.B)that 10.C)/ E.1.holds 2.therefore 3.Does 4.really 5.empty 6.of 7.success 8.nor 9.not 10.exists 11.likely 12.in 13.historial 14.upbringing 15.condition 16.choicelessness 17.honorably 18.trivial 19.how 20.ours Key to theTranslation from English into Chinese A.1.毫无疑问，雄心大志期望的是荣耀，财富，爱情，非凡，成就，欢乐与善良美德。当然，伴随我们的抱负与希望，我们的生活将会是怎样，这些总是无法意料的。有些想法，出发点是丝毫不为自己，但结果却是结下深仇；而有些计划，原意是为了自己，但到头来却是为他人做了善事。计划，设想的结果虽然难以预测，但仍无理由阻止计划与设想的进行。

2.不难想象，没有抱负与雄心的社会将会是怎样的。它很可能是一个比较随和的社会：没有要求，没有矛盾，也没有失望。人们有时间深思。他们所做的工作不是为了自己，而是为了集体。从来没有竞争。冲突将被消灭，紧张已成为过去。不再需要创造力。艺术不再是高深未测的，它的作用纯粹是为了欢庆与颂扬。家庭作为一个社会的单元将成为多余，它以前的束缚力已消失。长寿会增加，因为 7 死于由于紧张，辛劳的工作引起的心脏病与中风的人会越来越少。思虑将不复存在。人类长期地摆脱抱负，欲望的压力，日子会过得越来越舒坦。

B.Key to the translation from Chinese into English 1.In spite of her recent election success, she remains first and foremost a writer, not a

politician.2.Ambition is always identified with rank, fame and power.So many people have

been unwilling to talk about their dreams for a long time.3.Surely, if you want to be famous, it is necessary for you to have ideals, because it is

behind the accomplishment, but different from ambition.4.Ambition is often regarded as being commensurate with bad sense because the single-minded have tried to achieve their goals by fair means or foul and often harm others.5.Truly ambitious people seem to be modest but actually they are on their own.6.Certainly people are very interested in their rank and fame.But what has

happened is that they do not own up to it.7.Some people try to go on in life at all costs but refrain from appearing ambitious.We should be aware that there is a note of hypocrisy.8.Although he has come under attack and has been considered ambitious, but none

of them are strong enough to make him give up on his dreams.9.It is not difficult to imagine a world shorn of ambition.It would probably be a world with no progress, no development.And, of course, it would be a tedious world.10.To develop our society, we need a large number of people who have both ideals and ambition, because both of these have the power to inspire people to further efforts.Therefore, either of them is an important part of society.Reading practice 1.B 2.C 3.B 4.D 5.A

Unit 8 The Harm That Good Men Do

Bertrand Russell 8

1.Introduction to the Author

Bertrand Arthur William Russell(1872-1970)was known as a British philosopher, logician, essayist and social critic, best known for his work in mathematical logic and analytic philosophy.His most influential contributions include his defense of logicism(the view that mathematics in in some important sense reducible to logic), and his theories of definite descriptions and logical atomism.Along with G.E.Moore, Russell is generally recognized as one of the founders of analytic philosophy.Along with Kurt Godel, he is also often credited with being one of the two most important logicians of the twentieth century.Over the course of his long career, Russell made significant contributions, not just to logic and philosophy, but to a broad range of other subjects(including education, politics, history, religion and science), and many of his writings on a wide variety of topics have influenced generations of general readers.After a life marked by controversy(including dismissals from both Trinity College, Cambridge, and City College, New York), Russell was awarded the Order of Merit in 1949 and the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1950.Also noted for his many spirited anti-war and anti-nuclear protests, Russell remained a prominent public figure until his death at the age of 97.2.Russell's Work Logic

Russell's contributions to logic and foundations of mathematics include his discovery of Russell' Paradox , his defense of logicism, his development of the theory of types, and his refining of the first-order predicate calculus.Russell discovered that the paradox that bears his name in 1901, while working on his Principles of Mathematics(1903).The paradox arises in connection with the set of all sets that are not members of themselves.Such a set, if it exists, will be a member of itself if and only if it is not a member of itself.The paradox is significant since, using classical logic, all sentences are entailed by a contradiction.Russell's discovery thus prompted a large amount of work in logic, set theory, and the philosophy and foundations of mathematics.3.Introduction to the Text

In The Harm That Good Men Do , Bertrand Russell, the inimitable British Voltaire, evaluates the difficulty and dilemma of answering children, or their more adult versions, just what is a “good man?” A contemporary in the critical spirit of LU Xun, and the vitriolic critic of his fellow Americans, H.L.Mencken, Russell is the “enfant terrible” of English letters.He deflates, debunks and denigrates the conventionally defined “good man,” as generally a moralistic flop, a mere defender of the superficial status quo.Chauvinistic, religiously zealous, a petty moralist, and anti-intellectual, this “good man” in often a caricature behind which cynical politicians can hide.“Good men” are often inquisitorial, safeguarding the public from unpopular or critical opinions, a nemesis in most political systems, including so-called democracies, where the “tyranny of the majority” rests on their discerning and protective eyes.Russell attacks these “good man” who represent the unjust power of the dominant classes.“The world is full of injustice and those who profit by injustice are in a position to administer rewards and punishments...and to invent ingenious justifications.”

However, on closing his critical litany against the conventional “good man,” Russell offers the hope of science and reason(2nd half, 20th century events question this faith);they eventually will enable men to realize that institutions based on hatred and injustice will not produce happy societies, and that “good men” need a morality based on “love of life...pleasure in growth, and not upon repression or exploitation.” Though difficult and painful to follow, Russell's criticism and positive suggestions are a positive beacon of lucidity and light for all who would like to be called “good men,” or “good women.” Notes:

1.Bertrand Arthur Russell(1872-1970): English mathematician and philosopher, known in Chinese as 罗素.2.wholesome adj.promoting good health or well-being;healthful;sound.e.g.wholesome air/food/advice.//He has a wholesome attitude towards life.Paraphrase: He has a good sense of right and wrong.When he sees other people doing wrong things, he feels horrified.3.castigate vt.to criticize sharply in public.e.g.John wrote a series of articles to castigate male superiority.// sin n.the willful breaking of religious or moral law;any offence or fault.e.g.Mary confessed her sins to the priest and asked to be forgiven.Explanation: The original sin was committed by Adam and Eve when they ate the forbidden fruit.In the text, the author wrote “Sin” instead of “sin” to catch attention.4.safeguard vt.to protect or guard.e.g.The government should do more to safeguard the interests of citizens.Para: He thinks it is the responsibility of the government to protect the young people against those(bad elements)who challenge the wise views generally accepted by middle-aged successful citizens.Exp: In western countries, views and conducts of middle-aged successful citizens are regarded as social norms.In the text “ it ” is a logical object to stand for “to safeguard the young...”.5.assiduous adj.hard-working;persevering;careful.e.g.Bill is assiduous in/at his duties./ Jane is an assiduous student.// assiduity n.10 6.Pay attention to the usage: to spend time in(doing)something;to spend money on something.para: He spends much time in doing good things.7.patriotism n.the love of one's country.e.g.The death of Wang Hai, a fighter pilot, has aroused a strong sense of patriotism among the Chinese people.// patriot n.one who loves and is ready to defend his country;patriotic adj.8.industry n.the quality of being hard-working(勤奋，勤勉).e.g.His success is due to his industry and thrift.sobriety n.seriousness;staying away from alcohol.e.g.As sobriety ensures quick response in emergency, you should never drink when you drive.9.see to it that...make sure that...e.g.I'll see to it that you get paid in full and on time in the future.in these respects / in this(that)respect with regard to some aspect(s)在这(那)方面.e.g.The twins resemble each other in many respects.due adj.suitable;proper;right.e.g.The old gentleman is paid due respect.Para: He may encourage wage-earners(workers/common people)and their children to be hard-working, virtuous, and stay away from alcohol(Alcohol used to be regarded as a social curse, like the drugs today, that ruined many poor families.).If they fail to do these, he will make sure that they get proper punishment.10.trustee n.理事。board of trustees 理事会。

11.subversive adj.tending to overthrow or destroy something(established).e.g.Bill was house-arrested for making speeches that are subversive of peace and order according to the police.// subversive propaganda.Para: He may serve on the board of trustees of a university, and keep the university(in the “improper” name of respecting knowledge)from hiring professors who intend to overthrow the government or the established religion/institutions.Exp: In western countries, there was a great controversy(argument)over the teaching of evolution at school.Some people who believe that God created man instead of the Darwinian Theory that man came from monkey, were strongly against the hiring of such teachers.There was even a “Monkey Trial” in the United States that ended with the victory of scientists.12.above all most important of all.e.g.John is industrious, handsome, and above all, honest.in a narrow sense in the exact/strict meaning(从狭义上说).e.g.What does the word mean in the narrowest sense?// Cf.in a broad sense.|| irreproachable adj.that denies criticism;faultless.e.g.His irreproachable conduct wins the trust from his employer.Paragraph one describes a good man from the moral point of view.11 13.Para: Of all the uses of good men, the main one is to provide a smoke-screen(烟幕)to those politicians who can do illegal things behind it unsuspected.|| Exp: In the sentence, “which” stands for “uses”.In the following part, “screen” is used as a verb, meaning “to offer some protection to”.14.suspect sb.of sth.to have a feeling that sb.may be guilty of sth.e.g.Quite a few leaders of listed companies are suspected of lying to their investors.// The police suspects him of murder.|| shady adj.questionable;bad.e.g.Tom is believed to be a shady character(person).15.Exp: The author is being very sarcastic here.“A narrow-minded” public is not narrow-minded at all.Since the public are taxpayers, they simply want their money(public funds)to serve good purposes instead of letting it go into the hands of a few rich people;and “the deserving rich” do not deserve the money contributed by the public.Grammatically, “wherever” means “where”, which is used here for emphasis.16.endorse vt.to approve or support;write on the back of a document or check.e.g.The Republican presidential candidate has been endorsed by the party conference.// You'll have to endorse your check before cashing it.Exp: The phrase “though far be it from me to endorse this statement” is in literary style.To put it in simple English, it reads “though I am far from approving the following statement/though I don't agree at all to the following statement” that in the recent past, an American President(probably referring to Warren Harding according to the text compilers), a “good man”, transferred public funds to the rich.|| This paragraph tells why good men are useful to some politicians.17.undesirable adj.& n.unwanted(things and/or persons).e.g.Because of his deformity, James was often treated as an undesirable by his classmates at parties.|| by means of through;with the help of.e.g.Thoughts are expressed by means of words.|| scandal n.shame;any thing that offends moral feelings and leads to disgrace.e.g.Richard Nixon was involved in the Watergate Scandal.// Bill Clinton was involved in the Lewensky Scandal.// For fear of creating a scandal, the family decided to give away the baby borne to their teenage daughter.|| Para: Of all uses of good men, another one is to use them to get rid of unwanted rivals by creating a scandal(such as Mr.X, a father of three lovely kids and husband of a plain-looking wife, is having an affair with a beautiful bar girl).This immoral act, when becoming public, will surely arouse the anger of good men, who will force Mr.X to hand in his resignation, which is the real purpose of other politicians who don't like Mr.X.18.The sentence, formal and literary, simply means “99% of the men break the moral law”.19.in relation to concerning;as regards.e.g.His skill is very important in relation to his job.genuine adj.real;true, not fake or artificial.e.g.This painting is a genuine one by Qi Baishi whereas that one is an imitation.// genuinely adj.|| follow suit to do what sb.else has done.e.g.Mr.Young resigned from the company, his friends immediately followed suit.// When the other boys went fishing, I followed suit.Para: Suppose in 100 men, there is only one who is really free from any moral mistakes.When someone from the other 99 men gets caught when committing something morally wrong, or when his immoral deeds get exposed(become public), that really good man will say that he is really horrified to learn the guilty man's sinful behavior, the other 98 men, afraid that they will be suspected of breaking the moral law themselves if they do not do something quickly, are forced to follow one another to express their position regarding the sinner.20.obnoxious adj.very unpleasant, nasty, offensive.e.g.John has some obnoxious habits.He sleeps with his snake and eats with his cat.venture into to take the risk going into.e.g.He was originally a high school teacher.When China started its reform and opening up drive, he quit his job and ventured into business.// Cf.venture capital(风险基金）.institution n.a significant practice, relationship, organization in a country or culture(体制).institutional adj.e.g.institutional reform.have sth.at heart to be deeply interested in it;anxious to support or encourage it.e.g.He had music at heart even when he was forced to work in the countryside.keep/lose track of to follow/fail to follow the course or development of...;keep in/lose touch with.e.g.The old man reads Yangcheng Evening News every day to keep track of the current events.ruin vt.& n.to cause great damage or destruction to.e.g.The tropical storm ruined his house.// If you go on like this, you will ruin your career.Para: When a man of offensive opinions becomes a politician, the defenders of our old system need only follow and watch his private activities secretly until they find something bad about him that will finish him as a politician.21.make sth.known to make sth.public;expose.e.g.That the mayor took drugs in a hotel was soon made known to the public.obloquy n.shame or disgrace resulting from widespread criticism.“a cloud of obloquy” , a metaphor, means great shame.blackmail vt.& n.(to force sb.to make a)payment of money for not making known sth.discreditable about him(敲诈勒索).e.g.Threatening to turn the evidence over to the police, he blackmailed the firm into paying him for keeping quiet.Para: They can choose to do three things: to make public the bad deeds committed by the sinner and cause him to disappear quickly in great shame, or to make some easy money from him by threatening to expose him.22.commend vt.to praise.e.g.The Chinese athletes are commended for winning honors for the country.23.render sth.possible to make sth.possible.e.g.Dr.Deal rendered it possible for three American students to teach English in China during the summer vacation.Notice the sarcastic tone in the last two sentences of the paragraph.24.The Archduke(大公), refers to Franz Ferdinand, whose assassination on June 28, 1914 at Sarajevo(萨拉热窝)touched off the First World War.25.militarism n.军国主义;military despotism(军人/军事专制).The slogan “to make the world safe for democracy” is often used by some countries as an excuse to invade other countries.Notice this sentence is in subjunctive mood and the tone is very sarcastic.Para: Because of his death, we had the First World War, the world was made “ safer for democracy”;though militarism has been abolished in some countries, we still have military despotisms in Spain, Italy, Hungary and Bulgaria.Paragraphs three and four further illustrate the uses of good man.26.dominant adj.ruling;prevailing.e.g.In a wolf pack, there is always a dominant male(wolf).27.morality n.standards or principles of good behavior;right or moral conduct.e.g.Is commercial morality high in your country?

taboo n.sth which religion or custom regards as forbidden, not to be touched, spoken of , etc.e.g.Pork is a taboo among

the Muslims.// Among Hindus there is a taboo against killing cows.superstitious adj.迷信的.e.g.Most people in primitive societies are superstitious./ In the past, superstitious fishermen regarded white-flag dolphin as the goddess of the Yangtze River.// superstition n.on the ground(s)because(of), on the assumption.e.g.On what grounds do you suspect him?// Joe turned down the invitation to the party on the ground that he would have to go to the airport to meet his aunt.Para: Standards of good behavior seems to have grown out of the idea of taboo, something that a particular religion or custom regards as forbidden, in other words, primitive morality was at its beginning purely superstitious, it discouraged some 14 harmless acts based on the assumption that these acts would lead, for reasons that could not be explained then, to some bad ends.28.have authority over to have influence on/power over.e.g.The notion that it is a great disrespect to talk loudly in a Buddhist temple still has authority over some people.29.regardless of paying no attention to.e.g.She bought that expensive fur coat regardless of cost.30.revision n.reconsideration;change.e.g.The current taxation law needs some revision.Para: If the conduct that makes people feel horrified were not(subjunctive mood)harmful, then more people would be ready to revise/change our moral standards.31.vengeance n.revenge;the return of an injury for an injury.e.g.He swore a terrible vengeance on the enemy who murdered his brother.// She killed him in an act of vengeance.Para: It was believed that the murdered man's blood or his ghost demanded that those who had murdered him be revenged, and the ghost might punish not only the guilty men, but also those who were kind to the guilty men.32.purify vt.to free from guilt, sin, etc.;make pure.e.g.When purified, this metal can fetch a good price./ This music seems to be able to purify one's spirit of evil thoughts.ritual adj.of, like, or done as a ceremonial or solemn act.e.g.ritual ceremony(仪式).// The tribeswomen performed some ritual dances before the priest started to offer the sacrifice to their god.disguise vt.& n.to hide the real nature of;make look, sound so different as to be unrecognizable.e.g.The murderer disguised himself as a woman and ran away./ He went among the enemy in disguise./ Disguised as a woman, the French journalist slipped into Afghanistan.Para: Some ritual ceremonies, originally designed to change the appearance of the murderer so that the ghost would not recognize him(thus unable to seek the revenge), could free the murderer of his crime.33.Sir J.G.Frazer(1854-1941): Scotish anthropologist.34.repentance n.the action or process of feeling sorrow or regret for misdeeds or moral shortcomings.e.g.You must show signs of repentance if you wish to be forgiven.35.derive from to get from.e.g.The young artist derives a large sum of income from teaching painting to kids.36.antiquity n.ancientness;the ancient period of history.e.g.Homer was a great men of antiquity.// in remote antiquity means in ancient time.expiation n.赎罪;expiate vt.e.g.She worked silently to expiate her sin.// In expiation of his sin, he gave up all worldly pleasures.This paragraph seems to say that moral standards are generally superstitious.38.a mist of hazy;vague;unclear.Her eyes are covered with a mist of tears.39.forgery n.the making of false signature, banknote, will or other documents in order to deceive.e.g.He made a fortune with the forgery of paintings.// The criminal was sentenced to death for the forgery of millions of RMB.// forge vt.40.This sentence means goodness lies in doing nothing instead of doing something, because the doer is more likely to make mistakes.41.abstain from to hold oneself back from;stay away from.e.g.The doctor told him to abstain from cigarettes.// At the last election, Bill abstained from voting.42.inculcate vt.usually inculcate sth.in sb.to fix(ideas)firmly by repetition;instill.e.g.The authorities are trying hard to inculcate patriotism in young people.the Gospels 福音书.thyself, old English for yourself.precept n.a rule or guide for behavior;moral instruction.e.g.Example is better than precept.43.persecute vt.to punish or treat cruelly.e.g.Many good people were severely persecuted during the Cultural Revolution.// persecution n.44.administer vt.& vi.to give;control;manage;cause to take.e.g.The traffic police administered a fine on him for speeding./ The courts administer the law./ The Red Cross administers aid in disaster areas.45.ingenious adj.clever and skillful.e.g.The ingenious boy made a radio set for himself./ Not even the experts could work out the magician's ingenious escape.justification n.a good reason for;the act of showing that a person, statement, act, etc.is correct and reasonable.His justification for stealing was that his children were starving.// justify vt.remedy vt & n.to put right;provide a cure for;method used to put sth.right.e.g.Your faults of pronunciation can be remedied.// There is no effective remedy for dengue fever.46.Jean Jaures(1859-1914): French socialist.47.acquit vt.to discharge completely(as from an obligation or accusation).e.g.When the rapists were acquitted by the court on the ground of insufficient evidence, the audience became very indignant/angry.Para: The murderer was pronounced not guilty and set free, the reason provided by the court was that he had done something good for the society.In this paragraph, the author illustrates his topic sentence that our current morality is a strange mixture of superstition and rationalism.48.crumble vi.& vt.to break, rub or fall into small pieces.e.g.The British Empire has crumbled and fallen.// His hopes crumbled to dust.49.Jeremy Bentham(1748-1832): English jurist and philosopher.50.arduous adj.difficult, using up much energy.e.g.It must have been a very arduous task to build the pyramids.// It used to be an arduous climb to reach the top of Mount Emei, but now you can get to the top in a cable car in no time.51.conventional adj.traditional;customary.e.g.Rifles are conventional weapons.//White is the conventional color of a wedding gown.52.champion n.person who fights or speaks in support of a cause;person, team, animal, etc.winning the first place in a competition.e.g.Mr.Smith is a champion of equal rights for women./ Joe Louis was the world heavyweight boxing champion for many years.incur vt.to bring upon oneself.e.g.To build that factory, he had incurred a lot of debts, which ultimately ruined him.enmity n.hatred.e.g.He is at enmity with all his neighbors.Para: In order to bring the greatest possible happiness to the greatest possible number of people, he will have to become a great fighter for the interests of the oppressed people.His revolutionary acts will arouse the hatred from a few rich and powerful people who are always afraid of the redistribution of wealth and power.53.proclaim vt.make known publicly and officially;reveal;show.e.g.Zhang Guotao was proclaimed(to be)a traitor./ His accent proclaims that he is from Hubei.// proclamation n.conceal vt.to hide;keep secret.e.g.The bank robber concealed his weapon under his coat./ The trees concealed the deer from view.alienate vt.to cause sb.previously friendly to become unfriendly, hostile or indifferent by distasteful actions;cause to be taken away.e.g.President Bush's policies have alienated many of his followers./ The property of the enemy was alienated during the war.// alienation n.Para: He will make public some facts that the powerful people wish to hide, and he will declare untrue lies aimed to take away sympathy from those people who need it.54.“thou shalt not”, old English, means “you shouldn't(do this)” in modern English.55.“the code” here means “moral code” or “moral law”.56.mystic n.an advocate of the theory of mysticism.Grammar: This sentence is in inverted order, normally it should read “all the great mystics and religious teachers have protested against this kind of morality(official morality)in vain”.57.explicit adj.clearly stated or shown;definite;outspoken.e.g.He gave explicit instructions not to be distributed./ The lease is explicit in saying that the rent must be paid by the 5th of every month.pronouncement n.a formal declaration of opinion;an authoritative announcement.e.g.The accused stood and heard the pronouncement of his sentence.While trying to refute the claim that morality cannot be criticized, the author goes on to say that since the methods used are not correct, there will not be much improvement of moral standards.58.draw n.neither side won.e.g.Our team has had five wins and two draws this season.// The game ended in a draw.59.repress vt.to keep or put down/under;oppress.e.g.For fear of waking up the sleeping baby, she repressed a sneeze./ Many peasant uprisings have been repressed in history.// repression n

60.expansive adj.able or tending to expand;unreserved, high-spirited;broad.e.g.That silent boy became expansive after dinner./ Jane has an expansive character./ Adam has an expansive forehead.61.peccadillo n.a small fault or slight offence.e.g.No one is free from peccadilloes.18 62.exploit vt.to make unethical use of sth./ sb.for one's own profit;take advantage of.e.g.Workers are heavily exploited by the mine owners./ You must exploit every opportunity to learn new things.// exploitation n.63.ill-gotten adj.acquired by illegal or improper means.e.g.Private mine owners in Nandan, Guangxi who dig state mines spend their ill-gotten money like water.Some of them flew to Beijing just for some cigarettes not available in their county.Para: A man who gets rich by being cruel to and making immoral use of others should be viewed now as an immoral man even if he goes to church regularly and spends part of his immorally-obtained money on public welfare or facilities.64.bring about to cause to happen.e.g.Greater efforts must be made to bring about institutional reforms.instill vt.to introduce(ideas)gradually;cause to enter drop by drop.e.g.We must try to instill in children a love of

learning./ Medication is being instilled into the veins of the sick child.muster n.examination;inspection.pass muster to be considered satisfactory;be good enough for the purpose or occasion.e.g.The evaluation group believed that the quality of the construction project passed muster.personage n.an important person.e.g.The ruling party invited some personages without party affiliation to discuss the new plan.Para: To make this happen, we only need to introduce gradually a scientific attitude towards moral questions to replace the traditional attitude(which is no more than a mixture of superstition and oppression)that some important people still regard as good.65.unrepentant adj.feeling no regret or sorrow.e.g.Some of the Fa Lun Gong practitioners are very unrepentant

66.futile adj.useless.e.g.Put down your arms!Resistance is futile.strife n.fight or quarrel;struggle;contention.e.g.A history of internal strife has left its mark on this tiny nation.67.orgy n.a display of excessive indulgence;a wild and drunken activity.e.g.At the party the youngsters engaged in various orgies such as drinking, joint-smoking(吸大麻), and sexual activity.68.afresh adv.again.e.g.Let's start afresh

The last paragraph seems to say that only the progress of reason and science can help improve our sense of morality.Though the power of reason is still weak today, Mr.Russell believes that it will become stronger and stronger in the future, and ultimately overwhelms unreason.Key to Vocabulary and Structure

A.1.wholesome 2.assiduous 3.subversive 4.wrongdoing 5.endorsed 6.breath 7.Undesirable 8.calculated 9.injustice 10.purifying

B.1.venturing 2.in relation to 3.follow suit 4.keep...out 5.keep track of 6.speaking of 7.on the grounds 8.derives from 9.abstain from 10.for fear that C.1.immoral 2.cruelty 3.irreproachable 4.revise 5.constructive 6.blameless 7.administered 8.guilty 9.equality 10.Justice

D.1.C.protected areas 2.A.As did 3.D.as opposed 4.A.Never having 5.A.would have married 6.D.for which 7.B.can he speak 8.A.we established 9.D.that 10.D.but also

E.1.recognized 2.came across 3.appeared 4.as 5.conceived 6.discovered 7.in 8.what 9.than 10.good 11.true 12.morally 13.At 14.comes 15.which 16.towards 17.other 18.such as 19.penalty 20.guilty Key to Translation A:

在政客圈子里，好人有他们的用处，其中最主要的就是充当烟幕。其他人躲在烟幕背后就可以毫无顾忌地搞他们的活动了。好人从来不会怀疑他的朋友有不轨行为，这就是他的部分好处所在；好人也从来不会被公众怀疑用他的优点来庇护坏人，这是他的部分用处所在。

虽然传统道德的卫道士有时承认，传统的道德并不完美，但是他们极力争辩说，任何的批评都将使整个道德体系分崩离析。如果批评是积极的和富有建设性的，那么情况不致如此，只有逞一时之快的批评，才会使道德体系崩溃。让我们回过头来看看边沁的观点吧。作为道德规范的基础，他提倡“为最大多数的人谋求最大的幸福”。按照这一原则行事的人，其一生要比仅仅遵循传统戒律的人艰难得多。

Key to Translation B:

1.The so-called ideally good men may not necessarily be beneficial to society because people have different ideas about the standards of goodness.2.Good men must be morally irreproachable and they mustn't be indifferent to the things harmful to society.3.They see to it that their hard and earnest work helps them complete their task smoothly, and none of them thinks much of personal fame and position

4.Scandals can ruin a genuinely good man while flattery can make a bad man a good man.5.He cannot tell a good man from bad ones, so bad men often use him to screen their bad activities.6.They often elbow out the undesirables by making it impossible for them to continue with their work.7.Though threatened, he showed no fear and continued with his experiment which was calculated to be successful.(此处calculated用得很勉强)

8.The poor man was sentenced to life imprisonment on the ground that he had stolen bread from a store.9.They have kept track of him but failed to detect any shady acts.10.Though many people are against him for his violation of conventional concepts, he still has some followers.（此处follow suit不合用）

Key to Reading Practice 1.A 2.C 3.B 4.D 5.D

Unit Nine

Let the Computers Be the Bureaucrats

Oren Harare Notes:

1.All the 11th hour;mouth-to-mouth resusicitation of restructuring and “empowerment”: any last-minute effort of changing the structure or supplying the resources to your job || 11th hour: the last possible moment, only just in time.This phrase originates from the Bible, Matthew 20.2....you can hold off the inevitable until you retire---a rather forlorn wish.:...the inevitable(the day your job becomes obsolete)could be put off to the day you retire---but it is unlikely to happen.|| hold off: delay or put off e.g.Could you hold off(making)your decisions until next week? / He makes every excuse to hold off getting married/the wedding.|| a forlorn wish: idiom plan or undertaking that is almost certain not to succeed e.g.Going to their rescue in a rowing boat is a bit of a forlorn wish.e.g.: For him, a young man without formal education background, to find a good job during the recession is kind of a forlorn wish.3....preparing to obsolete your current work before it obsoletes you.:...you should get away from your present job and get prepared for a newly emerging job before your current job becomes out of date.Here obsolete is used as a verb, meaning “make out of date/put to rest, or end.” || obsolete a.: no onger used;out of date e.g.Many obsolete words can be found in this old text./ The horse-drawn plough is now obsolete in most European countries.4....what this drumroll is all about.:...what I want to say with this dramatic introduction(Rolling of drums is used to get an audience's attention.).|| Drumroll n.: sound make by beating drums 5.Bear with me.: Tolerate me patiently.|| Bear with: tolerate someone/sth patiently e.g.We must bear with her during this difficult period.6.move from: make a change from 7....hitherto sacred principles like volume, economies of scale, experience curves, mass production and mass marketing are becoming less and less useful if we're interested in competitive edge.:...those economic principles which used to be considered the best are becoming less useful in the competitive market.|| hitherto adv.: until now ||competitive edge: an advantage in a competition 8.Rapid collaborative application of intelligence is where it's at.: The competitive edge lies in the ability to quickly apply new knowledge and information.Here it refers to competitive edge.9.Some companies get it.: Some companies understand these new principles of competition.10....Microsoft achieved a 38 percent quarterly sales boost by adding $90 million to its top line:...by investing $90 million into its top product line Microsoft's sales increased by 38 percent quarterly.|| boost n.: increase;encouragement || give boost: give encouragement e.g.to give sb's confidence a boost || achieve a boost: see rapid increase e.g.This year the economy in Shanghai has achieved a 9.9 percent boost.|| top line: 公司常用的财务报表中，不论资产负债还是损益表，其第一行(top line)都是 revenue(收入)，top line growth 指盈收增长。

11.break even: balance income and expenditure;make neither a loss nor a profit 12.Launch one new interesting product: start to manufacture a new interesting product 13.miss the point: not see the main idea(the point)e.g.To say that the failure of the Chinese football team is caused by the poor ability of the foreign coach is to miss the point.e.g.: He made a long speech but most of the audience missed the point.14.EDS is successful despite its size.: Although EDS is a huge company, it has managed to achieve success.Here despite implies that its size is a disadvantage rather than an advantage for EDS.15.break down into: divide or be divided into parts e.g.Expenditure on the project breaks down as follows: wages $10 m, raw materials $5m./ After bankruptcy the big company was broken down into several small ones and sold separately.16.Everyone else by and large executes.: All the other employees only carry out the orders or put the ideas to work.||by and large: in general, on the whole e.g.By and large, this company is pretty good to me./ The economy this year by and large has seen some improvement.|| execute v.: put(sth)into effect;carry out e.g.execute a plan;execute a piece of work;execute someone's orders Or: kill as a legal punishment e.g.The murderer was executed after he was convicted of having killed 10 children.17.bureaucracy kills: In a bureaucratic system in which people only do routine work passively, they lose all their imagination and initiative.18.nonhuman: not of human beings 19.Specifically: to be specific;to make it concrete e.g.Water is composed of two elements, specifically, oxygen and hydrogen.20.fit into: match well with e.g.This card fits nicely into that envelope.21.the ultimate bureaucrats: the most regulated, structured and least flexible workers 22.Even if you're smart enough to outsource such work, the question can still be aimed at the supplier.: Even if you are able to reassign bureaucratic work, the question can still be asked to those organizations who use people for bureaucratic jobs.|| outsource v.: delegate out to others（将...）外包给...23.valid a.: relevant;sound 24.handoff n.: handing or passing on work to other people 25.bureaucratic conduit-jobs: redundant routine work 26.Hence, organizations will no longer be able to subsidize processes and jobs that glorify hierarchical control but turn off the spigot on knowledge-flow.: Therefore organizations will not be able to support the growth of hierarchical management systems in which information is the privilege of a few authorities and not available to everyone.|| turn off the spigot on knowledge-flow: block the free flow of knowledge 27.converge v.: move toward the same point e.g.Our previously opposed views are biginning to converge.e.g.: Enthusiasts from around the world converge on Le Mans for the annual car race.28....flinging intelligence to the far reaches of the globe:...making information available in every part of the world, even the most remote areas || fling to: throw(sth)in a certain direction e.g.He flung the paper away in disgust./ He was flung into prison.29....where walls of secrecy and hoarding and egostatus come tumbling down.:...all the barriers to the free flow of information and intelligence are disappearing.Wall of secret means practices which prevent the free flow of information.|| hoard v.: hide e.g.He is hoarding some secret paper.|| tumble down: fall down in ruin;collapse e.g.The old barn we bought to convert into flats was practically tumbling down./ With the invasion of imperialists the once glorious empire slowly tumbled down.30.There's no place for human bureaucracy in this scenario.: In the future, there is no room for human bureaucratic work.scenario n.: imagined setting of future events 31.The sheer volume of information and knowledge available to any individual(and any competitor)will mean that talent, resourcefulness, energy and ingenuity will necessarily become an all-hands, collaborative affair, the responsibility of everyone on board.: There will be such a huge amount of information and technology in the future that only with the participation and cooperation of all the people in the company can smart solutions and ingenious breakthroughs come about.32.be set on a firm course: know without doubt the direction to go in e.g.The revolution set the country on the road to democracy./ We are set on a firm course to success.Key to the Translation from English to Chinese:

A

有些公司了解这一点。微软即是其中之一。// 有些人认为微软能在互联网世界里崭露锋芒，锐意发展是由于比尔·盖茨的个人野心。// 简言之，这种想法很荒谬。// 在1990年，微软季度销售量要增加38%，需要增加九千万的收入，而在1995年，要达到同样比例的季度销售增幅，收益需要增加九亿美元。// 现在，收益的增加标准越提越高。新的商机来自何处？规模化经营？还是低成本？这些都是无稽之谈。// 新的商机只能来自于领导市场、受顾客欢迎的产品。// 即使要保持收支平衡，微软也要至少每天创造一千五百万美元的收益。// 如果没有高速度和充分的想象力，它只有死路一条。B 这些趋势在不断扩大，原因很简单：信息就是力量，而技术的发展使得获取信息变得民主化和全球化。// 因此，各种组织机构将再也不能扶植那些美化等级特权并阻止信息交流的工作体系了。// 在未来学家乔治·吉尔德所描绘的世界中，经济是建立在沙子、玻璃和空气的基础上的。// 沙子即指制造芯片的硅。芯片（计算机世界的建筑材料）正以指数级的速度增长。每十八个月芯片的性能就要翻一番。

Key to the Translation from the Chinese into English 1.Such a job is doomed because in this field, manual work will be done by computers.2.The information-based network economy will bring about profound changes in society.Whether this change could benefit human beings or involve them in a chaotic situation needs our discussion.3.Because of the increasingly fierce competition and personalized product demand from customers, being able to supply personalized products has become the key to business success.4.The old way of management robs people of their imagination and curiosity, making them content with the present system and jobs and they make no progress.5.Those lacking in initiative and creativity can only fit into the traditional mode of work.Once the old mode is changed, they will be at a loss as to what to do.6.In the coming century the development of telecommunications will depend on optical fibers which carry information incomparable to the common phone lines.25 7.Since computers can replace people to do routine jobs, people can be freed of mundane business to do creative work.8.In future society, proprietary information will be less and less proprietary.What will this lead to? 9.Some social thinkers predict ominously that robots will become more and more independent and eventually uncontrollable.10.In the future, new jobs will be born.There is no need for people to worry excessively about unemployment.But they must keep learning about new technology.Key to vocabulary and structure A.1.sacred

2.secrecy 3.doomed

4.segment 5.hierarchy 6.ego 7.symptoms 8.chaotic

9.absurd 10.breakthrough

B.1.obsolete 2.boost 3.imagination 4.duplicate

5.subsidy 6.converge 7.tumbled down 8.automated 9.innovation 10.hold off C.1.personalized 2.intangibles;tangibles 3.prediction 4.ingenuous 5.flexibility 6.bureaucrat 7.innovation 8.glory 9.available 10.specified D.1.B that 2.D.little 3.C giving 4.D can she act 5.B must have been 6.C be 7.B whichever 8.B meaningful 9.D many of whose origins 10.B or E.1.about 2.organization 3.for 4.but 5.computers 6.In other words 7.that 8.In fact 9.simply 10.therefore 11.attach 12.within 13.definition 14.for 15.necessary Reading practice 1)D 2)D 3)C 4)A 5)B Unit Ten: Animal Research Is Vital to Medicine Jack H.Botting

Adrian R.Morrison Notes:

1.seek to do sth = try/attempt to do sth;// alleviate vt.to lessen or reduce(pain);to decrease(poverty).e.g.This medicine can only alleviate the symptoms of your problem, but not cure it.// The government is doing its best to alleviate the poverty in the mountainous areas.2.respond to = react to, answer, reply.e.g.Jane did not respond to her teacher's question.// emergence n.the act of rising/appearing.e.g.The constant emergence of promising players is characteristic of the Chinese ping pong team.// Cf.emergency n.a sudden, generally unexpected occurrence demanding immediate action.e.g.emergency department(of a hospital)// He is known for his ability to handle emergency cases.3.“research...is but one...” “but” here means “only”.complementary adj.making sb or sth better by stressing its good qualities or having qualities that other person or thing lacks.e.g.Irish farming and British industry are complementary.Each provides what the other needs.// complementary approaches = ways and methods that support each other.4.essential adj.absolutely necessary, indispensable, vital.e.g.Discipline is essential in an army.// It is essential to know all the facts.// vital adj.essential, indispensable, very important, full of life, of or concerned with life.e.g.The relationship between the teacher and student is of vital importance.// Easy access to information is vital for an informed public.// Mary is vital and attractive.// Pulse, heart beat, and blood pressure are vital signs of life.// Para: We plan to show you exactly why we believe that animal research has been important in the past and why it will continue to be important in the future.5.allot vt.to assign as one's share, make a distribution of.e.g.Can we finish the work within the time they have allotted to us?// They were allotted an apartment to live in.// allotment n.Para: To describe in detail all the progress that relied on animal research would require much more space(in the newspaper or magazine given to us(by the editors).In other words, we cannot describe in detail all the progress made so far because we do not have enough space.6.owe sth to sb/sth = be indebted to as the source of.e.g.He owes his success to good luck more than to ability.// To whom do we owe the discovery of penicillin?//

7.debilitate vt.to make weak, to weaken(the body);debilitating in the sentence is used as an adjective.e.g.a debilitating climate.// result from is followed by a cause whereas result in is followed by a result.e.g.Sickness often results from eating too much.// The accident resulted in 20 deaths.// bacterial adj.细菌的;bacterium n.细菌(pl.bacteria), e.g.bacterial infection(细菌感染);viral adj.病毒的, virus n.病毒;e.g.computer virus.para: Most diseases that make people physically weak or that make people lose their work ability are the results of bacterial or viral infections.8.derange vt.to make insane, to throw into confusion, to cause to go out of order.e.g.John is mentally deranged(He is insane/mad.)// derangement n.para: Most doctors believed that these diseases were caused by the disorders in the patients' internal organs(内脏紊乱).9.derive from = to have as a source or origin, to get: e.g.Thousands of English words are derived from Latin.// She has derived little benefit from the medicine.// microorganism n.微生物;originate with/from sb, originate from/in sth = to have as a cause or beginning: e.g.The quarrel originated in rivalry between the two groups.// With whom did the proposal originate?// Louis Paster(路易•巴斯德).contemporary adj.of the time or period to which reference is being made, belonging to the same time;e.g.contemporary literature(当代文学)// Dickens was contemporary with Thackeray.// contemporary n.a person belonging to the same time with another/others;e.g.Dickens and Thakeray are contemporaries.// Para: The proof that such diseases were caused by external bacteria and/or viruses can be traced back to the pioneering work done by Pasteur and scientists of his time.10.contaminate vt.to make impure, corrupt, etc.by contact;to pollute;e.g.Flies contaminate food.The oil spill contaminated the river.// contamination n.contaminating or being contaminated;sth which contaminates;e.g.Milk should be kept very clean to avoid contamination.The contamination of the Pearl River made the water unfit to drink.// contaminant n.a contaminating substance;e.g.Dust and poisonous gas in the air are contaminants.// contaminating adj.e.g.contaminating diseases(接触性传染病)

11.chicken cholera 鸡霍乱；anthrax 炭疽病.12.hypothesis n.an idea or suggestion put foward as a starting point for reasoning or explanation.e.g.Many people are trying to prove the hypothesis put forward by that famous economist.// gut n.[pl.] the intestine;[slang] daring, courage.e.g.During the war, Japanese soldiers took pleasure in sticking their bayonets into the guts of unarmed Chinese civilians.Bill is a man of guts.// microbe n.a microorganism, especially one causing disease;e.g.Microbes are tiny living creatures that can be seen only with the help of a microscope.// to grow sth in culture 把某物放在培养基中培养。

Para: To see whether his idea that microorganisms cause diseases is correct, Pasteur examined the things contained in the intestine of chickens suffering from cholera;he separated a microbe that might have caused the disease and grew it in culture.13.identify vt.to establish the identity of;to consider as being the same or as being necessarily associated.e.g.Mary identified the man as her attacker./ Peter identifies her happiness with his own.// identity n.who a person is, or what a thing is.e.g.an identity card(ID card 身份证).They don't trust him as his identity is still uncertain.// identification n.identifying or being identified, e.g.The identification of persons killed in the traffic accident proves rather difficult.// identical adj.the same;exactly alike;e.g.The fingerprints of no two persons are identical./ John and his brother are identical twins.// The identical twins were asked to show their identity cards in the swimming contest because the officials there had trouble identifying them.Para: Pasteur had correctly established the identity of the microbe that caused chicken cholera.14.by chance = by accident, not by desing or on purpose.e.g.The farmer discovered a sword that dates back to pre-Qin period quite by chance.15.be resistant to = resisting.e.g.Many insects are resistant to DDT.// batch n.one set, lot or group.e.g.Mother always tells me to buy the freshest batch of bread.Batch number is printed on the back of the box.// be lethal to = be deadly to.e.g.Drugs are lethal to all people.//

Para: But birds(chickens)taking the cultured microbes that had lost their ability to infect were not affected by new batches of microbes that would have killed those birds(chickens)if they had not received the weakened form of microbes earlier.16.recur vi.to come, happen again;be repeated.e.g.I felt very sorry when I learned that his disease had recurred.If this cheating recurs, you will be expelled from school.// recurrence n.recurring, repetition.e.g.The frequent recurrence of these headaches makes her life miserable.// recurrent adj.e.g.His illness is likely to be recurrent.17.administer vt.to manage, look after business affairs;to apply, put into operation.e.g.to administer law;to administer a country;to administer punishment to sb;The doctor told me to administer the lotion to the wound three times a day.// administration n.management of public affairs;application of medicine, relief, a punishement.e.g.His sister is studying administration at Cornell University.The administration of eye drops must be done very carefully.// administrator n.e.g.A friend of mine is an administrator in a prestigious college.// administrative adj.e.g.He has a lot of administrative work to do.// induce vt.to produce, cause, etc.e.g.This medicine induces sleep.His illness was induced by overwork.// induced labor 引产.immunity n.the state of being temporarily or permanently able to resist an infection;exemption from a tax, duty or jurisdiction.e.g.Immunity may be acquired.// be immune to/from = protected or safe from a danger, etc.;exempt;e.g.He is immune to TB/small pox.Foreign funded companies in that country are immune from income taxation for three years.// immune system = 免疫系统// immunization n.免疫接种 Para: With the use(application)of a form of ineffective culture of the disease-causing bacteria, doctors might be able to cause their patients to acquire a resistance to infectious diseases.18.Guinea pigs are not pigs.They are the white mice used in scientific experiments.19.vaccine n.a preparation of weakened microorganisms that are administered so as to produce or increase immunity to/against a particular disease 疫苗（制剂）.e.g.Scientists have been trying to develop an effective vaccine against AIDS.20.to an/some/a certain extent = in some degree, partly.e.g.Ghana is industrialized to some extent.21.prominent adj.distinguished, famous, leading.e.g.Albert Einstein is a prominent physicist.// Jean has a promiment part in the play.prominence n.|| Joseph Lister(1827-1912), English surgeon.On the basis of Pasteur's research into fermentation, he introduced the principles of disinfection and antisepsis into surgery.|| carbolic acid: 石炭酸。sterilize vt.to rid(surgical instruments, dressings etc.)of living microorganisms;to make incapable of producing offspring.e.g.To sterilize anything is to kill the germs on it, usually by boiling.// He did not want to have any more children, so he had an operation to have himself sterilized.suture n.the thread or wire used in a surgical operation（手术用线）;the stitching together of the two edges of a wound or incision（手术缝合）;vt.to sew up(a wound).|| dressings n.绷带 Para: Pasteur's findings affected the opinion of Joseph Lister, a famous British surgeon, who was the first to use carbolic acid to kill micororganisms on intruments, threads and wound dressings used in surgical operation.22.address vt.to speak/write to.e.g.Mr.Green will now address the meeting.vivisection n.the performance of scientific experiments involving surgical operation on living animals for medical or other research（活体解剖）.vivisect vt.Para: to make a speech at the Royal Commission that was investigating into the horrible practices, the killing of living animals.23.condemn vt.to blame, criticize severely;punish.e.g.Most people condemn war.// The judge condemned the criminal to ten years in jail.// condemnation n.Para: to say some words to criticize vivisection, the horrible practices that kill animals.24.Quaker n.a member of the Society of Friends（公谊会/贵格会成员）.25.sovereign n.a king, queen or emperor.e.g.King George was the sovereign of England.// adj.the highest power(of a nation, state, ruler).e.g.China is a sovereign state.26.testimony n.a statement made under oath to establish a fact;any form of evidence.e.g.A witness gave testimony that Mr.Smith was at home from 9 to 12 p.m.// The witness's testimony is false.// testify vt.& vi.to give evidence, especially under oath in court.e.g.The fingerprint expert was asked to testify at the trial.// He hated to testify against a friend.27.asepsis n.freedom from bacterial infection;the method or process of excluding bacteria, esp.in surgery（无菌/无菌操作）.aseptic adj.28.diphtheria n.白喉;tetanus n.破伤风;rabies n.狂犬病;tuberculosis n.结核病;poliomyelitis n.脊髓灰质炎;measles n.麻疹.29.candidate microorganisms = microorganisms that might be the causes of diseases.30.contract vt.to catch(a disease);to enter into a contract.e.g.My son contracted a severe fever.// The farmer contracted to lease his land.31.antibacterial adj.that checks the growth or effect of bacteria（抗菌的）n.抗菌剂/物.antibiotic n.any of certain substances capable of destroying or weakening bacteria（抗菌素，抗生素）adj.抗菌的，抗生的.The prefix anti means: 1.against, hostile to;2.that operates against;3.that prevents, cures or neutralizes;4.opposite, reverse;5.rivaling

32.trivial adj.insignificant, of very little importance or value.e.g.His work is the most important thing, beside it all else is trivial.// triviality n.e.g.She only talks about the trivialities of life.33.amputate vt.to cut off(an arm, a leg), esp.in surgery.e.g.His injured arm was amputated.// amputation n.e.g.Doctors tried their best to keep his legs injured by a land mine before they resorted to amputation.34.puerperal sepsis: 产后脓毒病。

35.sulfonamide drugs: 磺胺类药物。

Para: When doctors started to use sulfonamides, the rate of mothers dying from puerperal sepsis dropped sharply.36.a range of = a row, line or series of.e.g.a range of mountains.37.compound n.复/化/混合物。e.g.APC compound// adj.复/化/混合物的，复方的。

Gerhard Domagk:(1895-1964), a German chemist.Bayer Laboratories: 拜尔实验室/制药公司。

screen vt.to test;to sift through a screen.e.g.He was well screened before he took the job.mouse protection test: 小鼠保护实验。agar plates: 琼脂培养基。

Notice: The objective clause following “insist” is in subjunctive mood.Para: The research group led by Gerhard Domagk at Bayer Laboratories...insisted that all possible compounds get tested on mice infected with the disease instead of on bacteria grown in culture.38.perspicacity n.quickness to judge and understand.e.g.Her perspicacity in times of danger has saved us a lot of trouble.// perspicacious adj.[formal] keen;quick to judge and understand.e.g.John is a perspicacious boy.prontosil n.百浪多息（一种磺胺类药的商品名）。

potent adj.(of reasons, charms, drugs, remedies)powerful, effective.e.g.M.Ali is a potent boxer.// This drug is potent against cholera.in vitro adj.or adv.in glass;outside a living body and in an artificial environment.// Cf.in vivo adj.or adv.in the living body of a plant or animal.sulfanilamide n.对氨基苯磺酰胺。

Para: Domagk's wise decision was lucky for us because prontosil, a compound, though very effective in killing the bacteria in mice, could not kill the bacteria grown in glass plates(on agar plates).The effective antibacterial sulfanilamide originated from prontosil in vivo rather than in vitro.39.synthesize vt.to combine parts or elements so as to form a whole.e.g.No one has synthesized gold.// Some hormones can be synthesized.// synthetic adj.e.g.During the 20th century, many synthetic products have replaced natural ones.// synthetic leather// synthesis n.e.g.Plastic is produced by synthesis.// Now that we have succeeded in

isolating this drug, our next problem is to plan its synthesis in the laboratory.40.penicillin n.盘尼西林/青霉素。

Para: A lack of proper animal experiments unfortunately postponed the use of the wonderful new drug: penicillin.41.Sir Alexander Fleming(1881-1955), a British bacteriologist.42.toxic adj.poisonous.e.g.toxic gas// Some substances produced by bacteria in plants and animals are very toxic.// toxin n.any of several intensely poisonous substances produced by certain bacteria.e.g.The toxins contained in spoiled food can cause diseases.// toxicity n.毒性.e.g.Mr.Wang, a Ph.D student, is studying the toxicity of insecticides.43.Sir Howard W.Florey(1898-1968), a British pathologist.// Ernst Boris Chain(1906-?)a Germany born British biochemist.44.malaria n.疟疾。

45.strain n.种、菌株。e.g.Yuan Longping has developed a new strain of rice that can increase food production nationwide.46.routine n.a fixed and regular way of doing things.e.g.business routine// Going to the bank every morning is part of the routine of his work.// We are bored with the routine of campus life.// adj.ordinary, regular.e.g.Mopping the floor and washing the dishes are my routine duties// A routine medical checkup is advisable at least once a year for the middle-aged scientists.thanks to = owing to;with the help of.e.g.Thanks to the teacher's help, I passed my mid-term English test.Para: As a result of(owing to)20 years of animal research by..., open heart operation（开心手术）is now common(a daily practice).47.kidney failure = renal failure（肾衰竭）.48.kidney dialysis = 肾透析；kidney transplant = 肾移植。

49.severe hemorrhage = 大出血;hypertension = high blood pressure（高血压）;diabetes = 糖尿病。

50.heparin n.肝素。

extract vt.to draw out by effort;to obtain by pressing, distilling, etc.e.g.to extract sugarcane/beet for sugar// The surgeon extracted a bullet lodged in his chest.// Iron is extracted from the iron ore by heating the ore with coke and limestone.// extraction n.Her teeth are so bad that she needs five extractions.animal tissues = 动物组织;however, tissue paper = 面巾纸。

anesthetize vt.to cause a partial or total loss of the sense of pain, touch, etc.in...// anesthesia n.麻醉.e.g.local anesthesia = 局部麻醉;total anesthesia = 全身麻醉;Many doctors from the third world countries come to China to learn acupuncture

anesthesia（针刺麻醉）.// anesthetic adj.麻醉的；n.麻醉药/剂// anesthetist n.麻醉师// anesthesiologist n.麻醉专家// e.g.Before a surgical operation, an anesthetist/anesthesiologist anesthetizes the patient so that he/she does not feel the pain.For a small operation, local anesthesia is administered;if the operation is a big one, total anesthesia is preferred.The dosage of anesthetics used depends on the age, weight, and physical condition of the patient.In China, doctors also use acupunture anesthesia in surgical operations.51.a host of = a great number of.e.g.They defeated a host of enemies in battle.// similar expressions: a series/range/variety/plethora of, an array of.// However, “host” in the next sentence means “宿主”.complication n.new illness, or new development of an illness, that makes treatment more difficult(并发症)。

instrumental adj.helpful, serving as an instrument or means;of or for musical instruments.// e.g.Dr.Deal is instrumental in finding a well-paid job for George.// instrumental music（器乐曲）.Para: To transplant a kidney or any major organ into a patient is likely to cause a lot of new problems that make the treatment more difficult.Animal experiments have been very helpful in developing new therapies and techniques for these problems.52.blood vessels: 血管;donor organ: 捐赠器官。

withstand vt.to hold out against(pressure, attack).e.g.They withstood the attackers for 48 hours before retreat.// Nobody can withstand her charms.artery n.any of the large tubes carrying blood from the heart（动脉，Cf.vein: 静脉）;a main road or channel.e.g.The Yangtze is one of the transportation arteries in China.// arterial adj.Trans: 将宿主的血管和捐赠器官牢固缝合，以便使血管能够承受动脉的压力。

53.suppress vt.to restrain;to keep from being known or published;to put down by force.e.g.The police are trying to suppress the sale and use of illegal drugs.// You cannot suppress the truth for long.// She suppressed a laugh.// The army suppressed a revolt in the provinces.54.reject vt.to refuse to take, use, believe, agree to, etc.e.g.The committee rejected his application for studying abroad.// The patient's body rejected the heart transplant.// rejection n.55.insulin n.a life-saving hormone(胰岛素).56.pancreas n.脾脏

57.diagnosis n.the act of deciding the nature of a disease, situation, problem, etc.by examination and analysis;the resulting decision（诊断 [pl.] diagnoses）.e.g.The two doctors made different diagnoses of my disease.// diagnose vt.& vi.to determine the nature of(a disease)from its symptoms.e.g.The doctor diagnosed his disease as measles.// diagnostic adj.malignant adj.very harmful;causing or likely to cause death.e.g.She is suffering from a malignant tumor.// malignance or malignancy n.prognosis n.a prediction, esp.of the course of a disease(预后).e.g.The prognosis of

her case is not very bright.// prognostic adj.precede vt.& vi.to come, be, or go before in time, place, rank, etc.e.g.The playing of the national anthem precedes all sports events.//The movie star entered the room preceded by her little dog.// A major precedes a captain in rank.// precedence n.e.g.Economic problems must take precedence of other issues.// precedent adj.& n.If he is allowed to do this, it will serve as a precedent for others.// It is something without precedent in history.devastate vt.to lay waste, destroy, overwhelm.e.g.The typhoon devastated the coastal area in Guangdong.// devastation n.The devastation caused by the landslide left 30 people homeless.Para: The determination of malignant hypertension often meant that the patient would die within a year.Before his/her death, he/she would experience very painful headaches and lose his/her sight too.58.herald vt.to announce, foretell, etc.e.g.The singing of the birds heralds the day.// n.a forerunner;one who announces important news.e.g.The returning swallows are heralds of spring.// A good newspaper should be a herald of truth.// The New York Herald Tribune（《纽约先驱论坛报》）.59.transgenic adj.转基因的, e.g.transgenic foods.60.mutation n.a sudden variation in some inheritable characteristic of a plant or animal.// mutant adj.of mutation;n.an animal or plant with inheritable characteristics that differ from those of the parents.// mutable adj.that can change or be changed.// mutate vi.& vt.a wealth of = a lot of.It can be used to modify both countable and uncountable nouns.e.g.She has a wealth of knowledge about China.// The speaker gives a wealth of examples to illustrate his point.61.trauma n.a bodily injury/wound;an emotional shock/blow.e.g.Time will heal her trauma.// traumatic adj.e.g.His traumatic experience in the war lasted through his life.// traumatize vt.Everyone felt traumatized during the Cultural Revolution.the central nervous system: 中枢神经系统。

62.dogma n.a doctrine, belief;a body of theological doctrines strictly adhered to(教条)./ dogmatic adj.dogmatism n.教条主义/ dogmaticist n.教条主义者 || mammalian adj.哺乳动物的;mammal n.哺乳动物 || spinal cord n.脊髓

assess vt.to evaluate.e.g.The value of the property has been assessed at RMB2000 yuan.// The prefix “re” in reassess means “again”.e.g.We have to reassess the situation now since many things have changed in the past few days.|| in the light of = as a result of taking into consideration.e.g.In the light of these changes, we must revise our plan.|| regenerate vt.to give new life or vigor to;to grow(a new part)to replace a lost or injured one.e.g.Worldwide bumper harvest regenerated hopes of resolving the economic crisis.// If a crab loses a claw, it wil often regenerate a new one.// regeneration n.e.g.The successful regeneration of the waterfront has brought in many tourists.||

Para: Recent animal research indicates that it is indeed possible to make damaged nerve cells in mammalian spinal cord to function again.According to this research finding, the old teaching/doctrine that it is impossible to...has to be reevaluated and

changed.Key to the paragraph translation into Chinese: 在解决现有的医学难题方面，动物实验依旧是必不可少的吗？那些因携带一个突变基而产生基因转变的动物，已经向我们提供了大量的有关蛋白质功能及其在疾病中所起的作用的新信息。毫无疑问，动物实验将继续为我们提供这类信息。我们还期待着在中枢神经损伤的治疗方面取得重大进展。鉴于近来的动物研究表明，神经的再生确有可能，因此原本认为哺乳动物脊髓中的神经细胞受损后功能无法复原的教条，必须予以重新评价。治疗何时生效，只是一个时间问题。||我们很难想象，将来如果没有动物实验，怎么能够在这个领域以及生物和医学等诸多其他领域取得进展。

索尔克和疫苗这两个词，就象弗莱明和盘尼西林、爱因斯坦和相对论那样，紧紧地结合在一起。因此，当最早研制出可以有效预防小儿麻痹症的疫苗的乔纳斯• 索尔克博士于八年前宣布，他将重新出山专攻爱滋病难题的时候，许多人，特别是那些与日俱增的HIV病毒感染者，都欢呼雀跃起来。除了这位征服过一种恶名远扬的儿童痼疾的高手，谁还比他更有资格担当向当前的瘟疫——爱滋病发起冲锋的领军人物呢？然而在科学界，忧虑却多过期望。爱滋病这个目标，要比小儿麻痹症难攻得多，所以很少有专家相信索尔克的疫苗研制方法能够取得成功。然而这位医学领域的开拓者，并没有因为他人的怀疑而气馁，而是知难而上，和一家私人公司联手研发他的治疗方法。现今80高龄的索尔克，也许有机会向世人证明，他的白大褂的衣袖里，藏了不止一种医学奇迹。

Key to Translation B:

1.Rabies is an infectious disease of the central nervous system, caused by a virus spread chiefly by domestic dogs and wild flesh-eating animals.2.Each year about 6,500 Americans contract liver caner, and for all but a relative few the prognosis is grim.3.It is one thing to locate oil, but it is quite another to extract it from the earth and transport it to the industrial centers.4.In the light of recent animal research, we have become convinced that the vaccine can boost patients' weakening immune system and decrease the amount of virus circulating in the blood.5.Earlier he spoke publicly against the proposal for increasing trade between the two countries, but now he is inclined to support it.6.There is no powerful medicine for curing the mysterious strain of influennza with its complications, for it is resistant to current antibiotics.7.Since he was elected, the president has been faced with a host of serious social problems such as runaway inflation, large-scale unemployment, and teenage crime.8.A famous French chemist named Louis Pasteur discovered and proved after many

years of careful experiments on animals that microorganisms are responsible for certain infectious diseases.9.The four problems in question are how to prevent various epidemics, alleviate existing ailments, conquer malignant tumors, and respond to the emergence of new diseases respectively.10.Before the introduction of penicillin, a life-saving antibiotic, many patients with tuberculosis typically died from the disease.Vocabulary and structure A.1.suppress 2.Amputation 3.donor 4.recurrence 5.heralded 6.alleviate 7.batches 8.reject 9.lethal 10.potent B.1.a.immunized B.immunity 2.a.diagnostical b.diagnosed 3.a.recurrent b.recurrence

4.a.vaccinating b.Vaccination

5.a.infect b.infective 6.a.contracted b.contractible 7.a.toxin b.toxicity 8.a.surgery b.surgeon 9.a.administration b.administered 10.a.preceded b.preceding

C.1.originated with 2.a host of 3.immune to 4.are resistant to 5.protected against 6.In the light of 7.speak against 8.points to 9.in question 10.were responsible for D.1.few?little 2.impossible?possible 3.was?/ 4.itself?themselves 5.from?in 6.As?/ 7.This?It 8.to?/ 9.dish?mould 10.seems?seemed E.1.indeed 2.control 3.particularly 4.living 5.producing 6.character 7.discovery 8.supported 9.co-operation 10.prevented Reading practice 1.F 2.T 3.T 4.T 5.F 6.F

Unit Eleven: Should English Be the Law

Robert D.King

Explanation of the Text

1.race riots: riots resulting from racial animosity(仇恨)种族骚动

2.draft riots: riots resulting from conscripting men into military service征兵骚动 3.secession: n.formally leaving an organization.4.anti-war protests: anti-war demonstrations 5.language riot: riot resulting from making English the official language of the United States 6.is alien(to): is strange(to);is unnatural(to)e.g.When I first went to New York, it all felt very alien to me.I find the idea of sending young children off to boarding school totally alien.It's a country that has had an alien government and an alien language imposed on it by force.7.the appeal to the Supreme Court: the turning over of the case to the Supreme Court appeal(to): n.&v 1)an earnest request e.g.She made one last appeal to her father for permission to go to the party.The appeal for funds for the orphanage was highly successful.The children appeal to their mother to know what to do on a rainy day.(v.)an appeal to a higher court for a reversal of the decision

2)attraction e.g.Television has a great appeal for most young people.Blue and red appeal to me but I don't like grey or yellow.(v.)8.ruling: n.decision, judgment

e.g.The court's final ruling on the case was that the companies had acted illegally.9.strike down: legally cancel;overthrow;kill e.g.strike down a law The racists attempted to strike down the opposition of the blacks by threatening to storm.One pedestrian was unfortunately struck down by lightning.10.how divisive a public issue language could become in America: language could become a very divisive public issue in American.11.be taken seriously: be considered to be important and worth a lot of attention;take sth/sb seriously e.g.The police have to take any terrorist threat seriously.These young actors take themselves so seriously.37 12.the American way: the American custonm/customary behavior way n.: method;aspect e.g.He wants his own way all the time.他总是一意孤行。Do it your own way.He has more power in many ways than the President.13.be silent on language: give no view on language be silent on/about: give no opinion on

e.g.The minister was silent on/about his plan for the future.14.in order to make it in America: in order to be very successful in America make it(to the top): be very successful

e.g.She's very ambitious but, I don't think she'll ever really make it(to the top).The charts showed we had made it, and big.图表显示我们成功了，大大地成功了。

15.in the wake of the anything-goes attitudes and the celebration of cultural differences arising: because of attitudes promoting and accepting, any kind of thought or cultural differences “Anything Goes”: a title of a song written by Cole Porter, 1934.It means that one person can do whatever she/he wants.e.g.He blamed the ever-increasing crime rate on the media, and the anything-goes attitudes of the sixties.go v.be acceptable e.g.My parents don't worry too much about what I am up to, and most of the time anything goes.Just remember that I'm the boss and what I say goes.(=You have to accept what I say.)16.bilingual ballot: ballot using two languages 17.selected language groups:groups of people chosen according to their languages 18.Bilingual education became a byword of educational thinking : Bilingual education became an integral part educational discussion.19.scattered demands:demands which come from various locations but are few and somewhat random 20.The sentence “It was...that the movement...arose” is an emphatic sentence.21.U.S.English: an organization whose purpose is to promote English as an official language of the United States 22.Official English initiatives: proposals made by voters/citizens to make English an official language of the United States 23.In 1987 U.S.English installed as its president Linda Chavez: In 1987 U.S.English made Linda Chavez its president install v.settle(sb)in an official position, esp.with ceremony

e.g.Every four years, an American President is installed into office in January.38 24.overtones n.(often pl.)implications;hints

e.g.Although the concert was supposed to be an event to raise money for charity, it had strong political overtones.Feminists have criticized the TV commercials for its sexist overtones.25.the advisory board: the board which gives advice 26.allude to :refer(indirectly)to;mention: Though she didn't say Mr.Smith's name, it was clear she was alluding to him.His wife's death made him very sad;don't allude to it when you meet him.27.CEO of U.S.English: It means chief executive officer of U.S.English 28.The popular wisdom is that conservatives are pro and liberals con: Most people think that conservatives are supporters and liberals are opponents.popular wisdom: conventional/received wisdom e.g.The popular wisdom has it that women are more emotional than men, but in my experience it just often isn't the case.pro and con: for and against but when it is used as noun, it means “advantage and disadvantage”.e.g.Are you pro or con nuclear disarmament? We considered all the pros and cons very carefully before deciding to buy a bigger house.29.But would anyone characterize as conservatives the present and past U.S.English board members Alistair Cooke, Walter Cronkite, and Norman Cousins? But would anyone describe the present and past U.S.English board members Alistair Cooke, Walter Cronkite, and Non-nan Cousins(three public figures usually considered to be liberal in their views)as conservatives? || characterize someone as sth: describe someone as typical of sth;describe someone by stating his/her main qualities e.g.In her essay, she characterized the whole era as a period of radical change.I would characterize Captain Hill as a born leader of men.30.a strain of: a particular type or quality of e.g.There's a strain of

eccentricity(古怪)in that family.A strain of Puritanism（严格的道德及宗教观念)runs through all her work.31.specifies English as the official language of government: states that English is the official language of government 32.Exceptions are made for the teaching of foreign languages: make an exception破例，作为例外 e.g.You will make an exception of my son's case, won't you? You must all be here at 8 a.m., we can make no exceptions.33.What are the chances that some version of Official English wiR become federal law? What is the probability that some form of Official English initiatives will become federal law? 39 34.among them a desire by Republicans not to alienate the growing number of Hispanic Republicans, most of whom are uncomfortable with mandated monolingualism: among the various reasons, a desire that Republicans not separate themselves from the growing number of Hispanic Republicans, most of whom are uncomfortable with officially requiring that only English(and not Spanish)be used.35.force its citizens to use certain languages in preference to others: force its citizens to use certain languages rather than others in preference to: rather than e.g.He studied chemistry in preference to physics at university.36.discourage people from speaking a language: prevent people from speaking a language discourage...from: prevent...from e.g.Her parents discouraged her from majoring in drama courses because they thought she'd never get a job.What discourages me from going camping is all the insects.37.Wise governments keep their hands off language to the extent that it is politically possible to do so: Wise governments don't interfere politically with language if at all possible.keep one's hands off: refrain from;avoid 38.living out a slow, inexorable decline: experiencing a slow relentless decline 39.a means of communion: Here communion means a close understanding of each other 40.We are Americans;We are different: We are Americans.We have our own traditions and history.We are different from people of other countries.Key to the Translation

A.Key to the translation from English to Chinese:

A.1995年10月，也就是向最高法院上诉这前，联邦上诉法庭以6对5票通过一项裁决，废除了亚利那州的这项法规。这些事件暗示语言在美国可能成为引起公众分歧的问题，即使至今这点还没有受到重视。

普遍认为保守主义是支持派，自由主义专栏者是反对派。这种说法可以说是对的。象乔治.威尔和威廉.巴科利，他们写了很多文章，支持官方英语。但是不是任何人都会把现在和过去美国英语委员会都描述为保守主义者呢？

关于语言和政府，历史给了我们一个很清楚的教训：一个自由国家的政府无法有效地改变语言的规律与应用；无法迫使它的公民使用某些语言而不用另一些语言；无法要求人们不要讲他们希望继续讲的语言。

B.Key to the translation from Chinese to Englsih:

1.Many issues intersect in the controversy over second language acquisition, such as teaching method, cultural background, and individual learners' differences.2.In China, most schools have legislation that requires all the teachers to give lessons in Putonghua.3.Most young people are now studying foreign languages very hard in order to make it in the challenge of society.4.There have always been two viewpoints, conservatives versus liberals, about whether to legislate that English be the official language of the United States or not.5.He appealed against the severity of the punishment to the Supreme Court.He won his appeal in the end and the sentence was halved.6.Developing students'non-intelligence factors, or advocating quality-oriented education, is a byword of current educational thinking.7.In the United States, the Presidential power was reduced by a constitutional amendment in 1991.8.All the materials in the listening textbook are in authentic English, which is helpful to learners.9.Rod Ellis has written many books on second language acquisition, and he has been prominent in research in it.10.A language riot is in essence an ethnic conflict.Therefore, it will threaten to split a country and should be taken seriously.Key to Vocabulary and Structure A.1.controversy 2.chances 3.undertone 4.fuss 5.partisan 6.conservative 7.endorse 8.neglected 9.legislation 10.credentials B.1.love affair with 2.struck down 3.in the wake of 4.Popular wisdom 5.pros and cons 6.a strain of 7.have made it 8.allude to 9.alien 10.facing tough odds C.1.secede 2.prohibition 3.Predictably 4.typifies 5.outweigh 6.immigrants 7.tolerance 8.pro-abortionists 9.diversity 10.Conservationists

D.1.D.many of which 2.A.to have been 3.C.to another 4.C.suspected criminals 5.D.Portugal's 6.B.there to be 7.C./ 8.D.it does 9.D.did he come to 10.C.what E.1.countries 2.and 3.Two 4.language 5.are 6.four 7.but 8.never 9.Contrary 10.with 11.recognizes 1 2.constitution 13.India 14.than 15.independence 16.because 17.split 18.well 19.demands 20.time Key to Reading Practice 1.D 2.A 3.C 4.D 5.C

Unit 12 Rich North, Hungry South

Notes to the Texts

1.The South's weakling sweatshops = the factories in the poor south countries, where workers are employed for long hours, at low wages, or under unfavorable conditions.|| weakling adj: weak, not strong.E.g.: Some boys in the class were weakling and they were frightened of getting in fights.|| weakling n.a person who is physically or morally weak, e.g.: She has a reputation on the committee for being a weakling when decisions have to be made.2.nothing more than = nothing more or less than 完全是 = only E.g.: You're not fit for such a climb and it's nothing more or less than folly to attempt it.3.far from = by no means, absolutely not E.g.: Are you tire? Far from it./ He is not a fool.Far from it 4.fear has now given way to a pessimism that is equal and opposite = This fear has now been replaced by a pessimism which is just as strong but for a completely different reason.|| give way to = be gradually replaced by sth newer, better, or different.E.g.: With the population growth, hunting and fishing settlements gave way to small towns./ After a while his anger gave way to depression./ Nowadays letter writing as a means of communication is giving way to sending e-mails./ We mustn't give way to unreasonable demands.5 this view contains an iota of truth = there is hardly any truth in this idea.|| an iota of = a very small quantity of E.g.: As I know, he hasn't an iota of proof./ It's no use talking to him;it won't make an iota of difference.6.enough to lend plausibility = enough to make it seem reasonable

7.it is a hysterical exaggeration = It is an unreasonably exaggerated statement 8.tacitly affirmed = implicitly declared 心照不宣地肯定|| tacit= understood without being put into words E.g.: tacit consent, tacit agreement 默许，默契 9.Starting from there = On that basis 10.have a better platform = have a better chance to illustrate their argument 11.Vital interests oblige the rich countries to protect their industries from the new onslaught.= Crucial interests compel the rich countries to protect their industries from new, large-scale competition(from developing counties).|| onslaught n.= large scale attack 43 12.this idea may sell = this idea may win approval and acceptance || sell vi.= gain acceptance / be accepted E.g.: The war program won't sell with the public.13.The grip that this thinking already has on = The influence that this thinking already has on popular opinion has little relationship with economic history or theories.|| have a grip on = influence;hold the attention of;control E.g.: Computer science is having a profound grip on modern society./ The speaker had a good grip on the audience.14.expresses the conviction that growth in one part of the world must somehow come at the expense of another = expresses the strong belief that development in one part of the world must be achieved by handicapping another part of the world.|| conviction n.= a firmly established belief or opinion;a decision in a court of law that sb is guilty of a crime E.g.: The conviction that their country will prosper overwhelms its people./ The trial and conviction of the killer took half a year.|| at the expense of = with the loss, injury, or sacrifice of = so as to be paid for by 以...为代价，由...负担费用 E.g.: He became a brilliant scholar, but only at the expense of his health./ Peter took a trip to Beijing at company's expense./ Economic development should not be achieved at the expense of moral decline.15.Lending useful support to this first error is a second—the idea that there is only so much work to go round.= The second erroneous way of thinking, which supports the first error, is the idea that there is only limited employment for everyone.|| lend...support to= give support to || so much = a limited amount of E.g.: Sometimes students wonder if the teacher knows they have only so much time to do their lessons.16.render some jobs obsolete = cause some jobs out of date 17.in excess of = to a greater amount or degree than 18.At the core of both fallacies is blindness to the adaptive power of a market economy.= The essence of the two false ideas is not realizing the fact that a market economy has the power to change so as to be suitable and successful in new and different situations.|| market economy = a system of producing wealth based on the free operation of business and trade without government control || be blind to = be unable to see effects / to judge or understand well 19 an army of = a large number of 20.dwindled to nearly nothing = became less and almost disappeared 21.stand at v.phr.= be at a particular level or amount 22 alongside = adv.close to the side of(a ship or a pier)23.Put carefully, their case goes as follows = Considered carefully, the reasoning these alarmists' offer can be expressed in the following way.44 24.The breadth and intensity of third-world competition is increasing.= Third-world competition is spreading to more areas and growing keener.25.Wages there are being forced down and jobs lost.= In the developed countries, wages are being forced to go down and jobs are disappearing.26.are no longer equipped to withstand such strains.= are not able to endure such pressure any more.|| strain n.tension or pressure E.g.: The less developed countries have large populations that put great strain on land and other resources.27.social distress = social suffering 28.at length = in detail, thoroughly 29 stiffer competition = tougher, more severe competition 更激烈的竞争 30 physical and human capital = natural resources and labour 31 stand to gain = be likely to gain 32 of scale = extensively

33.outweigh = be more important or valuable than sth else 34.the gains = the profits 35.consolation = giving comfort or sympathy to sb who is unhappy or disappointed 36.It would follow that = It seems to be true(as a logical result of sth else that is true)that...37.is an even more powerful engine of economic change = is an even more powerful factor that causes economic change 37A.strike a bargain = reach an agreement 38.along the way = during the process 39.alarmists =(derog.)persons who alarm others unnecessarily or excessively 危言耸听者

40.not yet argued for prohibitive taxes on all forms of labor-saving innovation = not yet given reasons why there should be high taxes on all types of labor-saving innovation || prohibitive taxes = taxes which are levied intended or tending to prevent the use or purchase of sth 寓禁税 41.wrecking = destroying 42.punitive = so severe that people find it very difficult to pay

43.So it will prove with trade with the developing world = Trade with the third world will also show that the benefits outweigh the costs.44.accommodating = adjusting to 45.at large = in general 46.gains ground = become accepted or believed by more people E.g.: The practice of buying houses on loan is gaining ground.47.fail in that challenge = are unable to protect the losers without refusing the benefits to people in general

48.It will not do to provide a welfare system that pays a subsistence income to those whose jobs disappear, for boredom and idleness, even at a bearable standard of living, are socially corrosive.= It will not be acceptable to provide welfare to support people who lose their jobs, because even if the welfare payments are high enough to allow a decent standard of living, the boredom and idleness of being on welfare are destructive to society.Key to the translation from English to Chinese

A.尽管在学科目标和所达到的理论发展水平之间存在着差异，但理论在经济、地理和经济地理领域里起着相同的作用。不管其内容如何，理论研究的目的是把各种各样的细节整理归纳出一种现象之间的清晰的、有恒定关系的模式。理论的发展要求事先作出选择，哪些特征需要检验，哪些关系需要探讨，整个现实情况中哪些方面需要解释以及需要提出怎样的假设。

也许理论的萌芽阶段是由偶然的观察和经历促使形成的。在对这种理论进行初期的探索中，描述一种事实花费了绝大部分的精力。问题的日益复杂性和理论描述的严密性导致了人们越来越关心使用精心选择的数据和各种统计技术来对初步的理论进行测试。在后来的这些发展中，学科的内容越趋于理论化和具有演泽性，而不是具有经验性或描述性。

Key to the translation from Chinese to English

B.1.In the aggregate, the benefits to the Chinese people brought forth in the economic reform have greatly outweighed their costs.2.Unless you are thoroughly prepared in all respects, you will be at a disadvantage in dealing with problems that occur suddenly.3.We have formed the unshakable conviction that man should not exploit the natural resources at the expense of other species.46 4.If no effective measures had been taken to control its population growth in the past several years, the growth rate in the country would have been pushed to something in excess of 4%.5.It is a deeply rooted prejudice to think that innovation constitutes a great threat to social harmony and unity because technological progress has been indeed destroying many employment opportunities and therefore bringing misery to thousands of people.6.Undoubtedly, the world's economic development greatly rests on economic cooperation and interaction between the developed countries and the developing countries.7.After a long negotiation, the two companies struck a bargain to cooperate in the exploitation and utilization of natural gas.8.Many sociologists believe that the old notion of family may well change and the home will become the center of leisure, consumption and creativity in the next century.9.As the government's new economic policy gains ground, a sound and moderate development of the economy will be ensured.10.As far as I'm concerned, it's absurd to put prohibitive taxes on all forms of labor-saving technological innovation.Key to Vocabulary and Structure Vocabulary A.1.hysterical 2.conviction 3.obsolete 4.suffice 5.distress 6.outweigh 7.oversight 8.misery 9.innovation 10.explicit B.1.a.jeopardy 2.a.prohibiting b.jeopardized b.prohibition 3.a.subsidized 4.a.adaptability b.subsidies b.adapt 5.a.impoverishment 6.a.innovative b.impoverished b.innovators 7.a.affirmations 8.a.integrated b.affirmative b.integration 9.a.subsistence 10.a.plausible b.subsistence b.plausibly C.1.go round 2.part and parcel of 3.in excess of 4.at the expense of 5.at a disadvantage 6.given way to 7.rests on 8.at length 9.gain ground 10.in aggregate D.1.was originated?originated 2.them?it 3.sustaining?sustained 4.steady?steadily 5.freely?free 6.on?in 7.With?Without 8.made?make 9.qualified?quality 10.if?unless E.1.industrialized 2.dependent 3.core 4.providing 5.claim 6.simultaneously

7.financed

8.poorer

9.last 10.relationship

11.exploit 12.essence 13.maintain 14.theorists 15.primarily

Key to Reading Practice

1.T 2.F 3.F 4.T 5.T 48

第二篇：研究生英语教程《法律英语》译文2

在11世纪末,博洛尼亚大学开始教授罗马法,尤其是《法律大全》。这在一开始是一项单纯的学术活动，因为罗马法在西欧任何一个地方不再是法律。这标志着之后被认为三罗马法渊源的开端。之后其他西欧大学紧跟博洛尼亚的领导，几世纪后由于一些复杂的原因这里就不再赘述，罗马法在欧洲大陆几乎任何一个地方都被接受。它成为欧洲大陆的“普通法”。

罗马法事实上被接受限于我们所称的“私法”（所有权，侵权，合同等）。那是为什么民法学家把我们所说的私法简单的称为“民法”。（公民权，物权和债权）。

尽管现在大部分民法国家都有一部民法典，但事实上法典化是近期的一种现象。第一部民法典仅仅可以追溯到1804年，而第一部日耳曼民法典可以追溯到1896年。

法国和日耳曼法典是两个主要的民法类型。拿破仑把他的法典带到了他和他的军队所到达的任何一寸土地。法国民法典类型在拉丁语国家包括欧洲和美洲都有深远影响。在苏维埃政权（苏联）占领之前，它也深深影响了前欧洲国家。日耳曼法已被日本接纳。

2，法律方法——比较

你一定了解民法法律方法教程和你所学的会完全不一样。在你法律职业生涯的开端，你意识到在不同的社会形态和文化形态中法律会扮演着不同的角色，这点相当重要。在美国，你将学习的不是应然法而是实然法。下面是关于民法与普通法的一些区别。

首先，在普通法国家，判例通常被认为是主要的法律渊源。法律方法教程是以判例教学为起点的。在罗马法国家，判例至少在理论上不会被简单的看作是一种法律的渊源。现实更可能是这样的：在普通法国家立法变得更加重要，在罗马法国家判例变得越来越重要。但是，罗马法学家和普通法学家对立法和判例的态度却截然不同。

罗马法学家倾向于把民法典看作为一部包罗万象的文书。他们愿意对其进行大量的解释，使为了让其达到调节整个司法的目的。该部法典适用于这种解释是因为它的条款通常被制定的相当笼统抽象。

相对而言，在普通法管辖区立法更倾向于被认为是判例法的一种例外。因而法院倾向于更严格的解释法律。结果，法院和立法者为了解决相当特殊的问题，就要倾向于用特殊条文来阐述法律规则。一般情况下，判例和立法不应该运用抽象条款或者阐述一般原则。

民法学生将研习“法律学说”而不是案例。“法律学说”是法学教授对法律是什么和应该是什么的文章的汇集。在民法中，“法律学说”被认为是法源的一种并享有很高的赞誉。你应该记得的是：是高等学府，而不是法院，将民法再次引入了欧洲大陆。因而后不意外的是法学专家在给法律下定义的时候仍扮演着重要的角色。普通法专家一般在他们自己管辖区内没有同等的地位，法官享有最高声望。

每个国家的法学教育不尽相同，但可以很直接的说，美国法学教育很新颖并且在很多方面是独一无二的。案例法或问答法对于美国是很独特的。你一定很清楚的是，在民法国家“判和例”不被予以考虑。在那些国家（正如英国的案例中）法律就是学士学位。法学教育比在美国更悠久。教育方式具有权威性——教授讲法律知识传授给他或者她的那些做笔记并且不干扰课堂的学生。

第三篇：大学体验英语综合教程2 第三版 Unit 2 电子教案

Unit 2

Jobs and Careers Objectives:

★ first listen, and then learn to ask about job opportunities and go for job interviews

★ read about online job applications and dream jobs

★ write about how to find a potential job

★ practice the use of unreal conditions

★ write your own résumé

★ visit Culture Salon to learn to tell the difference between job and career

I Passage A

Your Dream Job: A Click Away 1.Summary

Since most students will choose to work after graduation, job-hunting is of great importance to them.They will write plenty of résumés about their education and send them to the companies they want to work for.It takes both time and energy to do so.Now, thanks to the development of the Internet, job-hunting has become much easier.Job-hunters can find a job just by clicking a mouse on the computer.Many of them make their dream come true through the Internet.This article describes the experiences of five people who used online sources to look for new jobs.Theresa Smith used the JOB-TRAK website to find an administrative assistant’s job at a university.Steven Tools used the CareerBuilder website to find a marketing management position.Madeline Gragg used Yahoo!to find a job teaching English in Japan.Nedzad Dozlic used a newspaper website to find a driver’s job with a car dealership.Wendy Mello used CareerBuilder to find a position in human resources for a media-information-services company.Mello also used another website to calculate the cost of living in her new location and to decide what salary to request.All these are typical examples of online job searches, since many different types of jobs can now be found this way.2.Language Points

1.career: a job or profession for which one is trained and which one intends to follow for the whole of one’s life

Examples:

There are many more careers open to women now than fifty years ago.Florence Nightingale made nursing her career.2.refer to: 1)send(someone or something)to(usually someone else)for decision or action Examples:

The Local Court has referred the whole case to the High Court.The dispute between the two countries was referred to the United Nations.2)mention;speak about Examples:

Don’t refer to the matter again.The speaker referred to his past experience.3.criteria:(pl.)an established rule, standard, or principle, on which a judgment is based Examples:

What criteria do you use when judging the quality of a student’s work?

There are several criteria of a good school.4.salary: fixed(usually monthly)pay for regular work Examples:

My father draws his salary at the end of every month.Don’t spend all of your salary.Try to put something away each month.5.resident: a person who lives(in a place)and is not just a visitor Examples:

The local residents were angry at the lack of parking spaces.The residents of the town are proud of its new library.6.come across: meet or discover, especially by chance Examples:

I have just come across a beautiful poem in this book.She came across some old letters in the course of her search.7.curious: eager to know or learn Examples:

The boy was curious about everything he saw.Miss Matfield threw a curious glance at her.8.fill out / in: put in(whatever is needed to complete something)Examples:

After Tom passed his driving test he filled out an application for his driver’s license.The policeman filled out a report of the accident.9.fill up: make or become completely full Examples:

The room soon was filled up with people.The rain has filled up the ditches again.10.available: able to be got, obtained, used, etc.Examples:

A limited number of seats are still available.There were no tickets available for Friday’s performance.11.elevate: make better, higher, or more educated Examples:

The clerk was elevated to a managerial position.The government is trying to elevate the living standards of the people.12.scan: look through quickly Examples:

He scanned the newspaper while having his breakfast.He scanned the articles that might give the information he needed.13.procedure: an action or set of actions necessary for doing something Examples:

Writing a check is quite a simple procedure.We have worked out a new set of procedures for using this machine.14.spot: pick out, recognize, see(one person or thing out of many)Examples:

He was the first to spot the danger.We spotted the winner of the beauty contest the moment she appeared.15.variety: number or group of different things Examples:

Everyone arrived late at the party for a variety of reasons.The college library has a wide variety of books.16.potential: that can or may come into existence or action Examples:

Although this area is very poor now, its potential wealth is great.We should always be on the lookout for potential dangers.17.learn of: become informed of Examples:

How did you learn of our product? Was it through our advertisement?

I learned of your new address from your parents.18.via: by means of;using Examples:

I’ve read this French play via an English translation.I sent a message to Mary via her sister.19.annual: of one year Examples:

The annual farm output was to be increased by 4 to 5 percent.Mr.White’s annual income is $36 000.20.financial: connected with money Examples:

In that case they would receive financial aid from the state.They are now confronted with a serious financial crisis.21.current: of present time Examples:

They suggested measures to overcome current difficulties.In some schools children study current affairs as a subject.22.flash: show for a moment Examples:

The news flashed on television.He flashed a $10 note at the man by the door.23.detailed: with a lot of facts given Examples:

He gave me a detailed account of his work.He kept a detailed diary of the meetings.3.Important sentences 1.The career placement center referred the liberal-arts major to JOB-TRAK, an Internet site listing 45 000 entry-level positions.The career placement center advises the student majoring in liberal arts to visit JOB-TRAK, a website containing 45 000 jobs for new workers.2.Smith is one American who clicked her way into a job.Smith is one American who found a job online.3.“The Internet is like hiring a personal assistant,” says Tools.“Effortlessly you can become aware of opportunities that may elevate your career.”

The Internet is like a personal helper.It presents you with information about possible chances to improve your career.4.Most major newspapers and trade publications have online versions of their classified listings, enabling job-seekers to scan for work available across town, in another state, or around the world.Most major newspapers and specialist journals have their job advertisements online, to help jobseekers quickly spot job vacancies anywhere in the world.5.A refugee of the war in Bosnia, Dozlic had had a variety of jobs but was now ready for something new.Dozlic, who escaped from the war in Bosnia, had done several different jobs but was now ready to find a new one.6.To find out more about the company, she clicked on to Artitron’s home page and that of its parent company, Ceridian Corp., where she reviewed an annual report and the company’s financial performance.To learn more about the company she entered its website and the website of its headquarters, and studied the company’s yearly report and financial situations.7.By accessing an online real estate service, she saw color photos of rental properties...Through an online real estate site, she saw pictures of homes which a person can rent rather than buy...4.Practical Writing

Reference Key

There are several things you cannot ignore when tracking down information on job openings.First, you should consult your friends, relatives, or neighbors, who may offer information unavailable elsewhere.Second, you should read the classified section in the newspapers often.Next, remember to register with two or three recruitment agencies.Finally, don’t forget to make use of the Internet.In today’s society the Internet is a quick and cost-effective method for employers to announce their employment needs.Therefore, if you log onto the Internet, you just might find your dream job.II Passage B

Dream Jobs: College Students Make Their Picks 1.Summary For recent college graduates, finding a job is a lot like finding a match when dating.In its annual survey of U.S.college students, the research firm Universum USA asked its more than 60 000 respondents to identify the characteristics they associate with dream employers, and broke down the results into seven personality types: careerists, entrepreneurs, explorers, harmonizers, hunters, idealists and leaders.Google continued to rank as the big favorite, taking the No.1 spot in five of the personality types and taking a top three spot in all seven.Apple was in the top three with six of the personality types, and Disney was in the top three for five, including idealists, who ranked it No.1 ahead of Google.Banks, oil companies, and the Big Four accounting firms lost some of their luster among business students, but government and nonprofit employers had a good year among careerists.Disney and Apple, perceived as offering dynamic, challenging work settings, gained ground in this year’s survey with several personality types.Petter Nylander, chief executive of Universum, says it’s clear that young people want employers who share their values and are a good fit for their personality.“What you see is young employees selecting companies that confirm their views of themselves,” he says.Language Points

1.personality: characteristics and qualities of a person seen as a whole Examples:

Parents have great influences on the development of a child’s personality.I’m deeply impressed both by your personality and talent.2.genuine: authentic;sincere Examples:

I was shocked to know that such an expensive painting was not genuine.Having been working here for 20 years, I do have a genuine love for the campus.3.connection: relationship Examples:

My conclusion is that there is no connection between the two incidents.We can see a clear connection between one’s attitude and one’s performance.4.arm candy:(informal)a sexually attractive person who accompanies another at social events Examples:

Tony usually had two pretty girls accompany him to parties as arm candy.She’d already had mini-roles in eight movies when she turned up as George Sanders’ arm candy in the party scenes of this film.5.survey: investigation using a pool or questionnaire Examples:

A recent survey found that 36% of the women asked did not feel safe walking alone at night.They ran a survey of the most popular television programs.6.identify: recognize or distinguish(as being the specified person or thing)Examples:

This is a course that teaches us to identify plants and flowers.Can you identify your umbrella among this lot?

7.characteristic: distinguishing feature Examples:

A person of your characteristic is sure to be popular with young people like college students.Generosity is one of his nicest characteristics.8.associate: connect in thought, memory or imagination Examples:

Whisky is usually associated with Scotland.People will always associate the name of Steve Jobs with Apple.9.break(something)down(into): be divided or divide into parts Examples:

Expenditure on the project breaks down as follows: raw materials $1m, equipment $2m, wages $2m.Water is broken down into hydrogen and oxygen.10.prestigious: having or bringing prestige;having high status Examples:

Yale University is one of the world’s most prestigious universities.Only the most prestigious scholars deserve such a title.11.recruit: enroll(someone)as a member or worker in an organization;enlist Examples:

The coach recruited nine boys for the baseball team.Our university recruited more staff this year than last year.12.assignment: a duty or piece of work that is given to someone to do Examples:

Five staff members have agreed to take on the one-year assignment in Africa.This is a difficult assignment for him, but he has made up his mind to complete it.13.balance: a state in which opposite or competing forces are evenly matched or given equal importance Examples:

She tried to keep her balance but still fell off the bike.Maintaining a favorable balance of trade is a difficult task for the country.14.secure: feeling safe, stable, and free from fear or anxiety Examples:

Many young people today don’t feel secure about their future.His position in the company is quite secure.15.employment: a person’s trade or profession Examples:

According to the report, 85% of the college graduates have found employment.The newly-built factory can provide employment for many people.16.competitive: of or involving competition;able to do as well as or better than others Examples:

This supermarket offers more competitive prices, so its business is very good.The country boasts a car industry that is competitive with any in the world.17.prospect: picture in the mind or imagination, especially of a future event;the possibility or likelihood of some future event occurring

Examples:

He is so excited by the prospect of having his own house in such a big city.When he thinks of the prospect of a holiday abroad, he feels motivated to work hard.18.earnings: money which is earned by working Examples:

The husband has to give most of his earnings to his wife every month.After a month’s work my earnings are just 1800 Yuan.19.ethical: of morals or moral questions;morally correct Examples:

This is an ethical issue that we should never neglect.His behavior is not ethical.20.designate: mark or point out clearly;choose(someone / something)for a special purpose Examples:

The boundaries between the two countries are designated on the map.The eastern part of the city has been designated as a development zone.21.overall: total;general Examples:

My overall impression of him is that he is very talkative.Can you tell me the overall cost of the project?

22.favorite: a person or thing that is loved above all others Examples:

Hollywood blockbusters are my favorites.He is a favorite with his grandfather.23.rank: give(someone or something)a rank or place within a grading system Examples:

Almost all the schools rank the students according to their grades.I rank Google higher than Apple.24.diversity: variety Examples:

There was a diversity of opinions on whether a nuclear plant should be built near the city.The tolerance of diversity is the key to the survival of the world in the 21st century.25.critical: of or at a crisis;decisive;crucial Examples:

The unemployment problem in that country is very critical at present.At the critical moment he jumped into the river and saved the boy.26.reflect: embody or represent(something)in a faithful or appropriate way Examples:

Her remarks at today’s meeting reflected her personality.The article reflected the author’s opinion on the matter.27.belief: something one accepts as true or real;a firmly held opinion or conviction Examples:

Nothing can shake my belief in his integrity and honesty.He has a strong belief in that country’s higher education.28.ethnicity: state of belonging to a social group that has a common national or cultural tradition Examples:

We welcome all talent, regardless of their background, gender and ethnicity.In this university you must learn to get along with people of different ethnicities.29.attractive: having the power to attract Examples:

The mountain is very attractive at this time of year.He has got three very attractive job offers.30.for starters: first of all, to start with Examples:

For starters, we don’t have enough time.He is not suitable for the task.For starters, he hasn’t got any experience in dealing with emergency.31.luster: soft brightness of a smooth or shining surface;glory, distinction Examples:

She couldn’t eat, and her hair lost its luster.Brave deeds add luster to one’s name

32.consequence: a result or effect of an action or condition;importance Examples:

Drunk driving can have very bad consequences, so make sure that you never violate the law.This is an issue of tremendous consequence for the country.33.in addition: as an extra person, thing, or circumstance Examples:

In addition, there is a severe drought in many provinces in the country.The international language school teaches English and mathematics in addition.34.account for: make up(a specified amount or proportion)Examples:

The local people just account for 1/3 of the workers in the factory.Food and clothing account for a large portion of the family’s monthly expenditure.35.category: a class or division of people or things regarded as having particular shared characteristics Examples:

The books fall into two categories: those of social sciences and those of natural sciences.We can divide the products of the company into three categories.36.appealing: attractive, charming, interesting Examples:

The film is not appealing to me.The actor’s voice makes him very appealing to his fans.37.achievement: something successfully finished or gained, especially through skill or hard work Examples:

The scientist was rewarded by the government for his great achievement in rice hybrids research.The successful launch and return of the manned spacecraft was a great achievement of our country’s manned space program.38.further: help the development of(something);promote Examples:

This is a good opportunity for you to further your career.The aim of this activity is to further our cause of helping the disabled.39.significant: of noticeable importance Examples:

The annual report of the company is significant for the public.Your success in this position will be significant for your future.40.network: interact with other people to exchange information and develop contacts, especially to further one’s career Examples:

He shows great skill in networking with people of different personalities.For your self-development, you should learn how to network with your boss.41.come in: finish in the stated place in a race or competition Examples:

George came in third in the 100-meter race.Where did our team come in — second or third?

42.likely: probable;that is expected Examples:

I think it likely that we will win the match.The likely outcome of the negotiation is a compromise made on both sides.43.as well as: in addition to Examples:

There are young trees as well as flowers in his garden.He is hard-working as well as intelligent.44.reputation: the beliefs or opinions that are generally held about someone or something Examples:

The doctor has a reputation for being very patient.The expert has lost his good reputation because he often speaks for the privileged.45.executive: a person with senior managerial responsibility in a business organization Examples:

He is one of the company’s senior executives.As the chief executive he spends much time on decision making.46.confirm: reinforce someone in(an opinion, belief, or feeling);make definite Examples:

The information provided by Mr.White confirmed my judgment of the company’s financial status.The couple’s joint statement in today’s newspaper confirmed the rumor that they had divorced each other.47.identity: the fact of being who or what a person or thing is Examples:

Show me your identity card, please.The reporter concealed his identity so that he could make the investigation smoothly.48.build(something)on(something): base(something)on(something);use something as a foundation for making further progress Examples:

Your accusation is not built on evidence.The company drew the conclusion by building on its own survey.2.Sentence Explanation 1.Everybody wants a genuine connection, and a little arm candy doesn’t hurt.Everybody wants a true and sincere relationship, a good match to their personality in locating a job, but it is not bad to have something to help make you look more appealing when “dating”.2.The employees must refl ect our users.Our employees must be people with a diversity of beliefs, background and ethnicity to refl ect our users, who are people of diverse cultural backgrounds.3.For starters, banks, oil companies, and the Big Four accounting fi rms lost some of their luster among business students.First of all, banks, oil companies, and the Big Four accounting firms are not as excellent and appealing as before in the eyes of business students.4.“What you see is young employees selecting companies that confirm their views of themselves,” he says.“What you see is young employees selecting companies that recognize and reinforce their views,” he says.5.“Your identity today is built on where you work.It sends a strong message about who you are.”

“Your identity today is recognized according to where you work.Where you work tells people a lot about your social position, your economic status, etc.”

III General Writing: Unreal Conditions To make predictions, you may find unreal conditional clauses useful.Unreal conditions are either impossible or unlikely to be realized.In unreal conditional sentences, a contrary-to-fact condition exists.Examples: Present Time:

If this was allowed to happen, the dam would collapse.If the dam collapsed, many acres of good farmland would disappear.Past Time:

If this had not been allowed to happen, the dam would not have collapsed.Past Time with Present or Future Result:

If they had passed the law, the economy would be in better shape now.

第四篇：21世纪工程硕士研究生英语综合教程(下册)第二课

第二课：你正在变的聪明吗？

在20世纪IQ值稳步上升。当科学家们寻找原因时，他们试图揭示基因和决定智力的生活经历之间的相互关系。

（1）当在校的孩子、军队的新兵、求职者和向往Mensa协会的人努力解答像这样的IQ问题时，一些聪明的研究智力的科学家一直被另一个更让人困惑的问题困扰：为什么IQ值一直在上升？并且不是上升一点点不是这里升一点那里升一点，而是大幅度上升：英国自从1942年以来增长27个百分点，美国自1918年以来增长24个百分点，阿根廷自1964年以来增长22个百分点，这种增长遍及西欧、加拿大、日本、中国、以色列、澳大利亚和新西兰。这种增长是如此之快以至今天一般孩子和过去的天才一样聪明。“这打破了我们认为IQ固定不变的信念” 科内尔大学的一位心理学家说。“这强有力地证明了IQ确实是能改变的。（2）这里有一个小问题。现在暂不考虑IQ是否真正代表了智力这一问题，科学家们不能解释什么使得IQ值飞速增长。天生因素或后天因素一基因或环境，由于不同的原因，都无法解答这个问题。许多对双胞胎研究和领养儿童的数据表明，在青春期后期个体IQ的差异中，基因占75%。这样说来，环境就几乎没有发挥作用的余地了。但是用基因变“聪明了”来解释IQ的上升似乎不妥．因为人类基因的改变不会如此迅速能够解释“了不起的一代”和 “Y”两代人之间IQ的不同。那似乎有使我们怀疑环境起到很大作用，但是我们有不得不面对这样一个问题：研究智商的心理学家大多数都认同遗传性因素来解释IQ差异的主要因素。

（3）“这两者似乎是矛盾的，” Brookings Institution的William Dickens说道：“这种IQ的高遗传性表明环境起的作用是微弱的，但是IQ随着时间快速增长表明环境的影响是无比强大的。”为了揭开这个秘密，Dickens和James合作（James Flynn在1987发现了IQ上升的现象，现在被称为Flynn现象）。在本周即将出版于《心理学评论》的一份研究报告中，这对搭档对IQ上升现象作出了解释，这不仅有可能解决基因与环境的矛盾，还有可能有助于人们了解是什么因素决定了人的智慧。两位研究人员 得出结论“人的IQ同时受环境和基因的影响．但是„人的环境是与IQ相匹配的。”换句话说，基因确实起很重要的作用：他们可以引起人们寻求某种环境、某种生活经历例如．如果你在智力方面有生理优势，你就可能喜欢上学、读书、猜谜，问问题及进行抽象思维，而所有这些又会增强你内在的智能。Dickens和Flynn说：“高智商使人进入较好的环境。更高的IQ可以使一个人有更好的环境，从而引起他有更好的IQ。”由于这种叠加效应．你会更加喜欢学习、去图书馆、不停地问大人问题并选择聪明的同伴为友，于是你就变得越发聪明。（4）基因和环境的相互作用起始于年轻时。例如，一个有语言天赋的刚学会走路的孩子会要求父母一小时一小时地读东西给他们听。即使她的“语言方面的IQ基因”比其他大点的孩子稍微优势点，但是那也能增强她的认知能力度。Dicken说：“一个微小的基因优势可以带来巨大的行为表现上的优势。”（5）但是如果你的IQ稍微偏低，你可能会在阅读和思考方面感到受挫，在学校也会觉得不顺以至于变得憎恨学习，这又加剧了你在遗传方面的缺陷。就这样一个微小的生来的缺陷又被放大了。

（6）据科学家们所知，经历对具有IQ优势的人的智力的促进与对普通人智力的促进有着同样积极的作用。换句话说，不管是你挑选一个能推动你IQ的环境或者是环境找到你其实没有区别。在两种情况下，经验、社会和技术环境都将施展出它的魔力。这种影响可以解释为何过去几十年IQ值上升。被各种信息挤满的电脑屏幕、可视游戏、甚至快餐店的垫子以及装麦片的盒子(充满了藏字和迷宫游戏)都能锻炼年轻人的大脑在IQ测试评定中的图形分析能力。家庭规模缩小，可以给孩子提供更多的个人关注度并且更加纵容他们发问热情，这些可能会促进一代人的IQ提高。对脑力强度要求高的工作，更多的自由时间（至少是花在阅读，做拼字游戏，去令人振奋的地方旅行）和挑战我们大脑的一些技术性的小玩意都可以提高智商。“当令的娱乐活动。甚至随便的闲聊都要求更多的认知能力”，Flynn说道，一个移居国外的任教于新西兰的Otago大学的美国人。十几岁的人同时进行多重任务——同时进行网络即时通话、下载以及频道转换——可能锻炼了他们的记忆力(智力的一个方面)以及训练了他们的注意力在一眨眼问转换的本领。

（7）由社会和科技发展的变化所形成的所有表现具有一个关键特征：它们对人们智力的影响是持久的。相反地，促进智商的暂时性的环境变化－例如幼儿益智节目，或是父母在孩子学龄前提供知识上的激励－就象蜉蝣的生命一样短暂。“孩子们得到这种由父母进行指导的介入教学，但是一旦父母停止提供激励的环境，他们将会退回到他们过去的环境中。”美国耶鲁大学心理学家罗伯特?斯蒂尔伯格说，“当然他们通常倒退。”即使18年的父母对孩子的影响也会逐渐消失。父母所能做的就是希望他们灌输给孩子们的学习热情能深深扎根，从而引导他去寻求能不断激发他的智力的人和经历。

（8）DICKENS说，“那些相信基因决定IQ与相信环境决定IQ的说法都是正确的”。基因主要通过环境的影响导致你IQ的差异，但这主要是因为基因会引导你去经受某些特定的生活经历，而这些生活经历综合形成了你的“环境”。这个环境能直接促进IQ差异。斯坦福大学心理学家GABRIELI说，"人们通常会有种宿命论的感觉IQ是固定不变的。但是FLYNN效应表明IQ会因为良好的环境而得到提高，IQ并不一定是一种天生不变的能力。

第五篇：21世纪工程硕士研究生英语综合教程(下册)第六课

第六课：环保 1.目前，在文明的社会中，对环境的敏感性和对诸如民主的信仰一样是一种不可或缺的态度。但是既然从 泰德.特纳到乔治.布什，从美国道化学公司到埃克森公司，每个人都声称自己热爱地球，在这么多以环境名 义提出的相互矛盾的建议，约束，提案规章制度，法律法规中，我们该如何选取呢？选而易见，不是冠以 环境名义的每项建议都值得去尝试。我们究竟该如何选择？ 2.这里有一种简便的方法，首先，要区分什么是保护环境的奢侈品，什么是保护环境的必需品。奢侈的东 西是那些不需要付出什么代价而能够拥有就好的东西。必需品是我们无论如何都必须要拥有的东西。其次，应用一条规则，我们可以称它为一个理智的环保主义的的基本公理：与直接威胁人类身体健康和安全的生 态变化的斗争是环保的必需品。而其他的都是奢侈的行为。3.例如，保护大气层---阻止臭氧层的破坏和温室效应是一种环保的必须行为。据四月的科学报告说臭氧层 的破坏程度比我们先前认为的要严重得多。臭氧层的破坏不仅可以直接导致皮肤癌，而且还危害浮游生物，这些浮游生物位于一个食物链的起点，而位于食物链另一端，最上层的则是人类。4.对温室效应的现实影响更多是推测性的，不过它可能的后果却更加有毁灭性： 冰川融化，海岸线被淹没，气候被破坏，土地干涸，最终，食物消失殆尽，美国中西部地区的粮食供养着全世界。难道我们愿意看到 衣阿华州变成新墨西哥州的沙漠气候，西伯利亚变成衣阿华州吗？ 5.臭氧的耗尽 和温室效应是人类的灾难。这些碰巧在自然界里发生。但是他们非常紧急，因为他们直接威 胁到人类。明智的环保主义---唯一能赢取广泛的公众支持的环保主张--首先要强调自然是服务于人类的。明智的环保主张是完全以人类为中心的。它敦促人类保护环境。但是应以人类的自我保护为基础。6.明智的环保主张并不是对地球的感情用事。它并不要求人类为了其他生物而做出牺牲。毕竟，要求人们 为了其他人做出牺牲也很难。（想想公众对外援和福利的强烈抵触吧）7.当然，人类中心说与当代环保主义的宗旨是相对立的，后者对地球的崇拜已经到了偶像崇拜的地步了，一个科学理论（盖娅理论）声称地球实际上是一个活的生命体。这种环保主义喜欢把自己看成是神圣的。其实他只不过是感情用事而已。比如，在自然是否友善的问题上，当代环保主义采用了高度片面地看问题 的态度。四月份龙卷风肆虐堪萨斯州和五月的飓风大作粉碎了我对自然的崇拜。那场飓风造成 125，000 多 孟加拉国人的死亡，