TPR教学法在小学英语课堂教学中的应用与研究

第一篇：TPR教学法在小学英语课堂教学中的应用与研究

学科代码：520101 学 号：050501060019

贵 州 师 范 大 学（本 科）

题 目：

毕 业 论 文

A Study of the Application of TPR Teaching Method in English Classroom of Primary School

TPR教学法在小学英语课堂教学中的应用与研究

学 院：外国语学院 专 业：英语教育 年 级：2005级3班 姓 名：令狐X 指导教师：郑XX（教授）完成时间：2009年4月

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The completion of this thesis would not have been possible without the encouragement, the guidance, and the support of many other people.First of all, I would extend my sincere and heartfelt thanks to my supervisor Professor Zheng zhijin, who has given me valuable suggestions and insightful comments in the thesis writing.He has also spent much time going through brainstorming with me, put my work on the right track, read in great details every draft of every section of this thesis, and helped improve the appropriateness of English used.My gratitude to Professor Zheng knows no bound.Special thanks also go to my family for their unfailing support and love throughout my university study.CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Abstract（in English）………………………………………………………….5 Abstract（in Chinese）…....................................................................................5 I Introduction….................................................................................................5 1.1 The Definition of TPR....................................................................................6 1.2 Background of the Study……………………………………………………7 1.3 Significance of the Thesis…………………………………………………..7 1.4 Organization of the Thesis…………………………………………………..8 II Literature Review……………………………………………………………..9 2.1 The Benefits of TPR………………………………………………………....9 2.1.1 Success with Children‟s English Learning……………………………9 2.1.2 Three Obvious Features………………………………………………11 2.1.2.1 High-speed Understanding of Any Target Language………..11 2.1.2.2 Long-term Retention………………………………………....12 2.1.2.3 Zero Stress…………………………………………………...13 III Psychology of Children‟s Learning State………………………………..….14 3.1 Distraction of Children‟s Attention………………………………………....14 3.2 Use TPR to Solve the Problem of Distraction………………………………14 IV The Application of TPR Methods in Classroom…………………………….17 4.1 The Activities of TPR……………………………………………………….17 4.1.1 The Pointing Game…………………………………………………....18 4.1.2 Identifying Emotions………………………………………………….19 4.1.3 Following Recipes…………………………………………………….19 4.1.4 Information Gaps……………………………………………………...20 V Conclusion……………………………………………………………………21 5.1 Major Findings………………………………………………………….…...21 5.2 Implications………………………………………………………………….21 5.3 Limitations…………………………………………………………………22 5.4 Future Studies……………………………………………………………...23 BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………………..24

DECLARATION

A Study of the Application of TPR Teaching Method in English

Classroom of Primary School

令狐敬

Abstract：This study based on the conclusion demonstrated in Asher's studies that display oral practice with actions brings considerable effectiveness.TPR would be an appropriate and effective teaching method that will promote acquisition of comprehensible input in a natural way;it is a good way to learn a second language, not just for children, but also for adults as well.At the same time, it‟s a great helper to the teachers, who can use it in their classes to make the studying environment active and dynamic.Thus it can help teachers solve many problems in English class.Help young children learning English, make them found English learning very interesting.They love English class.It‟s a good beginning to learn English in their future.Key Words：TPR(Total Physical Response);Long-term Memory;zero stress;developing interests.摘要：本文建立于美国著名心理学家詹姆斯·阿士尔（Dr.James J.Asher）提出的通过口语实施最有效的伴随肢体运动的全身学习法理论上。TPR是一种有效的教学方法，在自然的情况下通过可理解性输入习得语言。此方法，不仅适合于孩子同样适合成年人学习语言。同时对于老师的课堂教学起着很重要的作用，能使课堂更加生动活跃，从而使学生喜爱英语学习，有一个良好的开端，为今后的英语学习打下坚实的基础。

关键词：TPR全身直接式沟通教学法；长期记忆； 零压力；激发兴趣。

I Introduction TPR（Total Physical Response）is an effective and helpful method being used in primary school.It can be developed to reduce children‟ stress when they are studying foreign languages.Also it can arouse students‟ interests of learning English, and develop their intelligence.Meanwhile, TPR is an efficient and appropriate way that is a great helper for teachers in organizing classes, using TPR will make classes active and dynamic.In this article, the author will present advantages of TPR methods to readers, and then the author will demonstrate some effective teaching activities to them, and also illustrates how to use them in English classes.Following, the author analyzes children‟s learning psychology on children‟s learning English, which might help teachers understand what things influence children‟ studying are and improve the teaching quality.Finally, it will display some limitations in conclusion part.1.1 The Definition of TPR Total Physical Response(TPR)is a language teaching method built around the coordination of speech and action;it attempts to teach language through physical(motor)activities.(Asher, 1966;79-84)Developed by James Asher, a professor of psychology at San Jose State University, California, people can acquire a foreign language by acquisition of comprehensible input through reacting imperative drills and other activities in classes, which is just like babies learn their first language.(Asher, 1996)

In a developmental sense, Asher sees that this is almost the same thing between successful adults‟ second language learning and children first language acquisition.(Asher)He claims that speech directed to young children consists primarily of commands, which children respond to physically before they begin to produce verbal responses.Asher feels adults should repeat this processes by which children acquire their mother tongue.It is a very effective way to aid learning second language.………The method relies on the assumption that when learning a second or additional language that is internalized through a process of code breaking similar to first language development and that the process allows for a long period of listening and developing comprehension before production.……（Asher, 1969;13-17）

TPR is primarily intended for ESL(English as a Second Language)teacher, although the method is used in teaching other languages as well.(Asher)

……..TPR is when students initially hear commands in their second language, respond physically to the commands(like raising their hands, jumping in place, or walking to the door)and then later produce these commands orally and in writing.TPR lessons have student‟s complete activities by using physical motions or visual aids.They practice new material by seeing, touching, or performing the concepts taught.It seemed like a really fun way to learn English…….(Degregori and Trithart, 2004)

1.2 Background of the Study

Some educators believe that one of the most important aspects of foreign language acquisition depends on listening comprehension first.The importance of the language learning order was emphasized by Harold E.Palmer.He suggested that in order to acquire main speech skills, listening and speaking, learners should study step by step through the four phases: perception, recognition, imitation and reproduction.(Palmer, 1925)He further claimed that perception and recognition should come before imitation and reproduction.Imperative drills he proposed aimed at establishing the foundation for internalizing a foreign language through the first two phases.In this sense, some similarities can be found between imperative drills and TPR.（WATANABE and KAWABUCHI;p53-54）

Palmer also referred, such as subconscious comprehension, which is defined as 'the art of understanding connected speech(spoken or written)without conscious effort, analysis or translation' and 'the incubation period', during which time 'a vast number of units are cognized in all their aspects: sounds, combinations, and successions of sounds, and the semantic values represented by all of these.(Palmer, 1917)

More recently, Krashen could be seen to have agreed Palmer in proposing similar constructs: the input hypothesis and the silent period.Krashen assumed that learners can acquire the target language through large quantities of comprehensible input, which is slightly above the learner's present level of competence.(Krashen, 1982)

1.3 Significance of the Thesis 7 At first, the general objective of TPR is to teach oral competency at a beginning level, however after this method has been in practical for a long period time, many educators claimed that the most important thing of TPR is that a TPR course aims to produce learners who feel relaxed and pleasure when they are obtaining English, thereby they can become confident and relaxed communication with native speakers.TPR method can be developed to reduce peoples‟ stress when studying foreign languages and thereby encourage pupils to persist in their study beyond a beginning level of proficiency, and more effective in developing pupils‟ interest of learning English.In this thesis, the author tries to present how teachers use TPR method to help children in primary school classes.Many teaching activities are based on imperative drills.Teachers will set lots of task to let children finish, some of them look like sports‟ goals, arts‟ task.Whatever goals are set, it can be achievable through the use of action-based drills in the imperative forms, which always make students are very exciting in class.In another place, it can also help teachers make classes vivid and dynamic.Total Physical Response techniques are very useful for young children particularly before they begin to read and write.Helping young children learning English by making them found learning English is very appealing, and then loving their English classes.It‟s a good beginning to learn English in future studies.1.4 Organization of the Thesis In this thesis, the author tries to manage to illustrate a variety of teaching drills of TPR in details, which include types of TPR activities.The whole thesis includes four important parts, which are the definition of TPR，the literature review of TPR studies, psychology of children‟s learning state, and the application of TPR methods in classroom.At the end of the thesis, the writer makes a conclusion from the study of TPR teaching method, trying to reveal lots of advantages in using this pedagogy, the author also wants to show some disadvantages to the readers.II.Literature Review The previous researchers considered that TPR research opened up the concept for children and adults acquiring another foreign language, and comprehension is a key point to learn a new second foreign language and it‟ s also one of the most important things concluded from TPR method.Success can be assured if comprehension is developed before speaking.……One important reason: Everywhere on earth in all languages throughout history, there is no instance of infants acquiring speaking before comprehension.Comprehension always comes first with speaking following perhaps a year later……..(Asher, 1983)

TPR was developed to teach foreign languages for people of any and all age groups.With TPR students hear commands in their second language, respond physically to the commands(for example, raising their hands, jumping in place, or walking to the door)and then later produce the commands orally and in writing.It is linked to the theory of memory, which will form a long-term retention, if something is always repeating all the time.(Degregori and Trithart, 2004)

2.1 The Benefits of TPR

In the following context, many benefits of TPR will be shown in the three obvious features and some experiments, which will explain how students have accomplished in English study through using TPR method.2.1.1 Success with Children’s English Learning

Dr.James J.Asher first described the TPR method in his book “Learning Another Language through Actions”.He and other linguists observed the following Characteristics about successful language learners: 1.……Good language learners achieve fluency faster when they are immersed in activities that involve them in situational language use …

2.……Good language learners often start their language learning with a period of silence as they watch the effect of language on others……..3……Good language learners show comprehension by successfully accomplishing language-generated tasks……

4…… Good language learners focus on overall sentence meaning rather than a sentence‟s grammatical parts……

5…….Good language learners make faster progress when the language of instruction is consistent(though limited)on a daily basis, and……

6.......Good language learners make faster progress when the content involves language that is clearly usable or valuable outside the classroom…………….(Asher, 1977;117)

He also considered that these are similar things between the success of the Foreign Language Acquisition and children whose mother tongue is the process of acquisition.For children to learn in their native language when they initially through the actions of parents said that the response instructions, such as “Pick it up” and “Put it down”, children learn to speak before they understand the instruction from the adults, therefore, there has a long time called silence period, a language acquisition time, children just listening but not speaking during this time.And when children get through the period, and it is easy to learn the new target language.Believe that students who begin to learn using TPR do have better listening comprehension.(Asher, 1966)

……..One study by David Wolfe and Gwendolyn Jones(1982)fulfilled the same research the benefit of TPR has.Wolfe and Jones integrated the TPR strategy in a Level I Spanish class.For their experiment they divided the students into two groups to use this method.For one group was taught using the TPR strategy twenty minutes a day, while the other group was taught the usual traditional manner.Results showed that significant educational differences on the unit tests provided by the publisher.Experimental subjects also expressed greater satisfaction with their Spanish course and their Spanish teacher…….(Wolfe and Jones, 1982)

2.1.2 Three Obvious Features It is one of the main aims of English teaching in primary schools to stimulate pupils' interests in English and to develop their enthusiasm for learning English.TPR has three strong features for English learning, which are high-speed understanding of target language, long term retention, and zero stress, testifying TPR help students learn English successfully.2.1.2.1 High-speed Understanding of Any Target Language Some former experts claimed that talking and comprehension are located in different parts of the brain.TPR will input some new information into people‟s brain and then have reaction out immediately.Students understand what their teachers are saying by doing physical actions, which is a high-speed understanding of acquiring their target language.It‟s just like infants understanding their parents‟ imperative tasks.For instance, “baby, look at mom,” “baby, say mom, dad”.etc, which are real situation in people‟s life, so TPR aims to create classes that looks like in real life, thus it could accomplish high-speed understanding of English.Here is an example of how students‟ brains are processing information at lightning speed: [1] “Stand” means to rise up from their chairs;their bodies immediately go from sitting to standing when they heard the instructor say, “Stand”.Also, “walk” means to move forward, their bodies walk forward when the teacher said, “Walk.”.These strange utterances must be valid.11 Once they understand, they can use this skill to move over into the left brain with traditional exercises in speaking, reading, and writing.Then return to the right brain with more TPR to understand another sample.Then use that understanding to switch to speaking, reading, and writing.2.1.2.2 Long-term Retention This method claims to guarantee the long-term retention of English, since the use of physical actions while or after listening helps to gain sound and meaning most effectively.This study reveals that TPR is an effective method to promote long-term retention of the target language in Japanese 7th graders.TPR creates facts which make for long-term comprehension.At lightning pace, the student's brains process information like this: “I actually stood up when the teacher uttered the alien direction: 'Stand.' It is a fact.It is true.It actually happened;therefore, I can store this in long-term memory.” The result is TPR can achieve long-term retention.It can be found that some evidences are some former researcher‟s experiments from the following thesis.One study by Valerie Marsh described TPR as “the most effective method for teaching long-term retention of vocabulary”(Marsh, 1997;25).According to Marsh, one of the key components of TPR is “the low level of stress which enhances fluency, invites participation and increases motivation”(Marsh, 1997;25)

…..At Stockdale High School in Bakersfield, California over the past three years, 100 of the students learning through TPR have scored 3 or higher on the A.P.exam.Of these students, seventeen were true beginners who took the test in their third year of Spanish, and four were true beginners who took the test in their second year of 12 Spanish.Although formal grammar instruction in TPR is delayed, test results show that grammar was nevertheless successfully acquired early on in the program.……

In another place, the powerful feature about vocabulary retention, one of the reasons TPR interests so many researchers are because they had observed many students struggling with vocabulary retention.This is not good in any foreign language classroom because in order to complete lessons and move forward with subject material, students need to retain vocabulary.It just like as the author had mentioned, when a teacher said “stand” , students will raise their bodies from their chairs, thus they will probably understand and remember what “stand” means and know how to use this word in the same conditions.2.1.2.3 Zero Stress Dr.Asher believed that carrying out the activities of the body language teaching is a good way to make students acquire a new language in a harmonious atmosphere.Students respond to commands that require physical movement.It is also very efficient and quickly pedagogy.The aim is make learners first start hearing before speaking, and meanwhile reduce students‟ pressure in learning a second language.(Asher, 1974)

In TPR class, Student will find it is funny and easy, and then they will enjoy getting up out of their chairs and moving around.Simple TPR activities do not require a great number of preparations on the part of the teacher.“TPR is aptitude-free.”，according to Asher.It is inclusive working well with a mixed ability class.It is common that people probably can do a good job in a no stress atmosphere, so even are children when they are learning a new language.Fortunately, TPR make it come true.Students may acquire words, phrases, even sentences through physical actions, playing games, and storytelling.All in all, they feel happy when they are learning English;therefore they will become centered roles in classes.13

III Psychology of Children’s Learning State

Students who are at the age of 5 to 12 are very lively and vigorous;they never stop to listen to an English grammar class, because they are very easy to distract.If teachers still use a grammar teaching method in a primary school, they must be very difficult to complete lessons and move forward with subject material, and the worst thing is students will lose their interests in learning English, some of them even hate the English classes.However, if a teacher uses TPR in his or her classes, the problem must be solved.3.1 Distraction of Children’s Attention

It is easy to everyone to lose their attention in a boring lesson, especially children.Classroom distraction is a very ancient problem for many teachers.Students whispered, passed notes, and daydreamed during class;however whether teachers should think about why children are always like that, what can change this situation, how solve this problem.If they access TPR in the classroom, distraction problem must be getting far away from it.3.2 Use TPR to Solve the Problem of Distraction If teachers use activities of TPR in their classes, like this kind of problem may be solved easily.They can use the main theme is “Listen and Act”，that is imperative drills.Here some examples:

[2] Method one: Listen and act Procedure:

Target Language: stand up, sit down, warming up Target Grade: Kindergarten to Junior High 1

Have students do the following actions.Commands supporting vocabulary …Stand up, sit down.Hands up, hands down.Stand up, and bow.Sit down, sit down.And clap.Stand up, sit down.Hands up, hands down.Stand up, and bow.Sit down.Sit down.And cheer!

Come on, louder!

Stand up, sit down.Hands up, hands down.Stand up, and bow.Sit down, sit down.And cheer...(Graham)

Method two: Touch

Choose two students and add more vocabulary that are in the classroom---such as book, pencil, paper, desk, floor, teacher—and add to the commands put, place, scratch.Use the following type of commands repeatedly in arbitrary order, alternating pairs of students from time to time until all the students clearly understand what these commands and actions mean.For example: [3] Put the pencil on the desk.Scratch your head.Scratch your arm.Put the paper in the box.Put your hands on your head.Place the box on the teacher‟s desk.Scratch your head and arm.”

(Ren, 2001;11)

From these TPR methods, we can see that teachers will draw students‟ attention in classes.Because in order to finish their teachers‟ commands, students have to concentrate their attention on the command words, thus they are likely to remember those words by behaving them repeatedly.In the meanwhile, students probably think that learning English is such an easy and cheerful task, and they must be fond of English classes.Method three: Listen and draw

It is similar to acting out physically, but in this type, the students are drawing picture, diagrams on paper.“This sort of activity works is very well as an information gap activity between pairs of students.”(Wang, 2002;90)Here is an example:

[4] One student draws a simple picture and then tells his/her partner how to draw it in English.Neither partner can look at each other‟s drawing during the task.After they have completed the task, they can compare their pictures to see how similar they are.Other way: according to last example.“Introduce the word draw.This opens up a rich network of things a teachers can ask their students to do.Start very simply with the familiar words that the students have already internalized through TPR.For example:

[5] Draw a book

Draw a ball

Draw a hand

Draw a box

Draw a hand on a desk.Draw a window and a hand and book.”

The concrete staff is much easier to understand and remember than abstract staff for people, in particular, primary school students.The more detailed staff is, the easier students can memorize.So if teachers ask them to draw something, they are likely to have a brainstorm to figure out some interesting pictures, which may develop their imagination.After students finished their works, teachers may award some special works, which can raise students‟ interests of English Classes, and then they probably acquire English in nature way.In another place, it is a good start to students, enhancing their listening skill.It is very important of students to have a good state while listening.Students should get clear that listening is the first step of any language acquisition;they should pay more attention to learn it well at the very beginning.Listen carefully also can solve the problem of distraction.…“Psychological linguistics regards listening is involved with the perception of a language: Perception is to turn the voice into meanings，and it is an analysis of the language signal perception.The process of the language perception is an activity of the short--time memorization.”…(Zhang, 1996;1)

IV the Application of TPR Methods in Classroom 4.1 The Activities of TPR-Physical response Everyone learns to comprehend much faster than they learn to produce.At any stage in the learning process, comprehension is always the most significant in foreign languages acquisition.Children may not be able to give a linguistic response to teachers‟ instructions but they can give a physical response.For this reason, a teaching technique based on commands is often used with young children.4.1.1 The Pointing Game With a small group of students, use a collection of pictures(such as those one might find in a mail order catalog)to instruct concepts that have been taught.Ask students to point to various specific body parts, colors, clothing items, etc.now let‟s look at some examples.[6] Point to the window!Point to the book!Show me the book!Put the book on the desk!Put the blue book on the desk and the red book on the chair!Draw a cat under the tree!

Children will be willing to present their comprehension through a physical action long before they are willing to give a linguistic response.Moreover, the use of real objects in the classroom and the use of picture flashcards allow the teacher and children to respond to language long before they can respond linguistically.This method also can improve students‟ capability of response and develop their left brain, becoming more intelligent.Certainly, the most important thing is enhance those words teachers command repeatedly.Teachers can use this game in classes;first of all, they should tell their students some supporting words in this game.For instance, “point” means use your finger direct the staff that instructs commands, and “show” means have something a look at to everyone, etc.Tell students to give actions to their teachers when hearing commands.If they want to finish the tasks, they have to concentrate and listen carefully.4.1.2 Identifying Emotions

After students have acquired simple commands such as “cry” or “laugh,” pictures can be placed across the front of the room that clearly demonstrate such emotional reactions.Students can be asked to take the picture of a person displaying a specific reaction.Later, this same procedure can be extended to other kinds of descriptions of emotions.(Someone crying, someone laughing).Later this same procedure can be extended to other kinds of descriptions of emotions, perhaps more subtle ones(someone who is sad, someone who is angry).This game is like a role play some times, being difficult to understand emotional words which are too abstract;teacher will use this action game to give their students hand to grasp these untouched words.When students acting trainers‟ orders, they may comprehend what feelings are like.4.1.3 Following Recipes At much later stages, making birthday cakes, baking cookies, or preparing dishes can provide a TPR experience, and it can also involve students in the cultures of other countries and those within the United States.First of all, display all the ingredients for any given recipe and introduce each item, one by one.And then, show each student with a written recipe.An extra large version to which you and the students can refer can be placed at the front of the room.While you or a student reads the recipe, other students can measure, mix the ingredients, and so on.As a follow-up, students can bring in favorite recipes to share.These can be put together to form a class recipe book to which others can be added.TPR is a pedagogy applying to bring in a real English environment to ESL.In this game, students will pick up a great many of cooking technique, making cakes, baking cookies.They must have a wonderful time in English classes.In the meantime, they probably obtain the target language in the classes.However, the instructor maybe more hard-working, they have to organize students to tidy up the classroom after classes.4.1.4 Information Gaps Information gaps can be created in which one student has information that another does not have but needs.One student may give a set of directions or commands to another student, who will carry them out to meet some stated goal(e.g.making a peanut butter and jelly sandwich).There are many kinds of information gaps, which include shopping information gaps, direction information gaps, puzzle information gaps, etc.for example:

[7] Shopping Information Gaps: Step 1: Teachers let students make two sheets, one of is A sheet, the other one is B sheet.Step 2:

Giving them the supporting words and sentences:

What did he buy in the supermarket? He bought a box of chocolate.How much was it? It was 50yuan.Etc.Step3: Ask students to finish the sheets in pair.In this activity, students can practice capability of question arising.(Wh-questions...)They have to finish the two sheets by asking their partner many questions.Also, it trains them how to acquire information in their lives, and it reaches the main target of learning a foreign language-communication.V Conclusion TPR is an effective way to learn English for ESL, especially primary school students.It based that the first thing to learn a foreign language is comprehensible input, and then have a respond to do teachers‟ commands.And why this teaching pedagogy is so popular and successful? Because it will bring a zero stress atmosphere to children to learn English, they will not be afraid of speaking English, and then they are likely to be cheerful when they are in English classes.Nevertheless, the method also has some limitation in the process of teaching.5.1 Major Findings TPR(Total physical response)is a language teaching strategy which uses commands, either written or verbal, to introduce new language and concepts to students.Imperative drills are a typical method is in TPR lesson, a teacher will give a command and the student must follow the command with a physical response.For example, if the teacher says, “stand up and down three times” the students after hearing the command, they will raise their bodies from their chairs and down three times.Children will train listening skills and how to respond to directions given orally or visually through the Total Physical Response(TPR)method.It can also reach this end through teaching some songs, for instance, which is about human being‟s body 'Head, shoulders, knees and toes' children will learn the parts of the body.TPR strategy has a large number of activities may be used in English classes of primary school, which can make students pleasure and fun in classes, consequently they have an interest in learning English and to be a leader and center role in training English.5.2 Implications TPR is totally physical.According to many former studies, it is a right-brain approach.And the key point is Comprehensible Input.TPR is not a complete method.According to current theory, TPR works because it is an excellent way of providing students with comprehensible input;the teacher's movement provides the background knowledge that makes the command more comprehensible.ESL students acquire the second language as they acquire their native language, which are almost like infants study how to speak their mother tongue.TPR also can provide a low-anxiety environment to the students through lots of comprehensible input in.Students will produce language when they are ready.It is a direct method for teaching language with real-life situations.It gives instant feed-back to the teacher.TPR is an astoundingly successful beginning language teaching method.TPR students have outperformed comparison students convincingly in method comparison studies, both in those done by Asher and his associates as well as those done by other scholars(Wolfe & Jones, 1982).It has been shown to be effective for both children and adults, and has been used for a variety of languages.5.3 Limitations The TPR method applies to the nature of children and matches the principle of happy-learning, which enables children to learn easily, to learn fast and finally to feel the happiness of English study.But its disadvantages are as follow:

1.This method just suits for the first period of language learning, especially beginners.Because most of its contents are gestures, through which children may not get further knowledge, and it has to be carried out with some other approaches.2.The TPR method contains of lots of game activities, role-playing and group competitions.But children will easily get excited when they are happy so it will be hard to accomplish the expected results even if they have good control of class, , in another place, it becomes a annoy to some shy students.Students are not generally given the opportunity to express their own thoughts in a creative way.The teacher may find that it is limited in terms of language scope.Certain target languages may not be suited to this method.5.4 Future Studies Many scholars determined that TPR can be used with a person of any age, TPR works with all levels of language learners.The author also has coincidence with them, if teachers combine TPR with other teaching pedagogies, such as interactive teaching methods, it will be more effective to make TPR work very well in a language classroom.Experienced teachers have the ability to cope when things go wrong.It„s useful when planning to build in some extra and alternative tasks and exercises.Also teachers need to be aware of what is happening in the classroom.Students may raise an interesting point and discussions could provide unexpected opportunities for language work and practice.In these cases, teachers should combine TPR with other teaching strategies to make TPR work very well in a language classroom.From studies such as these, the author concluded that the TPR method to teaching foreign languages is both beneficial and effective.Teachers can use both traditional method and TPR strategy in classes;they should try to have a good preparation and organize their classes, which is the most effective way.Giving them examples when instruct students to finish targets, which will not make the classes become noisy.Students can concentrate their attention while listening to English.BIBLIOGRAPH Danny, Brassell,（2007）.Enhancing ESL Students’ Literacy Skills.DE Wolfe.（1982）.Integrating Total Physical Response Strategy in a Level I Spanish Class, G JonesTPRS Publications Inc-ERIC EJ586008 Zink de Diaz, Laura.(2005).”TPR Foreign Language Instruction and Dyslexia".Retrieved on 2007-05-23.Ren Xiaoping.Listening Barriers Among Chinese Students And Training Tactics [J].延安教育学院学报，2001 Zhang Qi.Psychological analysis in listening teaching and radio programs teaching [J].云南教育学院学报，1996.10.p1 王蔷 A course in English language teaching [M].上海:高等教育出版社，2002.5.DECLARATION

Linghu jing, the undersigned, hereby declare that this thesis does not contain any material which has been accepted for the award of any other higher degree or graduate diploma in any tertiary institution and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, this thesis does not contain any material previously published or written by another person, except when due reference is made in the text of the thesis.Signed: Dated:

第二篇：浅析TPR教学法在小学英语教学中的应用

学号：***040 成绩：

西安翻译学院

高职高专毕业论文

题目：浅析TPR教学法在小学英语教学中的应用

作

者：

曾彤

指导教师

朱广珍

专业班级

08级商务英语4班 院

系

外国语学院

完成日期

2011年3月

浅析TPR教学法在小学英语教学中的应用

曾彤

外国语学院08级商务英语4班（西安翻译学院，陕西 西安 710105）

Analysis on the Application of TPR in English Teaching

in Primary School

Zeng Tong Business English, Class 4, Foreign Language College(Xi’an Fanyi University, Xi’an 710105)

摘要：近几年，英语教学法已经取得了长足的进展，一些新型的小学英语教学方法应运而生，TPR教学法是小学英语教学法中一种常见的教学方式。本文旨在通过TPR教学法与传统教学法的对比来分析TPR教学法的特点和优势，并具体探讨TPR教学法在小学英语教学中的应。论文最后提出TPR在小学英语教学中出现的一些误区和建议。

关键词：TPR教学法；小学英语教学；应用

Abstract: In recent years, English teaching methodology has made a lot improvement.And some new methods of English teaching in primary school has appeared.TPR is one of the common methods of children English teaching.This paper aims to analyse the characteristics and advantages of TPR though the comparing analysis of traditional teaching methodology and TPR.It also explores the applications of TPR in primary school English teaching.Finally this paper points out some misunderstandings of the application of TPR in primary school and provides some suggestions.Key words: TPR methodology;English teaching in primary school;application

引言

TPR教学法（Total Physical Response全身肢体反应教学法）。创立于20世纪60年代初，其创始人是美国加州的心理学和统计学教授James Asher，力图通过身体的活动来进行语言教学，是一种建立在语言和行动和谐一致基础上的语言快速教学法。目的是在开口前培养听力能力，言行协调一致，减少语言学习中的心理压力。他认为成功的外语习得和少儿习得母语的过程有一个相似的地方，在少儿学习母语时，他们最初是通过动作对父母的指令表示反应，如“Pick it up”和“Put it down”，少儿学会说话之前已经听懂大人的指令，所以语言习得存在一个只听不说的沉默期。既silent period.久了以后，就很容易学会说新的语言，由于学习母语的过程是理解先于表达，所以学习第二语言也应先听，然后再学会说，而且语法结构和词汇也可以通过熟练运用老师的指令来掌握。

帕尔默六十年前就指出：“在英语学习的初始阶段，教学方法如果不包含大量的学生执行教师的课堂活动是不可能成功的。”通过近些年来各个教学工作者的亲身实践，TPR教学法已作为一种非常行之有效的语言学习法应用到许多小学外语教材中。

TPR教学法是一种独特的语言教学法，与传统的教学法相比有所不同，TPR教学法有其自身的特点和优势。这篇论文主要论述了TPR教学法的教学特点和教学意义，体现了TPR教学法的优势。其次，论述了在小学英语教学课堂中，TPR教学法的具体实施和教学方法可以更好的培养小学生学习英语的兴趣。但是，TPR教学法也有许多不足之处，在小学英语教学中我们需要对TPR教学法有更多的改进和思考。

一、传统英语教学与TPR教学法

TPR教学法的主要特点是:1.强调听力理解领先;2.学生需要通过身体对语

【1】

言的反应动作来提高理解力;3.允许学生在做好准备的情况下参与活动;4.教师的教学应该强调意义而不是形式。

相比之下,我国传统的英语教学法是语法教学,即通过传授英语的语法结构,培养初学者的语法结构意识来掌握语言。如,“There is a book on the table.” “It is not a dog”,传统法讲解“Therebe”句型、动词单复数、冠词的用法、介宾结构、“It”句型及否定结构。简单的两个句子,涉及到了这么多基本的语法知识,即使弄懂了,但学生一开口,还是单复数不分,肯定与否定混淆,甚至于大学的学生会话中还犯“he she”不分的毛玻同时,类似的“标准语法”句型在现实生活中极少接触到。因此传统的语法教学教的不是生动的口头语言,而是书面语,即“死的语言”,小学生极难掌握。

TPR英语教学法是教师根据学生爱动,注意力难以持久等心理特征,让小学生通过跑、跳、做游戏学英语,而不是规规矩矩地坐在凳子上听讲,这样课堂气氛活跃,学生学习情绪主动,注意力持久。如果小学生发音不准,老师就要自然状态下不停重复,直到发准为止,学生也不必重复老师的话,但要按老师语言的涵义反应。学生对老师发出信息的反馈越正确,表明对老师信息的理解越准确。心理学家证实,强迫学生重复老师的话会引起学生心理压力和紧张情绪,限制学生语言学习技能的发展和提高。

二、TPR教学法的意义

2.1活跃课堂气氛 培养学生兴趣

瑞士著名教育家皮杰士说过：“所有智力方面的活动都要依赖于兴趣。”我们也常说“兴趣是最好的老师”，可见兴趣对学习的重要性。在英语教学中，要想使学习学得积极主动，并取得好的学习效果，培养学生的兴趣至关重要，甚至可以说这是学习英语的前提和保证。而TPR教学法取代传统地学生一

味地坐在那里听老师讲，毫无生气，而是学生动起来，将动作与语言相结合，使学生能够边说边做，这极大地提高学生的学习兴趣。2.2重听力训练 提高口语表达

TPR教学法首先培养学生的听力理解能力，然后再要求学生用口语表达。就是通过教师边说边用动作示范，学生静听，再教师发指令学生做动作，直至学生能说，而在学生会说之前，已听过教师说过数十遍，就相当于接受听力训练，从而在教师直接发出命令时，学生能马上做出动作，如此不断地重复，学生的听力能力不断提高。教学“Open the penci-case”这个词组时，教师边打开某一学生的文具盒边说“Open the pencil-case”，然后教师走到其他学生的身旁再做示范，学生在听了看了后完全明白该句的意思，此时教师再发出“Open the pencil-case”,学生能很快地做出动作。在接受听的训练后，学生能模仿教师的语音，语调说出句子，能很自然地说出“Open the pencil-case”,长此不断，学生的听力和口语表达会提高不少，对将来的学习也受益匪浅。2.3帮助理解课堂用语 提高教学效果

教师用语虽不能说是一节课的精髓之处，但也可以说是一节课的关键所在，尤其是对外语来讲，听不懂教师用语，就不明白老师到底要讲什么，要我们干什么，而“TPR”教学法能够很容易地解决这一问题，“Come in, please.” “Open your book,please.” “Sit down”.“Give me your pen.” “Great!”等等这些课堂上随时用到的教师用语在学生第一次听到教师只须一个简单的动作，帮助学生理解教师用语，学生就能很快领会其意思，不需要大费口舌。第二，第三次学生再听到时，他们就能立即明白，由此就能大大地提高教学效果，师生都能受益。

2.4操作简单方便 易于学生理解

教师让学生明白自己所说的内容可以有多种方法：优生帮助，图片辅助，画画演示等等，但实施起来皆有其不便之处，相比较而言，“TPR”教学法省事且易懂，如教师教“hand”时说“hand hand clap your hands”，并且做拍手动作，学生一看就知道“clap your hands”是“拍手”的意思，不需要图片，也不需要画画，更不需要优生帮助，而且还易于学生理解。

三、TPR教学法在小学英语教学中的应用

3.1TPR教学法的具体实施 3.1.1热身活动

Warming up 相当于英语课堂中的热身和启动，它是一节课的序幕，是教师讲授每一节课时给予学生的第一感知，是优化学生学生心境和语言学习环境的重要手段。其目的在于激活学生思维、吸引学生注意、调控学生情绪，为开展语言学习作好知识、技能、心理和环境上的准备。而意识到这以前，教师经常让学生唱一首歌，再读一下chant就草草了事，结果是学生唱歌不会唱，东张西望，chant不会读，东瞅西桥，可见学生的注意力十分分散，那又如何开始一堂新课！在热身活动中也可以应用TPR教学法。最初的常识就是我读一些单词或短语，让学生边做动作边玩，或者我做动作，让学生说等，学生的兴趣极高，参与性很强。有了这次经验，我以后常常自编一些歌谣并配上相应的动作作为热身活动。大受学生欢迎。如：clap、clap、clap your hands(拍手）shake、shake、shake your head(摇头)

wave、wave、wave your arms(挥手)...再如：cat、cat、cat give me your hat

dog、dog、dog give me your doll

duck、duck、duck give me your cake...学生既能说又能动，不亦乐乎，从而起到了酝酿情绪、渗透主题和带入清净的作用，保证学生课始就能积极主动并始终有效地与课堂学习。3.1.2单词教学

小学英语教学中，单词教学是必不可少的一个重要环节，由于小学生年龄小，好玩，不愿把更多的精力花费在记单词上。因此，几乎所有的小学生一提起英语单词，就感到很头痛，一节单词课堂教学中，无非是传授新单词，练习巩固单词而已，没有什么创新，对学生，对教师都是极其厌烦的事情，尤其是操练过程中，只是教师一味地机械地领读，让学生死记硬背，课堂就变得死气沉沉，学生也会口干舌燥，昏昏欲睡，这样的教学即费时费力，效果也差，因此，这就要求教师注意教学方法，充分调动学生的学习积极性，把单词教学贯穿到娱乐之中，使学生学起来不感到枯燥，乏味，激发他们的学习兴趣，使他们每个人的学习才能得以发挥，而经过实践，TPR教学法的应用，可以调动学生的各个感官，让单词教学生辉不少，就如PEP1中动作单词教学dog cat elephant duck mouse等，可以通过教师念，学生做动作，教师做动作，学生说，一生念，另一生做等，一轮下去，学生不但能说能做，而且在学的过程中，知道各种动物的走路跑步习惯，可谓是两全其美，再如赞叹词：Cool！Great！Super！等，教师在平时的教学中经常应用并伴以动作出现，学生听多了看多了，也会自己说这些单词了，也让学生感觉到学习英语是一件很快乐的事情。3.1.3短语教学

在短语教学中，也可以应用TPR教学法，而且小学英语课本中出现的基本

上是动词短语，那用起TPR教学法更是得心应手了，教师教得轻松，学生也学得轻松，如在PEP1Unit2PartB中学习“Turn left”，“Turn right”，“Go straight”这三个表示方向的短语时，为了降低学生的学习难度，集中他们的注意力，教师先示范给学生看，一边做动作，一边说英语，接着让学生跟着老师做动作，然后，老师喊口令，学生做出相应的动作，最后同桌再进行练习。这样，学生就在动一动，说一说的实践中较快地掌握了这几个英语句子，并且记得也比较牢。此外在课余练习中，应用TPR教学法，老师完全可以放手让学生自主学习，偶尔做适当的点拨，每周利用早读时间以小组为单位，以短语为内容做TPR练习，而每小组轮流有一小老师，他首先要选好练习的内容，并做出表格，利用该表格由领读人发指令，其他学生边说边做动作，或者对换角色，并对学习的效果做好记录，如此不仅提高学生的积极性，也提高了学习效率。3.1.4句子教学

假如你碰到一个小学生，你问他“苹果”用英语怎么说，他会很快给你一个满意的答案 “apple”,假如你再问他“红苹果”怎么说，他迟疑地告诉你“red apple”,假如你再问他“这是一个红苹果”怎么说，他迟疑了半天也支不出半句，可见，学习英语句子对小学生来说是非常难的一件事。而在小学英语教学中，句子教学却是一项重要的内容，它贯穿整个小学英语教学的始终。应而如何上好句子教学，是每一位英语教师思索的焦点。在教学实践中，运用TPR教学法，发现这能使句子变得形象化，简单化，学生易懂易学，兴趣也大增。3.2TPR的教学方法 3.2.1演示教学法

教师通过生动的表演，即运用身体语言来阐明口中不断重复的语言信息。比如教“point to the window, point to the door , touch your nose , touch your ears.”

时，教师辅以本身的动作示范，再要求学生们重复同样的动作，五分钟内学生就可以自如地对指令做出完全正确的反应。

3.2.2卡片教学法

教师把一些学过的单词写在不同的卡片上，每一个学生手持一卡片，教师不断重复单词的发音，学生记住后教师便念单词点名，持相应卡片的学生可以举起卡片以示理解。然后学生们交换卡片，再用同样的方法训练，这样，学生在轻松愉快中掌握了发音，同时注意力也容易专注。但这种方法使用久了便觉得枯燥，无趣。所以应结合其他教学法共同进行。3.3.3图画教学法

小学生对直观的图画很感兴趣，因此教师要充分利用图画来讲授内容。出示图画，让学生说出单词，或让学生说出单词，并出示相应的图画。小学生通常对具体而直观的东西比较感兴趣，因此老师可以尽量教小学生们生活中常见的事物单词，用实物图片代替简单文字，例如教“bird”可以让小朋友看到鸟的图片，并播放鸟叫声，教“dog”可以让小朋友听听“汪汪”的狗叫声。最好是把图画制成卡片的形式，这样可以结合很多游戏来进行教学活动。3.3.4整体教学法

老师通过把句子或单词设定在特定的故事情节或场景中，教小朋友从整体把握意思，例如“Yesterday I ate a piece of bread.”老师可以将a piece of bread替换为a piece of cake或者a bowl of dumplings.这样的教学能起到事半功倍的效果，有助于小学生们英语学习中举一反三。3.3.5游戏教学法

小学生的特点之一就是喜欢游戏，在游戏中学习，小学生会倍感兴趣，比如操练句型“What’s this?”时，可以做猜东西的游戏，就是把图画制成的卡片盖

起来，或露出图画的一角。然后问“What’s this?”让学生猜，直到猜对为止。这样做会让学生尽情尽量的说学过的英语，猜错了也没有关系，因为我们的目的就是为了让学生开口说英语。再如教duck, cat, dog等动物名称时教师可模仿其形态或叫声，或者让学生自己模仿，通过模仿其滑稽的样子，发出惟妙惟肖的叫声，学生自然就联想到该动物，英语名称自然就记住了。但是使用游戏教学法最大的问题就是纪律问题了。因此教师在学生做游戏前要将组织游戏的步骤计划好，而且要将如何做游戏示范给学生看，这样学生明确他们要干的事情，就不会混乱了，另外要选择一些简单易操作的游戏。游戏虽然有趣，但一节课不可过多使用，要注意在课堂上使用游戏的理由只有一个——帮助学生学习英语。

3.3.6比赛教学法

教师设计与内容相关的比赛，在学习比赛活动过程中，学生的成就动机更强烈，学习兴趣和克服困难的毅力增强，学习和工作效率一般都有很大的提高。因此，适当的比赛竞争可以激励学生学习，比如在教授新课Module 4 Unit 1 Robots(新课程标准第二册)时，我就采用了男女比赛的方法。在比赛之前，我先在黑板的一边画上两个简单的代表男孩和女孩的图像，然后说出比赛规则：问题回答正确加一分；回答错了不加分也不扣分；乱说话或做小动作扣一分，一节课结束后，评出胜利者，然后在胜利者的图像上画上笑脸，输了的则画上哭脸。结果表明这节课上的非常成功，不但提高了学生学习的积极性，而且他们都自觉的维护纪律，达到了很好的学习效果。这不失为一种好方法，但用久了或不适当的使用，也会使学生产生反感情绪。所以教师必须适当运用这个方法，还要注意合理的引导学生对待输赢的结果。

四、对TPR教学法的几点思考

4.1切忌强迫学生

《教学原理》中提到TPR教学法教学原则是学生理解口语的能力要在说话之前发展，只有进行充分的理解性和听，才能自然地转移到说。同时进行听说两种技能的训练，只会给学生造成压力，因为缺乏理解的听，学生没有做好说话的准备，很容易说错，因此教师不要一开口就强迫学生去说，不可强迫学生说，而应在学生大量地听老师发音，看老师做动作，理解后再要求学生说。这时，学生能极其自然地说英语，否则给学生以压力，强迫学生说，学生就会产生紧张情绪，不仅影响这次说英语，也将影响他们以后的英语学习。因此，在运用TPR教学法中，切忌强迫学生开口说英语，要让学理解的基础上自然流利地说出英语。4.2切忌哗众取宠

听有些老师上英语课，热热闹闹，有唱歌，有跳舞，有表演等等，但总感觉华而不实，没有把教学目标落到实处，反倒是一场精彩的表演秀，又像在哗众取宠。而应在TPR教学法也应注意到这一方面。记得在PEP3Unit5PartBLet’s talk中，目标中提出要学生能听懂会说“Let me try!”于是上公开课的老师做好精心准备，设计好各项比赛，有跳绳比赛，打乒乓球比赛，拍篮球比赛等，意图是学生想要参加比赛，要做拍胸的动作，并大声说“Let me try!”(老师会先做好示范)结果课堂上很热闹，学生也很积极，大拍胸脯大叫“Let me try!”但没想到的是学生都是跳绳高手，一跳都一两百下，结果大部分时间花在这辅助环节上，一节课时间到也只有个别会说“Let me try!”，而该课时的其他教学目标都没能够完成，可见在运用TPR教学法要恰到好处，不可哗众取宠。

4.3忌喧宾夺主

TPR教学法的步骤是先由教师说出指令并示范动作，然后请学生跟着做，再教师说出指令，不示范动作，请学生按照老师的指令去做，最后教师说出指令，不示范动作，要求学生复述指令，完成动作，需要时也可请一位学生说出指令，教师和其他学生一起执行指令，他的主要部分应该后两个，但有一些教师为了迎合学生的要求，往往把过多的放在第三步上，即教师说出指令，学生做动作，如此以来，学生产生惯性，教师发一指令，学生就做一动作，而且做对做错也无关紧要，但一旦反过来，学生就不知所措，这主要是因为教师喧宾夺主，从而忽视了学生说的能力的训练，只停留在表层上。4.4切忌牵强附会

有些比较抽象的单词和句子很难用TPR来表达，教师在向学生解释一些抽象的事物的时候会比较困难，这时候教师完全可以不用TPR教学，但有些教师仍固执地使用TPR教学，动作模棱两可，弄得学生也迷迷糊糊，不知教师到底想说什么，记得有一老师在公开课讲天气情况的四个单词rainny,sunny,windy,cloudy,snowy时，在教学sunny时，教师为了使学生明白，又不能用中文解释，就用手指头旁画一个圆圈，脸上显出高兴的表情，他的意图是让学生明白有太阳，又很高兴，说明不太热，可说是晴朗的，但学生不明就里，又不好出声，只好依样画葫芦，教师读这单词，他们就做这动作，全班学生也都互相这样做，但问起他们这是什么意思，他们却只是摇摇头，可见这样的解释是牵强附会，还不如不要。

结语

TPR教学法是全身肢体反应教学法，教师通过自身语言将教学中的单词，句型及儿歌,游戏等表达出来,使学生不通过母语翻译便能够理解教师的语言,从而完全实施了母语教学法。

《英语课程标准》中明确提出基础教育阶段要激发学生学习英语的兴趣，使学生树立自信心,因此小学低年级英语教学的关键不是把语言知识灌输给学生，而是通过听，说，唱，游等活动着激发学生学英语的兴趣，同时养成良好的英语学习习惯，为高年级学习英语打好基础。从这个目标出发，在英语课堂中，采用以TPR教学法为主的各种方法进行英语口语教学，借助动作，让学生感受意义，产生兴趣，积极参与，把课堂上所学的内容充分地“动”起来，把静态的词，句变成学生的动态。

总之，TPR教学法具有很强的兼容性和灵活性，小学英语教学是一门科学，更是一门艺术，任何一种教学法的功能都是有限的，应当合理地运用TPR教学法，探索其中的奥妙，摒弃其不足之处，充分调动学生的学习积极性，使小学生英语课堂焕发精彩！

参考文献：

［1］张志远.儿童英语教学法[M].北京：外语教学研究出版社,2002 ［2］沈亚平.浅谈“全身反应法”在小学英语教学中的应用[J].http:///050801/200603/20060315 100522.html,2006 ［4］王阳.英语基础课程的教与学[M].西安：陕西科技出版社,1997

第三篇：浅析TPR教学法在幼儿英语教学中的应用

浅析TPR教学法在幼儿英语教学中的应用 论文关键词：“TPR”理论 TPR教学法 教学模式

论文摘要：近几年,英语教学法已经取得了长足进展,一些新型的幼儿英语教学法应运而生。TPR教学法是幼儿英语教学法中一种常见的教学方法。本文旨在通过阐述TPR教学法与传统教学法的对比,来分析TPR教学法的特点和优势以及对幼儿英语学习兴趣的培养,并具体探讨其在幼儿英语实践教学过程中与其它教学法的运用,最后提出在该领域中出现的一些误区和注意问题。

一、什么是TPR教学法

TPR，是TotalPhysicalResponse的缩写，指全身反应教学法，是美国加州圣约瑟大学心理学教授詹姆士·阿歇尔(James Asher)于20世纪60年代提出的。这种方法倡导把言语和行为联系在一起,通过身体动作教授外语。教师先把教学内容设计成一系列指令式语言项目,然后让学生对这些项目用身体做出反应。

全身反应教学法注重语言学习中的互动模式。全身反应法吸取了心理学中“记忆痕迹”理论的观点。该理论认为，记忆联系越是经常和强烈，该记忆的联想和回忆越容易，运用全身反应法学英语，小孩一般先用身体反应，而后再学会用语言进行反应，使身体反应与语言反应联系起来，就容易形成记忆。此外，由于这种方法对学生的言语输出不作严格要求并总与游戏同行，可以减少学生的心理负担，培养愉快的学习情绪，提高学习的效率。

全身反应教学法的优势是强调身体的互动性、教学的生动性,以便让孩子更直观地了解在游戏中学习、英语生活化,同时也可以更好地激发孩子对英语学习的浓厚兴趣。

TPR教学法的基本原则

一）让第二语言进入学生的右半脑

James Asher认为，右脑是缄默的，非语言性的，但是它可以通过指令做出适应动作来表达自己。通过让语言进入右半脑引起行为变化，学生很快就可以理解语言代码，当学生能够理解目标语的基本结构及其表示的含义时，他就作好了说的准备。

（二）以“听——做动作”为主要教学组织形式

这是TPR教学法最明显的特征。在学习过程中，教师用目标语发出指令，先自己做，等学生能理解后，让学生完成动作，然后边说边做。开始，教师通过说跟我做游戏，让学生一起做动作，这样可以使学生理解指令与被期望的动作之间的关系，并准确作出相应的动作。然后，学生两人一组，先由一名学生模仿教师发布指令，另一名学生根据他的指令做出相应的动作。之后，两人调换角色，继续做练习。起初，指令较简单，往往是单一动作，然后，很快发出几个连续的动作指令（这时调动初学者的学习兴趣非常重要。）如：Point to the door , stand up , sit down.逐渐过渡到比较复杂的指令，有时还包括一些想象的情节，如：now you are Amy, please introduce yourself , OK?

（三）教授的语言形式以祈使句为主，带动其它句型

指令型语言其形式只能是祈使句，其它句型的出现只能服从于祈使句的使用，不仅新授动词如此，新授名词、形容词、介词等也是如此。在轻松教授完新词汇之后，再让学生相互发出指令，如：“Lingling, get up, It’s late.”Oh,what’s the time?” “It’s half past seven.”从而实现学生对英语的快速理解和长时记忆，使学生在毫无压力的情况下学习英语。

（四）对学生的错误采取宽容的态度

在传统教学法过程中，教师对待学生的错误都是有错必改，精益求精，至使学生总怕出错，怕出丑而不敢大胆开口说，只是机械地跟读，而且小心翼翼。而TPR教学法对待学生的错误则采取宽容的态度，只纠正一些较大的错误，在纠正时也注意方法，不使学生感到压力。

二、传统英语教学与TPR教学法

TPR教学法的主要特点是:①强调听力理解领先;②学生需要通过身体对语言的反应动作来提高理解力;③允许学生在做好准备的情况下参与活动;④教师的教学应该强调意义而不是形式。

相比之下,我国传统的英语教学法是语法教学,即通过传授英语的语法结构,培养初学者的语法结构意识来掌握语言。如,“There is a book on the table”“,It is not a dog”,传统法讲解“Therebe”句型、动词单复数、冠词的用法、介宾结构“、It”句型及否定结构。简单的两个句子,涉及到了这么多基本的语法知识,即使弄懂了,但学生一开口,还是单复数不分,肯定与否定混淆,甚至于大学的学生会话中还犯“he she”不分的毛玻同时,类似的“标准语法”句型在现实生活中极少接触到。因此传统的语法教学教的不是生动的口头语言,而是书面语,即“死的语言”,幼儿极难掌握。TPR幼儿英语教学法是教师根据幼儿爱动,注意力难以持久等心理特征,让孩子通过跑、跳、做游戏学英语,而不是规规矩矩地坐在凳子上听讲,这样课堂气氛活跃,幼儿学习情绪主动,注意力持久。如果幼儿发音不准,老师就要自然状态下不停重复,直到发准为止,幼儿也不必重复老师的话,但要按老师语言的涵义反应。幼儿对老师发出信息的反馈越正确,表明对老师信息的理解越准确。心理学家证实,强迫幼儿重复老师的话会引起幼儿心理压力和紧张情绪,限制幼儿语言学习技能的发展和提高。

三、“TPR”儿童英语教学可采取以下模式安排教学

（一）英文字母纸板教学法：教师把26个英文字母写在不同纸板上，每一儿童手持一纸板（儿童多时字母 纸板可重复），教师不断重复示范字母的发音。儿童记住后，教师便念字母点名，持其字母板的儿童答“yes或 yes,hereI'm am”。然后儿童交换字母板，再用同法训练。这样儿童即掌握了其发音，也能模仿其写法，同时注 意力也易专注。

（二）直观教学法：儿童的心理特征之一是专注于具体的直观事物，物体越直观，形象越具体，儿童越感 兴趣。教师尽量先教儿童生活中常用、常见、常听的事物名称，将事物或其图片带进课堂。教动物名称时，教师可模拟其形态或叫声，或让儿童自己模拟，效果更好。如教“dog、cat、hen、cow”等，通过模仿其滑稽的形态，发出其惟妙惟肖的叫声，儿童自然就联想到了这是动物，其英语名称自然就记住了。

（三）整体教学法：即教师通过完整的故事情节或活动场而教所句子，通过完整的句子教单词，这样，有 利于儿童从整体上把握一个句子或单词的意义。比如可通过“yesterday I ate an apple”，将“anapple”换成“ a piece of bread”，“a bowt of rice”，“a banana”等等，但名词前的不同冠词、量词不必解释。

（四）表演教学法：教师通过生动地表演，即运用“身体语言”(body language)来阐明口中所不断重复的 语言信息。比如教“I'mcrying(smiling)”，教师做大哭或大笑状；并不断重复上述句子，然后再让儿童轮流表 演，并适当重复句子。

（五）绘画教学法：儿童对黑板上的图画比板书更感兴趣，教师要是能兴之所至，画出所讲授的内容，图画或夸张，成逼真，儿童据此展开联想，发挥想象力。如教“颜色”(colour)一词时，教师应鼓励儿童带彩笔 进课堂。教“red”，大家一起涂红色，教“blue”，涂蓝色等等。这样眼、耳、口、手一起动，效果更佳。

（六）游戏教学法：教师设计与内容相关的游戏，让儿童蹦蹦跳跳地在笑声中学英语为训练英语思维，分别起个名字叫“sun”组、“moon”组、或者叫“mountain”组、“sea”组。两组面对面站立，中间相距3—5米。“sun ”组队首的儿童手持一沙包抛向“moon”组相对的儿童，同时喊一声“red”或其他颜色，对面儿童抛沙包的同时喊 出符合“red”的一物体，如“tomato”，再抛沙包向“sun”组下一儿童，同时喊“blue”……这样依次轮下去。教师 可通过错误或延误时间的长短来判两组的胜负，胜者发小礼物奖励。这类游戏有助于在轻松、欢快后的气氛中 培养儿童的英语意识和英语思维。

四、“TPR”英语教学对教师的要求

“TPR”儿童英语教学法花样繁多，不一而足。鉴于其教学多样化的特点，教师应具备扎实的专业知识，即坚实的英语基础，标准流畅语音语调，同时教师还应懂得语言学、儿童心理学及英语教学法的基本知识。如此，才能保证“TPR”儿童英语教学课堂的生动性、活泼性、寓教于乐，提高儿童英语的教学质量。

四、TPR教学法的优点和缺点

TPR教学法有助于迅速吸引儿童的注意力，让小朋友们在真实的环境和体验中学习英语，其重点在于帮助儿童理解英语并实现使用英语交流，纠正学生的错误并不是主要目标，这样的教学方式有利于消除小朋友的紧张心理，促进儿童大胆开口说英语。TPR英语教学法同时创造了一个虚拟真实生活学习环境，让儿童在快乐的活动中和反复的练习中学会英语。TPR教学法针对儿童英语教学来符合乐学原则，有助于让儿童感受到英语学习中的愉悦，但它也有不足之处，一是TPR英语教学法只适应于语言教学的初级阶段，适用层面较为浅显，因为它涉及的活动和言语都比较简单而基础，所以TPR英语教学不适合于深层次的英语学习，这是其局限性。二是TPR英语教学方法灵活且丰富，其中包含了游戏、表演、竞赛、舞蹈等大量活跃元素，这样小朋友很容易在教学进行时注意力分散,手舞足蹈，东张西望，倘若没有比较好的课堂管理方法，则将很难将小朋友有秩序地组织起来，从而导致英语课堂无法取得预期的教学目标：你说你的，我玩我的。这是TPR英语教学的不易把握性，这对教师的教学能力和经验有一定的要求。5

第四篇：浅析TPR教学法在幼儿英语教学中的应用

浅析TPR教学法在幼儿英语教学中的应用

论文关键词：“TPR”理论 TPR教学法 教学模式

论文摘要：近几年,英语教学法已经取得了长足进展,一些新型的幼儿英语教学法应运而生。TPR教学法是幼儿英语教学法中一种常见的教学方法。本文旨在通过阐述TPR教学法与传统教学法的对比,来分析TPR教学法的特点和优势以及对幼儿英语学习兴趣的培养,并具体探讨其在幼儿英语实践教学过程中与其它教学法的运用,最后提出在该领域中出现的一些误区和注意问题。

一、什么是TPR教学法

TPR，是TotalPhysicalResponse的缩写，指全身反应教学法，是加州心理学家詹姆士博士提出来的。

全身反应教学法注重的是语言学习中的互动模式。因为学生在一个比较放松的环境中学习英语效果最佳,而紧张、急躁的情绪对于学习英语来说是不利的。教师应该尽量创造有利条件，让学生有机会多听英语。

同时，要帮助学生明确学习英语的目的。每个学生从本人的实际情况出发，找出自己学习英语的真正原因和切实动机。进而，启发学生的学习自觉性，充分调动学生尽快掌握英语的主观能动性。

全身反应教学法的优势是强调身体的互动性、教学的生动性,以便让孩子更直观地了解在游戏中学习、英语生活化,同时也可以更好地激发孩子对英语学习的浓厚兴趣。

TPR教学法的基本原则

一）让第二语言进入学生的右半脑

James Asher认为，右脑是缄默的，非语言性的，但是它可以通过指令做出适应动作来表达自己。通过让语言进入右半脑引起行为变化，学生很快就可以理解语言代码，当学生能够理解目标语的基本结构及其表示的含义时，他就作好了说的准备。

（二）以“听——做动作”为主要教学组织形式

这是TPR教学法最明显的特征。在学习过程中，教师用目标语发出指令，先自己做，等学生能理解后，让学生完成动作，然后边说边做。开始，教师通过说跟我做游戏，让学生一起做动作，这样可以使学生理解指令与被期望的动作之间的关系，并准确作出相应的动作。然后，学生两人一组，先由一名学生模仿教师发布指令，另一名学生根据他的指令做出相应的动作。之后，两人调换角色，继续做练习。起初，指令较简单，往往是单一动作，然后，很快发出几个连续的动作指令（这时调动初学者的学习兴趣非常重要。）如：Point to the door , stand up , sit down.逐渐过渡到比较复杂的指令，有时还包括一些想象的情节，如：now you are Amy, please introduce yourself , OK?

（三）教授的语言形式以祈使句为主，带动其它句型

指令型语言其形式只能是祈使句，其它句型的出现只能服从于祈使句的使用，不仅新授动词如此，新授名词、形容词、介词等也是如此。在轻松教授完新词汇之后，再让学生相互发出指令，如：“Lingling, get up, It’s late.”Oh,what’s the time?” “It’s half past seven.”从而实现学生对英语的快速理解和长时记忆，使学生在毫无压力的情况下学习英语。

（四）对学生的错误采取宽容的态度

在传统教学法过程中，教师对待学生的错误都是有错必改，精益求精，至使学生总怕出错，怕出丑而不敢大胆开口说，只是机械地跟读，而且小心翼翼。而TPR教学法对待学生的错误则采取宽容的态度，只纠正一些较大的错误，在纠正时也注意方法，不使学生感到压力。

二、传统英语教学与TPR教学法

TPR教学法的主要特点是:①强调听力理解领先;②学生需要通过身体对语言的反应动作来提高理解力;③允许学生在做好准备的情况下参与活动;④教师的教学应该强调意义而不是形式。

相比之下,我国传统的英语教学法是语法教学,即通过传授英语的语法结构,培养初学者的语法结构意识来掌握语言。如,“There is a book on the table”“,It is not a dog”,传统法讲解“Therebe”句型、动词单复数、冠词的用法、介宾结构“、It”句型及否定结构。简单的两个句子,涉及到了这么多基本的语法知识,即使弄懂了,但学生一开口,还是单复数不分,肯定与否定混淆,甚至于大学的学生会话中还犯“he she”不分的毛玻同时,类似的“标准语法”句型在现实生活中极少接触到。因此传统的语法教学教的不是生动的口头语言,而是书面语,即“死的语言”,幼儿极难掌握。

TPR幼儿英语教学法是教师根据幼儿爱动,注意力难以持久等心理特征,让孩子通过跑、跳、做游戏学英语,而不是规规矩矩地坐在凳子上听讲,这样课堂气氛活跃,幼儿学习情绪主动,注意力持久。如果幼儿发音不准,老师就要自然状态下不停重复,直到发准为止,幼儿也不必重复老师的话,但要按老师语言的涵义反应。幼儿对老师发出信息的反馈越正确,表明对老师信息的理解越准确。心理学家证实,强迫幼儿重复老师的话会引起幼儿心理压力和紧张情绪,限制幼儿语言学习技能的发展和提高。

三、“TPR”儿童英语教学可采取以下模式安排教学

（一）英文字母纸板教学法：教师把26个英文字母写在不同纸板上，每一儿童手持一纸板（儿童多时字母 纸板可重复），教师不断重复示范字母的发音。儿童记住后，教师便念字母点名，持其字母板的儿童答“yes或 yes,hereI'm am”。然后儿童交换字母板，再用同法训练。这样儿童即掌握了其发音，也能模仿其写法，同时注 意力也易专注。

（二）直观教学法：儿童的心理特征之一是专注于具体的直观事物，物体越直观，形象越具体，儿童越感 兴趣。教师尽量先教儿童生活中常用、常见、常听的事物名称，将事物或其图片带进课堂。教动物名称时，教师可模拟其形态或叫声，或让儿童自己模拟，效果更好。如教“dog、cat、hen、cow”等，通过模仿其滑稽的形态，发出其惟妙惟肖的叫声，儿童自然就联想到了这是动物，其英语名称自然就记住了。

（三）整体教学法：即教师通过完整的故事情节或活动场而教所句子，通过完整的句子教单词，这样，有 利于儿童从整体上把握一个句子或单词的意义。比如可通过“yesterday I ate an apple”，将“anapple”换成“ a piece of bread”，“a bowt of rice”，“a banana”等等，但名词前的不同冠词、量词不必解释。

（四）表演教学法：教师通过生动地表演，即运用“身体语言”(body language)来阐明口中所不断重复的 语言信息。比如教“I'mcrying(smiling)”，教师做大哭或大笑状；并不断重复上述句子，然后再让儿童轮流表 演，并适当重复句子。

（五）绘画教学法：儿童对黑板上的图画比板书更感兴趣，教师要是能兴之所至，画出所讲授的内容，图画或夸张，成逼真，儿童据此展开联想，发挥想象力。如教“颜色”(colour)一词时，教师应鼓励儿童带彩笔 进课堂。教“red”，大家一起涂红色，教“blue”，涂蓝色等等。这样眼、耳、口、手一起动，效果更佳。

（六）游戏教学法：教师设计与内容相关的游戏，让儿童蹦蹦跳跳地在笑声中学英语为训练英语思维，分别起个名字叫“sun”组、“moon”组、或者叫“mountain”组、“sea”组。两组面对面站立，中间相距3—5米。“sun ”组队首的儿童手持一沙包抛向“moon”组相对的儿童，同时喊一声“red”或其他颜色，对面儿童抛沙包的同时喊 出符合“red”的一物体，如“tomato”，再抛沙包向“sun”组下一儿童，同时喊“blue”……这样依次轮下去。教师 可通过错误或延误时间的长短来判两组的胜负，胜者发小礼物奖励。这类游戏有助于在轻松、欢快后的气氛中 培养儿童的英语意识和英语思维。

四、“TPR”英语教学对教师的要求

“TPR”儿童英语教学法花样繁多，不一而足。鉴于其教学多样化的特点，教师应具备扎实的专业知识，即坚实的英语基础，标准流畅语音语调，同时教师还应懂得语言学、儿童心理学及英语教学法的基本知识。如此，才能保证“TPR”儿童英语教学课堂的生动性、活泼性、寓教于乐，提高儿童英语的教学质量。

四、TPR教学法的优点和缺点 TPR教学法有助于迅速吸引儿童的注意力，让小朋友们在真实的环境和体验中学习英语，其重点在于帮助儿童理解英语并实现使用英语交流，纠正学生的错误并不是主要目标，这样的教学方式有利于消除小朋友的紧张心理，促进儿童大胆开口说英语。TPR英语教学法同时创造了一个虚拟真实生活学习环境，让儿童在快乐的活动中和反复的练习中学会英语。

TPR教学法针对儿童英语教学来符合乐学原则，有助于让儿童感受到英语学习中的愉悦，但它也有不足之处，一是TPR英语教学法只适应于语言教学的初级阶段，适用层面较为浅显，因为它涉及的活动和言语都比较简单而基础，所以TPR英语教学不适合于深层次的英语学习，这是其局限性。二是TPR英语教学方法灵活且丰富，其中包含了游戏、表演、竞赛、舞蹈等大量活跃元素，这样小朋友很容易在教学进行时注意力分散,手舞足蹈，东张西望，倘若没有比较好的课堂管理方法，则将很难将小朋友有秩序地组织起来，从而导致英语课堂无法取得预期的教学目标：你说你的，我玩我的。这是TPR英语教学的不易把握性，这对教师的教学能力和经验有一定的要求。

【本文参考书目】1.《心理学大辞典》2.《交际能力与交际法》3.《也谈外语要从小学起》4.《国外外语 教学法主要流派》

第五篇：浅议游戏教学法在小学英语课堂教学中的应用

浅议游戏教学法在小学英语课堂教学中的应用

[摘 要]依据《小学英语课程标准》的指导和小学生的生理和心理特点，在英语教学中加入适当的游戏有利于培养学生的兴趣，角色扮演法和全身反映法是两种常见的小学英语课堂教学游戏，有效实施游戏教学能促进小学生的英语学习。

[关键词]小学英语 教学游戏

近些年，外语教学理论界特别强调把激发学生的学习兴趣放在重要位置，强调要让学生在轻松愉快的气氛中学习外语。《小学英语教学与教材编写纲要》指出：兴趣是学好语言的老师。小学英语教学应摒弃传统教学模式，要以激发学生学习兴趣为出发点，探索一套适合小学生的教学方法。《小学英语课程标准》也指出，兴趣是学好语言的关键，激发学生学习英语的兴趣是小学阶段英语教学的一项重要任务。英语教学要注意结合儿童的心理和生理特点，要有利于引起学生的学习兴趣。在英语教学中加入适当的游戏有利于培养学生的兴趣，符合“乐学”原则。游戏教学方法强调了学生的主体性，要求师生共同参与，而不是教师唱独角戏，体现了教师主导与学生主体作用的发挥。游戏教学法符合小学生的生理和心理特点。小学生具有好动的特点，他们会对一些喜闻乐见的游戏性活动感兴趣他们活泼好动爱表演，很少害羞，乐于接受新奇、趣味性强的事物，教师的教法可以直接影响学生对学习的兴趣。利用游戏无意注意的特性，有利于学生形成正确的学习方法和良好的学习习惯，有利于化难为易，有利于减轻学生的负担，符合素质教育的要求。

一、问题的提出

人教社《小学英语教学与教材编写纲要》（简称《小英纲要》）提出，小学英语的教学目的是使儿童获得一些英语的感性知识，激发他们学习英语的兴趣和培养能力，使学生敢于大胆开口说英语。我市小学初开英语课时，由于一些教师对小学英语教学目的认识不是很清楚，对小学生的心理了解不够，在教学中不能有效激发学生兴趣，有的教师用中学的教学方法来教小学，因此，有的学校的英语教学陷入困境。在教研中，我们感到必须探索一种符合小学生生理、心理的教学方法，才有利于小学英语教学健康发展。小学英语在我市是一门新学科，没有形成稳定的教学模式，如果能探索建立一种新的教学模式，对小学英语教学将起到极大的促进作用。经过一段时间的考察和研究，我们提出了小学英语教学游戏法课题研究。

二、理论依据

近年来，国外外语教学理论界都特别强调把激发学生学习兴趣放在重要位置，强调要让学生在轻松愉快的气氛中学习外语。国外的外语教学理论对我国的英语教学产生了积极影响，国外有许多外语教学流派，其中自然教学法、情景教学法、功能法等，这些教学法流入我国已经多年，特别是近年兴起的TPR（全部动作反应法）更是对我国儿童英语教学产生了重大影响。

《小英纲要》指出，兴趣是学好语言的关键，激发学生对英语学习的兴趣是小学阶段英语教学的一项重要任务。英语教学要注意结合儿童的心理和生理特点，有利于引起学习兴趣，产生求知欲。要根据儿童好动善模仿、爱说、爱唱、爱表演的特点进行教学，教学方法要灵活、简便，通过对话、谜语、故事、绕口令、歌曲、游戏、短剧等内容及竞赛表演等课外活动，激发学生学习英语的兴趣。

根据需要，在英语教学中加入适当的游戏有利于培养学生的兴趣，符合乐学原则。它强调了学生的主体性，要求学生共同参与，而不是教师唱独角戏，体现了教师主导与学生主体作用的共同发挥。游戏教学法符合小学生的生理心理特点，他们活泼好动爱表演、很少害羞心理，乐于接受新奇、趣味性强的事物，教师的教法可以直接影响学生对功课的兴趣。利用无意注意规律的教学游戏，有利于学生形成正确的学习方法和良好的学习习惯，有利于化难为易，有利于减轻学生负担，符合素质教育的要求。

三、理论假设

游戏教学就是在教学中尽可能地采用游戏的方式，将枯燥的语言现象转变为学生乐于接受的、生动有趣的游戏形式，为学生创造丰富的语言交际情景，使学生在玩中学、学中玩，不仅学习了知识，更重要的是培养了兴趣。游戏教学吸收了国内外外语教学法的合理成分，并结合我市小学英语课堂教学实际，是可以广泛应用的小学英语课堂教学方法。

四、实验基本过程

确定了研究课题后，我们开始了课题的研究工作。首先，我们选定了11所学校作为实验学校并培训了实验教师。我们组织实验教师学习国内外先进的教学理论，学习《小英纲要》和教材编者说明，深刻理解教材编写的意图，理解教材的内涵。组织他们到沈阳、大连、烟台等地听课学习。在培训和教学中，我们特别强调游戏教学法的精髓是愉快教学，一定要让学生在轻松愉快的气氛中学习英语。我们规定每节课必须唱一首英语歌曲，做一两个游戏。这样，每节课都有歌声、有游戏，课堂气氛活跃起来，学生学习兴趣也激发起来。

五、游戏教学的基本模式。其基本结构为：

唱歌热身是上课的第一个环节，主要是在上课前唱一两首英语歌曲，在唱歌时还可以配上适当的动作，通过优美的歌声，营造一种学习气氛，让学生感到已经进入英语学习氛围。同时，通过唱歌可以集中学生的注意力，使学生一上课就马上集中精力来学习英语。游戏引入是上课的第二个环节，也是课堂教学的最重要部分，利用恰当的游戏引入新课是激发学生兴趣的有效途径，也是一节课成功的关键。比如，一位实验教师是这样引入新课的。

T :Hello，boys and girls.Let“s

play a game，OK？Ss :OK！T :Now，please guess.What“s

in my hand？ S1 :Is it an apple？T :No it isn“t.S2 :Is it a ball？T :No it isn“t.S3 :Is it a toy car？ T :No，guess again，please.S4 :I think it“s

an eraser.T :Nowlet“s

look.OhIt“s

an eraser.You are so

clever.It“s

for you.S4 :Thank you very much.这种引入新课的方法，不仅复习了大量的词汇和句子，为学习新课做好了铺垫。同时由于学生急于想知道老师手上究竟是什么，都在猜测，都在动脑、动口，都参与到学习中来。这种引入新课的方法，比以往那种老师讲“今天这节课的任务是什么”，要来得自然、来得轻松。学生在不知不觉中进入了新课，兴趣盎然。新知学习是上课的第三个环节。引入新课后，接下来就进入了新课学习。在这个环节中，我们要求教师尽可能采用实物、图片、挂图、简笔画、手势等直观教学手段，采用电教等媒体，使语言教学更加直观、更加生动有趣。边玩边练是上课的第四个环节，这是开展游戏活动的好时机。经过新知学习，学生对本课的学习内容有了一定的了解，然后再通过练习来消化。用边玩边练的方法，可以使枯燥的练习变得有趣。在这一阶段，可以开展许多生动活泼的游戏。如，猜谜、开火车、打电话、找朋友、击鼓传花等等。我们要求教师在这一阶段要把握好课堂气氛，要活而不乱、动静有序，要使每一个学生都参与学习，反对那种只顾少数尖子学生，忽视大多数学生的做法。在游戏安排时，尽量安排集体游戏，特别是那种需要集体配合，体现协作精神的游戏。这样，既可以操练语言，又可以培养集体荣誉感。角色表演是上课的第五个环节，也是把知识转化为能力的环节，是学生最兴奋的环节。小学生爱表演，当老师宣布表演开始时，他们的热情马上起来，小手象春笋一样都竖起来，全都想露一手。这也是训练学生学会运用英语进行交际的机会。学生在这个时间里可以尽情发挥自己的交际能力。教师应抓住这一契机，努力营造英语表演气氛，可以准备一些简单道具如头饰等，使表演更增添趣味。如第二册第33课可以安排这样的表演：一个学生戴上孙悟空的头饰和几个小朋友对话。

S1：Hello，boys and girls．How are you？

Ss：Fine，thank you．

S2：Hello，Monkey

King．

S3：Hello，Monkey King．How are you？

S1：I“m

fine．Thank you．How old are you？

S3：I“m

ten．

S4：Hello，Monkey King．My name is Li Yan．I“m

11．S1：Glad to meet you．

S5：Hello，Monkey King．How old are you？

S1：Ha，Ha！T“m

very very old．

S2：Welcome to our class．

S1：Thank you．

这样的表演一次可以安排六个学生，一次表演只需要二三分钟，一节课可以安排好几组学生表演。台上表演的学生非常兴奋，台下的学生兴趣也十分浓厚，课堂气氛达到高潮。竞赛巩固是教学的最后一个环节，也是一节课的小结。竞赛是学习和练习的好形式，小学生好胜心强，利用竞赛可以激发学生的兴趣，操练、巩固所学知识。竞赛一般是贯穿于教学的全过程，也可以在课的结尾进行决赛，最后做一个小结。分出谁胜谁负，在胜方和负方的图像上分别画上笑脸和哭脸，或者给胜方插上小红旗。

其次，我们初步探索了游戏教学的基本模式，其基本结构为：

唱歌热身游戏引入新知学习棗边玩边练棗角色表演棗竞赛巩固

唱歌热身是上课的第一个环节，主要是在上课前唱一两首英语歌曲，在唱歌时还可以配上适当的动作，通过优美的歌声，营造一种学习气氛，让学生感到已经进入英语学习氛围。同时，通过唱歌可以集中学生的注意力，使学生一上课就马上集中精力来学习英语。游戏引入是上课的第二个环节，也是课堂教学的最重要部分，利用恰当的游戏引入新课是激发学生兴趣的有效途径，也是一节课成功的关键。比如，一位实验教师是这样引入新课的。

T :Hello，boys and girls.Let“s play a game，OK？ Ss :OK！T :Now，please guess.What“s in my hand？ S1 :Is it an apple？ T :No it isn“t.S2 :Is it a ball？ T :No it isn“t.S3 :Is it a toy car？ T :No，guess again，please.S4 :I think it“s an eraser.T :Now，let“s look.Oh，It“s an eraser.You are so clever.It“s for you.S4 :Thank you very much.这种引入新课的方法，不仅复习了大量的词汇和句子，为学习新课做好了铺垫。同时由于学生急于想知道老师手上究竟是什么，都在猜测，都在动脑、动口，都参与到学习中来。这种引入新课的方法，比以往那种老师讲“今天这节课的任务是什么”，要来得自然、来得轻松。学生在不知不觉中进入了新课，兴趣盎然。新知学习是上课的第三个环节。引入新课后，接下来就进入了新课学习。在这个环节中，我们要求教师尽可能采用实物、图片、挂图、简笔画、手势等直观教学手段，采用电教等媒体，使语言教学更加直观、更加生动有趣。边玩边练是上课的第四个环节，这是开展游戏活动的好时机。经过新知学习，学生对本课的学习内容有了一定的了解，然后再通过练习来消化。用边玩边练的方法，可以使枯燥的练习变得有趣。在这一阶段，可以开展许多生动活泼的游戏。如，猜谜、开火车、打电话、找朋友、击鼓传花等等。我们要求教师在这一阶段要把握好课堂气氛，要活而不乱、动静有序，要使每一个学生都参与学习，反对那种只顾少数尖子学生，忽视大多数学生的做法。在游戏安排时，尽量安排集体游戏，特别是那种需要集体配合，体现协作精神的游戏。这样，既可以操练语言，又可以培养集体荣誉感。角色表演是上课的第五个环节，也是把知识转化为能力的环节，是学生最兴奋的环节。小学生爱表演，当老师宣布表演开始时，他们的热情马上起来，小手象春笋一样都竖起来，全都想露一手。这也是训练学生学会运用英语进行交际的机会。学生在这个时间里可以尽情发挥自己的交际能力。教师应抓住这一契机，努力营造英语表演气氛，可以准备一些简单道具如头饰等，使表演更增添趣味。如第二册第33课可以安排这样的表演：一个学生戴上孙悟空的头饰和几个小朋友对话。S1：Hello，boys and girls．How are you？ Ss：Fine，thank you． S2：Hello，Monkey King．

S3：Hello，Monkey King．How are you？ S1：I“m fine．Thank you．How old are you？ S3：I“m ten．

S4：Hello，Monkey King．My name is Li Yan．I“m 11． S1：Glad to meet you．

S5：Hello，Monkey King．How old are you？ S1：Ha，Ha！T“m very very old． S2：Welcome to our class． S1：Thank you．

这样的表演一次可以安排六个学生，一次表演只需要二三分钟，一节课可以安排好几组学生表演。台上表演的学生非常兴奋，台下的学生兴趣也十分浓厚，课堂气氛达到高潮。竞赛巩固是教学的最后一个环节，也是一节课的小结。竞赛是学习和练习的好形式，小学生好胜心强，利用竞赛可以激发学生的兴趣，操练、巩固所学知识。竞赛一般是贯穿于教学的全过程，也可以在课的结尾进行决赛，最后做一个小结。分出谁胜谁负，在胜方和负方的图像上分别画上笑脸和哭脸，或者给胜方插上小红旗。

为了探索构建游戏教学模式，三年来，我们定出各种教学研讨课30多节，对每节课都进行分析研讨，在此基础上，向全市推出了教学观摩课12节、优秀课5节，适时向全市英语教师推荐了游戏教学模式，得到了全市英语教师的广泛认可，许多教师纷纷采用这种方法。

六、游戏教学的基本原则

1．游戏的开展应有一定的目的性。游戏是为教学服务的，必须与教学密切相关。在设计游戏时，要充分考虑本课的教学重点难点和其它教学要求，围绕教学目的来设计游戏。这样游戏的目的十分明确，不是为做游戏而做游戏。如在复习音标时，我们设计了这样的游戏：让两个学生戴上辅音音标头饰，用手搭起一座“伦敦桥”，让一组戴着元音音标头饰的学生通过“伦敦桥”，全班学生一起唱London bridge is falling down的歌。当唱到某一句时，音乐一停，“桥”垮了，谁卡在桥里，谁就要把两个辅音和自己的元音拼读出来。或者全班的学生一起来拼读。这种游戏参与的人多，可很好地复习音标，同时，优美的音乐愉悦了身心、大脑皮层的兴奋区得到了调整。这种方法，比那种单纯的拼读效果好得多。又如，在学习颜色英语单词时，我们设计了“幸运转盘”的游戏：做一个活动的转盘，盘上面有七种颜色，老师指图问：What colour is it？Can you guess？学生纷纷举手回答，有的猜红色、有的猜绿色、有的猜黑色、有的猜蓝色等等。最后老师转动转盘，看哪些猜对了就可以加分或者得小红旗。这种游戏目的性很强，学生的参与面也很广，练习较充分。

2．游戏的开展要有一定启发性。开展游戏既是为了学习、巩固所学知识、活跃课堂气氛，同时也应在游戏中开发学生智力、培养能力。我们可以设计一些富有创造性、挑战性的游戏。如看图猜物就是培养学生想象力和创造力的游戏。在幻灯片上画出几个抽象的图形，打在幕布上，让学生猜。T：What“s this in English？学生有的把圆形猜成一个球、一个苹果、一个橘子、一面钟等等，有的把方形猜成一本书、一张照片、一幅地图、一扇窗子等等。学生可以大胆地发挥自己的想象力来猜，运用自己所学的知识来表达。老师这时把覆盖片加上，图形发生了变化，有的猜对了，有的没有猜对，有的还可以留给学生想象的余地。如圆形是一个孩子的脸，那么究竟是男孩还是女孩呢，还可以继续猜。这样的游戏学生最喜欢，而且可以常玩常新。启发性还体现在教师对游戏难度的把握，特别是对那些学习较后进步的学生，我们可以通过游戏来激发他们的兴趣，让他们参与到游戏中来。在游戏中我们可以适当给他们一些提示，启发鼓励他们在游戏中获胜，培养他们的自信心和参与意识。对于先进步的学生，则要让游戏有一定的难度，要让他们跳起来“摘桃子”。这样因材施教，面向全体学生，使每一个学生都有收获、都能进步，得到发展，符合素质教育的要求。

3．游戏的开展应多样化。俗话说“把戏不可久玩”。再好玩的游戏，玩过几次就没有新鲜感了，不可能玩很长时间。这就要求我们的老师要不断地设计新鲜游戏，不断地翻新游戏的做法，以适应教学的要求。研究中，我们把游戏设计作为研究重点，设计了100多个各种课堂教学游戏，而且许多游戏构思新颖并有创意，丰富了课堂教学。4．游戏的开展应具有一定的灵活性。灵活性是指在教学中，要注意适时、适度地开展游戏活动，在游戏中要注意课堂气氛和课堂节奏的调整和把握，灵活处理游戏中出现的问题。灵活处理教材内容与游戏的关系。游戏要服从教学要求，围绕教学内容开展游戏活动。灵活处理教学模式中的六个环节，并根据需要进行适当调整。

七、游戏教学的方法：

一、角色扮演法

角色扮演法（role--playing）是一种较为独特的方法，指的是教师根据课文内容，让学生分别担任不同的角色进行会话表演，或制作简单的道具，利用教室作为舞台进行表演等。它能使学生亲临其境，将自己的思想、感情渗入到活动中，使角色交际逐步向自然交际发展。这样学生就可以用非言语动作（手势、面部表情等）来表达思想，从而培养学生独立表达思想的能力。如在教学cake, radio, drum等单词时，教师引入祝贺生日的微型情境，通过送朋友生日礼物，扮演不同的角色，自然引出对话：

Teacher: Happy birthday to you, Mary, this is for you.Mary: Thank you, what’s in the box? Teacher: This is a drum.Mary: Wow, how nice.I like it.学生在学会单词后，综合以前学过的句子，将句子和单词放入祝贺生日的场景中去表演，学生通过讨论并且根据实际情境对已有的情境进行扩充或变换，通过为朋友购买生日礼物或带着礼物去朋友家作客等方式，让学生扮演角色进行表演。通过这一系列的活动，这三个单词得到了运用，使孤立的单词变成了生动的语言形象，学生也在不知不觉中掌握了语言的知识与技能，然后反复操练加以巩固。

二、全身反映法

美国心理学家阿歇儿创造了全身反应法（Total Physical Response）。他认为，学外语要像幼儿学母语那样，轻松愉快，无拘无束，通过动作理解学习语言。本世纪的派梅尔、皮亚杰都是通过动作进行学习的倡导者。它指的是教师先把教学内容设计成一系列指令式的语言项目，然后要求学生对这些项目用身体作出反应，它能通过身体对语言的反应动作来提高理解能力，学生通过对听到的语言材料进行理解，将语言知识内化，从而达到促使学生自然开口说话的目的，而且由于它不强迫学生用尚不熟悉的语言来说话而使学习变得轻松有趣，用身体激发想象力，从中领略自我创造身体动作的情趣，提高学生非言语手段进行交往的积极性。以单词教学为例，四年级老师在教apple, banana, pear, orange, watermelon等实物名词时，教师让学生每人准备一种水果，上课时利用这些实物做教具，充分利用他们的味觉、嗅觉、视觉、听觉等感觉器官，让他们边看边学，边尝边读，边嗅边认，通过色、香、味来区别实物的不同点。实践证明，这一方法倍受学生的青睐和喜爱。

儿童与游戏有着天然的联系。在课堂上适当地有意识地增添各种类型的游戏，能延长孩子注意力的保持时间，有助于学生在一种轻松和谐的气氛中学习。

然而，并不是在任何时刻运用游戏教学法，都会收到很好的教学效果，那么，如何在小学英语课堂上有效的实施游戏教学法呢？

一、合理搭配游戏的类型与合理时间的安排。

儿童爱玩、爱动，而且注意力不持久。寓教学于游戏中，可以使学生在轻松愉快的学习活动中掌握知识。学生学习英语，没有良好的语言环境，很难时时刻刻融入到语言环境中。目前小学生每周三节的英语课，仅靠游戏是不能培养学生学习英语的持久的兴趣，而且有些时候过多的游戏也会浪费师生的时间。所以，游戏教学法作为小学生学习英语语言知识、培养兴趣的手段，一定要注意时间与类型的合理搭配。

二、游戏的难度要分层次，让学生有选择性。

小学英语教学游戏要面向全体学生，因而教师要根据学生学习的实际情况来设计游戏，协调学生在游戏中的分工。例如角色设计时，最好有难有易，让学生根据自己的情况来选择适合自己的角色，学习优异的学生有发挥的余地，学习较差的学生也获得了表现的机会。这样，促使学生发展的同时，也给了学生自主选择的机会。

三、游戏的设计要尊重学生的兴趣、爱好。

和学生一起设计游戏方案，充分尊重他们的兴趣、爱好，有利于游戏的顺利开展，也体现了学生的学习主体地位，学生更会主动参与、乐于参与，调动学生学习积极性。

四、游戏的设计要贴近现实生活。

由于孩子的知识有限，分辨能力也很差，所以在设计游戏的时候要贴近现实的生活，不要与现实生活相差太大，要给孩子以正确的指导。听过一节英语复习课，老师让学生用黑板上出现的词语horse, cat, monkey, dog, potato, tomato, grass, meat, fish组句子。孩子可以选择喜欢的小动物，选择喜欢的食物，学生的积极性很高，充分发挥自己的想象力。“Horses eat meat.”可以，但是一旦这样不真实的信息或模糊的信息留在孩子的脑海中，就很难摸去了，应该尽量避免这种模糊的情况。

五、游戏的设计也要不断推陈出新。

学生经常做相同或相似的游戏，兴趣不高，甚至厌烦。这就要求我们的教学游戏在保留经典游戏的基础上再加工并且推陈出新，可以利用现代教学媒体，使得课堂游戏成为学生真正想玩、乐玩的游戏。在调动学生学习兴趣的同时，学生的学习积极性也不断高涨，有利于学习活动的展开。

总之，游戏是小学生非常喜欢的活动形式。结合学生的年龄特点和心理活动特征，在英语课上适当的运用游戏教学法，可以达到传递信息或巩固、操练、复习所学内容的目的。游戏易激发学生的兴趣，调动其种极性，使学生主动参与到教学活动之中。巧妙设计的游戏活动还利于学生的智力开发、情感培养，引发求知欲，培养团队精神、树立合作意识。在教学中，我们强调游戏教学方法的精髓是愉快教学，一定要让学生在轻松愉快的气氛中学习英语。教师只有大胆尝试各种教学方法，创新性的开展教学活动，才能全面提高学生的综合素质，培养出优秀的人才。