第一篇：新概念三册第二课新东方老师讲义
Lesson 2, thirteen equals one 十三等于一
Equal(be equal to sb/sth)与人/物相同，相等 equal an Olympic record平了奥运纪录 be equaled/matched by no one in kindness没人比他更善良be equaled by no one in intelligence
Parallel平行的parallel lines平行线—〉(be equal to , match)与--相当，相匹 a record never paralleled 一个举世无双的纪录 conditions unparalleled/unmatched/unequaled elsewhere in the world 世界上其它地方无法匹敌的条件
（be comparable or similar to）可与--相比，相类似 your experience parallels mine 你的经历和我的经历差不多
Be equivalent to sth(equal in value, amount, meaning, importance)(数值，意义，重要性)相同的250 grams or an equivalent amount in ounce 250克或者与之相当的盎司 It is six of one and a half of dozen of the other(两个都不好)
Parallel（be similar）a parallel case, career 相同的事例，职业 产量到达---，这个数字在历史上从为达到过
The production reached----, a record/figure unparalleled/ unmatched/ unequaled by any year in its history
Vicar 英国国教的牧师~~ priest 神父,牧师=clergyman Bishop 主教 archbishop 大主教 pope 教皇
Worship the heaven and earth 祭祀天地 offer sacrifice 供以祭品
Nun 修女 hermit 隐士 monk 和尚
abbey ~~monastery修道院 nunnery
The temple of sacred seclusion
小隐隐于林，大隐隐于市
A common hermit lives in seclusion，a great hermit lives in society 尼姑庵
raise（collect together）募集，筹措 raise funds for charity 募集慈善基金 a fund-raising event 募捐活动 Solicit（ask sb for money, help, votes earnestly）向某人要钱，帮助，选票 从某人那里要钱/支持solicit money/support from sb= solicit sb for money /support Apportion（give sth as a share）分配某物，分派某物apportion blame among sb 怪罪大家 apportioned charges 摊派费用
levy征收（collect payment by authority or force）levy a departure tax on all the travelers 向游客征收的离境税
torchlight 电筒光
flashlight 手电筒 torch 火把，火炬
carry a torch for sb 单相思，单恋某人 carry a torch for an old sweetheart 单恋昔日情人 childhood lovers 两小无猜，青梅竹马 blaze/illuminate a new trail for sth 为---开辟一条新道路
The text
Our vicar is always raising money for one cause or another我们的教区牧师总是为了各种各样的事筹集资金
1，be always doing 表示抱怨，不满的语气
如今各种离奇丑闻老是成为头版新闻，从三聚氰胺事件到豆腐渣工程到警匪勾结事件。很显然这个国家的监管系统和质检系统有问题
Nowadays ridiculous scandals are always making headline news, from the milk scandal to the jerry-built houses and to the mafia-police collaboration.Obviously something is very wrong with the quality-control departments and the supervision departments.如今各种各样极端的自然灾害频频发生，很显然，人类在利用自然的过程中过头了，大自然在进行报复 Nowadays new extremes and patterns of natural disasters are always attacking/ striking.Obviously, we humans have gone too far in exploiting natural recourses and the nature is taking its revenge
2, for one cause or another 为了种种事由one N or another 的妙用
For one reason or another 为了种种理由 for some historical or realistic reasons 出于某些历史和现实的原因 for some well-known reasons and unknown reasons 出于种种理由，广为人知的或者不为人晓的 由于各种历史原因和经济原因，我们没有足够数量的大学来接收庞大的高中毕业生
Due to many historical and financial reasons, we don’t have an adequate number of colleges to match the huge population of school graduates.西方政客总是为了这个理由或那个理由指责中国，似乎他们永远都是对的
The western politicians are always pointing their fingers at china for one reason or another，as if they were always right.他对老婆百依百顺，工资都浪费在了这个那个奇思妙想上了(a hen-pecked husband 妻管严)He is really a wife-slave.His salary is totally wasted on her one whim or another 竭尽全力满足将来一代的各种想法乃至怪诞念头
Do their best to satisfy /indulge every wish and even whim of the future generation.The big clock which used to strike the hours day and night was damaged many years ago and has been silent ever since 教堂的大钟以前不分昼夜打点报时，但是多年前遭到毁坏，从此无声无息
1，strike hours day and night 不分昼夜打点报时== the clock fulfilled its responsibility/duty quite well 很好的履行了自己的职责 –(dereliction of duty渎职，失职)A willing and sturdy man who gets up earlier than a rooster that heralds the rise of the sun , and goes to bed later than a dog that patrols around the yard late into the night一个任劳任怨，坚忍不拔的人，起得比鸡早，睡得比狗晚
2，be silent 悄无声息，Hush money 封口费~~silence fee —〉拟人化
自行车于几年前接受第一次维修，从此以后，边工作边吵闹
The bike underwent/received its first time repair years ago and has been quite noisy ever since.The bike received its first time repair years ago and has been very musical ever since.All the parts except the bell seem to be a noisy chorus.One night, however, our vicar woke up with a start: the clock was striking the hours!一天夜里，我们的牧师突然惊醒过来，大钟又在打点报时了
Wake up with a start 惊醒过来 ~~startle sb out of sleep Wake sb up 让某人醒悟
中国南方罕见的干旱让人发人深省，人们惊恐地意识到缺水不再是沙漠地带的专有，而是正在全球爆发，自然正在认真地惩罚着自高自大的，贪婪的人类。
The unprecedented drought in the humid south has woken people up to the bloody fact that water scarcity which is peculiar to the desert areas is now happening across the globe and that the nature is seriously taking its revenge against us arrogant, greedy humans
Looking at his watch, he saw 以及armed with a torch, the vicar went up into the clock tower 1，两者都是分词做状语，前者表示“广义进行” 2，went up into the clock
went up into the clock：up 副词 into 借词
挣扎着上了悬崖，朝着微弱的灯光走去(借词+借词的连用)Struggle up the cliff toward the glowing light= struggle up the cliff and toward the glowing light 越过了障碍，沿着悬崖一头扎了下去，跌进了谷底 Leap over the obstacle, down the cliff and into the valley
In the torchlight, he caught sight of a figure whom he immediately recognized as Bill Wilkins, our local grocer 借着电筒光，他看见一个人，马上认出那是本地杂货店店主比尔.维尔金斯 1, Catch sight of 看到 glance 瞥见（近处）glimpse 瞥见(远处)一顾倾城，二顾倾国
One glance, the city tumbles;another glance, the country topples Exchange loving glances 互递秋波，含情脉脉 *** Tumble 倒塌，坍塌 ~~Topple 倒塌，倒下
2，figure 身形，身影（不明身份）;体形 pear-shaped figure 梨形体形
build 体格 a man of strong build 体格健壮的人
~~physique 体形，体格 muscular physique/magnificent physique 健壮的体格，肌肉发达的体格
have a puny physique 瘦弱的体格
3，凭借着皎洁的月光，我立刻认出了他，原来那个蜷缩在我门口的“乞丐”是我一个潦倒的同学, 等待着我的慷慨救助
In the bright moonlight, I immediately recognized the ―beggar‖ as one wretched classmate who crumpled and crouched by my door, waiting for my generous help.（crumple 弄皱，变皱，crouch 蹲）
I have been coming here night after night for weeks now.I was hoping to give you a surprise.好几个星期，我天天夜里到钟楼上来，我一直想给你一个惊喜 1，现在完成进行时的用法，过去进行时的妙用
你没有听我讲么？ 不好意思我刚才一直在想着明天可怕的考试
You did not listen to me? Sorry, I was thinking about that terrible exam tomorrow.2, night after night for weeks 每个晚上一连好几个星期
Work day after day for years to produce this great work 好几年每日辛劳以推出这个伟大的作品
Labor day after day for years on this great work 在这个伟大的作品上一连几年日日辛劳 Sweat and toil 辛劳，用力
you need to sweat and toil to survive the fierce competition 为了在可怕的竞争中活下来，你需要努力辛劳
thirteen is not as good as one, but it is better than nothing 十三下是不如一下，但是总比一下也没有要好
他的脸也起了皱纹，肢体也不那么柔韧了，也许也没有多少的浪漫。的确40岁比不上20岁了。但总比没有要强.至少在我撒娇时他能迁就我，在我犯错误时他能宽容我，在我失落痛苦时他能指引我。
His face is wrinkled and his knees stiff(僵硬的，不灵活的，一动就疼的).Maybe there is not so much romance left in his heart.Indeed, 40 years old is not as good as 20 years old, but it is better than nothing.At least, he can indulge my petulance [petjuləns], tolerate my stupidity and guide me through the darkness
Wrinkle 让----起褶皱
years may wrinkle the skin, but to give up your dream may wrinkle your soul.岁月有加，容颜易老；梦想若无，心也老矣
第二篇：新概念三册教学大纲
新概念三册教学大纲
第一课 A Puma at large
1.spot 这个单词不管是动词也好名词也好，意思总和“点”有关系：
作为动词可以理解为“在很宽广的地方看到的一点”或者“突然看到一样东西”
比如：He spotted his friend in the crowd.他从人群里认出了他的朋友。作为名词可以理解为“现场”或“斑点”
比如：The leopard cannot change his spots.江山易改 本性难移（狗改不了吃*）
spotty adj皮肤有斑点的a spotty face一张麻脸a spotty dog一只斑点狗
2.evidence证据
不可数名词an important piece of evidence一件重要的证据 evident adj明显的
vid-, vis-看见： visual video
3.accumulate（长期地）积累 注意和59课amass的区别
4.oblige虽然和force 意思差不多，但往往用被动语态 be obliged to do sth用被动
feel / be obliged to do sth觉得有义务作某事，只得做某事
compel, force, constrain, oblige 这些动词均含“迫使”之意。
compel:指在法律、权力、力量或行动等的驱使下被迫而为。
force:指用个人意志、权力、权威或暴力等，迫使他人改变看法或做本不愿做的事。
constrain:侧重施加约束力或有约束作用的影响，也指环境对人强加的影响迫使人去做某事，尤指受良心、情感等内在力量驱使去做某事。oblige:指由于生理上或道德上的需要，促使某人做某事，也指有权威的人或机构迫使某人做某事，还可指在特定情况下被迫作出的反应。
lig-绑，obligation n义务，职责 obligatory adj强制性的obligatory courses必修课
5． corner 的词组
drive sb into a tight corner 把某人逼入死角
sb is politically / financially / emotionally cornered 陷入了政治，经济，感情危机
名词转化动词用 符合用语经济原则
6． Trail 这个单词万变不离其宗，“一长条”的感觉：
战士一边走一边滴血 a trail of blood 游客一边走一边丢垃圾 a trail of litter The car raced past, leaving a trail of dust.汽车疾驰而过，扬起一缕灰尘。
甚至用作动词，把握“一长条”就优美句子一挥而就：
新娘长裙拖在身后 her long dress is trailing on the floor tr-trace痕迹track人兽的足迹，车辆轨迹travel旅行trip旅行trek徒步旅行，艰苦跋涉tread踩，踏 trudge步履艰难地走 tramp流浪汉（3/27）；徒步走（3/48）
7． convince使信服convince sb of sth I convinced him of my honesty.vinc-, vict-征服invincible adj不可征服的，难以克服的victory胜利victorious胜利的,convincing adj有说服力的
［口语］—————————— ［写作］ believe convince（太主观）
know understand I see I think In my opinion to my knowledge personally as far as I know 8． disturb令人不安，打扰
turb-搅动perturb vt使心烦意乱（3/39）turbulence n**，骚动
9．at large 1）贬义：(指危险的人或动物)逍遥自在的Two of the escaped prisoners are still at large.两个逃犯仍然逍遥法外。2)中性：自由 不受约束free without control: 班主任走了 同学们自由了students are at large.(本文的at large更多指哪一项呢？各抒己见吧)
10．Cat-like 这个词可以超级模仿：childlike woman-like ghost-like
11.同位语从句
同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。
A.同位语从句的功能
同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导，例 如：
1)The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.2)The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.B.同位语在句子中的位置
同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。例 如：
He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.C.同位语从句与定语从句的区别 1)定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时以在从句中作某个成分（主语或宾 语），而同位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。
2)定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述 定的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如： 1)The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.（他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。）（第一个that引导的从句是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语）2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.（汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。）（同位语从句，that在句中不作任何成分）
12．reports came into London Zoo that a wild puma had been spotted 45 miles south of London 如果我们把中文的译文拿出来一对照便会发现什么问题？中文是“伦敦动物园收到报告„„”。中文长期的语言习惯喜欢用人或者是有生命的东西作主语；而英文则更加注重事情的发展和效果，因此多用没有生命的物体作主语。这点差异在后面的课文中也会经常出现：比如“我不感到这个有什么奇怪”,按中文语序硬译为I didn’t regard it as odd, 比较一下课本中出现的一个更加符合英文思维的句子： It didn’t strike me as odd.语序则迥然相异，这些要靠大家细心研读方可体会。
13.descriptions given by people woman picking blackberries 这两短语都是由定语从句演变而来，前者原型为“descriptions which were given by people”.后者原型为”woman who picked blackberries”
那大家有没有考虑过，作者为什么要把定语从句改成分词形式？这里牵涉到了句子的锤炼。这种写作方式有两个好处：
一，与定语从句比较，分词结构跟在名词后面不但衔接更加紧凑，而且 轻便简练，使文字干净利落。英语文章要力求凝练、言简意赅。二，能够避免句型的重复。
大家试想一下，如果我们把descriptions given by people还原成定语从句，整句话就变成： for the descriptions which were given by people who claimed to have seen the puma were extraordinarily similar.大家读后会有什么感觉？短短一句话出现两次定语从句，是不是相当呆板乏味？注意：写文章除了要考虑单词使用的多样化，也不能忽视句型的多样化。一篇好文章会相当注重句式的选择和调整，交错运用多种句式，使文气有张有弛，文章波澜起伏，从而达到更为理想的表达效果。我们来举个例子，请大家翻译一句话：我找到了通向那片森林的小道，而这片森林是我曾经梦见过的。试比较两种做法：
I found a path which led to the forest which I dreamed of.I found a path leading to the forest which I dreamed of.孰高孰低，一目了然。
14.prove联系动词，一般不用被动，因为它本身就解释为：be found to be 类似主动表被动的词还有：sell write wash escape等
prove证明是，结果是，跟to be 引起的短语做表语，to be也可以省去。His story porved(to be)false.他的一番话后来证明是假的。
He proved(to be)a coward.Perhaps this book will prove(to be)of some use to you in your studies.15.leave behind it a trail of 倒装平衡句子
作者为什么要推翻正常语序呢？大家自己写文章的时候也要注意，什么时候要将语序变换一下，或倒装、或前置？变换语序的作用一般有两个：起强调作用或使句子平衡。如果把behind it部分移至句子末尾，给人感觉句子前面部分很长，收尾却十分“仓促”，难免会给人一种头重脚轻的感觉，读起来毫无美感可言。而把behind it部分挪到句子中间，感觉句子首尾就平衡了，句型也优美了许多。这样的例子在新概念三这本书中比比皆是，例如第7课中有这么一句话：Jane cooked their dinner in the microwave oven and, without realizing it, cooked her fiancé’s wallet as well.。作者这里就是把without realizing it这个地点状语提前，目的也是避免句子的头重脚轻。可见，我们平时作文的时候，千万不能墨守成规，盲目遵循常规语序，在必要的时候不妨将句子语序进行灵活调整，效果会更好。例如：把一大袋装有糖和巧克力的包放在桌子上，一般语序是 put a bag full of sweets and chocolates on the desk, 但这个宾语太长，让人感觉头轻脚重，改成put on the desk a bag full of sweets and chocolates 感觉就好多了。
16.a number of许多
越来越多的---an increasing / growing number of---An increasing number of students have realized the importance of computer-literacy.more and more: More and more people are becoming more and more wealthy and buy more and more TV sets.17．be in the possession of sb / be in possession of区别 ：前者被动 后者主动
The house is in the possession of the old lady.这所房子归这个老太太所有。
The old lady is in possession of the house.这个老太太拥有这个房子。in pursuit/ search of
Possess have, hold, own, possess, keep, enjoy 这些动词均有“有，具有，持有”之意。
have:最常用词，可指任何情况下的具有，无论是物质的或精神的。hold:指拥有并保持财产及持有见解等，暗示不让别人拿走或占有。
own不及本组的possess正式，多指所属关系，强调所有权，不管所属物是否在物主手中。
possess:较正式，指拥有或占有并能加以控制与支配，强调其归属；也指具有某种品质、才能、特点或性能等。
keep:指长时间地保有，保存某物，防止别人占去，强调安全和感情上的依附。enjoy:指享有某种权利或长处，带有欣赏或喜爱的情感。
18．it is disturbing to think that 重要句型
19．I found the brid killed.I found the paper clinging to the tree.粘附
第二课 Thirteen equals one
1.equal equ-相等equality平等 equator赤道equivocal模棱两可的 注意意思引申：I am not equal to you(我配不上你)
2.raise（一词多义的记忆： 故事串联法 ； 根义法）1)提高，升起 raise price raise one’s head 2)养育
raise children raise cattle 牛群 3)筹集 raise money 4)引起怀疑 raise doubts 5)raise one’s spirits 使人振奋 raise the roof 大怒后的感觉
raise one’s eyebrows at sth.感到惊讶
3.Be always doing sth 还能说be forever/ continually doing 注意摆脱陈词滥调
4.start n吃惊 源于动词startle vt使大吃： 感受startle surprise amaze 种种吃惊的不同
5.Looking at---现在分词短语做状语，表示时间，一般要位于句首。（状语从句与不定式和分词作状语之间的转换）
Reading the letter, she burst out crying.Armed with---过去分词短语做状语，表示方式。
He returned to Guangzhou that winter, disguised as a merchant.这年冬天，他扮作商人回到广州。
注意三册中伴随壮语的运用，能够丰富句型
6.品味catch sight of 和see的不同
7.Night after night day after day一天又一天 week after week一周又一周 year after year 一年又一年 The train stopped station after station.火车一站接一站地停。
第三课 An unknown goddess
1.prosperous同义词 thriving booming flourishing
2.age ship 抽象名词后缀：drainage marriage friendship worship
3.sacr-神圣的: sacred sacrifice
4.fragment n碎片
frag-, fract,破裂fragile易碎的fraction n部分，微量（3/60）fractional adj很小/少的，微不足道的 fracture n破裂，骨折
5.remains 永远看成复数
6.rest 放 注意和put 区分 rest 更优雅, 有 put gently 的意思 可以翻成中文的“搭在”
7.Full-length-length 有„长度的 ：half-length photo
8.本文两处stand 都经典：
第一处Stand 表示“位于be located in”，但更强调一样东西高高耸立，比如山顶有座庙
第二处stand 表示东西或人的高度 可以是很高 比如： 那女孩有一米8高： that girl stands 1.8m 也可以不高 比如课文
9.with+ n.短语作后置定语修饰名词
boy with big eyes room with beautifully decorated walls
10.from „.to 到了时间概念可以用的更新颖一点 from„.until
11.date from / date back to追溯到 一般不用被动 再次体会定语从句和分词转换
12.preserve 中 pre 表示before serve 表示保存 在一样东西变质之前保存下来 就是preserve preserved body 木乃伊 preserved fruits 蜜饯
辨析：conserve, preserve, reserve这是一组形近易混词，都有“保存”的意思。
conserve v.保存，保藏，保护(强调节约)。
In winter, some people conserve energy by lowing the heat at night.冬天，为节约能源有些人在夜里把暖气调小。
preserve v.保护；维持；保养；防止(食物)腐败(强调使不受破坏)。The government preserves the rights of the individual person.政府保护个人的权利不受侵犯。
reserve v.保留，储备(强调为某一特殊目的)；订(座位)，预定。
We are reserving these seats for my parents.我们把这些座位留给我的父母。
13.turn out原来是，结果是，证明是，后来成为联系动词，后面可以跟动词不定式to be做表语，to be也可省去。
His statement turned out(to be)false.他说的一番话原来是假的。The party turned out(to be)a success.舞会结果办得很成功。
14.modern-looking相貌摩登的good-looking好看的easy-going容易相处 out-going外相的
注意修饰名词的方法已经接触很多了，别把思维局限在形容词修饰名词：
1。adj.-Ving + n: modern-looking 2。adv-Ved + n: beautifully-decorated 3． n+ 介词短语 ：puma at large 4。n+ with ： room with beautifully decorated walls
15.Sweep表示接触范围广，但力度轻
Her fingers sweep the keys of the piano.她的手指在钢琴键盘上滑过 Her dress sweeps the ground
第四课 The double life of Alfred Bloggs 1.manual manu-手manuscript n手稿manufacture vt制造manufacturer n制造商
2.sacrifice vt牺牲sacrifice sth for / to Many women have to sacrifice their own careers to their husband’s work.许多妇女为了丈夫的工作只得牺牲自己的事业。
3.Privilege 有很多意思“特权，殊荣，好处“
It’s my pleasure and privilege to be here.我狠高兴也狠荣幸到这里来，priv-私自，个人private adj私人的deprive vt剥夺
4.corporation n公司BBC the British Broadcasting Corporation
5.shower n淋浴；阵雨；送礼会take / have / get a shower洗个淋浴hold a shower for sb为某人举行送礼会
6.status n地位improve one’s social status提高自己的社会地位status quo现状to change / preserve the status quo改变/维持现状
7.本文钻石句型一：sb be frequently referred to as„.for the simple reason that„.He is frequently referred to bookworm for the simple reason that he
spares no efforts to read.他总是被称作书呆子，因为他总是在看书
注意：for the(simple)reason that---: 比(simply)because---更加正式，多用于正式文体。
本文钻石句型二：Such is human nature ,that„„.本文钻石句型三：„„, as it did in the case of sb who„„
8.give rise to 代替 cause
9.spend as 一些三册学过的不错的as 词组：be used as recognize as
10.as much as前面可以有half, twice, three times等短语修饰
She won’t marry a man who is twice as old as she.她不愿意嫁给一个年级比她大一倍的人。
He earns four times as much money as he used to.他现在挣的钱是过去的四倍。
表示倍数的句式
X is twice / three times as much / many as---X is twice / three times what was in 1999.X is twice / three times the amount of---X is twice / three times more than----
11． A collar and tie 看成一套东西
比如： a knife and fork rice and egg bread and butter
12．由本课引申出的蓝领白领 在英文中属于借代的修辞手法,在比如看看第7课课题
Mutilated Ladies。字面意思是“缺胳膊少腿的女士”，为什么作者把它译成“残钞鉴别组”？文章最后“*”处的解释给出了背景知识，所谓Mutilated Ladies就是指被毁坏的银行纸币。英国纸币上印有女皇的头像，而这个Lady自然指的就是Queen。大家可以设想一下，如果纸币上的女皇外形受损，那么这张纸币必然是破损的。所以作者用受损的女皇指代整张破损货币，而根据文章的内容，进而指代专门处理受损货币的鉴别小组，这种修辞方式，叫做借代（Metonymy）。
今天我们来学习一下英文中的借代，其实在前面的文章已经接触过：People who work in offices are frequently referred to as white-collar workers for the simple reason that they usually wear a collar and tie to go to work.其中，a collar and tie字面意思是“一个衣领和领带”，人们不可能只套一个衣领挂一根领带就大摇大摆去上班了，这里是用衣领和领带指代整件白领衬衫，不就是借代手法吗？
我们来看这句话：In the least developed countries in Africa, all fur and feather are hunted for food.在非洲一些最贫穷的国家中，鸟兽被滥捕滥猎，成为人们盘中之肴。请注意句子中fur and feather 的用法。Fur一词在我们三
册第一篇文章就出现过，用来描述美洲狮的毛，俗话说飞禽走兽，这里fur就是指走兽，而feather显然就是指飞禽了。用fur and feather 动物身上的毛来指代飞禽走兽，也是借代的典型用法，非常简洁，而且加上头韵的运用，语气连接流畅，语义表达完美。
通过上面几个例子大家对借代应该有了初步的了解，我这里不妨再给你们几个例子，大家可以细细品味。
Our hotel is short of hands.(hands 这里是帮手的意思)Wall has ears.隔墙有耳（ears指那些偷听的人）It will cost 30yuan per head.(head代表每个人)Great minds think alike.英雄所见略同。（great minds 伟大的脑子——用来指代伟大的人）
China is suffering brain drain.中国饱受人才外流之苦。（brain 指代 talent 人才）
这四句中的借代取人体上各部分的特征（手的特征就是用来干活的，耳朵就是用来听东西的，大脑用来思维的，人才的才华都藏在大脑里），使语言生动活泼，行文充满生趣。
第五课 The facts
1.editor n编辑editor-in-chief总编辑
editorial n社论an editorial on education一篇关于教育的社论
2.extreme 中 eme 是最高级后缀 supreme Extremes meet.物极必反。
3.statistics 有两个意思：当表示统计学，谓语加单数 当表示一系列数据，加复数
4.president n总统；大学校长 董事长等等
sid-坐preside vt主持reside v居住assiduous adj勤奋的 insidious 暗中危害的
5．impatient 注意前缀in的几个变体
碰到m p b 被同化成im：impolite impossible immortal 碰到l 被同化成il: illogical 碰到r被同化成ir: irregular
I’m impatient to see you.急不可耐看你
I can’t wait to see you.I’m anxious to see you.I’m eager to see you.I’m out of patience.6．arrive 可以表示报纸 牛奶 信件等被送到
7．现在分词短语做定语 a fax instructing him to find out---往往一份传真 一个电话 一份信件的目的不用to do 而用doing
8．Go to press pr-压press压，新闻界pressing急迫的 pressure压力 compress压缩
depress使沮丧，使萧条 express表达 impress使印象深刻oppress压迫
9.not only---but also在句中引导并列的句子成分，当not only放在句首时，主谓要倒装
This young man is not only intelligent but also hardworking.→ Not only is this young man intelligent, but he is hardworking.顺便系统提一下 如果学生水平差： 倒装
整个动词提前，助、系、情态动词倒装，目的：强调。
1．地点、表地点的副词：in, out, down, there, here, off, over, away„
句子倒装。
The girl jumped down.Down jumped the girl.In front of the door stands an old man.（主语是人称代词时不倒装）Down she jumped.2．否定词在句首时须倒装：neither, nor, hardly, scarcely, rarely, seldom, not, never, not only, barely, at no time, nowhere以及所有带“no”的词组。
By no means is he a good teacher.他无论如何不是好„
Not only„but前倒后不倒 Jack could not swim.Neither could Tom.Never have I seen such a good movie.10.while counting---在复合句中，如果状语从句的谓语中包含be动词, 而且从句的主语与主句的主语一致，或者从句的主语是it, 那么从句中的主语和be常常一起省略掉,使语言更加简洁凝练。
While waiting, I was reading some old magazines.我一边等，一边看些旧杂志。（I was）
cf: While Tom was waiting, I was reading some old magazines.不能省 While at college, he was a good footballer.上大学期间，他是一个出色的足球运动员。(he was)This dictionary will look nice when printed.这本辞典印出来以后会很好看。(it is)He hurriedly left the room as though very angry.他匆匆地离开，好像很生气的样子。(he was)The old lady was looking well although living alone.这位老太太虽然一个人独居，但气色很好。(she was)
Enemies, once discovered, were completely wiped out.敌人一旦被发现，就被全部消灭。(they were)If carefully done, the experiment will be successful.如果仔细操作，试验就会成功。(it is)省略的条件：1）主语一致或主语是it；2）谓语中含有be
第六课 Smash and grab
1.smash – and – grab 是个比较特殊的构词法：两个动词构成。这个词意思是：smash The window of the shop and the grab the jewellery on display smash 后面可以加：world record 打破世界记录，hope 某人的希望破灭，smash the drug ring 粉碎贩毒集团
grab（动作）抢夺 rob（犯罪行为）抢劫 grasp掌握 hold tight抱住 seize抓住（机遇等抽象）clutch抓牢某物（无法移动）
2.background n背景background music背景音乐background information背景资料
children from disadvantaged backgrounds来自贫困家庭的孩子
3．velvet n天鹅绒；柔软的with an iron hand in a velvet glove外柔内刚
4.staff n全体工作人员
well-staffed, under-staffed人手不够的, over-staffed.人浮于事的
5．scramble v to move or climb quickly手脚并用地攀登，匍匐前进-----引申为争夺
scramble for shelter争着往隐蔽处跑
The children are scrambling for the chocolate.孩子门正在抢巧克力。
6．夸一样东西好“fantastic, marvelous, terrific, fabulous, super, capital
7．At this time of the morning 可以派生出很多类似的词组
At this time last Christmas at that time of next month sometime last summer
8．break美妙用法
break one’s heart break the ice打破僵局 break the silence law-breaker违法者
storm broke out journey A day breaks天亮了
As day breaks, 随着
9．gaze at sth: look at sth for a long time, with great interest 补充几种看的英文表达：
gape at: look with mouth wide open glare at: look at sth angrily stare at: look with eyes wide open
10．with its headlights on and its horn blaring 带有with的独立主格结构（3/36）
with + n+adv : with its headlights on with+ n+doing : with its horn blaring with+ n +介词短语： with black stockings over faces with+n+ 过去分词： with tape played With John away, we’ve got more room.约翰不在，我们的空间大多了。
With three people ill, we’ll have to close the office this morning.11．Jewellery shop 还可以说 the jeweler’s
类似的： at the doctor’s at the tailor’s at the chemist’s at the butcher’s at the barber’s at the baker’s
12．help oneself sb to sth 1)随便吃（招待客人用语）； If you want another drink, just help yourself.你要是想再喝一杯就请自便。Can I help you to some salad?我在给你来点色拉好吗？
2)take something without permission.随意拿取，偷窃
He’s been helping himself to the money in the drawer.他一直在偷抽屉里的钱。（或者说 自说自话的拿）
13．注意 thousands of pounds worth of diamonds 和 diamonds worth thousands of pounds 的转换
第七课 Mutilated ladies
1.mutilate 狭义上指人的缺胳膊少腿 广义指一样物体因为其重要部分的缺失而使外形受损。
比如，在战场上，被炮弹炸断了胳膊或腿，就可以用这个词。胳膊和腿当然是人身上的重要部分，缺胳膊少腿我们的外貌必然大受影响，所以英语中可以说：sb is mutilated in the war.回到这篇文章，一张纸币如果缺一个角或者表面受损，这张纸币的外表也是残缺不全了。因此，残钞的英语就是mutilated note。
2．microwave里面包含一个重点前缀——micro, 是“微小”的意思。通过这个词缀，我们会发现，原来以前要靠死记硬背的单词都是有据可循、一脉相承的。我们可以把以下这些单词归成一类：microsoft(微软)，microphone(麦克风)，microscope(显微镜)，microeconomy(微观经济)，microshake(微震)，这些单词都和“微小”有关。
3． 课题的借代见第4课
4．大面值 large bank note 那么小面值就是small bank note
5.当你把这张钱从洗衣机里救出来，你会发现他比白纸还白。如果让大家把这句话翻成英文，这个“救”字，同学们第一反应会想到哪个词？是不是 save？那作者为什么不用save，而用rescue? 这就关系到单词的推敲。没错，save 和 rescue是同义词，都有“救”的意思。但同学们要注意了，任何一组同义词，不管它们同属于褒义词，贬义词或是中性词，必定存在着微秒的差异。或是程度轻重（surprise / amaze），或是态度庄谐（mother/mum），或是方式直婉（foolish/unwise）。我们在写作的时候，一定要对这些词反复进行推敲斟酌，琢磨同义词微妙的同中之异，从中挑选一个最恰当的词，切不可不加甄选、敷衍了事。
回到文章的save和rescue, 他们究竟有什么区别？拿大家再熟悉不过的Titanic作例子，当Titanic撞上冰山，5个密封舱都进了水，船长表示巨轮将在两个小时之内沉没，那么假设 附近有一艘船要救Titanic号上的乘客，我们可以用save。但事实上当时附近并没有船，两个小时后Titanic号裂成两截沉入海底，海面上到处漂浮着惊慌失措的遇难者，船员划着小船去救已经冻得奄奄一息的女主角Rose，就应该用rescue了。从这个例子大家能不能体会到save 和rescue 的区别？当不幸的事即将但尚未发生的时候，实施一种救援行为，我们用save，而当悲剧酿成之后，实施一种补救性质的救援行为，我们用rescue。大家知道这个区别后，我们结合文章来分析。假设并不是像文章中所说，而是这个人把衣服扔进洗衣机，在按动洗衣按钮的那一瞬间，一下子想起口袋里还有这个月省下来的100块私房钱，赶紧把钱“救”了出来，这里用save更加妥当。因为纸币还没有被损坏，不幸的事尚未发生。但文章中要描述的情景是：这100块私房钱已经和衣服一起在洗衣机里折腾了有一段时间（第二句的then表示这个人过了好一会才缓过神来，为第三句描述纸币的面目全非打下伏笔：be whiter than white），这种情况下，在这个人眼里，一场悲剧已经上演，他再去挽救，用rescue是不是更贴切呢？
关于rescue和save讲了这么多，希望大家今后写文章中要字斟句酌，注意同义词的推敲。牢记Mark Twain说的那句话：The difference between the right word and the almost right word is just like lightening and lightening bug.适当的词和看似适当的词，他们的区别就好像闪电和萤火虫一样（外貌酷似，内涵却大相径庭）
6.feed这个词，它最常用的意思是饲养，喂（动物或者婴儿），也可以引申为照料植物。作者把dog作为feed的宾语，我们不会有异议，而这里怎么把机器也作为feed的宾语呢？因为作者找出了他们的共性，洗衣机的那个翻盖就好像是动物的嘴巴一样，公用一个feed，用的及其精当，妙不可言。同时这也是一种拟人拟物的修辞手法，它给人一种形象的感觉，使动态更传神，另作者笔下生辉！那么除了机器之外，储蓄罐、自动售货机, 公交车上的投币箱都可以成为feed的对
象(feed the money box, feed the vendor 等等)，因为他们有个像“口”的部分。
7.A recent case concerns Jane Butlin whose fiancé, John runs a successful furniture business.最近的一个例子和Jane有关，她的未婚夫John经营了一家生意兴隆的家具店。
8．特别要指出：a recent case concerns sb 这种由结论过渡到具体例子的衔接性句子。大家应该记得在新概念三册第四课也出现过这样的过渡性句子：„„., as it did in the case of sb。这两个经典结构希望大家能暗记于心，写文章的时候可以信手拈来，为自己文章平添几分地道的英文色彩。在眼下各类英语考试中，时不时拿出这样的新概念钻石句型show一下，必会让考官对你刮目相看。
我们举个例子：我们学校有很多三好学生，玛丽就是这么个例子，她门门科都拿第一。
There are many straight-A students in our school, as it did in the case of Mary, who is a tip student in every subject.There are many straight-A students in our school.A case concerns Mary who is a tip student in every subject.9．go horse-riding。它是我们熟悉的go doing sth的变体（比如，go fishing, go swimming 等等），就是这里的doing是一个n.+doing的复合词。像go horse-riding这样的构词法，我们再补充几个例子：出去骑自行车兜风 go bicycle-riding;去放风筝 go kite-flying;出去观光 go sight-seeing;只逛街不花钱 go window-shopping。
10．beautifully-cooked 这个词组很好的表现出了当时那对准夫妻的心态。他们眼看着一天辛辛苦苦赚来的钱就这么付之东流了，心情应该是沮丧的，但从beautifully-cooked这个词里丝毫看不出沮丧，反倒有点轻松的意味。作者这里用了一个修辞手法——反语（irony），反语除了能起讽刺作用以外，在这里更加表达了作者一种善意的幽默俏皮，营造轻松活泼的气氛。这样的写法反映出作者，或者更大一点说，老外那种积极乐观的人生态度，天塌下来了都不怕，灾难当头了还不忘记幽默一把。类似于这样的反语我们后面的一篇课文也有一例：某人被海关怀疑藏有未经申报的物品，官员们把他拦下，双方折腾了很久才真相大白，他是冤枉的。在耽搁了那么长时间后，这个人匆匆忙忙地继续赶路，作者这样写道：hurry away with precious chalk marks on the baggage。其中precious一词也是反语，表现出老外的那种乐观大度，风趣幽默，一场尴尬，一切不愉快，随着一个单词便烟消云散了。这种写法 52课 58课都有出现
第八课 A famous monastery
1.watchdog n看门狗；监督部门a watchdog committee检查委员会
注意中西方对狗的观点不同
2．rash adj 轻率的，草率的
a rash decision草率的决定 a rash promise 轻许的诺言
3．Enclosure enclose 和surround相比 enclose 专指用篱笆 栏杆围起来
另外它还能指信件“随函附上”Enclosed, you will find „„„..cl-封闭，隐藏close关上disclose,泄露closet壁橱include包括exclude不包括clothes衣服
4．connect vt联系起来connect A and B;connect A to / with B把---和---联系起来
5．At „.meters.学会表示海拔高度的句型
比如： At 1980 meters, Heavenly Lake is the highest tourist attraction in China.6．试比较there are still a few people who attempt to cross / a few people still attempt to cross为什么作者选用前者？我们可以想象一下英国的民族特性，他们的举手投足之间总是那样的有翩翩的绅士风度，讲话表达也带有不紧不慢的优雅之风。他们往往把return说成get back，听上去不那么生硬，就好像他们讲到“因为”不喜欢用because, 而更多的用for一样；讲到“曾经”不爱用once而用there was a time when；讲到“很多人怎么怎么样”不用many people do something, 而更偏爱there are countless people who„„等等等等，所有这一切都给人一种娓娓道来的感觉。看来，多多研究一下老外的脾性，分析一下老外的思维方式，也能使我们的文章更为native一点。
7．降 drop 描述数量增减的常用动词
升：increase, rise, go up, climb, crawl, soar, shoot up, rocket, jump, hit 降：decrease, decline, drop, slip, fall, tumble, nosedive, plummet.The number of---dropped / went sharply down to---in 1999.The number of---climbed / jumped / rose suddenly / went sharply up / soared to---.There was an evident / obvious / apparent increase in---from---to---The number of---increased / rose steadily / gradually from---to---There was a steady / gradual increase / rise in the number of---from---to---There was a slight / slow increase / rise in the number of---from---to The number of---increased / rose / slightly / slowly f
8． prefer---to---I much prefer dogs to cats.比起猫，我更喜欢狗。
She prefers singing to acting.太喜欢唱歌胜过喜欢表演。→ P69:Ex5 prefer to do sth rather than do sth I prefer to read rather than sit idle.我宁愿读书，不愿闲坐着。He preferred to stay at home rather than go with us.他宁愿呆在家里，而不愿和我们一块去。
9． Receive a warm welcome 新概念三还注重“旧词翻新”。课文中不少单词因为学生早早就接触到，往往会被忽略，殊不知英语单词本身含义颇深，又受文化、语境的影响，在句子中表达的意思千变万化。所以新概念三的单词学习强调挖掘单词的本质，掌握词汇含义的精华。比如，receive这个单词没有同学会说不认识，但若只会用它来造receive a letter, receive a gift这样的词组，那和二册的学生有什么区别呢？在新概念三中我们会学到，receive的宾语可以不仅限于具体的实物，还可以是抽象的效果。因此在新概念三中接触了receive a warm welcome, receive a rude reply, receive praise and abuse, receive a great deal of attention 等词组后，对于receive这个单词将会有更深刻的理解和更灵活的运用。
10．关于本文背景介绍：
瑞士是欧洲中部的一个小国家，与法国、德国、奥地利、意大利接壤。国家虽小，里面的人却有三种官方语言：German, French and Italian.瑞士境内多山，大约60%的面积属于阿尔卑斯山区.从飞机上看下去：瑞士既有白雪皑皑的高峰，又有郁郁葱葱的丘壑，还有碧波荡漾的水上景色。不是有篇课文说嘛：The Great St.Bernard Pass connects Switzerland to Italy.圣伯纳德大山口连接着瑞士和意大利。这里我们来认识一下文章 著名修道院 里的主角——St.Bernard dog。
圣伯纳德狗体形极大，大约190磅。它们是救生天使，穿行在白雪皑皑的阿尔卑斯山巅营救在瑞士的阿尔卑斯山区迷路或失踪的人，以具带传奇性的救护能力著名。当avalanche（雪崩）发生了，行人被困在雪地里，圣伯纳德狗就会出动，即使深陷2、3米深的厚雪，它们也能开出道来，所以营救身陷雪崩的登山者是再合适不过了。因此被瑞士人视为国宝。
但据近来报道，大名鼎鼎的瑞士圣伯纳德营救犬要下课了。因为体大力壮，搜救犬消耗惊人，每天至少要吃2公斤肉，人们已无力喂养。此外，近年来直升机及其他现代营救设备已逐渐取代搜救犬的功能，据说过去50年间圣伯纳德犬再没有营救过一个人。圣伯纳德狗作为营救卫士的时代终于一去不复返。
第九课 Flying cats
1.sth fascinate sb 经典句式 ＝ sb be interested in sth/ sb be fond of sth/ sb like sth/ sb be crazy about sth fascinate 程度较 attract更深一层
2．affectionate adj亲切的，充满深情的
an affectionate couple恩爱的一对an affectionate hug亲切的拥抱affection n挚爱，慈爱He feels / has a deep affection for his daughter.他非常疼爱她的女儿。
fect-做effect n效果，影响affect vt影响affected做作的affectation n装腔作势defect n缺点perfect adj完美的
3．A is submissive to B= A submit to B miss, mit投，送missile n导弹mission n使命，使节emit vt释放出intermit dismiss解散
正因为mit本意是传送，submit本意指由下往上传，上交 submit the essay to the professor
4.never fail to do 双重否定
双重否定，表示肯定的意思
never/ not./ hardly/ no 等否定词＋without There is no fire without smoke.It is not uncommon---司空见惯的是 It is not uncommon to see young loves billing and cooing in the street.It is not unusual that when a child has a problem, he often turns to his intimate friends for sympathy and advice, leaving his parents totally in the dark.5．注意 be suspected of 与 be suspicious of 的区别
注意suspicious 的两个意思
6．remain v联系动词，保持不变，后面可以直接跟形容词、名词、分词做表语。
Despite the danger, she remained calm.尽管面临危险，她仍保持冷静。She remained a widow for the rest of her life.她丈夫去世后他一直没有再嫁人。
The situation remains unchanged.形势依然没有改变。
He remained standing for a good hour.他足足站了一个小时。
7．定语从句与同位语从句的区别
第一，同位语从句只能跟在少数抽象名词的后面（belief, fact, announcement, news, idea, thought, hope, report, question）；而定语从句的先行词不受限制。
第二，同位语从句与其先行词之间是解释与被解释的关系；而定语从句于其先行词之间是修饰与被修饰的关系。比较：
The rumor(that)he spread everywhere turned out to be not true.定语从句
The rumor that Tom was a thief turned out to be not true.同位语从句
8．There is a good deal of truth in what you say 你说得很有道理 there is an element of truth in what you say 你说的有那么点道理(参照12课)there is little truth in what you say.你说的没什么道理
9．Ability to survive 动词不定式做定语，与所修饰的名词有三种逻辑关系：
1）同位关系
All our attempts to rescue the child from drowning were in vain.常见的名词有：ability, agreement, ambition, anxiety, arrangement, attempt, claim, decision, determination, eagerness, failure, hope, inclination, need, plan, promise, refusal, resolution, tendency, wish, reluctance, willingness.2)主谓关系
He is the best man to do the job.他是做这项工作的最佳人选。The train to arrive is from New York.就要到达的火车是从纽约开来的。
3）动宾关系
I have a letter to write.I bought a magazine for her to read on plane.我买了一本杂志给他在飞机上看。
在这种情况下，如果动词不定式的动词是不及物的，后面就应该加上适当的介词。
I need a pen to write with.(to write with a pen)比如下文就有：there are plenty of high-rise windowsills to fall from
如果学生水平太差就这么说：
三“力”和一“梦”,有些名词只能用to do做定语 *right I have right to vote.*ability He has ability to speak Spanish.*effort努力
In his effort to run business he earns good money.很多 *dream I have a dream to become an artist.I dream of becoming an artist.做动词时加of或from
10.Survive earthquake 在地震中幸存
She survived her husband by 3 years 比丈夫多活3年
切记survive是及物动词 后面不要受中文影响加个from
有些动词表面看要加介词，实际上不用
┌survive„（不加介词）幸免
├interview sb.会见
├divorce sb.与„离婚 /marry └contact you联系
The little girl survive the flood.I will marry my daughter to him.get married with sb.11.have---in common 中间可以加程度：
The two brothers have little in common.这兄弟俩没有多上共同之处。We had a great deal in common.我们有很多共同之处。
也可以像课文加具体东西：
We have one hobby in common 有共同爱好
12.die from死于创伤、饥饿The soldier died from a wound in the chest.胸部受伤而死。
die of死于疾病、饥饿Many people died of starvation.13.可模仿句型 be the ideal „ for have no shortage of NCE is the ideal material for English studies for there is no shortage of classic sentences and structures.14.注意behave like 和 be like 的区别
15．注意推敲 hit the ground 和 reach the ground 的不同
第十课 The loss of the Titanic
1.表示大的高级词汇：colossal.tremendous, giant, titanic , gigantic, immense
2.watertight adj不漏水的
watertight tight 译为 not allowing the passage of 所以密封瓶 airtight bottle
3.compartment n密封舱，火车车厢内的分隔间
part-分开，部分depart v离开，死impartial adj公平的participate vt参加participant n参加者particle n分子，微粒counterpart n相对的人或物
4．float当心有in air 和 in water 两层意思
船的行驶sail完全可用float 尘埃 气球在空气中漂浮也用这个词
5.liner n客轮，邮轮airliner客机line航线airline航空公司 voyage journey, tour, travel, trip, voyage, excursion, expedition, cruise 这些名词均含“旅行”之意。
journey:最普通用词，侧重指时间较长、距离较远的单程陆上旅行，也指水上或空中的旅行。
tour:指最后反回出发地，旅途中有停留游览点，距离可长可短，目的各异的周游或巡行。
travel:泛指旅行的行为而不指某次具体的旅行，多指到远方作长期旅行，不强调直接目的地，单、复数均可用。
trip:普通用词，口语多用，常指为公务或游玩作的较短暂的旅行。voyage:指在水上旅行，尤指海上旅行，也可指空中旅行。excursion:较正式用词，常指不超过一天的短时期娱乐性游玩，也可指乘火车或轮船往返特定景点的远足旅游。expedition:指有特定目的远征或探险。cruise:主要指乘船的游览并在多处停靠。
7.iceberg n冰山
the tip of the iceberg: the small part of a problem(the problem is much more serious and widespread that it seems to be.)冰山的一角，端倪This air crash is seen as merely the tip of an iceberg.这次客机坠毁事件看来只是事情的端倪。
8．collide可以车辆船只飞机碰撞，也可以思维（ideas）等冲突
9.narrowly adv 差一点，刚刚（与miss, escape连用）He narrowly escaped being drowned.她险些淹死。勉强地We narrowly missed the hitting the other car.我们差一点撞上另一辆汽车。She narrowly missed winning an Oscar.她差一点获得奥斯卡奖。
10．抖的速度由快到慢的
┌shiver打寒战
├tremble（人、物）震颤
├stir挠动，搅动
├shake握手
└quiver内心的战栗
11.slight轻微的（声音）
├faint(noise)昏迷的微弱的Faint breath微弱呼吸 ├dim（光线）微弱的├dizzy眩晕giddy └gentle轻，温柔的 gentle pace of living
12.Abandon abandon具体抛物体
├desert sb.抛弃（情感）
├cast掷
├throw away扔掉
└discard弃掉（无用物）
13.ever 重点！往往放在最高级或序数词后面，翻译成有史以来，史无前例等
This is the first international meeting that has ever been held in an Asian country 这是有史以来第一次在亚洲国家举行的国际性会议
14.narrowly missing---现在分词短语做状语，表示结果，一般位于句末，其逻辑主语为前面的整个句子，有时为了加强语气，可以在前面加上副词so, thus, thereby, hence等。
Her husband died in 1942, leaving her with five children.她丈夫1942年死了，给他丢下四个孩子。
The snow lasted a week, resulting in a serious traffic problem in the area.雪下了一个星期，给这一地区造成了严重的交通问题。
He didn’t come today, thereby making necessary for us to find someone to do his work..他今天没来，使得我们得找个人做他的工作。
三册33课也有类似句型：smashing„„„„
15.rise 这里表示高度 是静态
16．to one’s delight / relief / horror / joy / satisfaction / surprise / dismay / disappointment / astonishment / anger / annoyance / embarrassment / amazement / shame
17.美国的饮食文化
A．some breakfast Dishes(1)scrambled / boiled / fired eggs 炒鸡蛋、煮蛋、煎蛋
(sunny-side-up)一面焦(over)两面焦(easy-over)中间流汤(2)American sausage(3)nuiffins苏油饼 biscuit软饼 B．Salad色拉 / cocktail鸡尾酒 fired onion洋葱 / rings starters发酵剂/ pepper胡椒粉 chicken powder鸡精
leftovers剩菜 / doggy bag食袋
第十一课 Not guilty
1.guilty 有罪的
guiltless adj无罪的，无辜的be guiltless of criminal, guilty 这两个形容词均表示“犯罪的”之意。criminal:侧重指某种行为是违犯法律的，因而应受到惩罚。guilty:主要指某种行为违反道德标准，也可指违犯法律。
2．Tolerable tolerant 区分！
3．fid-信任，相信confide v信任，信赖confidant n知己，心腹confidential adj机要的diffident adj无自信的，羞怯的fidelity n忠诚；精确high-fidelity
4．hardened adj老练的，根深蒂固的
a hardened criminal一个惯犯，一个死不悔改的罪犯a hardened police officer harden vt使---变硬；使变得冷酷无情(usually passvie)Dennis is becoming hardened to failure.丹尼斯对失败变得不在乎了。
5． exempt adj被免除的(+ from)He is exempt from military service because of his bad health.他因身体不好而眠服兵役。
vt免除，豁免exempt sb from The school exempts good pupils from examination.这所学校让优秀的学生免试。She was exempted from paying tax.她被允许免交税。
6．Unscrew 注意前缀un的用法
7．go through 重点 1)通过
2)经历，经受(experience, suffer)3)仔细检查The country has gone through two many wars.这个国家经历了太多的战争。
She went through Tom’s jacket pockets and eventually found the keys.她仔细检查了汤姆的夹克口袋，最终找到了钥匙。
8．With great care 比carefully 更正式,更书卷气 类似写法 with great scorn in little surprise with+抽象名词with delight / great care / difficulty / ease / joy / satisfaction / We heard with joy that she had escaped injury.听说他没有受伤，真令人欣慰。
The man walked with difficulty.那个男子步履艰难。with difficulty艰难地，吃力地
We won the football match with ease.我们轻易地赢了那场比赛。I took one guiltily, lit it and smoked with satisfaction.9.eye light up/ face light up 都表示某人突然间十分高兴
10.as引导非限定性定语从句
as作为关系代词，代表整个主句的内容，同时又保留“如同、像”的含义。We had completely misjudged the situation, as we latter discovered.David, as you know, has not been well lately.如你所知，大为近来身体不大好。
要特别注意as在定语从句中做主语的情况（考研的重点）：
He is absent, as is often the case.他与经常一样，没有来。
He is a teacher, as is clear from his manner.这一点从他的举止中可以看出来。
As was expected, he performed the task with success.不出所料，他成功地完成了任务
11．Be greeted by 是一个中性词组 后面可以加褒义东西也可以加贬义东西
它的意思有 “看到 听到 闻到 受到。。。。“ I was greeted by a sweet smell.甜味扑鼻而来
I was greeted by the freshness of spring.春意跃入眼帘
甚至代替第8课的receive构成 be greeted by a warm welcome.语气词
oops!= shit狗屎
├terrible惨透了
├E„表吃惊
├Aha表高兴
├Wow~ 大惊
├Yup是的，不错
├Yeah是的，不错
├Blah„等等 /bla/ ├Auch„疼痛发出的声音
└Alas唉（遗憾）
第十二课 Life on a desert island
1.paradise n天堂，乐土Hangzhou is dubbed as the paradise on earth.Forests are a paradise of wildlife.heaven, sky, paradise 这些名词均有“天”或“天堂”之意。
heaven:作“天空”解时，常用复数，文学用词；作“天堂”解时，多用大写形式，采用单数。
sky:普通用词，指人们头顶上的天空，一般属于笼罩地球的空气层。较少用于指天国或天堂。
paradise与heaven同义，宗教色彩浓厚，指好人死后灵魂长存之处，口语中表示乐园或乐事，在宗教典故中，指天主教与基督教中的伊甸乐园。
2.remote遥远的
├uninhabited无人居住
├isolated隔绝
└desert island荒凉的┌unpopular不受欢迎的
├deserted此时无人（暂时）
└barren贫瘠
3.genuine ＝ sincere/ authentic I’m genuinely sorry for what I said.我对我说的话表示真诚的歉意。His suitcase is made of genuine leather.他的手提箱是真皮的。a very genuine person一个真诚的人
gen-gener-生gender n性别gene n基因generate vt产生，造成generation n一代人genetics n遗传学genius n天才congenial adj意气相投的ingenious adj灵敏的，灵巧的ingenuous adj纯真的，单纯的
4.不错的句型： Most of us have formed an unrealistic picture of life on a desert island.We sometimes imagine a desert island to be a sort of paradise where the sun always shines.The other side of the picture is quite the opposite.There is an element of truth„„
ripe corn熟玉米
├He is a worker rape in experience.技术熟练
┝mature成熟（思想）
└full-grown长成 5.load 把握多重意思：装载货物，照相机装胶卷，枪支上膛等 引申意思后面课文会出现
6．理解put的意思：explain express 比如： how to put it in Chinese? Let me put it in another way.7.wish / wished后面的宾语从句
wish / wished具有强烈的感情色彩，表示难以实现的愿望或者与事实相违背的情况。
1)对当时的情况表示愿望：宾语从句用一般过去时 I wish I knew his address.(But I don’t know.)
2)对将来表示希望或祝愿：宾语从句用would / could +动词原形 I wish you would shut up.3)对过去的事情表示遗憾后悔：宾语从句用过去完成时或者would / could +现在完成时
I wish I had been there.I wish I could have gone with you to the concert last night.Special difficulties
表愿望wish或if only其中wish常指尚有可能发生的事，而if only则强调所希望的状况并不存在。在wish和if only后要用过去时表现在，用过去完成时表过去。
(1).They wished they had stayed there longer.后跟过去完成时(2).I wish you would do as you are told.“将要”过去将来时(3).I wish she could see me now.(4).I wish I had more time to spare.(5).I wish I hadn’t said anything about it.“说过”本是过去时虚拟成过去完成时，say后几乎全是过去完成时
(6).I wish you hadn’t spent so much money.“花过”同上(7).If only the weather would change.(8).If only you would try a little harder!(9).If only we could have gone to the party!(10).If only I would become a scientist.如果„该多好啊 后跟would很少跟could
8.starve hunger, famine, starvation 这些名词均有“饥饿”之意。hunger:普通用词，指人体对于食物迫切需要的正常生理现象。
famine:指因天灾人祸而引起大规模饥荒；用作引申，指严重缺乏某种物资或人力。
starvation语气比hunger强得多。指因长期缺乏食物所造成的痛苦，甚至死亡，侧重人为的灾难所致。
第十三课 It’s only me
1．costume 和生活服装对应 戏服 化妆服 民族服装
national costume ancient costume
2．consist of 1.不用于被动语态2.不用于进行时态 Our class consists of 10 boys and 10 girls.注意区分它与：be made of / be composed of / constitute的区别
sist: stand —— insist persist resist assist consist
3．comfortable adj1.舒适的，舒服的；自在的a comfortable chair / pair of
shoes / income舒服的椅子/鞋子/相当不错的收入live / lead a comfortable life过着舒服的生活She doesn’t feel comfortable with strangers.她在生人面前不自在。
4．storeroom 可以借此说一下西方房屋内部结构
5．Pace 和step 区别：
后者一般只于walk搭配；而前者强调步幅，可以于任何行走方式搭配，比如：jump several paces/ run several paces/ move several paces/ 另外pace作为动词有焦急踱步的意思 可以带一下
6．Flee和escape的区别：一般前者强调过程 后者强调结果 flee逃离（某个危险的境地）
They were forced to flee（from）the country / flee abroad.他们被迫逃离这个国家/ 逃到国外。
She fled the kidnappers and telephoned the police.她从绑架者那里逃脱，给警方打了电话。
escape（从某个囚禁的地方，如监狱，笼子）逃出
They managed to escape from the burning house.他们设法从这个着火的旅馆里逃了出来。
7．slam v砰的一声关上
常见的拟声词： bubble冒泡，沸腾whistle口哨声rustle沙沙声drum鼓 ring铃声chug机器的喀扎声
bang猛撞bomb炸弹 boom兴旺，隆隆声scratch刮，擦
bump撞击dump倾倒，嘭的一声放下gallop马飞奔drip滴下 drop滴pump气筒 crack破裂click点击snap突然折断tap轻敲
8．dress up as装扮成The children dressed up as pirates.孩子们装扮成海盗。
也有dress up oneself as 的说法，所以有了下面的做法：
Dressed up as a white-collar, Alf went to work.(过去分词作伴随状语)
注意本文出现的4处表示穿衣的词组： dress up as / put on/ try on/ wear.there was a knock on the door 模仿： there is a ring on the door 还是符合英国人讲话的风格 参见第8课
10.Not wanting to„..现在分词短语做状语，表示原因。
Being unable to afford a car, he bought a bicycle.由于买不起汽车，他买了一辆自行车。
Not knowing what to do he telephoned the police.因为不知道怎么办，他给警察打了个电话。
Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.（05考研/翻译）
3/30 L18: Fearing the authorities, Eric remained in hiding after the war was over.11．Realized that it must be the man from the Electricity Board who..定语从句与先行词的分离
定语从句一般紧跟在所修饰的现行词的后面，但有时会被其他的修饰成分隔开。
3/30 L10: No one suspected that there might be someone else on the farm who had never been seen.3/36 L20:---in a village fifty miles away where he had remained ever since.12.let out a cry / a laugh/ a sigh/ black smoke/ bad smell/ a secret 挖掘这个词组后面加的宾语
第十四课 A noble gangster
1．gangster 过一下一些不法之徒： smuggler kidnapper pirate trafficker pickpocket
2．prompt 及时 punctual 准时
(一定要区分 三册无数次出现)
3．Destroy damage spoil等区别
指出学生作文犯的重复错误：destroy completely;master well, return back, true fact等等
4．remarkable adj不同寻常的，显著的Divorce rate has registered a remarkable rise in the past few years.在过去的几年里，离婚率显著的增加了。
significant, considerable, marked, noticeable, notable, perceivable, sizeable dramatic drastic
5．Band 绑 bandage husband
6.dedicate v奉献，题献给dedicate---to---He dedicate his first book to his mother.他把他的第一版书题献给他母亲。
They dedicated themselves to helping the poor.他们致力于帮助穷人。
dedicate, devote 这两个动词均有“奉献”之意。
dedicate:正式用词，指献身于某一崇高事业或目的，也可指把著作题献给他人。
devote:普通用词，指决心把全部身心、精力、时间等献给某一目标，某一个人或致力于某一事业。
7．Memory 记一句口语：if my memory serves me.如果我没记错的话
8．val-强壮valid健康的，有效的invalid有病的；病人prevalent盛行的，普遍的
9．There was a time when 再次回顾第8，13课英国人的讲话风格 那么是不是有启示了？
“在世界的某个地方，人们习惯用点头表示不。”
Somewhere in the world, 这种大众化的平庸表达落伍啦，可以退休了！不妨试着模仿老外的口气：There is a place in the world where people express no by nodding，这样的语句是不是为你的文章多添了几分雅致？
10．in return for---作为对---的回报，作为---的交换
What can I do in return for your kindness? 我怎么才能报答你的好意呢？
口语中用for即可 这里考虑到书面语的正式
11．Put sb out of business 这里是新三第二次出现put的经典意思： 第一处：12课 理解为explain 这里: 理解为使某人处于一个境地 what you said put me in a bad mood
12.obtaining „„„„„„可以注意一下作者主语的多样性
其实现在分词作主语 来代替老掉牙句型 it is not a modern crime to obtain„.是不是可爱了很多啊？！
13．as long ago / early / recently / late as早/近在---用来加强语气，一般用于书面语中
Maria died as long ago as 1920.玛丽亚早在1920年就去世了。I saw him as recently as last March.去年三月我还见到他呢。I saw her as late as last week.上个星期还看到他呢。
14．would rather do A than do B have sth done 这两个结构是这个句子的重点 特别后者
have sth done不再是 叫别人帮你做事 而是：遭受一你不愿意看到的结果
比如： I had my purse stolen on my way here
15.make a name for oneself / make one’s name出名，成名
Yang Liwei made a name for himself as the first Chinese spaceman.16.be known to others as 很好的词组
有了它我们不用说 call sb sth 了 呵呵
比如：we call Heavenly Lake a famous tourist attraction 现在可以改善一下：Heavenly Lake is known to us all as a famous tourist attraction
17．come与动词不定式连用，表示经过一过程而发生某种情况，逐渐地
How did you come to know him? He came to realize that he was mistaken.I hope we shall be friends and come to understand each other.18．be at war 静态 fight 动态
19．State funeral 文化：英美国家聚会
1)birthday / wedding party非常正式 2)strawberry-picking party采摘节
3)brown-bag party自带食品聚会（牛皮纸带）4)Christmas tree-trimming party妆扮树 5)cocktail party鸡尾酒会
6.)fall foliage party秋天观景聚会（树叶）7.)stag party男性参加入聚会
8)house-warming parth暖房聚会（迁新居）9.)garden party花园（三四人）10.)quitting party女性聚会
11)gay party(lesbion女)男同性恋聚会
20.Special difficulties 1)I prefer to wait here.├I would rather wait here.└I would sooner wait here.2.)I prefer not to wait here.├I would rather not wait here.└I would sooner not wait here.3)It would be better if he waited here.└I’d rather he waited here.4)It would be better if he did not wait here.└I’d rather he didn’t wait here.*would rather +别人+一般过去时
1)I’d rather go to the cinema.2)I’d rather he left earlier
3)I’d rather you didn’t speak to him.4)I’d rather not speak about it.5)I’d rather my father settled the account.6)she’d rather you didn’t tell anyone about it.第十五课 Fifty pence worth of trouble
1．看课题回忆第6课相同的词组
2．appreciate vt欣赏，感激
appreciate works of art欣赏艺术作品We appreciate your helping us.谢谢你帮助我们。
preci-= price价值precious宝贵的preciousness宝贵depreciate贬值，轻视depreciation贬值
所以appreciate 还有升值的意思
3．rattle-snake响尾蛇
4.thrifty节俭的，节约的a thrifty housewife / meal节俭的家庭主妇/简单的一顿饭be thrifty with grain节约粮食frugal adj using only as much money as is necessary节俭的 stingy, tight-fisted
economical, thrifty 这两个形容词都表示“节约的”之意。economical:指正当使用财物，强调节省，避免浪费。thrifty:侧重节缩开支，积蓄收入。
5．bounce 与spring 的区别：前者在硬表面上跳 后者在软表面上跳 另外bounce常常引申为一个人精力充沛a bouncy person精力充沛的人
6．pavement n人行道 非斑马线
pave the way for: make possible为---铺平道路The agreement paves the way for a lasting peace.这项协议为持久的和平铺平了道路。
7． Stick 粘 卡住（fish bone/ drawer./ zip等）
8． Provide a regular supply of be a source of sth 学习作者的写作手法，用两个截然不同的短语表达同一个意思
9．Go a long way已由空间概念转换成时间概念：last a long period of time
10.fill up a money box 仔细观察一下这句话，大家有没有这样的疑问：fill是个及物动词，可以
直接跟宾语，为什么这里作者要加一个介词up? 这里的up 起了强调作用，强调前面那个动作的完全、彻底，有completely的意思。因此，up在这里强调，孩子一般并不是满足于把钱放进储蓄罐 而是把储蓄罐填的满满的
up的这种用法，前文也有出现：第7课chew up the money(up在这里强调，狗一般并不是把钱咬成一半或几部分，而是他们喜欢把钱咬得粉碎。)
掌握up这个用法，相信可以解释大家很多的疑团。Have you finished up the dinner？原来你会以为这里的up是画蛇添足了，现在知道了，Up是强调问话人的一种口气：你到底有没有把饭全吃掉？没有up，变成：你吃完饭了吗？句子的语气变浅，问话人想要表达的意思也就变了味。那么同样，如果你要问孩子： 牛奶你到底喝光了没有？
Have you drunk up the milk? 门有没有完完全全锁好了？
Have you locked up the door? 你的储蓄罐有没有装满啊？
Have you filled up your money box? 我厌烦了城市生活。
I am fed up with life in the city.(feed是“喂”的意思，都把你给喂饱了，你能不厌烦吗？)70年代末，邓小平同志提出了“改革开放“政策，为什么英语中是open-up policy，而不是单单的open policy, 也是强调我们的开放是全面的开放，是敞开国门，走向世界的开放。
另有一个词与up有着异曲同工之妙的是out，也可以跟在动词后面表示动作的完全性。比如：die out（死光，绝种），sell out（货物售罄），I gave out（精疲力竭），put out the fire（把火完全扑灭），write/list out the things I want（把我要的东西原原本本列出来）。参见22课课文
11．find one’s way(to / into---)1.到达目的地2.流入，进入
Rivers found their way to the sea.条条江河通大海。
如今电脑已经进入寻常百姓家。Nowaday computers have found their way to the common households in China.12.体会作者的几个用词：along down roll up push through anywhere rub using 等等等等
13．what is more, what is worse而且，表示递进的过渡词。even worse, to pour oil on the fire, 过渡词语承上启下、穿针引线，可使段落的联系更为紧密，层次更为分明。下面是主体段写作中一些常用的过渡词语： 1）表示顺序的过渡词语： firstly, secondly, thirdly---;first, second, third,---;first of all, in the first place, in the second place, in the first instance, in the
second instance, for one thing,---for another, to begin with, next, also, besides, furthermore, moreover, in addition, what is more, beyond that, finally, last but not least.2)表示因果关系的过渡词语
consequently, as a consequence, as a result, therefore, thus, so, accordingly, because of this, hence, for this reason, given the reasons, 3)表示比较的过渡词语
equally important, likewise, similarly, in the same way, equally important, 4）表示对比转折的过渡词语
however, on the contrary, yet, whereas, on the other hand, in / by contrast, conversely, nevertheless, instead, whereas 5）表示举例的过渡词语 for example, for instance, as an example, as an illustration, as a case in point, let’s take---as an example, for example, such as, say, namely
第十六课 Mary had a little lamb
1.tie vt拴，系untie解开
tie a dog to a post把狗拴在柱子上be tied in a wedlock结为伉俪
Two actresses tied for the Best Actress Award.两名女演员并列获得最佳女演员奖。
n联系，平局，领带maintain close ties with the masses与群众保持密切联系
The match end in a tie.比赛打成平局。
2.accuse vt指责，指控accuse sb of---谴责某人---；指控某人犯---罪 He was accused of corruption / robbery / murder / fraud / taking bribes.他被控贪污/受贿。
The teacher accused him of cheating in the examination.老师指责他考试作弊。
The driver was accused of speeding.这个司机被指控超速。be falsely accused of fraud被诬告行骗
3.deny doing sth There is no denying that---很显然---There is no denying that this is a serious blow to the government.很清楚，这件事给给政府一个严重的打击。.There is no blinking /sidestepping the fact that---
4.ashamed adj感到羞耻，惭愧，在句中作表语be ashamed of---You ought to be ashamed of yourself / your behaviour.你应该为自己/自己的行为感到羞耻。
He was ashamed of having lied to her.他因对它撒了慌而感到惭愧。区别它与shameful 的区别
shameful可耻的shameful behavior可耻的行为 shameless无耻的，不要脸的
5．dye v染（dies, dyed, dyeing）dye sth + adj She dyed the dress green.她把连衣裙染成绿色。Sunset dyed the sky red.夕阳染红了天空。
区分它与52课tint的差别
6．过去分词做宾语不足语keep it tied to a tree I keep this gun loaded.我总是把枪装上子弹。
You’d better had your shoes mended.你最好请人把鞋子补一补。
He has difficulty making himself understood.他不能让别人理解自己。He wanted his eggs fried.他想把鸡蛋煎着吃。
He once heard the song sung in German.又一次他听人用德语唱这支歌。
7．It is true that---, but----诚然---，但是---admittedly, There is no denying that---
It is true that„but„（转折）
It is true that she is a charming lady, but she is cold-hearted to others.It is true that China is a developing country, but she has great potential（潜力）for development.8．形容词短语做状语，表示原因。
Afraid of difficulties, they prefer to take the easy road.由于害怕困难，他们更愿意走那条好走的路。
Worried about her daughter, she went to London to visit her.由于挂念女儿，她到伦敦去看他。
Anxious for a quick decision, the chairman called for a vote.主席急于快速做出决定，要求投票表决。
Overjoyed, she dashed out of the house.她大喜过望，急忙跑了出去。
9.prize precious(本身具有价值)珍贵的
├valuable(内在价值)主观词
├invaluable无价之宝的
├prize(情感上有价值)珍爱的└dear价格高，贵的第十七课 The longest suspension bridge in the world
1.suspension suspend pend-pens-悬挂
independence独立pending未决定的pendulum钟摆
suspend : stop sth temporarily Fred is suspended from school for a week for bad conduct.弗雷德因品行不良被停学一周。
但这个词的本意就是hand 悬挂
2．感受学过的几个“位于”的异同：be located be situated stand(第三课)
3．immortal adj永生的，流芳百世的；流芳百世的伟人
Shakespeares is one of those immortals.莎士比亚是流芳百世的伟人之一。mort-死亡immortality不朽，不死mortal不免一死的mortally致命地mortician殡葬业者mortgage抵押
4．span 把握这个词的关键是“跨越” 时间 空间都可以 span n跨度； Over a span of three years a surprising amount has achieved.在三年的时间里，取得了惊人的成就。Life span寿命
5．capacity n the amount something can hod or contain承受量；容量
The seating capacity of the theatre is 1500.这歌剧院有五百个座位。The factory has a productive capacity of 200 cars a week.这家工厂的最高生产能力为每星期200辆汽车。a capacity crowd.坐得得满满的观众
He attended my party in a private capacity 身份
6．elegant ad having the quality of beauty and grace优美的，别致的 a elegant woman一个高雅的女子 / an elegant piece of furniture 一件精美的家具/ elegant clothes 精致的衣服/ elegant manners优雅的举止
leg-, lect 选择elegance n典雅，高雅 elegible合格的 negligible可疏忽的，不重要的 negligent疏忽的 negligence疏忽
7．带介词的关系代词
在正式的用法中，可以用介词加关系代词来引导定语从句。关系代词whom指人；关系代词which 指物，whose既可指人，有可指物。有四种情况：
1）prep + which / whom---The person to whom this letter was addressed died three years ago.这封信的收信人三年前去世了。2)prep + which / whose + N---The minister was the person in whose honor the state dinner was given.这就是为他举行国宴的那位部长。In 1980 he caught a serious illness from whose effect he still suffers.34
1980年，他得了一场大病，到现在他还受害。
8．sb, about whom little is known 鲜为人知
把这个短语摇身一变： sb, about whom much/ little is known
9.In the midst of which flowed a great river 倒装
表示方位的介词短语放句首 句子全倒
In the center of the school stands a fountain.10．复合介词短语 + which 引导定语从句in the midst of which---Sound is a tool by means of which people communicate ideas with each other.声音使人们互相交流思想的工具。
Here’s the dictionary, in the back of which you’ll find a list of proper names.这就是那本辞典，在它的后面你可以看到一个专有名词表。
11.be named after sb name after（为纪念某人、某物）以---的名字命名
Harvard University was named after its founder, John Harvard.哈佛大学是以其创始人约翰哈佛的名字而命名的。The machine is named after its inventor.这台机器是以其发明者的名字命名的。
12．记号形容东西高度深度的句型： rise to a height of extend to a depth of 形容东西很长 比如 海岸线有好几千米长
The coastline extends/stretches thousands of meters.13.体会be packed with、be crowded with 以及 be loaded with 的程度区别
14．Fulfill one’s dream/duty/ promise
15．本文既然提到纽约 可以作一个简单常识介绍
16．纽约 New York City，又被人们称为大苹果“Big Apple”, 追溯其来源：1920－1930年间，爵士音乐大行其道，已有个爵士乐手大唱‘成功树上苹果何其多，但如果你挑中了纽约，你便挑中了最大的苹果’ There are many apples on the success tree, but when you pick New York City ,you pick the Big Apple.因为纽约薪水相对较高，而且喜欢欣赏音乐的人也很多，这些爵士乐手来到纽约，他们的音乐就有了市场。后来人们就把Big Apple 和纽约联系起来了。
可参考一篇阅读：
The New York City Visitor's Bureau says jazz musicians and other entertainers first called New York the Big Apple fifty years ago.At that time jazz musicians earned money by performing in many cities and towns across the United States.They usually played their music in a different town each night.But the performers would like to play in New York City best of all.New York was the place with the best-paid jobs, the most money to earn, and a greater number of people for jazz music.A performer was not considered successful until he was successful in New York.The early jazz musicians described each town and city in America as an apple on a tree.Naturally they called New York City the Big Apple.Later a night club was named The Big Apple, and a popular dance was also called The Big Apple.But no one except jazz musicians and some entertainers used this term to describe New York City.About fifteen years ago, the city officials wanted to get more people to visit New York.They needed a new symbol for their city.They remembered the stories of the jazz musicians and began using the Big Apple in their advertisements.The idea worked.Today so many persons from different parts of the world come and visit New York City every day.They may probably know New York's nickname, though they may not know why the city is called the Big Apple.纽约是世界特大城市之一，美国最大的金融、商业、贸易和文化中心。由曼哈顿、布朗克斯、布鲁克林、昆斯和里士满5个区组成。
第十八课 Electric currents in modern art
1.cur-跑occur发生 occurrence事件，发生 recur在发生，重现 incur招致
所以掌握current这个词不能靠中文，要找一种动态的感觉： electric current 电流 air current 气流
water current水流 current affairs 时事
currency n 货币 foreign currency 外币
2．hibit-拿exhibitioner展览者 exhibitor参加展览会的人 inhibit阻止，抑制 inhibited性格拘谨的，内向的 prohibit禁止 prohibition禁止 prohibitor禁止者
3.attach v连，系 A is attached to B Attached, you will find „„.随函附上（相当与第8课的enclosed）
4．repel pel: drive 驱赶
掌握这个词根 很多类似单词迎刃而解：
compel强迫 dispel驱散 expel开除，驱逐propel 促进
repellent adj驱逐的，令人厌恶的；驱虫剂The idea of eating dog meat is repellent to him.她一想到吃够人就恶心。
5．Flicker flash 不同：
flicker（灯光等）摇曳，不稳定昏暗的光a flickering candle摇曳的蜡烛 flash 迅速猛烈刺眼的光 比如闪电 a flash in the pan 昙花一现
6．Emit 复习词根mit :send(第9课已经学过)emit vt to send out(esp.heat, light, smell, sound, etc.)放射，发出The chimney emitted a cloud of smoke.烟囱里冒出一股烟雾。the exhaust emitted by cars emission 排放
7．peculiar adj strange or unusual, esp.in displeasing way奇怪的，异常的;2)belonging only to a particular place, time, person, etc.特有的(to)This style of cooking is peculiar to the southwest of the country.这种烹饪风格是着国家西南部所特有的。
8.Not any more 中的not可以自由改成任何否定词： rarely hardly seldom 类似比如：
He takes little interest in art now.9.be familiar to sb---（某事物）为某人所熟悉
Is this area familiar to you? 你熟悉这一地区吗？ be familiar with sth---（某人）熟悉---I am not really familiar with the custom here.我并不真正通晓这里的风俗。
The house is familiar to him.= He is familiar with the house.10.oddly shaped „„„..everyone
这句话的结构一定要分析清楚 主语中心词form 前前后后三层定语
11．in response to = in answer to作为---的答复/反应She went to open the door in response to the knock.她听到敲门声去开门。
in response作为回答，作为反映 He waved his hand in response.她挥手作答。
respond to对---做出反应She didn’t respond to his advances.她对他的求爱没有做出反应。
12．Lined up against the wall, 这部分可以看成定语 也能看成状语
总之是个好句子！Against 有靠着的意思
Rest the piano against the wall Lean against the blackboard
13.分清in the center of 和in the middle of 的区别：前者只用语空间概念。后者时间空间通用
14．这里几个词可以一起讲： all the time continuously on and off on and on
15.angry 拟人用法
可以引申一些修辞手法：
要想写出活泼的句子，优美的文章，还离不开修辞手法的运用。很多学生写文章时，仅仅满足把事情说清楚，平铺直叙，只注重语言通顺不通顺，合理不合理，对语言的运用不作深究，说穿了就是“冷落”修辞手法，忽略了修辞与写作的“攀枝结节”。
下面我们欣赏一些常用的修辞手法：
比喻，拟人—— 比喻能化抽象为形象，拟人能变无灵为有灵；试比较以下两例：
The bad news was a dagger into her heart（隐喻）The bad news knocked at her door at midnight（拟人）前句说明了坏消息对她的打击如同刀子戳她的心一样难受，通过两者的相似点，使人感到坏消息的强烈程度；后者把坏消息突然变成一个撞击房门的一个活生生的人，说明了坏消息在深更半夜突然而至。这比起简单说She got the bad news at midnight形象多了。
夸张—— 夸张能强化语义，突出形象，渲染感情。试比较以下两例： She was extremely anxious.（她十分地紧张）。意思一目了然，表现却显得单薄。如果改成She had her heart in her mouth.是不是味道完全不一样了？同样再看一句
She went home, crying terribly.She went home in a flood of tears./ She went home, tears streaming down.与加以夸张手法的后者相比，前者要黯然失色了许多吧？
反语 —— 反语可以表示挖苦讽刺，有时更增添幽默诙谐的情趣，让你的语言更俏皮：
If people keep telling you to quit smoking, don’t listen„ They are probably trying to trick you into living longer.（如果有人苦口婆心劝你戒烟，不要理他„„他们大概是想骗你活得长些）这是美国防癌协会的一则戒烟广告。它改变了正面说教的传统方式，而采用了反语方式进行规劝。烟民们会在反语中受到警惕：惟有戒烟才有利于健康，才能活得长久。可见，在一定语
言环境中，反语比正说更有力量，更能起到效果。
押韵 —— 通过相同（相似）音节的重复很容易引起读者的注意，使语句具有和谐的韵律美：
Our hopes, our hearts, our hands are with those on every continent who are building democracy and freedom.我们的希望，我们的内心，我们的双手与各大洲为民主和自由而奋斗的人民紧紧相连。
这是美国前总统克林顿就职演说中的一句话，他利用头韵（hope，heart，hand三个单词清辅音三次重复/h/）使得演说音韵悠扬，节奏明朗。
许多英语谚语利用押韵给人一种音韵美，不但增强了英语谚语的艺术魅力，也使它更易于诵读和记忆，可谓诵之金声玉振，闻之行云流水。比如：Live and learn.（活到老，学到老）；No sweat, no sweet.（不劳动，不得食）。
注：这个押韵的修辞可以放置41课讲。
英语中的修辞手法品目繁多，诸如反复，通感，借代，委婉，矛盾修辞等等。据粗略统计，莎士比亚剧作中就有60多种，而上文只对常见的修辞格加以简要介绍。大家记住，文章中有效地运用修辞手法，能化平淡为新奇，化呆板为鲜活，化枯燥为生动，化冗杂为洗练，化晦涩为明快，化一般为艺术，唤起美感，娱人耳目，增强语言的表现力，说服力和感染力！
第十九课 A very dear cat
1.wealthy adj有钱的，富的a wealthy man / family一个富人rich, well-off, comfortably-off wealth n [U] a man of wealth一个富人
-y 形容词后缀，加在名词后面，表示有---的，---多的
rainy, icy, bloody, worthy, guilty, faulty, greedy, spicy 有香味的，辣的
-y 名词后缀，加在形容词后面，构成抽象名词，表示性质，情况，状态 后缀往往能改变词性，但不改变意思；前缀不改变词性，但往往改变意思。difficulty, jealousy, modesty, beggary, honesty, mastery, jeopardy
2.orderly adj整齐的
ly 作形容词后缀一般理解为两种 like:friendly costly motherly 频率 monthly weekly daily
3.disappearance n 失踪appearance出现, appear 出现
dis-表示否定，反对，除去，分开disagree, disapprove, disbelieve, discourage, disguise, disregard忽视, distract, differ, difficult diffident缺乏自信的
4.anonymous adj 匿名的an anonymous letter一封匿名信
anonymity n 无名，匿名work in anonymity默默无闻地工作 nonym-,名字synonym antonym
5．ransom 注意别和random 混淆
6．withdraw troops/ order/ labour/ money/ custom 后面形形色色宾语好多啊
7．Astound 注意几个“惊奇“的细微差别：surprise amaze startle
8.同位语
在一个名词的后面，可以跟另一个名词性的结构，进一步说明他是谁或它是什么，这种名词性结构叫同位语。同位语是中国学生的阅读杀手。
His only interest in life, playing football, has brought him many friends.他生活中唯一感兴趣的东西踢足球是他得到很多朋友。
Paul Jones, the famous art critic, died in his sleep last night.如果句子主语是一个人称代词，他的同位语通常要提到主语前面。Formerly a worker himself, he was now an engineer.他过去是工人，现在当了工程师了。.share 作为名词：股份 份额
a lion’s share 可以顺便讲讲伊索寓言
10.make---clear讲清楚，阐明，宾语太长，可把宾语补足语提到宾语的前面 She made her objections clear.她明确表示反对。科学家应该向公众解释动物实验的意义
11.follow sb’s instructions / advice / directions / teachings遵从某人的吩咐/建议/指导/ 教导
follow sb’s example以某人为榜样 follow the crowd 随大流
follow the pattern 循规蹈矩 follow the suit 学样
12．word n 诺言，只用单数形式keep / break one’s word守信用，不守信用
You can trust him;he’s a man of his word.他是个守信用的人。Keep one’s word = fulfill one’s word
13.sure enough: exactly as expected 不出所料，果真He promised to come and sure enough he did.14.由动词转化而来的介词
considering鉴于concerning / regarding / touching / respecting关于 pending等到 including包括 notwithstanding虽然，尽管 following在---后according to根据
Notwithstanding some financial problems, the school has had a successful year.虽然有些经费问题，这个学校一年来还是很成功的。He took charge of the family business following his father’s death.他父亲去世后他就接手了这个家族企业。
Considering the strength of the opposition, we did very well to score two goals.考虑到对对方的实力，我们进了两个球就很不错了。
Given the lack of fit between gifted students and their schools, it is not surprising that such students often have little good to say 'about their school experience2004.6/Band6/P2
15.dear一词的双关用法
双关 —— 双关即用一个词活一句话表达两层不同的意思，或插科打诨，或借题发挥，或旁敲侧击，或指桑骂槐，使语言妙趣横生
比如：
我们课文中的dear包含哪两层意思？1）宝贝的心爱的precious，2）costly expensive是这位女士用高昂的代价换来的。双关是英语中非常常见，及其活跃的一种修辞。到处可见。以前最多用于什么？ 大家记不记得我在介绍march 这个词时，用什么引入的？谜语。Why people are so tired in April? Because they have just gone through a long march.一个march是不是一语双关。因此这种修辞手法在谜语中大量运用。
双关在生活中比比皆是：
We must all hang together, otherwise we shall all hang together.（我们大家必须紧紧地团结在一起，否则我们大家必然会一个一个地被绞死。）这句名言出自美国政治家，作家富兰克林之口，句中两处用到hang这个词，妙在一语双关，前者意为“挂，捆，绑”，引申为“团结”；后者则表示“绞刑，上吊”，深刻而幽默地说明了不团结便灭亡的道理。
A deal with us means a good deal to you.译文：和我们做买卖意味着您做了一笔好买卖。
该句的妙处在于很好地利用了句中deal的三种含义，“做买卖”、“一笔好买卖”和“许多”。a good deal构成一个绝妙的双关。
All is well that ends well.21 这则广告实际是一条英语成语，意思是“结局好，全都好”。但广告制作者把它用于香烟广告中，ends就具有了双重意义：动词“结束”和名词“香烟蒂”。这句香烟广告词可以套用原来成语的翻译模式，译成“烟蒂好，烟就好”。
The driver is safer when the road is dry;The road is safer when the driver is dry.26 这则宣传交通安全的广告运用了dry一词的两重词义（干燥的；没饮酒的）构成双关，对司机很有警示作用。翻译时，dry一词的两重意义在上、下句中只能各取一意：路面干燥，司机安全；司机清醒，道路安全。
谐音双关
More sun and air for your son and heir.2 译文：这里有充足的阳光，清新的空气，一切为了您的子孙后代。
在这则海滨浴场的宣传广告中，制作者巧妙地运用了sun-son, air-heir这两对谐音字，使广告语言不仅和谐悦耳，读来朗朗上口，而且颇风趣、幽默，具有感召力。
第二十课 Pioneer pilots 1．-eer 人engineer工程师, mountaineer登山者, profiteer, volunteer志愿者, auctioneer拍卖师，2．fail vi stop operating properly;to become weak失灵，出故障
The rocket’s engine failed a few seconds after takeoff.发射后几秒钟，火箭的发动机便失灵了。
The president’s health is failing fast.总统的健康每况愈下。failure衰竭 She died of heart failure.他死于心脏衰竭。
3.when his engine failed 这里的when是中国学生最容易疏忽的意思：突然
比如：I am watering the flowers when it begins to rain.4.It looked / looks as if---看来可能---，看来像是---It looks as if there will be a strike.看起来会有一场罢工。
It look as if we shall have to walk from here.看来我们得从这里步行过去
5.Over a years passed before„„„这里的before要引起注意 不要落入俗套翻成 “在„之前” 最后把中文的口气翻出来 “才”
类似句子 参见第2课 很经典：it struck thirteen times before it stopped
第二十一课 Daniel Mendoza
1．区分bare 和naked bare指部分裸露 naked指全身裸露：她裸露的双肩her bare shoulders 一群光着身子的男孩在河里游泳。A group of naked boys swam in the river.2．marquis 讲讲英国的封勋受爵 各种勋衔
3．science n 科学
sci-知道scientist科学家 scientific科学的 conscious有知觉的，意识到的 unconscious没有知觉的 subconscious潜意识的 conscience良心 conscientious尽职尽责的 ominiscient无所不知的pseudoscience伪科学
4．Popularity 的各种搭配（enjoy gain lose„..）
5．可以谈谈adore respect admire worship的差别
7．alike adv : in the same way treat the students alike 对学生一视同仁 adj 做表语，相同的，（different）参考36课课后练习
8．Eminent outstanding extinguished excellent min突出eminence卓越，高地 eminently突出的，卓越地 supereminent出类拔萃的 immenent逼近，迫近immenence（尤指不愉快的事情）逼近，迫近prominent突出的，显著的 prominence 突出，显著
The immenence of the exams made them work harder.考试迫在眉睫，迫使他们努力学习。
9.bitter bitterly 注意一些形容词和其副词的意思不一样 ：terrible comfortable narrow等
10．Bet 和 gamble 区别
几句口语：
I bet it snows tomorrow.├You bet = You’re right.└make a bet on sth.打赌
┌That’s right./Okay我赞成，同意
├That’s it.├That’s for sure.├I’m for you.├I’m with you.├You said it.你说到了（表同意）
└You can say that again.你说的对，你说的在理
11．In those days = at that time 听上去更文一些
days 有一段时期的意思：in one’s young days in one’s old days
12.colourful adj 1）色彩鲜艳的
2）having an attractive personality, because they behave in an interesting, amusing, and often eccentric way.引人注目的，有趣的a colorful athlete一位引人注目的运动员
13.when Queensberry „„.这里when 翻译为：at that time 给学生总结几个中国学生容易疏忽的when的意思：20课有一个
14．draw up: draft起草，草拟 draw up a plan / a list of candidates拟定计划/候选人名单
15．In one’s day 全盛时期
注意本文两个day的用法
16．Rich and poor alike Alike 前面可以加一对反义词 翻译为：无论。。还是。。
18． rise to fame / stardom / the top of one’s profession成名 / 成为明星 / 成为自己行业中的佼佼者
19.可以有turn against sb 也可以有 turn sb against sb His ex-wife has turned the children against him.他的前妻唆使孩子与他作对。
20.on a later occasion on the last occasion occasion 在2 3册都是黄金单词
21.It is not until + 时间 + that---It was not until midnight that it stopped raining.It was not until the beginning of this century that scientists discovered a cure for this disease.Not until + 时间 + 助动词 + 从句
Not until midnight did it stop raining.Not until the beginning of this century did scientists discover a cure for this disease.注意本文appearance的翻译：出场
appear on the stage 登台
挖掘单词在不同语境的不同含义
第二十二课 By Heart
1.run 连演，连映------be on show run wild 猖獗Corruption is running wild among officals at all ranks.各级官吏中腐败盛行。
2.lines 和part作为“台词”的区别： part: all the lines of a character
3．falter v 1.蹒跚，摇摇晃晃地走
2.支支吾吾地/结结巴巴地说She managed to falter out a few words of thanks.他结结巴巴地说了几句感谢的话。
4.imprison vt关押；束缚
He was imprisoned yesterday.They were imprisoned for 2 years.由上述两例可以看出 imprison作为动词 动态静态都可以用
imprisonment n监禁He was sentenced to life imprisonment.他被判处无期徒刑。
5．gaoler n [英]监狱长，看守= jailer（美）但后者常用
比较两种语言：
British English 和American English已被英国人承认是存在的，而且英国人也在学习使用比较简单化的American English。其实，不单是语法结构方面如此，甚至单词的使用也有这样的倾向。这是说，在“英式英语”和“美式英语”中，假若是用不同的词汇表达同一个意思的，那么，使用“美式英语”的人远较使用“英式英语”者多。根据一些英美人士所作的调查，在日常应用的词汇中，“英式英语”和“美式英语”各有表达用语的大约有一千个，其中通用的占了大部分。但所谓“通用”，其实是指英国人采纳了美国人的用词而已。在英、美两国本土以外的地区，使用英文的人习惯了“美式英语”而少用“英式英语”者亦占了大多数。以下举一些例子说明上述情况的表现。
apartment，flat--指大厦中的住宅单位，前者也被译为“（住宅）公寓”。不过，东南亚地区目前流行用“座”来表达，故使用flat的机会较多。
ash一can，dust一bin--指垃圾箱。在美式英语中，含有同等词义的还有garbage can和junk一heap，但英式英语则只有dust一bin（或dust-bin）.香港目前多用dustbin。但废纸篓的两种称呼分别是waste一basket和waste一paper basket，流行度则似乎相等。
bank一bill，bank一note„纸币，钞票。Bank-bill是美国人的钞票，但是英国人却用来指“银行与银行之间的汇票”，以bank一note较为流行。
long—distance call，trunk call一一—长途电话。美式英语的 Iong—distance call词义一看便明，远胜于英式英语的trunk call，自然被多数采用。
canned goods，tinned goods 罐头食物。can和tin是美式英语和英式英语中的同义词，均指保藏预制食物的罐头，tin有时更被音译为：“听”。这两个字同时亦可以作动词使用，解作“把食物装罐”。在使用上,canned goods比tinned goods流行。
综观上述列举的小量例子，可以看出，美式英语(虽然仅列举了单词)在许多地区已逐渐占了上风。
6．Reveal A revealing night dress一件暴露的晚礼服 A revealing slip of tongue
7．blank bl-白，空白blanch漂白 bleak苍白
8．squint vt to look with almost closed eyes眯着眼睛看
The sun was so bright I had to squint.太阳光线太强，我不得不眯起眼睛。比较多种看：gaze gape glare stare peer peep
9.proceed v（尤指停顿或打断后）继续进行proceed to do sth After drinking a cup of tea mother proceeded to cook the dinner.喝完一杯茶，妈妈接着做晚饭。
-ceed,-ced走succeed成功 seced脱离 intercede调停 exceed优于，胜过 exceeding极其
10．for years 较for several years 更加简洁经济
12．On end 1）without a break, continuously连续的，继续的He sat there for hours on end.2.）upright 直立着，竖着 The ghost story set their hair on end.那个鬼的故事使他们毛骨悚然。（参考24课）
13．Be required to do / should
14.one would„.one 泛指 所有人 人人
15． 掌握过渡句：Yet this is not always the case.16．be cast in the role of / play the role of
17．write out 中out理解为“动作的完完全全” 这里强调这份信一字不落的写下来
关于out用法 见15课
18．在表示建议，命令或请求的动词后，宾语从句的谓语由（should +）动词原形构成。常见的动词有：insist(坚持、主张)suggest（建议）order, command, demand, recommend, request, require, ask, propose, advise, beg, direct, plead, pray, propose, urge, move, desire, determine, prefer.由这些动词变化而来的抽象名词后面跟同位语从句或表语从句时，同位语从句也要用虚 语气，如advice, decision, desire, demand, suggestion, motion, pray, resolution, wish, preference, proposal, recommendation, requirement, idea, order.注意：当insist表示坚持认为，suggest表示依我看，恐怕 的意思时，从句
用陈述语气。
She insisted that she was innocent.她坚持认为她是无辜的。
I suggest that you are not telling the truth.依我看你没有说实话。I suggest that the car crash was not accidental.恐怕这起撞车事故不是偶然的。
19．Appear 不要硬译成“出现” 而是“登台” 参考21课
20.Present 较hand 更为必恭必敬
21.掌握几个伴随状语：
anxious to see squinting his eyes finding that
22、Don’t pull my leg.别逗我(口)├play a joke on sb.(书)开玩笑
└play a trick on sb.(书)
23．With this, 说着
├With these, 说着，说着„
└At this, 听到这些
第二十三课 One man’s meat is another man’s poison
1.理解 poisoned 和 poisonous的区别: 前者被上毒 poisoned soup 后者本身有毒 poisonous snake
2.illogical 前缀in 遇到 l 被同化成il: illegible illegal in的变化请看第5课
3．octopus 章鱼，八爪鱼
oct-八octangle八角形 October十月（罗马历为八月）octogenarian 八十多岁的人
几个常见的数字前缀：
一uni-, mono-, uniform制服, monocycle独轮车 二bi-, twi-bicycle自行车, twilight黄昏，黎明 三tri-tricycle triangle三角形 tripple三倍 四quadri-quadruple四倍 五penta-pentagon五角大楼 十deca-decade十年
4．Repulsive 来自动词repulse
pulse 作为词根意思是：strike drive 由此联想一系列单词： compulsory强迫的，强制的, expulsion开除, impulse冲动, impulsive冲动的
5．stomach n胃，肚子make sb’s stomach turn / turn sb’s stomach使某人厌恶/恶心
6．Luxury 注意它褒义贬义双重含义
[U]奢侈，奢华，享受They led a life of luxury.a luxury hotel [C]奢侈品 We can’t spend money on luxuries.我们买不起奢侈品。It’s a real luxury relaxing on the beach.在海滩上休息真是一种享受。
7.Abuse 三册重点单词 这里带一下 也可以到45课详讲
8.soci-交往 society社会 social社会的 sociable好交际的, socialite社会名流, socialize使社会化, socialization使社会化, dissociate分裂，使脱离, dissociable 孤僻的
9．despise spis-spic-看despicable可鄙的，卑鄙的 suspicion怀疑, suspicious怀疑的, conspicuous引人瞩目的，明显的, perspicuous易懂的，表达清楚的
10．Appeal to 可以联想fascinate sth appeal to sb= sth fascinate sb n吸引力(for)Qiongyao’s novels have lost their appeal for me.那类电影已对我失去吸引力。
11.dozen n 十二个I’ve told you a dozen times not to do that.我屡次告诫过你不要做那件事。
dozens of很多I have been there dozens of times.我去过那里好多次了
12.One man’s meat is another man’s poison
说外国人虽然绅士很多，但他们只是一些“假模假式”的绅士。
就拿吃的来说，凡是有四条腿的东西，除了桌子和椅子等外，中国人都会拿来吃。我们认为吃动物是天经地义的事，不必隐讳的。在我们的菜单里，不但可以看到飞禽走兽的名称，而且拿来吃的它们身体的哪一部分也写的很清楚——手，脚，脾，翼以至心，肝，肾，肠等供美食家选择。外国绅士却没我们这样直率：他们习惯假模假式地骗自己说餐桌上放地并不是他们饲养地禽畜，否则他们会倒胃口的。所以他们对各种动物的肉都采取有别于动物本身的叫法。例如：牛肉不叫cattle meat,而叫beef;羊肉不叫sheep meat, 而叫 mutton，猪肉叫 pork等等。呵呵，老外这样的做法只是“掩耳盗铃”麻木自己的神经罢了。
12.consider sth sth 代替consider sth to be sth 符合用语经济原则 避免行文拖沓
类似用法：第一课 the search proved difficult
13．at the idea / thought / mention(3/41)/ sight / sound / of 一想到
/ 提到 / 看到 / 听到
He shudders at the idea of death.他一想到死就不寒而栗。
I was glad at the thought of getting something to eat.我一想到能弄点吃的，就感到高兴。
I often feel repulsion at the sight of a toad.我一看到癞蛤蟆就恶心。Many people turn pale at the mere mention of AIDS.很多人一提到艾滋病就吓得脸色发白。
14．Practice: thing done frequently 这里代替cooking method 文章防止用词重复 经常用不同词代替同一意思，这里有几段文字，老师们看了或许也会有启示：
凡是批改学生英语作文的老师都有一种感觉, 学生的用词相当贫乏，词语重复现象非常严重。例如在布置学生写一篇My View on Retirement，某同学会这样写：
Retirement often brings people many problems such as “ What shall I do today” problem, though they may not have economical problems.People observe that apart from economical problems, retirement also brings many psychological problems.Many people often get illnesses and even deteriorate rapidly when people are retired.这一段东西尽管在语法上没有太大的问题，但实在是令人难以诵读。问题就是有太多 必要的重复。在总共只有46个词的段落中，retirement就重复了两次，problems重复了五次，economical重复了两次，people重复了四次，many重复了三次，often重复了两次。如此高的用词重复率，怎能使文章生动呢？
这段英文翻译成中文是这样的：退休常常带来许多问题，即使没有经济问题，也会碰到“今天我应该做什么事“的问题。人们注意到退休不仅会带来经济上的问题，而且还会带来巨大的心理问题，许多人退休后的人经常得病，甚至身体迅速变坏。
看了中文以后，有人会问：中文里不是也出现了那么多重复吗？到了英文里为什么就 文章黯然失色呢？可见学生作文中词语重复倾向不仅和贫乏的词汇量有关，另一个很重要的原因就是受汉语遣词造句习惯的影响。
汉语是一个意合性语言。汉语中几个相关句子的组织，不是靠连词等语言手段，而主 靠句子内在的意思来连接的。也就是说句子的意思必须清楚明了，歧义性和模糊性要低，句子才能行文连贯流畅。这样，在缺少“因为”，“所以”，“然而”等连词的帮助下，依靠词语的简单重复来增加句子的凝聚力，便是很自然的了。而英语不一样，它是形合性语言，它要有连词保证句子意思的连接，这样它就可以无所顾忌地追求词的变化。
其次，汉语的重复倾向还和其语音文字的特点有密切关系。从美学心理的角
度出发，了读起来顺口，听起来悦耳，文章往往追求音节整齐和均匀，这样就出现某些词的重复。如“脸发红，心发慌”要比“脸发红，心慌得很”顺畅和谐。在汉语口语中我们还会说“谢谢，谢谢”，“对不起，对不起”。而英语的美学观就有所不同。一般不大有人会说“sorry, sorry” 或“thank you, thank you”。
因此在英语写作中“Never use the same word or write the same thing twice in a sentence unless you are repeating intentionally for emphasis or for clarity.”(J.Hodges and M.Whitten: Harbrace College handbook,p244).用词单一会使语言枯燥无味、苍白无力；而选词多样化可以加强语言的表现力，使文章的表达更丰富。比如刚刚的段落一经改动后味道就完全不同了：
Retirement often brings many problems surrounding the “What shall I do today?” question, even though there may be no economical cares.It has been observed that withdrawal from work, quite aside from exerting financial pressures, brings enormous psychological troubles.Large numbers of people tend to get some illnesses and even deteriorate rapidly when jobless.在这段文字中，“退休”分别用了Retirement，withdrawal from work和jobless来表达；“问题”分别用了problem，question，care，pressure和trouble来表达；而“许多”，一处用了many,另一处用了enormous，还有一处用了large number of;“经济”的意思和care搭配时用economical,和pressure搭配时用financial;“经常分别用often和tend to表达；“人们”只用了一次people，其余的三处分别用了there be 结构：there may be no economical cares,一个用了被动结构:it has been observed that，一个用了省略结构：when jobless.类似英语中用词的多样化例子很多，我们不妨再来欣赏几段：
(1)Hard work isn’t the whole story either.Some of these high-achieving students actually put in fewer hours than their lower-scoring classmates.The students at the top of the class get there by mastering a few basic techniques that others can easily learn.Here, according to education experts and students themselves, are the secrets of A students.——Edwin Kiester Secrets of Students 这一段中，讲到“好学生”，作者分别用了high-achieving students，students at the top of the class，A students来表示，而没有单单用good students这个短语。其实我们还可以用outstanding boys and girls 或者students of high abilities, superior students 等短语替代。
(2)The deafening noise, and the glare of the engine fire, would have a bad effect on nerves.Further, being moved through the air at a high speed would do great injury to delicate lungs.The sudden plunging of a train into the darkness of a tunnel, and the equally sudden rush into full daylight, would cause great damage to eyesight.这段文字中，讲到“对„„有损害”,作者用了三个不同的词组，使读者耳目一新：have a bad effect on，do great injury to和cause great damage。而当表达“猛地冲”这个概念，作者也注意了词的变化，分别用plunge和rush
第三篇：新概念2第二课教案
Lesson 2 Breakfast or lunch Teaching aims:
I.Make students learn to use words about time and appellation
II.Make students learn how to use the present continuous tense to describe the future things.III.Learn to make exclamation.Teaching key points: I.Learn the difference between the simple present tense and the present continuous tense.Teaching difficulties:
I.Note the position of adverbs of frequency(always, ever, never, sometimes , etc.)
II.How to use “what” to make exclamation.New words and expressions until prep.直到 outside adv.外面
ring v.（铃、电话等）响（rang, rung）aunt n.姑，姨，婶，舅母 repeat v.重复 ★until prep.直到 until用于表示动作、状态等的持续，可译为“一直到„„为止”或“在„„以前”。在肯定句中，它与
表示持续性状态的动词连用，表示持续到某一时刻： I’ll wait here until 5.我会在这里等到5 点钟。
His father was alive until he came back.直到他回来为止,他爸爸都是活着的.在否定句中，它通常与描述短暂动作的动词连用，表示“到„„为止”、“直到„„才”：
She cannot arrive until 6.她到6点才能来。
His father didn't die until he came back.直到他回来,他爸爸才死.until（后的从句）的时间终止之前,这个动作做了还是没做？做了前面的主句用肯定；没做前面的主句 用否定
For he ___A(C)___(wait)until it stopped raining.A.waited B.didn't wait A.leave B.left C.didn't leave I stay in bed until twelve o'clock.I didn't get up until 12 o'clock.★outside adv.外面（作状语）He is waiting for me outside.It is cold outside.★ring(rang.rung)v.(铃、电话等)响
① vt.鸣，(铃、电话等)响(这种响是刺耳的, 往往是提醒人做某事)Every morning the clock rings at 6.The telephone(door bell)is ringing.而风铃等响要用jingle，jingle(bell)(铃儿)响叮当 ② vt.打电话给（美语中用call）ring sb.给某人打电话 Tomorrow I'll ring you.③ n.（打）电话 give sb.a ring Remember to give me a ring./Remember to ring me.④ n.戒指
★aunt n.姑,姨,婶,舅妈(所有长一辈的女性都用这个称呼)男性则是uncle: 叔叔
他们的孩子：cousin 堂兄妹(不分男女)cousin的孩子：nephew 外甥；niece 外甥女 ★repeat v.重复 ① vt.重复
Will you repeat the last word? They are repeating that wonderful paly.② vi.重做，重说 Please repeat after me.Don’t repeat.【课文讲解】
1、It was Sunday.it 指时间、天气、温度或距离，it被称为“虚主语”（empty subject）。作为第三人称单数的中性代词，it可以指一件东西、一件事件或用来指是什么人： It is a lovely baby.2、I never get up early on Sundays.on Sundays: 所有的星期天,每逢星期天,与一般现在时连用，表示经常性的行为。介词on一般用于表示某一天的时间短语中：on Monday，on Monday morning，on that day 当使用last，next，this，that 时，介词（以及定冠词）必须省略： I’ll see you next/this Friday.never 从来不(可以直接用在动词前面)=助动词+not(变成否定句,前面一定要加助动词)I don't like her.=I never like her.3、I sometimes stay in bed until lunchtime.在表达卧床时bed前不需加冠词： It’s time for bed now.You must stay/remain in bed for another two days.你必须再卧床两天。
4、Just then, the telephone rang.It was my aunt Lucy.just then: 就在那时
如果不知道对方性别, 他/她可以用it 取代 Who are you?/Who is it ?
5、I've just arrived by train, by 直接加交通工具(不能有任何修饰词, 复数)；如果加修饰词, 就要换掉by用in或on I go out by bus.I go out in/on two buses.（指具体的两辆车介词用in/on）Long ago people could go to America only by ship/sea.如果是特指的交通工具，则要加冠词或其他限定词： My aunt left by the 9:15 train.by air 乘飞机by bicycle/bike 骑自行车 by boat 乘船by bus 乘公共汽车 by car 乘小汽车by land 由陆路 by plane 乘飞机by sea 由海路 by ship 乘船by train 乘火车
6、I'm coming to see you.我将要来看你.用 come 的现在进行时态be coming 表示一般将来，表示近期按计划或安排要进行的动作。同样用法 的动词有：go，come，leave，arrive，land，meet，die，start，return，join„
7、Dear me!天哪!英国人说Dear me!或My dear!美国人说: My god!注意美英的发音不同.【Key structures】
现在进行时和一般现在时
现在进行时表示说话的当时正在发生或正在发生的事件,也用来表示现阶段(一段时间)的动向。现在进
行时常与now，just，still 等副词连用： I am working as a teacher.“现阶段” He is still sleeping.（现在还在睡觉）Jane is just dressing up.简正在打扮。
一般现在时表示习惯性动作, 真理, 是过去、现在和未来都会发生的事情。一般现在时一般与频率副
词 often，always，sometimes，never，frequently，rarely，ever 等连用。Helen never writes to her brother Tony.She sometimes rings him.频率副词往往放在句子中的实义动词前, 非实义动词后；如果既有实义动词又有非实义动词, 要放在两 个之间；疑问句中副词往往放在主语后面。在否定句中not 必须放在always 之前，而且也出现在generally、normally、often、regularly和usually之前；not 必须出现在sometimes和frequently之后。表示肯定的速记
可以用在句尾；在特别强调和需要对比时，frequently、generally、normally、sometimes、usually等副词可 用于句首。
I get paid on Friday usually.Very often the phone rings when I’m in bath.非实义动词: ① 系动词(be)② 帮助动词构成时态的助动词(do, does, will, shall, have, had, has)③ 情态动词(must, can, may)除此之外都是实义动词.I frequently go to bed hungry.（形容词作状语）He went to school hungry.饿着肚子上学.You must come here hungry.空腹来这里.【Special Difficulties】 以what开头的感叹句：
在英语中可用what 引导的感叹句来表示惊奇、愤怒、赞赏、喜悦等感情，在感叹中主谓语采用正常语 序。
What 对名词感叹，感叹句的结构为：What +a/an(+adj.)+n.(+主语+谓语)!What a good girl(she is)!（主、谓可省）
有上下文和一定的语境, 才能省略形容词。一般省略形容词表示批评或不大好的意思。
What a thing to say!多么难听的话啊！What(a lot of)trouble(he is causing)!【Multiple choice questions】
5.He doesn't get up early on Sundays.He gets up ___a___.a.late b.lately c.slowly d.hardly late
lately
watch
一天中最丰盛的那顿饭, 可能是中餐, 也可能是晚餐, 但决不会是早餐.meal 一顿饭
第四篇：新概念3第五课讲义
Lesson5The facts
(1)Editors of newspapers and magazines often go to extremes to provide their readers with unimportant facts and statistics.go to extremes 走极端
The bossprovide sb with sth 向某人提供某物
Govementthese refugees food and tents.unimportantadj.不重要的。否定前缀还有un-, dis-, im-, in-, ir-, ab-un-unhappy, unable, unfriendly, uncormfortable
dis-dishonest, dislike, disagreement
im-impolite, impossible, impatient
in-ncorrect, inactive
ir-irregular, irrevocable
(2)Last year a journalist had been instructed by a well-known magazine to write an article on the president’s palace in a new African republic.1)had been instructed---过去完成时的被动语态。一般而言，过去完成时都会出现一个过去的动作，该动作发生在过去完成时之前。
He said he had visited there many times.2)well-known 有名的，近义词有famous, noted, notable, prestigious.well-known的构成是一个adj+v-ed, 即形容词+过去分词，又构成一个复合形容词，如： well-educatedadj.受过良好教育的well-behavedadj.很乖的；行为端正的；彬彬有礼的well-dressedadj.穿着漂亮的，考究的还有n+v-ed，即名词+过去分词，也可以构成一个符合形容词，如：
man-madeadj.人工制造的state-ownedadj.国有的heart-brokenadj.伤心的，心碎的3)write an article on--, on 表示关于，相当于about
(3)When the article arrived, the editor read the first sentence and then refused to publish it.1)Refusev.拒绝。refuse的近义词有reject, decline
refuse语气较重，指态度坚决，肯定无疑的拒绝
reject多指由于某物某事某行为不能让人满意而被当面直截了当地拒绝。
decline指婉言谢绝他人的帮助或邀请等
(4)The article began: “Hundreds of steps lead to the high wall which surrounds the president’s palace.”
1)hundres of 数以百计的，可以衍生 thousands of, millions of，数以前计的，数以百万计的。
2)lead to 通向，导致
The road lowers.Smoking often3)surroundv.包围，围绕。N/adj.surrounding.周围，外围的环境/周围的，附近的The moon isby stars.The embassy was attacked and the buildings were damaged as well.(5)The editor at once sent the journalist a fax instructing him to find out the exact number of steps and the height of the wall.1)a fax instructing him to---, instructing在这里做状语。
He sent me a short message 2)find out 找出，查明，必须费一番努力。
(6)The journalist immediately set out to obtain these important facts, but he took a long time to send them.1)set out 动身，出发
We lived there for the night and set out to do sth 开始着手做某事
The government hasto make many needed reforms.set about doing sth 开始做某事
After the earthquake, the people 2)take表示花费时间时，有以下几种用法：
a.主语为人，如: Tom took about three hours to finishing a day’s work.b.主语为行为，如：Painting the room took me all week.c.主语为先行词，如：It took her three weeks to get the visa.(7)He sent yet another fax informing the journalist that if he did not reply soon he would be fired.1)another 再，又 Do you wantice cream?
2)Informing that 在这里作状语
3)firev.开除，解雇。近义词有dismiss
(8)When the journalist again failed to reply, the editor reluctantly published the articale as it had originally been written.1)fail两对词语辨析fail to do sth 和 fail in doing sth
fail to do sth没有做或没有做成某事。He promised to write me a letter, but heso. fail in doing sth 做某事失败了。Jim
2)reluctantlyadv.不情愿地，类似unwillingly
reluctantadj.She wasto admit she was wrong
3)as it had originally been writtenas引导的是一个方式状语从句, 表示按照原先写地样式。
He operated the machine Jim Smith treated his component
(9)Not only had the poor man been arrested, but he had been sent to prison as well.1)not only 位于句首，必须采用倒装形式。否定副词位于句首，要倒装。常用的否定副词：never, seldom, rarely, little, hardly, scarcely, nowhere, no soonerhave I read such stories.我从来没有读过这样的小说。can he find the book he wants.无论在哪儿他都找不到他想要的那本书。did I think it possible.我并不认为这是可能的。
2)含有only 的状语位于句首，句子要倒装.ea mistake.只有到那个时候，他才认识到自己犯了个错误。eal more informationhas been obtained will it be possible to plana trip.只有获得比较多的信息之后，才有可能计划去旅行。
3)还有not 的副词短语位于句首，要倒装。
not for a moment, not in the least , not for an instant, not untilis he interested in Englshliterature.他对英国文学一点都不感兴趣。4)含有no 的短语位于句首，句子要倒装。
at no time, in no way, in no sence, by no means, in no case, on no account, on no condition , under no circumstances.‘绝不’can we accpet the check.无论如何我们不能接受这笔钱。eave the baby in the house.你无论如何也不能把婴儿留在房间里。
5)so, such 位于句首，句子也要倒装。oes he work that he often forgets to eat and sleep.(10)However, he had at last been allowed to send a fax in which he informed the editor that he had been arrested while counting the 1084 steps leading to the fifteen-footh wall which surrounded the president’s palace.1)allow sb to do sth/sb be allowed to do sth
2)in which 定语从句先行词前加介词
The girl ____ you talked at the meeting is a college students.A.to whom B.for which C.for whom D.on whom
The film ____ I fell asleep was very boring.A.in which B.for which C.on that D.during which
The places ____ you took me last time was very beautiful.A.that.B.to which C.which.D.to that
In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person____ she could turn for help.A.that B.whom C.from whom D.to whom
The English play ____ many students acted at the New Year’s party was a
great success.A.for which B.at which C.in which D.on which
The naughty boy made a hole in the wall, ____ he could see what was
happening inside the house.A.in which B.through which C.on that D.by which
The prize ____ he worked so hard was a new bike.A.thatB.at which C.on which D.for which
This is the train ____ he went to Shanghai.A.by which B.by that C.whose D.where
There are altogether eleven books on the shelf, ____ five are mine.A.on which B.in which C.of which D.from which
He has got a gold pen ____ he spent 100 dollars.A.on which B.for which C.on that D.that
The school themselves admit that not all the children will be successful in
the jobs ____ they are being trained.A.in that B.for that C.in which D.for which
The magazine ____ Betty paid one dollar was very good.A.that B.which C.for which D.to which
3)informv.通知 inform sb of sth/inform that
Please dress.I'm happy to you have been promoted to captain.4)while 当---时候，一般从句动词和主句动词动作几乎同时发生，且while后一般跟进行时。Don’t look at the cellphone walking.
第五篇：新概念3讲义5
Lesson 5, the facts 确切数字
Editor 编辑 proofreader 校对人
Editor in chief 总编辑，senior editor 高级编辑
The secretary general of the UN 联合国秘书长
中共中央总书记 the general sectary of the central committee of the CPC
Collate（examine and compare(two books, manuscripts, etc)in order to find the differences between them）校对，核对(书，底稿)collate a new edition with an earlier one 将新版本与旧版本进行核对
Extreme 极端（feeling, condition, etc as far apart or as different from another as possible）极端不同的感情，状况等 the extreme of misery and bliss 悲惨与极乐天壤之别的境遇go to the opposite extreme 走向另外一个极端
(经常贬义 of people or opinions)far from moderate)（人和意见）偏激的，极端的 hold extreme views,the extreme left 极左
Radical(drastic)激烈的，激进的a radical politician, thinker, writer 思想激进的政治家，思想家，作家 be radical in demands 要求非常偏激
Radical = extremist 激进分子
Bigoted [bɪgətɪd] ~~stubborn偏执的，顽固的，心胸狭窄的 a bigoted person偏执的人 hold outrageously bigoted viewpoint持有异常偏执的观点
Statistics 统计数字
Census 人口普查，人口统计
data 数据(可数，不可数)>figure(s)数据（可数）
公安部2006年发表的数据显示超过800人贪污金额约700亿人民币逃离了国门，这些人中仍然有500多人逍遥法外。但是专家称实际数字要大得多（embezzle 贪污embezzle the disaster-relief fund贪污救灾款项 poverty-relief fund 扶贫款项）
Ministry of Public Security figures released in 2006 show more than 800 people accused of embezzling about 70 billion yuan($10.26 billion)had fled abroad, and 500 of them were still at large.But experts say the actual number is much higher.(release 发布，释放+ the prisoners, the news, the pressure;relieve 缓减，减轻 + the pain/pressure- the school burden relief effort减负工程)
Impatient 不耐烦的，没耐心的Fretful(irritable or complaining, esp because unhappy or worried)烦躁的，发牢骚的（尤指因为不愉快或烦恼）a fretful child 烦躁的孩子
Indignant（angry or scornful, esp at injustice or because of undeserved blame）愤慨的，愤怒的（对不公正的，或冤屈的）she was most indignant with me when I suggested she might try a little harder 我建议她不妨再努力些，她竟大为恼火He was terribly indignant at what he saw as false accusations。他认为那些指责皆不属实，非常气愤
A large number of First Class passengers have gathered near the staircase.They are getting indignant about the confusion
很多头等舱的乘客聚集在楼梯边，他们对这慌乱的场面愤愤不平
Original 1，（existing from the beginning, first or earliest）原始的，最初的；最早的 the original inhabitants of
this land 这块土地上最早的居民 the original plan 原来的那个计划 2，（褒义 newly created or formed, fresh）新创的，新颖的，an original idea 创见 highly original designs 独树一帜的设计
Aboriginal 土著的(尤指殖民者到来之前的)aboriginal inhabitants // plants土著居民，土生植物
Novel（褒义）(new and strange, of a kind not known before)新奇的，新颖的，a novel idea, fashion, design新的观念，风尚，设计
Follow suit 照样学follow the trend 跟风（跟随潮流）follow the herd 跟风（坏的，盲目的）Don’t follow the herd , but follow your heart 不要盲目跟随，要问问你的心。
The text
Action speaks louder than words空说不如行动
Facts speak louder than words 事实胜于雄辩
Editors of newspapers and magazines often go to extremes to provide their readers with unimportant facts and statistics 报刊杂志的编辑常常为了向读者提供一些无关紧要的事实和统计数字而走极端
1，unimportant facts= //irrelevant//insignificant facts无关紧要的信息
2，一些小报为了吸引读者经常会走极端。他们会使用骇人听闻的标题或者编造荒唐的消息
Some tabloids often go to extremes to attract readers by using sensational headings or fabricating ridiculous news
Last year, a journalist had been instructed by a well-known magazine to write an article 去年一位记者受到一家有名杂志的委托写一篇文章
be instructed to do 受到指示做某事
commission sb to do sth 委托做某事（要付钱的）commission an agency to sell the house 委托中介卖掉房子 commission a statue of his wife 请人雕了妻子的像
Entrust A to B/ B with A(trust sb to take charge of sth/sb)委托某人负责某事物，照看某人 entrust an assistant with a task// a secret plan 将一项工作/秘密计划交给助手entrust the children to my care 托我照看孩子 be entrusted with the responsibility of doing sth 负有/委托有某种责任的人
Begin with 以---开头
我们一开始定15年，合作期满了之后，我们再延长
We may begin with 15 years and after the contract expires, we may extend it/renew it.我要向大家讲话，请允许我首先向诸位表达节日的问候和衷心的感谢
Begin my speech with festive greetings and heart-felt thanks.The editor at once sent the journalist a fax instructing him to find out the exact number of steps and the height of the wall.编辑立刻给那位记者发区传真，要去他核实一下台阶的确切数字和围墙的高度
1, send sb a fax instructing him to do sth 发给某人一个传真要他做某事
他又再次发了一份传真通知那位记者He sent yet another fax informing the journalist that---
收到一封信，上面写着 receive a letter saying----
2, the height of the wall 墙的高度 have the proper height and ability for basketball 有打篮球的身高和本事
1）depth
发现广袤海洋深处不为人知的神奇
Discover the hidden wonders in the depth（s）of the vast ocean
也许只有悲剧方能触动人类心灵深处的那根弦
Maybe only tragedies can touch the heart-strings of us humans in depth
大海深度从700米到10000米不等
The deep sea varies in depth from 700 m to more than 10000 m.2）measure 的妙用
石狮子重5吨，高三米
The stone lion measures 5 tons in weight and 3 meters in height.东方明珠塔最大的球体直径达30米
The biggest sphere of the Oriental Pearl Tower measures 30 meters in diameter.美国大陆从大西洋沿岸到太平洋海岸的距离为4500公里，从加拿大到墨西哥的距离为2575公里。
The continental United States measures/extends/stretches 4500 kilometers from its Atlantic to Pacific coasts, 2575 kilometers from Canada to Mexico
Meanwhile, the editor was getting impatient, for the magazine would soon go to press.在此期间，编辑等得不耐烦了，因为杂志马上了
1，meanwhile = in the meantime 在此期间，用进行时态表明逐渐的过程
国会里，要求总统签署京都议定书的压力正在逐渐增加，因为全球目光都集中在美国这个二氧化碳排放最大的国家身上
In the congress, pressure was building for the president to sign the Kyoto Protocol, for the whole world was
looking at America, the biggest carbon-dioxide producer.（导致二氧化碳排放量的增加human activities have resulted in rising levels of carbon dioxide emission）
2, go to press 付印，交付印刷
Not only had the poor man been arrested, but he had been sent to prison as well.这个可怜人不仅被逮捕了，而且还坐牢了。
1，Not only 引导的倒装
我不仅错失了爱情，也毁了事业。（gold-digger掘金者）
Not only did I let slip my love, but also I ruined my career.(let sth slip让什么滑走，溜走 let slip an opportunity 让机会溜走 seize the opportunity
Feel the wind slipping between the fingers感觉风从指缝间穿过)
不仅这些贪污腐败官员依然逍遥法外，而且已经开始在异国他乡享受不义之财，过着滋润的生活了。(Bribe-taking officials 收受贿赂的官员)
Not only are those corrupt officials still at large，but also they are already beginning to live richly off their ill-gotten gains in a foreign land(live richly off the inherited fortune依靠继承的财产过着滋润的生活)2，be sent to prison 被关进监狱be jailed 被关进牢房
sentence sb to---years in prison 判某人多少年牢狱之刑
find sb guilty 判某人有罪 be convicted on three counts 被判三项罪
hold sb accountable = bring sb to justice 将某人绳之以法
那些致污者和致黄者要负有法律责任，并且对自己的行为感到羞愧
Those polluters and pornographers should be held accountable for and be made to feel ashamed of what they do justice has prevailed 正义得到伸张 Justice has long arms 天网恢恢，疏而不漏。
be arrested while counting the 1084 steps leading to the fifteen-foot wall which surrounded the president’s palace.在数通向15英尺高的总统府围墙的1084级台阶时，被抓了起来
1，do A while doing B 在做某事（B）的时候做了某事（A）
Find an ancient temple while exploring in the dark jungles 在密林中探索的时候发现了一个古庙
2，the 1084 steps leading to the fifteen-foot wall 通向15英尺高的围墙的1084级台阶
The road（leading）to development发展之路 a secret path（leading）to the top of the mountain 通向山顶的一条秘密小径
Keep sb to the narrow and straight path 让某人循规蹈矩
Get sb back onto the right track 让某人浪子回头
我们现在正迈步在一条康庄大道上，这条道路不同于你们走过的，但是目标却一样
We are now marching forward on a road to great prosperity, a road totally different from yours but leading to the same goal.A well-to-do society小康社会a society of moderate wealth
A society of great prosperity大康社会 a society of great affluence
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