第一篇:2.英语倒装句讲解——教案
英语倒装句讲解
倒装句分为全部倒装和部分倒装
一.全部倒装
全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用于一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有:
1)here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run等表示来去或状态的动词。例如:
Then came the chairman.那时总裁来了。
Here is your letter.你的信。
2)表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首,谓语表示运动的动词。例如:
Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.轰炸机肚底下窜出一枚导弹。
Ahead sat an old woman.前面坐着一个老妪。
3)在there be或者there live(stand, appear, seem, remain, exist….)句型中。例如:
There are thousands of people on the square.There lived an old fisherman in the village.There stands a little girl.4)在某些表示祝愿的句型中。例如:
Long live the People's Republic of China!中华人民共和国万岁!May you all be happy.愿你们都快乐。Wish you good luck.祝你好运。
注意:上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词,如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。例如:Here you are.Here he comes.他来了。
Away they went.他们走开了。
二. 倒部分倒装
部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态动词倒装至主语之前。如果句子的谓语没有助动词或情态动词,则需添加助动词do, does或did,并将其置于主语之前。
1.句首为否定或半否定的词语。
如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, scarcely, at no time决不, by no means, on no account, in no case, many a time, under no circumstances, in no way, many a time, not until… 等。例如:
Never have I seen such a performance.从未见过如此糟糕的表演。
Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.无论如何你不会找到这个问题的答案的。
Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.母亲一直到孩子入睡后离开房间。
当Not until引出主从复合句,主句倒装,从句不倒装。即:后倒前不倒。
典型例题
1)Why can't I smoke here?
At no time___ in the meeting-room
A.is smoking permitted
B.smoking is permitted C.smoking is it permitted D.does smoking permit
2)Not until the early years of the 19th century ___ what heat is.A.man did know
B.man know
C.didn't man know
D.did man know
改写为正常语序为Man did not know what heat is until the early years of the 19th.2.以否定连词开头作部分倒装
如 Not only…but also, Hardly/Scarcely…when, No sooner… than等,前倒后不倒。例如:
Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender.他没有收下礼物,还狠狠批评了送礼的人。
Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.她刚出门,就有个学生来访。
No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.她刚出门,就有个学生来访。
典型例题
No sooner___ than it began to rain heavily.A.the game began
B.has the game begun C.did the game begin
D.had the game begun
注意:只有当Not only… but also连接两个分句时,才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Not only… but also仅连接两个并列词语,不可用倒装结构,如Not only you but also I am fond of music。
3. so, neither, nor作部分倒装。
表示另一主语“也…样”时,用“So + be(have,助动词或情态动词)+主语”结构;而表示另一主语“也不…样”时,用“NorNeither + be(have,助动词或情态动词)+主语”结构。例如:
Tom can speak French.So can Jack.汤姆会讲法语,杰克也会。
If you won't go, neither will I.你不去,我也不去。
典型例题
---Do you know Jim quarreled with his brother?
---I don't know,_____.A.nor don't I care
B.nor do I care
C.I don't care neither
D.I don't care also 答案:B.nor为增补意思“也不关心”,因此句子应倒装。A错在用 don't 再次否定,C neither 用法不对且缺乏连词。D缺乏连词。
注意:当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时,不可用倒装结构。意为“的确如此”。例如:
Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.汤姆邀我去踢球,我去了。
---It's raining hard.---So it is.雨下得真大。是呀。
4.only在句首倒装的情况。only+副词;或介词短语;或状语从句时,主句倒装。例如:
Only in this way can you learn English well.只有这样,你才能学好英语。(only+介词短语)
Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.叫了三次,他才来参加会议。
Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing.(only+副词)Only when it began to rain did he finish his job.(only+状语从句)
如果句子为主从复合句,则主句倒装,从句不倒装。例如:
Only when he is seriously ill does he ever stay in bed.病得狠重时,他才卧床休息。
5. as, though 引导的部分倒装
as / though引导的让步从句由于语法需要,可将表语或状语提前(形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前)。例:
Shortest as/though she is, she is not the richest.(倒装后,最高级前不用冠词)Child as he is, he knows a lot.(倒装后,单数名词前不用a)
Fail as I did, I would try again.(倒装后,实义动词提前,在主语后添加助动词。)Hard as he tried, he didn't pass the exam.(副词提到句首)Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.他工作很努力,但总不能让人满意。
注意:让步状语从句中,有though,although时,后面的主句不能有but,但是 though 和yet可连用。
6.so… that,such…that引导的结果状语从句中,当so和such位于句首时,用”sosuch + adj.+ 主语+谓语”。例如:
So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.他害怕得很,动也不敢动。
So difficult was the exam that most of the students failed to pass it.考试如此难,以至于大多数同学没能考过。
7.在if虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词,可将if 省略,把 were, had, should 移到主语之前,采取部分倒装。例如:
Should it rain tomorrow, we would not play basketball.如果明天下雨,我们就不会去打篮球了。=If it should rain tomorrow, we would not play basketball.Had I prepared well, I couldn't have lost the job.如果我准备充分了,就不会失去这份工作了 =If I had prepared well, I couldn't have lost the job.Were I you, I would try it again.=If I were you, I would try it again.我是你的话,就再试一次。
倒装练习
1.Only when you have obtained sufficient data ______ come to a sound conclusion.A.can you B.you can C.would you D.you would
2.______ that this region was so rich in natural resources.A.Little he knew B.Little did he know
C.Little he did know D.Little he had known
3.Never again ______ political office after his 1928 defeat for the presidency.A.Alfred E.Smith seriously sought
B.seriously Alfred E.Smith sought
C.when did Alfred E.Smith seriously seek
D.did Alfred E.Smith seriously seek
4.Only in recent years ______ begun to realize that wild dogs, kept within bounds, often do more good than harm.A.people have B.since people have C.have people D.people who have 5.Not until I shouted at the top of my voice ______ his head.A.that he turned B.did he turn C.he didn’t turn D.he had turned 6.______ received law degrees as today.A.Never so women have B.The women aren’t ever
C.Women who have never D.Never have so many women 7.On no account ______ to anyone.A.my name must be mentioned
B.must my name mention C.must my name be mentioned
D.my name must mention
8.______ that they may eventually reduce the amount of labor needed on construction sites by 90
percent.A.Such construction robots are clever B.So clever the construction robots are C.So clever are the construction robots
D.Such clever construction robots are 9.______ do we go for picnics.A.Certainly B.Sometimes C.Seldom D.Once 10.Her answer is not acceptable, and ______.A.neither am I B.either is mine C.neither is mine D.mine is neither 11.So fast ______ that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed.A.light travel B.travels the light C.do light travel D.does light travel 12.A sneeze cannot be performed voluntarily, ______ be easily suppressed.A.nor it can B.nor can it C.it cannot D.and cannot it
13.______ notebook and report that I promised you last week.A.Here is the B.Here are the C.Is here the D.Are here the
14.______ a little more time to think, he might have acted more sensibly.A.If he took B.If he has taken C.had he taken D.Should he take
15.Beneath our feet ______ that our life depends on for food and clothing.A.the earth lay B.the earth lies C.lie the earth D.lies the earth
16._____ the beginning of the 19th century did scientists know that all matter is made up of atoms.A.At
B.By
C.Up to
D.Not until
17.Hardly ______ he got out of the court ______ the reporters raised a lot of questions to him.A.had … when B.had…than C.did…when D.has…than
18.Among these books ______ a dictionary that his father gave him as a birthday present.A.have included B.is included C.has included D.are included
19.Important ______ his discovery was, it was regarded as a matter of no account in his time.A.to B.for C.as D.although 20.Here ______ you want to see.A.the manager comes B.comes the manager C.comes a manager D.is coming a manager 21.Barry can hardly drive a car, ______.A.so can’t Molly B.can’t Molly either C.Molly can’t too D.neither can Molly 22._______ for the leadership of the Party, we should not have succeeded.A.Had not it been B.Had it not been C.There was D.Is there 23.______ no air or water, there would be no life in the world.A.Were there B.There are C.There was D.Is there
24.Not only ______ the data fed into it, but it can also analyze them.A.the computer can memorize B.can the computer memorize C.do the computer memorize D.can memorize the computer 25.Not once ______ his view of life.A.did the gentleman mention B.the gentleman mentioned that C.the gentleman mentioned D.does gentleman mentioned
26.By no means ______ their own language well.A.it is true that all English people know
B.is it true that do all English people know C.it is true that do all English people know D.is it true that all English people know
27.The world’s birth rates are on a decline and ______ are the death rates.A.so B.also C.too D.the same
28.Many a time _______ me with my English study.A.have he helped B.has he helped C.he have helped D.did he have helped
29.Typical of the new type of young people ______, who set a shining example to the whole nation.A.was Lei Feng B.Were Lei Feng C.Lei Feng was D.Lei Feng were 30.What Mr.Smith did was important , but ______.A.more important the way of he did things was B.the way of he did things was more important C.more important was the way he did things D.more important the way were he did things 31.She didn’t want to buy it, ______.A.however good was it B.however good it was
C.for how good might it be D.for how good it might be 32.______ , it is always possible to find out its volume.A.Whatever the shape of a body may be B.The shape of a body may be whatever
C.May whatever the shape of a body be D.Whatever may the shape of a body be
33.David, something important has happened.I wish to ______.A.talk it over with you B.talk over it C.talk over D.talk you over it
34.The history of painting is a fascination chain of evens that probably began with ______.A.ever made the very first pictures B.the ever made very first pictures C.the very first ever made pictures D.the very first pictures ever made 35.On the side of the hill, there is ______ which was once the entrance to a gold mine.A.a deep hole in ground B.a hole deep in ground
C.a deep hole in the ground D a deep in the ground hole 36.Will the boy who has taken my pen bring ______.A.back to me B.it back to me C.back it to me D.it to me back
倒装练习答案
ABDCB DCCCC DBBCD DABCB CBABA DABAC BAADC B 5
第二篇:英语倒装句的用法讲解
英语倒装句的用法讲解
倒装是一种语法手段〃用于表示一定的句子结构或强调某一句子成分。倒装句有两种:完全倒装和部分倒装。
完全倒装
1)完全倒装即把整个谓语放到主语之前(是整个谓语动词〃而非助动词)。
例如:The teacher came in and the class began.(没有倒装)
In came the teacher and the class began.(老师走了进来〃然后开始上课。)
2)there引出的完全倒装句:除了最常见的there be句型以外〃there还可以接appear, exist, lie, remain, seem to be, stand等〃一般都译成“有”的含义〃构成完全倒装句。
例如:There appeared to be a man in black in the distance.(远处有个穿黑色衣服的人。)
3)由地点和时间副词引出的完全倒装句:以地点副词here, there和时间副词now, then 开头〃后面的动词是be, come, exist, fall, follow, go, lie, remain, seem, stand等〃而主语又是名词时〃构成完全倒装句。Up climbed the boy when his mother came.4)表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首〃谓语表示运动的动词且主语是名词时使用完全倒装
5)在强调状语时1)当句首状语为方位词或拟声词〃谓语动词为go, come等表示位置转移的动词时句子须倒装。例如:
Up went the plane.In came the chairman and the meeting began.注:如果主语是代词则不发生倒装。例如:
Out they rushed!Lower and lower he bent.(2)当句首状语为表示地点的介词词组时〃句子须倒装。例如:
Round the corner walked a large policeman.2Under the table was lying a half-conscious young man.当句首状语由“only +副词”〃“only +介词词组”〃“only +状语从句”构成时〃句子须倒装。例如:
Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing.(不属于完全倒装)Only because there were some cancelled bookings did he get some tickets in the end.(6)当句首状语为here, there, now, then等时〃句子须倒装〃主语是代词时〃句子不用倒装。例如:
1)Here is a ticket for you.2)Now comes your turn.3)Here he comes.(7)以关联词so(…that)开头的句子中〃句子须倒装。例如:
1)So small was the mark that I could hardly see it.2)So quickly did the workmen finish their work that they were given a bonus.3)So much does he worry about his financial position that he can’t sleep at night.注:在该结构中〃“so +形容词”是表语的前置;“so +副词”是状语的前置。
.在直接引语之后
在叙事性书面语中〃直接引语后常跟asked Mary, answered John, said the old lady, grunted Peter之类的词语。在这些
词语中〃动词常的主语之前〃主语是代词时〃不用倒装。例如:
1)“What do you mean?” asked Henry.2)“What do you mean?” he asked..often, many a time等表示频度的状语置于句首时
例如:Often did they think of going there, but they never had a chance.12.在as, though引导的让步状语从句中
在as, though引导的让步状语从句中〃一般将形容词、副词或名词等置于句首。例如:
1)Small as the atom is, we can smash it.2)Big as the workpiece is, it is turned out with
Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.轰炸机肚底下窜出一枚导弹。
Out he rushed.注意:
1)在here, there引出的倒装句中〃当主语是普通名词时用完全倒装句〃但当主语是代词时〃就要用部分倒装句。
例:Here comes the postman!(邮递员终于来了!注意实意谓语动词位于主语之前。)
Here we are.(我们到了。注意系动词位于主语代词之后。)
2)当主语是代词〃谓语是系动词〃表语是说明性的词、词组和定语从句时〃可以使用完全倒装句〃起强调作用。
例:Lucky is he who has been enrolled into a famous university.(他真幸运〃被一所名牌大学录取了。)
Typical for China is the crosstalk show where a pair of comedians entertains the audience with word play.(中国典型的是相声表演〃两个喜剧演员通过文字游戏逗乐观众)
部分倒装解析
1)部分倒装即只把谓语的一部分(如助动词、情态动词等)放到主语前〃或把句子的强调成分提前。
Nor did he let the disease stop him from living the kind of life he has always dreamt about(疾病没有使他放弃过上梦想中的生活)
2)以否定词开头的句子要求部分倒装。注意下列句子中助动词或情态动词提前、甚至补充助动词的用法: 例:Not until yesterday did little John change his mind.(小约翰直到昨天才改变了主意。)In no country other than Britain, it had been said, can one experience four seasons in the course of a single day.(据说除了英国世界上没有哪个国家能让人在一天中感受到四季变化)
3)以否定副词开头并加状语放在句首的句子要求部分倒装。这些否定副词有barely, hardly, little, seldom, scarcely…… when, never, no sooner…… than, rarely, no more, not nearly, not only等以及only。Only in the country can you learn the “true English”.4)一些如scarcely……when, no sooner ……than, hardly……when引导的主从复合句主句要求使用过去完成式。注意:在部分倒装句中〃只有助动词、情态动词或连系动词to be可以置于主语之前〃其它部分都要置于主语之后。
5)此外〃一些介词+no+名词的结构中需要用部分倒装〃这些结构包括at no time;by no means;by no manner of means;for no reason;in no case;in/under no circumstances;in no sense;in no way;on no account;on no consideration;at no point例如Under no circumstances should you lend Paul any money.注意:
a)如果含有从句时〃只要求主句倒装: 例:Only after he had spoken out the word did he realize he had made a big mistake.(只有当他已经说出那个字后才意识到自己犯了个大错误。)
b)如果上述否定副词出现在强调句型中的前半部分〃不用倒装:
例: It was not until he went abroad that he knew the truth of the fact.(直到他出国以后才了解到事实真相。)
c)如果hardly, scarcely后面接的是any, ever, at all时〃意义类似almost no/ not/ never(几乎不、从不)〃则无须倒装。
例:Hardly any people invited went there.(几乎没有什么受到邀请的人去那里了。)
6)由no matter how, however和how引导的状语从句要求部分倒装〃因为形容词或副词通常紧跟在这三个引导词后面〃然后才是主语和谓语〃形成形式上的部分倒装句:
例:I know nothing about this river, neither how long, how wide nor how deep it is.(我一点也不了解这条河〃不知道它有多长〃多宽或多深。)
7)由as引导的部分倒装句:
a)当as作为比较意义时〃即用于as + adj./ adv.+ as结构中时〃如果把第一个as省略掉〃就形成部分倒装句。
例:Cautious as the rest of her family(was), she didn't seem willing to give an immediate reply to my question.(正如她家里人一样谨慎小心〃她似乎不愿意立即回答我的问题。)
She charged the stairs, quick as a rabbit(ran).(她跑上楼去〃跑得象兔子那么快!)
b)当 as引导让步状语时〃和although, though一样〃当用作“尽管”之义时〃可以用于部分倒装句。
Hard as he worked, he did not pass the exam.(虽然他很用功〃但他还是没及格)
c)表示原因时〃为了强调起见〃也可以倒装。
例:Tired as he was, we decided not to disturb him.(因为他太累了〃我们决定不打扰他。)
d)等于so时〃意义是“也〃也是”
例:She worked hard, so/ as did her husband.(她工作很努力〃她的丈夫工作也很努力。)
so, neither, nor倒装
除了构成上述倒装句以外〃还可以取代上文出现的名词、形容词甚至整句话〃构成完全倒装句或部分倒装句。但这两种倒装的意义不同。
a)当so表示“也〃相同〃那样”时〃通常表示对前一句肯定句的赞同、一致内容〃要求使用完全倒装句:
He promised to finish my homework, so did I.b)so /such ……that句型可以构成部分倒装句〃表示强调so /such和that之间的部分:
例:So selfish was she that everyone avoid talking with her.c)也存在such+be+主语的情况用以强调〃例如Such was Albert Einstein, a simple man of great achievements.(阿尔伯特?爱因斯坦是一个有伟大成就的普通人)
d)neither和nor共有4种倒装形式〃其含义分别为:
1)完全倒装时:表示“也不”〃和上文a)用法正好相反〃表示对前一句否定句的赞同或一致内容。
例:You don't know what to do now, neither/ nor do I.(你不知道现在该做什么〃我也不知道。)
2)和其它否定副词连用〃表示“也(不)”〃也要求用完全倒装句:
例:The besieged enemy could not advance, nor / neither retreat could they.(被包围的敌人既不能进〃也不能退。)
注意:若把这句话改成:“The besieged enemy could neither advance nor retreat.(被包围的敌人既不能进〃也不能退。)”就不必倒装。
She never laughed, nor did she ever lose her temper.3)用在肯定句里〃构成一般否定倒装:
例:All that is true, nor must we forget it.(那全都是真的〃我们可不能忘记。)
部分倒装作用
有承上启下作用〃表示同意和赞同:
例:A: I couldn't do anything for her.(我帮不了她。)
B: Nor you could, but you might have got somebody to help her.(你是不能帮她〃但你本可以找人帮她的。)
2)在进行比较的句子里〃如果主语不是代词时〃可以倒装:
例:America consumes more energy than did our country.(美国消耗的能源比我们国家多。)
3)在某些表示祝愿的句型中要求倒装。如May you happy.4)在文学作品中常出现倒装〃有些是由于语法习惯〃有些是为了简单的修辞〃如Not even one cloud will I bring away(不带走一片云彩).不用倒装的地方
注:如果only后面的词组不是状语,则不用倒装.Only Wang Ling knows this.如果直接引语后注明引语是什么人说的〃而且主语是名词时〃用倒装结构;主语是代词时〃一般不用倒装。
“ Let's go ,” said the man.编辑本段
分类
there be结构的倒装
在“there be”(或there + appear to be〃come〃exist, happen to be, lie, live, occur, remain, seem, seem to be, stand, used to be)雪结构中〃倒装形式为完全倒装。如:
There were many students in the reading room in this evening.今晚阅览室里有许多学生。
There is a TV set, a stereo system and a number of chairs in the sitting room.客厅里有一台电视机〃一套组合音响和一些椅子。
here〃there〃now〃then等引起的倒装
在以here,there,now,then等简短副词引起的句子中(前三个须用一般现在时)〃动词往往是be,come,go等时〃 这类句子大多带有引起注意的含义。如:
Here comes the bus.公共汽车来了。
Here is the letter you have been looking forward to.你久盼的信在这儿。
但要注意:如果主语是人称代词〃则不用倒装。如:
Here they are.他们在这儿。
省略if的非真实条件状语从句中的倒装
虚拟结构中的条件从句省去if时〃were, had, should须移至主语之前。如:
Had you worked harder at college, you would have got better job.如果你在大学期间读书用功些〃现在就会找到一份更好的工作。
Were he better qualified, he would apply for the position.要是他的条件再好些〃他就申请这个职位。
what〃how引起的倒装
以What, how开头的感叹句(表语或宾语提前)。如:
What beautiful weather(it is)!
多好的天气啊!(表语提前)
What a lovely picture he painted!
他画了一张多好的画啊!(宾语提前)
疑问词或连接词引起的倒装
在疑问词或连接词whether等引起的从句中。如:
Whatever you may say, I won’t go there.无论你怎样说〃我都不会去那儿。(状语从句中宾语提前)
What book he wants is not clear.他要什么书还不清楚。(主语从句中宾语提前)
否定词位于句首时引起的倒装
(1).never〃seldom〃hardly〃little〃few等引起的倒装
否定词never〃seldom〃rarely〃hardly〃barely〃scarcely〃little〃few等位于句首时所引起的倒装句通常为部分倒装形式〃如果谓语动词为be的一般现在时或一般过去时〃则为完全倒装形式。如:
Never shall I forget the days when you were with us.我很少有时间去看电影。
(2).nowhere〃no longer〃no more等引起的倒装
nowhere(无处)〃no longer(不再)〃no more(也不)等否定词位于句首时所引起的倒装句通常为部分倒装形式〃如果谓语动词为be的一般现在时或一般过去时〃则为完全倒装形式:
No longer was he in charge of this work.他不再负责这项工作了。
(3).not until〃not a〃not in the least等引起的倒装
not until(直到……才)〃not a(一个……也没有)〃not in the least(一点儿也不)〃not for a minute/moment(一点儿也不)等位于句首时〃通常引起倒装(not a之后的名词作主语时除外)〃其形式通常为部分倒装形式〃如果谓语动词为be的一般现在时或一般过去时〃则为完全倒装形式。如:
Not until all the demands had been turned down did the workers decide to go on strike.一直到所有的要求遭到拒绝之后〃工人们才决定罢工。
Not once did he talk to me.他一次也没有和我谈过。
(4).under no circumstances〃by no means〃in no way等引起的倒装
in/under no circumstances(无论如何不)〃by no means(决不)〃in no case(无论如何不)〃in no way(决不)〃on no account(决不可)〃on no condition(决不)等短语位于句首时所引起的倒装句通常为部分倒装形式〃如果谓语动词为be的一般现在时或一般过去时〃则为完全倒装形式。如:
In no case must force be resorted to.决不准许诉诸武力。
By no means is it true that all English people know their own language well.并非所有的英国人都通晓本国语。
关联连词位于句首时引起的倒装
(1).not only...but also引起的倒装
not only...but also位于句首所引起的倒装句为部分倒装形式〃如果谓语动词为be的一般现在时形式或一般过去时形式〃则为完全倒装形式。如: Not only should we not be afraid of difficulties, but also we should try our best to overcome them.我们不仅应该不怕困难〃而且应该尽最大努力去克服它们。
(2).neither...nor引起的倒装
neither...nor位于句首引起的倒装句为部分倒装形式〃如果谓语动词为be的一般现在时或一般过去时〃则为完全倒装形式。如:
Neither Peter wanted the responsibility〃nor did his wife.彼得不想担此责任〃他妻子也不想担此责任。
(3).hardly...when/no sooner...than引起的倒装
hardly/scarcely/barely...when或no
sooner...than位于句首所引起的倒装句为部分倒装形式〃如果谓语动词为be的一般现在时或一般过去时〃则为完全倒装形式。如:
Hardly had he arrived when/No sooner had he arrived than he was asked to leave again.他刚到就又被请走了。
(4).so...that引起的倒装
so...that位于句首所引起的倒装句为部分倒装形式〃如果谓语动词为be的一般现在时或一般过去时〃则为完全倒装形式。如:
So angry was he(He so angry)that he couldn’t speak.他如此愤怒〃以致说不出话来。
(5).such...that引起的倒装
such...that位于句首所引起的倒装句为部分倒装形式〃如果谓语动词为be的一般现在时或一般过去时〃则为完全倒装形式。如:
Such was the force of the explosion that all the windows were broken.爆炸的威力如此之大〃以致所有的窗户都被震破了。
only引起的倒装
当副词only位于句首并修饰状语或宾语时〃引起句子的倒装〃其形式通常为部分倒装〃如果谓语动词为be的一般现在时或一般过去时〃则为完全倒装。如:
Only in this way can you solve this problem.只有用这种方法〃你才可以解决这个问题。
Only yesterday did I finish this the book.到昨天我才读完那本书。
表语位于句首时所引起的倒装
当作表语的形容词、副词、介词短语等位于句首时〃常常引起倒装〃其形式为完全倒装:
Aristotle says〃“Plato is dear to me〃but dearer still is truth.”
亚里斯多德说〃“吾爱柏拉图〃但更爱真理。”
Present at the meeting were Professor Smith〃Professor Brown〃Sir Hugh and many other celebrities.到会的有史密斯教授、勃朗教授、休爵士以及许多其他知名人士。
状语位于句首时所引起的倒装
(1).当位于句首的状语是一些表示地点的介词短语或表示运动方向的副词(如away〃back〃down〃in〃off〃out〃up)时〃常常引起倒装〃其形式为全部倒装。如:
Away went the runners.赛跑手们刷地跑开了。
Down came the rain.雨哗地落下来了。
(2).介词短语作地点状语〃放在句首〃后面跟的是不及物动词be,come,sit live,stand,lie,exist等时常常引起倒装〃其形式为全部倒装。如:
Next to the table is a chair.桌旁有把椅子。
At the South Pole lies Antarctica, the coldest and most desolate region on earth.南极洲位于南极〃它是地球上最寒冷和最荒凉的地区。
状语从句中的倒装
(1).让步状语从句中的倒装
as引导的让步状语从句中的倒装:
在as引导的让步状语从句中〃位于句首的可以是形容词、名词、副词〃还可以是谓语动词的一部分〃从而形成从句的部分倒装。如:
Tires as he was, he continued the work.虽然他累了〃但是仍然继续工作。
(2).方式状语从句中的倒装
as引导的方式状语从句一般为正常语序〃但是〃如果主语比谓语长〃可将谓语动词置于主语之前〃形成完全倒装。如:
He believed〃as did all his family〃that the king was the supreme lord.他和他全家人一样〃都认为国王是至高无上的君主。
(3).比较状语从句的倒装
than引导的比较状语从句中的倒装:
由than引导的比较状语从句一般为正常语序。但是〃如果主语较长〃可将谓语动词置于主语之前〃形成完全倒装:
Western Nebraska generally receives less snow than does eastern Nebraska.内布拉斯加西部地区的降雪通常比东部地区少。
the more...〃the more...结构中的倒装
在以the more...〃 the more...引导的倒装结构中〃采用部分倒装;如果主句的主语较长〃可将谓语动词置于主语之前〃形成完全倒装。如:
The more books you read(宾语提前)〃the wider your knowledge is(表语提前).书读得越多〃知识就越渊博。
编辑本段
用于其他一些特殊句型中
用于有直接引语的句型中
在直接引语之后〃“主语+ say/ ask之类的动词”可以用正语序〃也可以倒装〃在书面语中常用全部倒装。如:
--“What do you mean?” asked Henry.(or:…Henry asked.)
--“Perhaps he isn’t a bad sort of chap after all,” remarked Dave.--“I am aware of that,” replied the Englishman.--“Please go away,” said one child.“ And don't come back,” pleaded another.但是〃主语是代词时不用倒装。请比较:
--“What do you mean?” he asked.--“Who’s paying?” shouted the fat man at the corner.“You are,” I answered.用于表示祝愿/意愿的句型
这种祈求性虚拟语气一般只用于几种相当固定的说法中。如:
--Long live the People’s Republic of China!
--Far be it from me to spoil the fun.“may + 主语 + 谓语”这种结构表示一种愿望或诅咒。
--May you live a long and happy life!
--May the best man win!
--May he never set foot in this house again!
--May you break your neck!
用于 “so…that…”句型中
把so置于句首的情形下〃需要部分倒装。如:
--So absurd did he look that everyone stared at him.--So suspicious did he become that…
--So vigorously did he protest that the authorities reconsidered his case.用于as之后〃表示状态和相似
倒装在文学体裁中有时出现在as之后〃例如:
--She traveled a great deal, as did most of her friends.--The present owner is a keen art collector, as were several of her ancestors.--She looks forward, as does her secretary, to the completion of the building.在条件和让步分句中
a.用于条件句中
表达虚拟的if从句(非真实条件从句)中的if可以省略〃句子呈现倒装。例如:
--Were I Tom I would refuse.(=If I were Tom…)
--Had I known what was going to happen, I would never have left her alone.(=If I had known …)
--Should you change your mind, no one would blame you.(= If you should change…)
b.用于以as, though引导的表达让步的从句中
在这样的分句中〃句子部分倒装。如果是though作引导词〃句子可以用倒装也可以不用倒装〃而如果是as为引导词〃则一定要用倒装。如:
--Eloquent though/as she was, she could not persuade them.(or: Though she was eloquent…)
--Child though Tom was then, he had to earn his living.(= Though Tom was a child then…)
--Change your mind as you will, you will gain no additional support.另外〃that也可以象as, though一样用于倒装方式表示让步。如:
--Fool that he was, he managed to evade his pursuers.(= Even though he was a fool…)
--Poor that they were, they gave money to charity.(= Even though they were poor…)
用于感叹句中
感叹句通常采用正语序〃即主语在前〃谓语在后。但有时感叹句采用的却是疑问句的形式。尤其是在美国英语中〃感叹句常常象普通疑问句。
--Isn’t it cold!真冷!
--Am I fed up!我腻烦死了!
--Did he look annoyed!他看来可气恼了!
编辑本段
涉及副词so的两类常考倒装
这类倒装主要见于以下两种情形:
1.当副词so后接形容词或副词位于句首时〃其后要用部分倒装。如:
So cold was the weather that we had to stay at home.天气太冷〃我们只好呆在家里。
So fast does light travel that we can hardly imagine its speed.光速很快〃我们几乎没法想象它的速度。
So sudden was the attack that we had no time to escape.袭击来得非常突然〃我们来不及逃跑。
2.当要表示前面提出的某一肯定的情况也同样适合于后者〃通常就要用“So+助动词+主语”这种倒装结构。如:
You are young and so am I.你年轻〃我也年轻。
She likes music and so do I.她喜欢音乐〃我也喜欢。
If he can do it, so can I.要是他能做此事〃我也能。
第三篇:倒装句教案
《文言句式》教案
【教学目标】
1.了解高考对文言句式的要求。
2.理解和掌握与现代汉语不同的文言句式及其用法。3.通过相关练习加以巩固和提高。
【教学重点】如何引导学生掌握辨析较复杂的文言句式的能力。【教学难点】如何引导学生掌握辨析较复杂的文言句式的能力。【教学方法】讲练结合,注重积累。【教学课时】
本专题共3课时。其中讲读课1节,练习课1节,讲评课1节。
二、教学过程 第1课时
一、判断句
是对事物的性质、情况、事物之间的关系做出肯定或否定判断的句子。文言中常用以下几种形式表示判断。1.用“者”或“也”表判断。这是典型的文言判断形式。有用“„„者,„也”的,其中“者”表停顿,“也”表判断;有单用“者” 或“也”的;也有“者也”在句尾连用的。例如:
陈胜者,阳城人也。(司马迁《陈涉世家》)师者,所以传道受业解惑也。(韩愈《师说》)四人者,庐陵萧君圭君玉,长乐王回深父,„„(王安石《游褒禅山记》)项脊轩,旧南阁子也。(归有光《项脊轩志》)夫战,勇气也。(《左传?曹判论战》)莲,花之君子者也。(周敦颐《爱莲说》)2.用副词“乃”“则”“即”“皆”等表判断。这种形式也较为多见。例如: 当立者乃公子扶苏。(司马迁《陈涉世家》)此则岳阳楼之大观也。(范仲淹《岳阳楼记》)即今之全然在墓者也。(张溥《五人墓碑记》)夫六国与秦皆诸侯。(苏洵《六国论》)3.用动词“为”“是”表判断。其中“是”表判断,要注意和用作代词的“是”的区别。例如:
故今之墓中全乎为五人也。(张溥《五人墓碑记》)如今人方为刀俎,我为鱼肉,何辞为?(司马迁《鸿门宴》)问今是何世,乃不知有汉,无论魏晋。(陶渊明《桃花源记》)巨是凡人,偏在远郡,行将为人所并。(司马光《赤壁之战》)石之铿然有声者,所在皆是也。(代词,这样)(苏轼《石钟山记》)同行十二年,不知木兰是女郎。(《木兰诗》)4.用否定副词“非”等表示否定的判断。例如:
六国破灭,非兵不利,战不善,弊在赂秦(苏洵《六国论》)城非不高也,池非不深也,兵革非不坚利也„„(《孟子?得道多助,失道寡助》
5.直接表示判断。既不用判断词,也不用语气词,通过语意直接表示判断。例如:
刘备天下枭雄。(司马光《赤壁之战》)刘豫州王室之胃。(同上)其句式有如下几种表示法:
“......者,......也。”这是文言判断句最常见的形式。主语后用“者”,表示提顿,有舒缓语气的作用,谓语后用“也”结句,对主语加以肯定的判断或解说。如:“陈涉者,阳城人也。”(《史记.了涉世家》)
“......,......也。”判断句中,有时“者”和“也”不一定同时出现,一般省略“者”,只用“也”表判断。如:“操虽托名汉相,其实汉贼也。”(《资治通鉴》)
“......者,......。”有的判断句,只在主语后用“者”表示提顿,这种情况不常见。如:“四人者,庐陵萧君圭君玉,长乐王回深父,余弟安国平父,安上纯父。”(王安石《游褒禅山记》)“......者也。”在句末连用语气词“者也”,表示加强肯定语气,这时的“者”不表示提顿,只起称代作用。这种判断句,在文言文中也比较常见。如:“城北徐公,齐国之美丽者也。”(《战国策.齐策》)无标志判断句。文言文中的判断句有的没有任何标志,直接由名词对名词作出判断。如:“刘备天下枭雄。”(《赤壁之战》)需要注意的是,判断句中谓语前出现的“是”一般都不是判断词,而是指示代词,作判断句的主语.二、被动句
被动句主要有两大类型:一是有标志的被动句,即借助一些被动词来表示,二是无标志的被动句,又叫意念被动句。被动句是表示被动意义的句子。文言中,常常借助一些介词表示被动。
1.用介词“于”“受„„于„„”表被动(“于”引出动作的主动者)。例如: 则今之高爵显位,一旦抵罪,或脱身以逃,不能容于远近。(张溥《五人墓碑记》)六艺经传皆通习之,不拘于时,学于余。(韩愈《师说》)吾不能举全吴之地,十万之众,受制于人。(司马光《赤壁之战》)2.用“为”“为„„所„„”(“为”引出动作的主动者)或“„„为所„„”表被动。例如:
及其衰也,数十伶人困之,而身死国灭,为天下笑。(欧阳修《伶官传序》)吴广素爱人,士卒多为用者。(司马迁《陈涉世家》)今不速往,恐为操所先。(司马光《赤壁之战》)有如此之势,而为秦人积威之所劫。(苏洵《六国论》)不者,若属皆且为所虏。(司马迁《鸿门宴》)3.用“见”“见„„于„„”表被动(“于”引出动作的主动者)。例如: 吾长见笑于大方之家。(《庄子?秋水》)“见”有一种特殊用法,和表被动的“见”的形式很相近,如:“冀君实或见恕也。”(《答司马谏议书》)这里的“见”不表被动,它是在动词前,表示对自己怎么样的客气说法,像现代汉语中的“见谅”等那为此种用法。4.用介词“被”表被动。例如:
予犹记周公之被逮。(张溥《五人墓碑记》)
5.无标志的被动句,这种情况是指没有被动词的被动句。动词本身表被动。这是意念上的被动句,需要根据上下文来判别。例如:
“荆州之民附操者,逼兵势耳。”(《资治通鉴》)这里的“逼兵势”是“被兵势所逼”的意思。
三、省略句
常见的有以下几种情形:
1、省略主语有承前面的主语省略,有呼应下文省略,在对话中也常常省略主语。(1)承前省。如:永州之野产异蛇,(蛇)黑质而白章;(蛇)触草木,(草木)尽死;(蛇)以啮人,(人)无御之者。
(2)承后省。如:“沛公谓张良曰:‘(公)度我至军中,公乃入。(3)自述省。如:“(予)爱是溪,(予)得其尤绝者家焉。”
(4)对话省。如:“(孟子)曰:‘独乐乐,与人乐乐,孰乐?’(王)曰:‘不若与人。’”
2、省略谓语谓语是句子里最重要的成分,一般是不能省略的。但在特定情况下也有承接上文、呼应下文或因对话而省略的。
如:“择其善者而从之,(择)其不善者而改之。”(《论语》六则)“夫战,勇也气。一鼓作气,再(鼓)而衰,三(鼓)而竭„„。
3、省略宾语的省略有两种情况:省略动词的宾语和省略介词的宾语。如:“以相如功大,拜(之)为上卿。”(《廉颇蔺相如列传》)“竖子不足与(之)谋!”(《鸿门宴》)郑穆公使(人)视客馆。
屠惧,投(之)以骨。(《狼》)
在文言文中,介词“以”、“为”、“与”的宾语“之”往承上文省略。在译成现代汉语时,省略了的动词宾语或介词宾语要补充出来。
4、省略介词 在文言文中,介词“于”和“以”常被省略。“赐之(以)彘肩。”
死马且买之(以)五百金,况生马乎?
臣与将军戮力而攻秦,将军战(于)河南,臣战(于)河北。译为现代汉语时,省略了的介词也要补充出来。
5、修饰语和中心词的省略。如:
吾妻之美我者,私我也;(吾)妾之美我者,畏我也;(吾)客之美我者,欲有求于我也。[修饰语的省略] 行一不义(事),杀一无罪(人),而得天下,不为也。[中心词的省略]
四、倒装句(宾语前置;状语后置;定语后置;主语后置)
(一)、宾语前置
1.否定句中代词宾语前置
这类宾语前置,要具备两个条件:一是宾语必须是代词;二是必须是否定句,由“不”、“未”、“毋”、“莫”等否定词表示。“三岁贯汝,莫我肯顾。” 忌不自信。
然而不王者,未之有也。古之人不余欺也!
是以后世无传焉,臣未之闻也。《齐桓晋文之事》〈孟子〉 保民而王,莫之能御也。《齐桓晋文之事》〈孟子〉
而良人未之知也。《齐人有一妻一妾》〈孟子〉
2、疑问句中代词宾语前置
文言文中用疑问代词“谁”、“何”、“奚”、“安”等做宾语时往往放在动词的前面。
“良问曰:‘大王来何操?’” 彼且奚适也?《逍遥游》〈庄子〉 沛公安在?《鸿门宴》〈史记〉 洞庭君安在哉?《柳毅传》李朝威
3、介词宾语提前: 微斯人吾谁与归?
一旦山陵崩,长安君何以自托于赵?
不为者与不能者之形(情形),何以异? 《齐桓晋文之事》 是以区区不能废远。《陈情表》李密
是以君子远庖厨也。《齐桓晋文之事》〈孟子〉 奚以知其然也?《逍遥游》〈庄子〉
介词宾语前置,还有一种情况,就是方位词、时间词作宾语时,有时也前置; 例如:“东乡坐。”
4、特殊结构:用“之”、“是”将宾语提前。
宋何罪之有?(宋国有什么罪过?)惟命是听(成语)惟利是图(成语)惟马首是瞻《冯婉贞》
惟兄嫂是依《祭十二郎文》韩愈 惟你是问。
句读之不知,惑之不解。
(二)定语后置:
在古汉语中将定语移置在中心词之后的现象。定语后置一般有三种情况:(1)中心词+定语+者 中心词+之+定语+者 楚人有涉江者。(《察今》)
石之铿然有声者,所在皆是也。(《石钟山记》)
大阉之乱,缙绅而能不易其志者,四海之大,有几人欤?(2)中心词+之+形容词(定语)
蚓无爪牙之利,筋骨之强,上食埃土,下饮黄泉,用心一也。(《劝学》)带长铗之陆离兮,冠切云之崔嵬。(《涉江》)四海之大,有几人欤?
(3)中心词+数量词(定语)
马之千里者,一食或尽粟一石。(《马说》)
我持白璧一双,欲献项王;玉斗一双,欲与亚父。(《鸿门宴》)
(三)状语后置:
现代汉语中状语置于谓语之前,文中,处于补语的成分往往要以状语来理解。例如:
将军战河北,臣战河南。覆之以掌。
若亡郑而有益于君,敢以烦执事。《烛之武退秦师》〈左传〉
虽董之以严刑,振(震)之以威怒 《谏太宗十思疏》魏征 孰与君少长?——与君孰少长? 《鸿门宴》〈史记〉 青,取之于蓝,而青于蓝。《劝学》〈荀子〉(四)主语后置:(主谓倒装)
为了强调谓语,有时将谓语置于主语之前。这仅仅是因为语言表达的需要。甚矣,汝之不惠(慧)。《愚公移山》〈列子〉 快哉此风!(宋玉《风赋》)“美哉,我少年中国。
五、固定句式
1、“„„孰与„„”、“„„何如„„”。这两种说法都是询问比较的结果,用法相同。
公之视廉将军孰与秦王?(你们看廉将军和秦王相比,谁更厉害?)
吾孰与城北徐公美?(我和城北徐公相比,谁更美?)汝意谓长安何如日远?(长安和太阳相比,哪一个离得更远?)“孰与”、“何如”还可以用来询问利害得失,或表示抉择取舍。
2、日食饮得无衰乎?——得无,该不会,表揣测的疑问词 《触龙说赵太后》〈战国策〉
反复自念,得无教我猎虫所耶?——得无,该不会,表揣测的疑问词《促织》蒲松龄
3、求,无乃尔是过与(同“欤”,语气词)——无乃„与?恐怕„吧 《季氏将伐颛臾》〈论语〉
4、是社稷之臣也,何以伐为?——何(以)„为,表反问的句式,为什么要„呢
《季氏将伐颛臾》〈论语〉 5故不积跬步,无以致千里;不积小流,无以致江海。——无以,没有用来„的(办法)《劝学》〈荀子〉
6、奚以之九万里而南为?——奚以„为,哪里用得着„呢,表反问 《逍遥游》〈庄子〉
7、“他人之心,予忖度之。”——夫子之谓也。
闻道百,以为莫己若者,我之谓也。(《庄子?秋水》)——„之谓也,„说的就是„《齐桓晋文之事》〈孟子〉、“不亦„„乎?”可译为:“不„„吗?”,“难道不„„吗?” 学而时习之,不亦乐乎?
有过不罪,无功受赏,虽亡,不亦可乎?、以为、以„„为„„意思是以为、认为、把„„当作、用„„做„„。例如: 而陋者乃以斧斤考击而求之,自以为得其实。(《石钟山记》)至丹以荆卿为计,始速祸焉。(《六国论》)
10、唯„„是 “是”无意,起宾语提前作用;“唯”表示对象的唯一性
11、岂„„哉(乎)、独„„哉 意思是难道„„吗例如: 赵岂敢留璧而得罪于大王乎?
王侯将相宁有种乎!难道(《陈涉世家》)
12、与其„„孰若„„、与其„„宁„„ 可译为与其„„不如(宁可)„„
与其坐而待亡,孰若起而拯之。(《鸿门宴》)
与人刃我,宁自刃。(《鲁仲连传》)
与其„„宁„„ 相当于“与其„„宁可„„”
13、“如„„何”、“奈„„何”、“若„„何”。这是三个同义的说法。意思是“把„„怎么样”、“对„„怎么办”或“怎么对付(处置、安顿)„„”。例如:
如太行、王屋何?(如何处理太行、王屋这两座大山呢?)
虞兮虞兮奈若何?(虞啊虞啊我拿你怎么办呢?)第二课时
1.下列句子与例句句式相同的一项是()例句:石之铿然有声者
A.古之人不余欺也 B.噌吰者,周景王之无射也 C.得双石于潭上 D.蚓无爪牙之利,筋骨之强 2.与“大王来何操”句式特点相同的一项是:
A.若属皆且为所虏 B.客何为者 C.亚父者,范增也 D.具告以事 3.选出句式不同于其他三项的一项()A.人马烧溺死者甚众 B.此帝王之资也 C.我,子瑜友也 D.此乃天也 4.选出与例句句式相同的一项()例句:又杂植兰桂竹木于庭
A.为国者无使为积威之所劫哉 B.项脊轩,旧南阁子也 C.其制稍异于前 D.蚓无爪牙之利,筋骨之强 5.下列句子中无省略现象的是()A.引以为流觞曲水 B.列坐其次 C.亦足以畅叙幽情 D.晤言一室之内 6.下列句子按句式分类,正确的一项是()①父母者,人之本也 ②秦,虎狼之国,不可信 ③信而见疑,忠而被谤 ④内惑于郑袖,外欺
于张仪 ⑤身客死于秦,为天下笑 ⑥此不知人之祸也 ⑦夫圣人者,不凝滞于物而能与世推移 ⑧“离骚”者,犹离忧也
A.①②⑥⑧/③④⑤⑦ B.①⑥⑦⑧/②③④⑤ C.①③⑤⑦/②④⑥⑧ D.①②③④/⑤⑥⑦⑧ 7.下列句子中句式不同于其他三项的一项是()A.遂为诸将所拥而行 B.被执至南门
C.德威求公之骨不可得 D.我死当葬梅花岭上 8.下列各项中句式不同的一项是()A.宇文新州之懿范 B.石之铿然有声者,所在皆是也 C.舍簪笏于百龄,奉晨昏于万里 D.都督阎公之雅望 9.下列各句中句式不同于其他三项的一项是()A.镂心鸟迹之中,织辞鱼网之上 B.何以明其然?
C.绮丽以艳说,藻饰以辩雕 D.夫择源于泾渭之流,按辔于邪正之路 10.下列各项中句式特点和其他三项不同的一项是()A.饰以篆文山龟鸟兽之形。B.自书典所记,未之有也。C.尤致思于天文、阴阳、历算。D.验之以事,合契若神。11.把下面的句子翻译成现代汉语。(1)大将军邓骘奇其才,累召不应。译文:
(2)安帝雅闻衡善术学,公车特征拜郎中,再迁为太史令。译文:
12.选出句式不同类的一项()
A.祖冲之,范阳蓟人也。B.时有北人索驭驎者。
C.蚓无爪牙之利,筋骨之强。D.今所经中岭及山巅崖限当道者。13.指出下列句子中与所给例句句式特点不同的一项是()例句:解褐南徐州迎从事
A.身死人手,为天下笑者,何也? B.信而见疑,忠而被谤,能无怨乎? C.兵挫地削,亡其六郡 D.良庖岁更刀,割也。
14.根据句式特点,下列各句归类正确的一项是()
①臣未之闻也。②保民而王,莫之能御也。③曰:“牛何之。” ④对曰:“将以衅钟。” ⑤是乃仁术也。⑥夫子之谓也。⑦百姓之不见保。⑧然则一羽之不举。⑨是诚不能也。
⑩构怨于诸侯。○11将以求吾所大欲也。○12王坐于堂上。
A.①②③⑧/④○11/⑤⑥⑨/⑦/⑩○12 B.①②⑤⑥⑨○11/③⑧/④/⑦/⑩○12 C.①②③/④○11/⑤⑥⑨/⑦⑧/⑩○12 D.①②⑤⑥⑨○11/③⑧/④/⑦⑩/○12
15、将下面一段文字翻译成现代汉语。
昔者,齐王使淳于髡献鹄于楚。出邑门,道飞其鹄,徒揭空笼,造诈成辞,往见楚王曰:“齐王使臣来献鹄,过于水上,不忍鹄之渴,出而饮之,去我飞亡。吾欲刺腹绞颈而死,恐人之议吾王以鸟兽之故令士自伤杀也。鹄,毛物,多相类者,吾欲买而代之,是不信而欺吾王也。欲赴他国奔亡,痛吾两主使不通。故来服过,叩头受罪大王。”楚王曰:“善。齐王有信士若此哉!”厚赐之,财倍鹄在也。译文:
16、将下面一段文字翻译成现代汉语。
先公(指欧阳修)四岁而孤,家贫无资。太夫人以荻画地,教以书字。多诵古人篇章,使学为诗。及其稍长,而家无书读,就闾里士人家借而读之,或因而抄录。抄录未毕,已能诵其书。以至昼夜忘寝食,惟读书是务。自幼所作诗赋文字,下笔已如成人。------欧阳发《欧阳公事迹》 译文:
17、阅读下面的文言文,完成(1~ 5题 邻 女 说
[清]戴名世①
西邻之女,陋而善嫁。东邻有处人,贞淑而美,无聘之者,乃过西邻而问焉,曰:“若何以得嫁?”西邻之女曰:“吾有五费。”曰:“可得闻乎?”曰:“发黄费吾膏②,面黠③费吾粉,履阔费吾布,垢多费吾藏④,人来费吾荼。”曰:“若何以得嫁?”曰:“吾嫁士,吾嫁商,吾嫁工,吾嫁佣保,吾嫁乞丐。”曰:“有陋汝者,奈何?”西邻之女竦肩枭颈⑤,粲然⑥捧腹而笑曰:“处女乃陋余乎?此处女之所以年二十而无聘者也。吾见人家女子多矣,类我;吾见丈夫多矣,无不类我。而孰得陋余而弃余?”处女曰;“亦有不类若者乎?”曰:“有不类我
者,则处女已嫁矣。”
处女俯而叹。西邻之女曰:“处女无叹,吾数处女之过失。自处女之长也,而鬻卖粉黛者过处女之门而不售;儿女相聚笑乐,处女独深思不与语;又不能随时为巧靡之涂妆。吾观处女态度,类有以自异者。处女将自以为美乎?世之所艳羡者,真为美矣。而处女无相逢顾盼者,处女将以何时得偶乎?且处女性情姿态如此,又不自媒,而傲然待聘,则处女过矣。处女诚换其故貌,易旧妆为新妆,倚门而笑,则吾有可以效于处女者;然又恐余门之履且满处女户外也。”处女变色,拂衣而起,趋而归,誓终身弗与通。
[注]①戴名世(1653—1713):清代桐城派散文家。少年才思敏捷,有思明反清思想。1702年刊行《南山集》,内容多载南明抗清之事,两年后以“大逆”罪被杀,此案牵连数百人,为清初著名文字狱之一。②膏:润发脂:染发膏。③黠(xiá):黑。④藏:通内脏的“脏”字,可译为肥皂。⑤竦肩枭颈:耸肩、缩脖子。⑥粲然:放肆大笑的样子。.下列句子中加点的词的解释,不正确的一项是()A.无聘之者。聘:下聘礼求亲
B.有陋汝者,奈何陋:认为„„丑陋 C.吾试数处女过失数:数落,责备
D.且处女性情姿态如此,又不自媒 自媒:推销自己
2.以下各组句子中,全都表明处女不与世俗同流合污的一组是()①鬻卖粉黛者过处女之门而不售
②儿女相聚笑乐,处女独深思不与语 ③此处女之所以年二十而无聘者也 ④世之所艳羡者,真为美矣
⑤处女变色,拂衣而起,趋而归,誓终身弗与通 ⑥东邻有处人,贞淑而美
A.①③⑥ B.①②⑤ C.②③④ D.④⑤⑥
3.下列对原愿文有关内容的分析和概括,不正确的一项是()
A.文中所谓的“处女”;实为作者自况,“邻女”则喻世俗:这里所表现的,不单是不与世俗同流合污的高洁志行,联系作者的思想,还有更深一层的意思。B.本文以对比手法为主,写“处女”的品格磊落,而“邻女”滥嫁,表现了清初士人对于国家民族的两种截然不同的态度,极能发人深省。
C.听了邻女的一番教导后,处女这才发现自己的许多地方有过失,决心改变自己,拂衣整袖后就立即起身跑回家,发誓这一生一定要通晓善嫁之理。
D.本文写人很有艺术感染力,无论是写邻女耸肩、缩脖子、捧腹大笑的不屑神态,还是写处女远离世俗、落落寡合的神情,都显得绘声绘色,形象宛然。4.把文言文阅读材料中画横线的句子翻译成现代汉语(10分)(1)而孰得陋余而弃余?(3分)翻译:
(2)而处女无相逢顾盼者,处女将以何时得偶乎?(4分)翻译:
(3)然又恐余门之履且满处女户外也。(3分)翻译:
参考答案
1.D(都是定语后置句。)2.B(例句是宾语前置;A.被动句 B.宾语前置 C.判断句D.介宾短语后置)3.A 4.C(A被动句;B判断句;D定语后置;C状语后置。)5.C(A句引(之)以为;B句列坐(于)其次;D句言(于)一室。)6.A(分别为判断句和被动句)7.C(ABD三项都是被动句。)8.C(介宾结构后置句,ABD三项都是定语后置句。)9.B(ACD三项都是介宾结构后置句,B项是宾语前置句,“何以”即“以何”。)10.B(A、C、D三项都是状语后置,分别是“以„„之形饰”、“于„„致思”、“以事验之”,B项是宾语前置,“未之有”应为“未有之”。)11.(1)大将军邓骘认为他是奇才,多次召请,(他)也不去应召。(2)汉安帝常听说张衡精通天文、历法等术数方面的学问,就派公车,特地召请(张衡)任命他为郎中,后又升为太史令。(奇,意动用法。雅,平素。征,征召。拜,任命,授予官职。
12.A(判断句,其余为定语后置句)
13.D(其他三句与例句都是被动句,D为判断句)
14.A(①②③⑧宾语前置句 ④○11省略句 ⑤⑥⑨判断句 ⑦被动句 ⑩○12状语后置句)
15、从前,齐王派淳于髡送只天鹅到楚国。出了都城门,半路上那天鹅飞走了,只提着空笼子,编造了一套欺骗的话语,前去会见楚王说:“齐王派我来送天鹅,在河上经过,不忍心天鹅的干渴,放出让它喝水,离开我飞走了。我想要刺腹绞颈自杀而死,担心人家议论大王因为鸟兽的缘故,让士人自己杀伤。天鹅是长羽毛的东西,多有相像的,我想要买一只顶替它,这是不诚实而且欺骗了大主。想要到别国逃亡,又伤心我们两位大王间的这次通使半途而废了。所以前来认罪,向大王叩头,接受惩罚。”楚王说:“好。齐王有像这样忠信的贤士啊!”优厚地赏赐了淳于髡,赏赐的钱财比有天鹅进献还加一倍。
16、先祖欧阳公四岁就死了父亲,家境贫寒,没有钱供他读书。太夫人用芦苇秆在沙地上写画,把书上的字教给他。还教他诵读许多古人的篇章。又要他学作诗。到他年纪大些了,家里没有书可读,便到村中读书人家借书来读,有的书读完了便抄下来,没有抄完,已能背出来了。就这样夜以继日废寝忘食,一味专心致志地读书,从小所写的诗、赋文字,下笔就有成人那样高的水平了。
17、1.C 2.B 3.C 4.(1)还有谁能够认为我丑而嫌弃我呢?(3分)(2)而处女(你)没有相逢(相互)看顾的知己,处女(你)要等什么时候得到配偶(能够嫁出去)啊?(4分)(3)但是我恐怕原来到我家的人将全部跑到你家门口(去了)。(3分)
第四篇:高三英语复习教案倒装句全全全
高三英语复习教案
《倒装句》
教学目标:
1、学习倒装句的形成条件;
2、分析倒装句的句子结构;
3、做好高考选择题,学会写作倒装句。教学方法:典型高考题示范。教学步骤:
(一)高考题导入:
1)、_______homework did we have to do that we had no time to take a rest.(福建)
A.So much
B.Too much
C.Too little
D.So little 2)、Only then ______ how much damage had been caused.(陕西)
A.had she realized
B.she realized
C.did she realized
D.she had realized(二)倒装句概述:
1、倒装的目的:由于结构和修辞的需要
2、倒装句分类:部分倒装和全部倒装。
3、语序:谓语的一部分或全部放在主语前面。
(三)倒装句分类及例析:
1、全部倒装:
1)直接引语的部分或全部在句首时用倒装。“Who can answer the question?” asked the teacher.2)there, here 或 now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。There goes the bell.Then came the chairman.Here is your letter.There will be a football match this afternoon.Here comes the bus
There goes the bell
3)表示方位的副词放句首时用倒装
Out rushed the students.Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.Ahead sat an old woman
注意:上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词,如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。
Here he comes.Away they went.4)为了句子平衡,或使上下文衔接,把介词短语、副词、形容词等放句首。
3)On top of the books____ the photo album you are looking for.A.is
B.are
C.has
D.have
4)At the foot of the mountain _______
A.a village lie B.lies a village
C.does a village lie D.lying a village
2、部分倒装:
1)“so + be / have-----+ 主语”或“neither / nor + be / have------+ 主语”,表示前面的情况也适用于另一人或事。
He is a teacher, so am I
5)Of the making of good books there is no end;neither____ any end to their influence on man’s lives.A there is B.there are C.is there
D.are there Tom can speak French.So can Jack.If you won't go, neither will I.6)---Do you know Jim quarrelled with his brother?
---I don't know, _____.A.nor don't I care
B.nor do I care
C.I don't care neither
D.I don't care also Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.---It's raining hard.---So it is.2)含有否定意义的副词或连词放在句首时,多用部分倒装。如:few, little, never, not, not until, nowhere, rarely, seldom, hardly------when, no sooner----than,等。
7)Never in the wildest dreams ____ these people are living in such poor conditions.(安徽高考)
A.I could imagine
B.could I imagine C.I couldn’t imagine
D.couldn’t I imagine 8)Maybe you have been to many countries, but nowhere else____ such a beautiful place.(辽宁)
A.can you find
B.you could find
C.you can find
D.could you find
如 Not only…but also, Hardly /Scarcely…when, No sooner… than
Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender.Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.典型例题
9)No sooner__ _ than it began to rain heavily.A.the game began
B.has the game begun C.did the game begin
D.had the game begun
以具有否定意义的副词放在句首时,一般采用倒装句(谓语前置)。
这类表示否定意义的词有never, seldom, scarcely, little, few, not, hardly, 以及not only…but(also), no sooner…than, hardly… when scarcely… when 等等。
注意:只有当Not only… but also连接两个分句时,才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Not only… but also仅连接两个并列词语,不可用倒装结构。
Not only you but also I am fond of music.3)only 所强调的状语位于句首用倒装。
Only in this way, can you learn English well.Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.如果句子为主从复合句,则主句倒装,从句不倒装
Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.10)Only then ______ how much damage had been caused.A.had she realized
B.she realized
C.did she realized
D.she had realized
4)not until放句首时:not until +副词/状语从句+助动词 + 主语。
(11)Not until recently _______he was a scientist.A.I did know B.did I know C.I didn’t know D.didn’t I know
(12)Not until the early years of the 19th century___ what heat is
A.man did know
B.man knew
C.didn't man know
D.did man know 否定词Not在句首,要求用部分倒装的句子结构。
(13)Not until I began to work ___ how much time I had wasted.A.didn't I realize
B.did I realize
C.I didn't realize
D.I realize 5)not only-----but also---在句首,强调的不是主语,用倒装。
(14)_____ snacks and drinks, but they also brought cards for entertainment when they had a picnic in the forest.A.Not only they brought
B.Not only did they bring C.Not only brought they
D.Not only they did bring 6)在虚拟条件句中,省略连词if ,把were, had, should 置于句首。
(15)_______ fired, your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off.A.Would you be
B.Should you be
C.Could you be
D.Might you be
(四)复习巩固
高考题等精选:
1)______ by keeping down costs will Power Data hold its advantage over other companies.(浙江高考)
A.Only
B.Just
C.Still
D.Yet 2).Only in this way ___ progress in your English.A.you make
B.can you make
C.you be able to make
D.will able to make 3)So difficult ______ it to work out the problem that I decided to ask Tom for advice.A.I did find
B.did I find
C.I have found
D.have I found 4)---It’s burning hot today, isn’t it?
---Yes.________yesterday A.So was it
B.So it was
C.So it is
D.So is it 5).So little____ with each other that the neighbouring countries could not settle their difference.A.they agreed
B.agreed they
C.did they agree
D.they did agree 6)The old couple have married for 40 years and never once ___ with each other.A.they had quarreled
B.they have quarreled
C.have they quarreled
D.had they quarreled.7)____ so busy, I should go with you.A.Were I not
B.Was I not
C.If I am not D.I were not 8).He likes swimming, but he doesn’t enjoy skating.________
A.So do I
B.It is so with me
C.Neither do I.D.It is the same with me.9).Hardly____ we ___ the lab when the power ___ off.A.Had;left;was
B.did;leave;broke;
C.had;left;had been
D.did;leave;had been 10).No sooner had he come back home____ the telephone began to ring.A.than
B.when
C.then
D.that
(五).Hemowork:Choose the best or right answer.1)Not only ___ polluted but ___ crowded.A.was the city;were the streets
B.the city was;were the streets C.was the city;the streets were
D.the city was;the streets were
第五篇:文言文倒装句教案
文言文倒装句专题教案
【学习目标】
1.了解高考对文言倒装句式的要求。
2.理解和掌握与现代汉语不同的文言倒装句式及其用法。3.通过相关练习加以巩固和提高。
【学习重点】学生掌握辨析较复杂的文言倒装句式方法。【学习方法】讲练结合,注重积累。【学习课时】1课时 【学习过程】
一、学:练习导学
阅读下面的文段,涵盖了多种文言特殊句式,请将画线的句子特征作判断,并翻译成现代汉语。
客有为齐王画者,齐问曰:“画孰最难?”曰:“犬马最难。”“孰最易?”曰:“鬼魅最易。”“何为?““夫犬马,人所知也,旦暮罄于前,不可类也,故难;鬼魅无形者,不罄于前,故易之也.”(1)客有为齐王画者(句式:)
翻译:
(2)不罄于前(句式:)
翻译:
现代汉语的句子成分的顺序,一般为“主─谓─宾”“定(状)─中心词”。但在文言文中,在一定条件下,句子成分的顺序会发生变化,这就是古汉语中所谓的倒装句,即指文言文中一些句子成分的顺序出现了前后颠倒的情况。倒装句有下面几种情况:
一、主谓倒装(谓语前置或主语后置)
二、宾语前置(宾语置于动词谓语或介词之前)(复习重点)
三、定语后置(定语放在中心词之后)
四、介宾短语后置,也叫状语后置(状语处在动词谓语之后)(探:双主探究)
一、主谓倒装
主谓倒装句有三种情况:语气强烈的疑问句;语气强烈的感叹句;旧诗词为了韵律相合。
① 甚矣,汝之不惠!
(汝之不惠!甚矣!)
②美哉,我少年中国!
(我少年中国,美哉!)
③渺渺兮予怀(予怀渺渺兮)
二、宾语前置(重点)
文言文中,动词或介词的宾语一般置于动词或介词之后,但在特定条件下宾语前置。1.否定句中代词作宾语,宾语前置。
①古之人不余欺也。
(不欺余)②我无尔诈,尔无我虞。
(我无诈尔,尔无虞我)③忌不自信,而复问其妾曰„„
(忌不信自)
2.疑问句中疑问代词作宾语,宾语前置。
①大王来何操?
(大王来操何)②沛公安在?
(沛公在安)③而又何羡乎?
(而又羡何乎?)
3.用“之”或“是”将宾语前置,用这种宾语前置的格式时,还可以在宾语之前加上“唯(惟)”,构成“唯(惟)„„是„„”的格式,强调宾语的作用就更大。
①句读之不知,惑之不解。
(不知句读,不解惑)②唯利是图。
(唯图利)③何陋之有?(有何陋?)
4.介宾短语中宾语前置
①不然,籍何以至此?
(籍以何至此)
② 嗟尔远道之人胡为乎来哉?(嗟尔远道之人为胡乎来哉?)③项伯东向坐(项伯向东坐)
三、定语后置: 1.中心语+定语+者
①计未定,求人可使报秦者,未得。
(求可使报秦者人)②客有吹洞箫者,倚歌而和之。
(有吹洞箫者客)③楚人有涉江者
(有涉江者楚人)
2.中心语+之+定语,“之”是定语后置的标志。
①蚓无爪牙之利,筋骨之强。
(蚓无利爪牙,强筋骨)②居庙堂之高则忧其民,处江湖之远则忧其君。(居高庙堂则忧其民,处远江湖则忧其君)
③四海之大,有几人欤?
(大四海,有几人欤?)
3.中心语+之(而)+定语+者,“之”是定语后置的标志。
①石之铿然有声者,所在皆是也。
(铿然有声石,所在皆是也)②大阉之乱,缙绅而能不易其志者。
(而能不易其志者缙绅)③马之千里者,一食或尽粟一石。
(千里马)
4.用数量词作定语时,数量词大多数放在中心词的后面。
①一食或尽粟一石。
(一食或尽一石粟 ②尝贻余核舟一。
(尝贻余一核舟)
③我持白璧一双,欲献项王;玉斗一双,欲与亚父。(一双白璧
一双玉斗)
四、介宾短语后置(状语后置)
介词结构即介宾短语,文言文中常见的是用“以”“于”组成的介宾短语,在句中一般作状语。
① 苏子与客泛舟游于赤壁之下。
②虽董之以严刑,振之以威怒。
(虽以严刑董之,以威怒振之)③君子博学而日参省乎己。
(君子博学而日乎己参省)
④生乎吾前,其闻道也固先乎吾。
(乎吾前生,其闻道也固乎吾先)
三、(练:练习反馈)
1:找出与其他句式不同的一项()
A.此所谓战胜于朝廷。
B.古之人不余欺也。C.闻道百,以为莫已若也。
D.颜回见仲尼,请行。曰:“奚之?”
解析:本题考查辨识判断句和宾语前置句的能力。答案A。(A 项是判断句,其余是宾语前置句)2:下列各句中没有定语后置现象的一句是()
A.比至陈,车六七百乘,骑千余,卒数万人。B.水击三千里,抟扶摇而上者九万里。C.村中少年好事者。
D.居庙堂之高则忧其民,处江湖之远则忧其君。3:下列句子中没有状语后置现象的一句是()
A.又杂植兰桂竹木于庭。B.风乎舞雩。
C.鹏之徙于南冥也,水击三千里。D.请其矢,盛以锦囊。4:(2008年广东)下列各句中的“之”,属于代词作前置宾语的一项是()
A.除郎中、上甲令,皆不之官。B.而自归于帝,帝不之罪。
C.访率军追之,获鞍马铠杖不可胜数。D.将士用命,访何功之有。5.与例句句式不同的一项是()例:句读之不知,惑之不解
A.何为其然也? B.吾尝见笑于大方之家 C.无乃尔是过与?何以伐为? D.沛公安在? 6.与例句句式相同的一项是()
例:凌万顷之茫然
A、铸以为金人十二 B、楚左尹项伯者,项羽季父也。C、因利乘便,宰割天下,分裂山河 D、以为桂林、象郡
7、阅读文段,指出画线的句子句式并翻译成现代汉语:
岳飞诉冤
① 岳飞者,南宋抗金名将也.②为奸人秦桧所杀,③魂赴天庭,④诉冤于灵霄殿.飞曰:“⑤吾事君以忠,事亲以孝.⑥以血肉之躯往来于刀林箭雨之中,未敢自恤
⑦任人唯才是举,用事唯命是从.⑧扶社稷于将倾,拯生灵于涂炭,⑨士民之有识
者,云集麾下.绳兀术,捣黄龙,迎二帝有回矣.心之竭诚,人神共鉴.⑩孰料忠而
被谤,信而见疑,⑪为奸人害,如是正气不张,⑫则良善何恃?” 帝命拘桧,庭杖而死。答:
四、思:
1、背诵几种句式特点
2、作业黄皮p355