第一篇:初一英语语法知识小结
[第一类] 名词类
专有名词与普通名词
名词按其意义可分为专有名词(proper noun)和普通名词(common noun)。
普通名词又可分为类名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词。
1.专有名词:是个别人、地以及专门机构或团体的名称。
如:New York纽约 Clinton克林顿
2.类名词:是一类人或物的个体的名称。
如:piano钢琴,doctor医生,ship舰船
3.集体名词:是一些人或物的总称,作主语时可用复形谓语动词。
如:family家庭,army军队
4.物质名词: 是无法分为个体的实物。
如:sugar糖,tea茶,air空气
5.抽象名词: 是动作、状态、品质等抽象概念的名称。
如:work工作,honesty诚实,courage勇气
注:名词按其可数性分为可数名词(countable nouns)和不可数名词(uncountable nouns)。类名词皆可数,集体名词大都可数,专有名词、物质名词和抽象名词多不可数。
名词的复数形式
1.规则变化:
1)一般加-s
如:map------maps地图 field------fields田地 2)以s, x, sh, ch 结尾的名词后加-es 如:class---classes班,box---boxes盒子 dish---dishes盘子,match---matches比赛 3)以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词,变为-ves
如:leaf---leaves叶 thief---thieves贼(注:下列词例外 :roofs屋顶,gulfs海湾, belief信仰,信条)
4)以辅音字母 y 结尾,变y为i,再加-es
如:party---parties党 factory---factories工厂(注:元音字母 y 结尾直接加-s: boys男孩 rays光线)
5)以辅音字母 o 结尾,一般加-es
如:potato---potatoes 马铃薯 hero---heroes 英雄(注:某些外来词 以及以元音字母 o结尾的名词,直接加-s: pianos钢琴,photos照片,kilos公斤;radios收音机
2.不规则变化
1)变内部元音。
如: foot---feet脚 man---men 男人 tooth-teeth 牙齿 mouse---mice老鼠
2)词尾加-en
如: child---children小孩 ox---oxen公牛
3)形式不变(即单复数一致)
如: deer----deer 鹿 fish---fish 鱼 sheep---sheep羊
复合名词的复数形式
由一个简单名词加一个或一个以上的词构成的名词叫复合名词(compound noun)。复合名词变复数时,有以下三种情况:
1.把最后一个构成部分变为复数形式,如: housewife → housewives家庭主妇 film-goer → film-goers爱看电影的人 gentleman → gentlemen先生 schoolroom → schoolrooms教室
2.将主要成分变为复数形式,如: looker-on → lookers-on旁观者 sister-in-law → sisters-in-law嫂子;弟媳 passer-by → passers-by过路人 bride-to-be → brides-to-be即将做新娘的人
3.将两个组成部分皆变为复数,这种复合名词第一个名词必须是man或woman,如: man doctor → men doctors男医生 woman teacher → women teachers女教师 man cook → men cooks男厨师 woman singer → women singers女歌手 名词的语法功能 名词在句子中可以用作:
1.主语
The boy opened the door.那个男孩把门打开了。
2.宾语 分为动宾和介宾两种:
I saw the boy.我看到那个男孩。(boy 作动词saw的宾语)Give the money to your brother.把这些钱给你兄弟。(brother 作介词to的宾语)
3.表语 He is a clever boy.他是个聪明的孩子。
4.宾语补足语 They called him a fool.他们叫他傻瓜。
5.定语 Is it a colour film? 是彩色影片吗?
6.同位语 This is my friend John.7.主语补足语 He is considered a good officer.他被认为是个好官员。
名词所有格
名词如要表示与后面名词的所有关系,通常用名词所有格的形式,意为“„„的”。一般有以下几种形式:
(1).一般情况下在词尾加“'s”。例如:
Kate's father Kate的爸爸
my mother's friend 我妈妈的朋友
(2).如果复数名词以s结尾,只加“'”。例如:
Teachers' Day 教师节
The boys' game 男孩们的游戏
(3).如果复数名词不以s结尾,仍加“'s”。例如:
Children's Day 儿童节
Women's Day 妇女节
(4).表示两个或几个共有时,所有格应加在后一个名词上。例如:
Lucy and Lily's room Lucy 和Lily的房间
Kate and Jim's father Kate 和Jim的爸爸
动物和无生命事物的名词的所有格一般不在词尾加“'s”,而常常用介词of的短语来表示。
a map of China 一幅中国地图
the name of her cat 她的猫的名字
a picture of my family 我的家庭的一张照片
the door of the bedroom 卧室的门
【练习题】
1.写出下列名词的复数:
tooth牙齿), goose(鹅), table(桌子), man driver(男司机),potato(土豆)piano(钢琴), sheep(羊), mouse(鼠), loaf(面包), glass(玻璃杯)2.找出下列句子中的错误并改正:
1)This is a pair of trouser.这是一条裤子。
2)He gave me some advices.他给了我一些忠告。
3)She went to the library with two ladies friends.她和两位女伴一起去图书馆。4)The police is looking for him.警察在找他。参考答案:
1.teeth, geese, tables, men drivers, potatoes, pianos, sheep, mice ,loaves, glasses.2.1)trouser 不对。trousers 总是复数 2)advises 不对。advice 是一个不可数名词,不能加-s.3)应是lady friends.lady 和woman不同,它的复合名词变复数时,只变它后面的名词。4)police 总是复数,因此要把 is 改为are.实例
1.这些女老师们在干什么?
[误] What are the woman teachers doing?
[正] What are the women teachers doing?
[析] 在英语中,当一名词作定语修饰另一名词(单或复数形式)时,作定语的名词一般要用其单数形式;但当man,woman作定语修饰可数名词复数形式时,要用其复数形式men,women.2.房间里有多少人?
[误] How many peoples are there in the room?
[正] How many people are there in the room?
[析] people作“人、人们”解时,是个集合名词,其单复数同形。
3.我想为我儿子买两瓶牛奶。
[误] I want to buy two bottle of milk for my son.[正] I want to buy two bottles of milk for my son.[析] 表示不可数名词的数量时,常用“a / an或数词 +表量的可数名词 + of + 不可数名词”这一结构,其中当数词大于1时,表量的可数名词要用其复数形式。
[第二类] 动词类
动词可以按照含义及它们在句中的作用分成四类,即行为动词(也称实义动词)、连系动词、助动词和情态动词。
(一)行为动词
行为动词(实义动词)是表示行为、动作或状态的词。它的词义完整,可以单独作谓语。例如:
I live in Beijing with my mother.(我和我妈妈住在北京。)live,住
It has a round face.(它有一张圆脸。)has,有
在谓语中,助动词一般无词义,帮助动词构成谓语,表示时态,语态或构成疑问句及否定式。
连系动词
连系动词是表示主语“是什么”或“怎么样”的词,它虽有词义,但不完整,所以不能单独作谓语,必须跟表语一起构成合成谓语,例如:
We are in Grade Two this year.(今年我们在两年级。)are,是
are 这个词的词义“是”在句子中常常不译出。
连系动词可具体分为三类:
1、表示“是”的动词be。这个词在不同的主语后面和不同的时态中有不同的形式,is,am,are,was,were,have/has been等要特别予以注意。例如: He is a teacher.(他是个教师。)
He was a soldier two years ago.(两年前他是个士兵。)
We are Chinese.(我们是中国人。)
2、表示“感觉”的词,如look(看起来),feel(觉得,摸起来),smell(闻起来),sound(听起来),taste(尝起来)等,例如:
She looked tired.(她看一去很疲劳。)
I feel ill.(我觉得不舒服。)
Cotton feels soft.(棉花摸起来很软。)
The story sounds interesting.(这个故事听起来很有趣。)
The flowers smell sweet.(这些花闻起来很香。)
The mixture tasted horrible.(这药水太难喝了。)
3、表示“变”、“变成”的意思的词,如become, get, grow, turn, 都解释为“变”、“变得”,例如:
She became a college student.(她成了一名大学生。)
He feels sick.His face turns white.(他感到不舒服,他的脸色变苍白了。)
The weather gets warmer and the days get longer when spring comes.(春天来了,天气变得暖和些了,白天也变得较长些了。)
He grew old.(他老了。)
(三)助动词
这类词本身无词义,不能单独作谓语,只能与主要动词一起构成谓语,表示不同的时态、语态、表示句子的否定和疑问。
助动词的种类
1.be
有am, is , are, was, were, been, being等各种形式,表示进行世态,被动语态和复合谓语(和不定式连用,即be to do 表示“打算做„的意思)
be+现在分词,构成进行时态;be+过去分词,构成被动语态。
2.have
has, have, had, having主要构成完成时态。
“have/ has+过去分词”构成完成时态
3.shall(should), will(would)
可作助动词,构成将来时态,这时本身无意义;也可作情态动词,有一定意义。
“will/ shall +情态动词”构成将来时。
4.do
有do, does, did用来构成疑问句,否定句,加强语气,代替前面的动词避免重复。
“Do/ Does+主语+动词原形”构成一般现在时问句
“Did+主语+动词原形”构成一般过去时问句。
(四)情态动词
这类词本身虽有意义,但不完整。它们表示说话人的能力、说话人的语气或情态,如“可能”、“应当”等。这类动词有can, may, must, need, dare, could, might等。它们不能单独作谓语,必须与行为动词(原形)一起作谓语,表示完整的意思。
1.can 的用法
(1)can表示能力,“能,会”
如:I can speak Chinese, but I cannot write it very well.(2)表示“可能,能够” 如:I can finish it in an hour.(3)表示“许可,可以”常用在口语中
如:You can use my bike.can与be able to
can有现在时和过去时,be able to可用于各种时态。can表能力时,可用be able to代替。
2.may的用法
(1)表示“请求,许可”(比can正式)
如:May I use your dictionary?(2)表示推测,“可能,或许”(谈论可能性,一般用于肯定句)
如: I may go to the market next Monday.3.must的用法
(1)表示“必须,应该,应当”
如:You must stay here until I come back.注意:must 否定式mustn’t, 表示“一定不要”,“禁止”“不许”之意。
回答must问句时,肯定回答用must,否定回答要用needn’t.如: Must we leave so soon?
Yes, we must.No, we needn’t.(2)表示有把握的判断或推测,“一定,准是”,一般用在肯定句中。
注意:它的反意疑问句的构成形式。当must表示肯定的判断,推测,其反意疑问句要用实际问句的助动词来构成。
如:She must have finished writing, hasn’t she?
She must have finished writing last week, didn’t she?
(3)在“You must „” 句中,此句与祈使句意思相同。
如:You must come here early.=Come here, early!must与have to
must侧重个人意志和主观上的必要。
have to 侧重于客观上的必要,用于过去时,将来时,但must可以用在间接引语中,表示过去的必要或义务。
3.can, may, must的否定形式
can/may/must+not+v
4.can, may, must的疑问句
Can/ May/ Must +主语+v
对may引出的疑问句,回答可以用下列的形式回答:
(1)Yes, of course.(2)Yes, certainly.(3)Sure.(4)No, you mustn’t
(5)No, you cann’t.5.will, shall的用法
1)will 在一般疑问句中表示客气的“请求”。
对Will you „? 的回答有以下方式:
(1)Yes, I will.(2)Sure.(3)All right.(4)Certainly.(5)Yes, please.2)shall引出的疑问句用于第一人称,表示征求对方的意见或表示客气的请求。如:Shall I show you my book?
Shall we sing the English song?
对Shall I(we)„的疑问句的回答方式:
(1)Yes, please(2)No, thank you.6.would和should的区别
1)would是will的过去式;should是shall的过去式;Would you „? Will you„? 表示客气的请求,劝说;Would you„? 更客气。
2)should+v 表示“应该”
7.have to的用法
have to 表示“不得不”“必须”。
注意:肯定式用 have to
has to + v
had to
否定式用 don’t
疑问式用
doesn’t+ have to+ v
didn’t
Does
Do+主语+ have to+ v„?
Did 8.used to的用法
used to表示“过去经常„”,表示过去经常发生的动作。
如:I used to be afraid of the dark.He used to wear a red coat.注意:used to do的疑问句和否定句形式。
如:Did you use to play football?
No, I didn’t.9.used to do, be used to doing与be used to do的区别
used to do表示过去常发生的动作,强调过去,只用于过去。be used to doing为“习惯做„”be
有各种时态,be used to do, 为“„被使用去做„”。
如:She is used to eating meat.He wasn’t used to eating in a restaurant.Knives are, used to cut things.4.你妹妹通常什么时候去上学?
[误] What time does your sister usually goes to school? [正] What time does your sister usually go to school?
[析] 借助助动词do(或does)构成疑问句或否定句时,句中的谓语动词用其原形。5.琳达晚上经常做作业,但今晚她在看电视。
[误] Linda often do her homework in the evening,but this evening she watching TV.[正] Linda often does her homework in the evening,but this evening she is watching TV.[析] 在初一英语学习阶段,我们接触到了两种主要时态:一般现在时和现在进行时。一般现在时表示经常的或习惯性的动作,常和often,usually,sometimes 等时间状语连用。在一般现在时的句子中,若主语是第三人称单数,谓语动词要用其第三人称单数形式。现在进行时表示现阶段正在进行或发生的动作,现在进行时由be(am / is / are)+ ving形式构成。6 这双鞋是红色的。
[误] This pair of shoes are red.[正] This pair of shoes is red.[析] 在shoes,trousers,gloves,glasses等表示成双成对的衣物或工具名词前用pair(表计量)修饰时,谓语动词的形式由pair的单复数形式来决定。
[第三类] 代词类
一.代词的种类: 人称代词,物主代词,反身代词,指示代词,不定代词,疑问代词,连接代词,关系代词和相互代词。
二.代词的用法
1.人称代词
1)表示你,我,他,她,它,我们,你们,他们的词叫人称代词。
主格
宾格
形容词性物主代词 名词性物主代词 反身代词
I me my mine myself
第一人称单复数 we us our ours ourselves 第二人称
单数 you you your yours yourself 复数 you you your yours yourselves 第三人称
单数 he him his his himself
she her her hers herself it it its its itself
复数 they them their theirs themselves 人称代词it的特殊用法:一般it指“它”,但在表示天气、时间、距离等时,用it来代替,此时的it并不译为“它”。
当三个人称代词(单数)同时出现时,其先后顺序为you,he,I。而复数一般采用we,you,they顺序。
2.物主代词
词义
单数
复数
类别
我的你的 他(她,它)的 我们的你们的 他们的形容词性
my your his, her, its
our
your their 名词性
mine yours his, hers, its
ours yours theirs 物主代词的用法:
形容词性物主代词后面一定要跟上一个名词, 只作定语,不作表语。
名词性物主代词可作主语、表语、宾语。
3.反身代词
1)反身代词的构成分两种:第一、二人称反身代词在形容词性物主代词后加上self或selves,第三人称的反身代词在宾格代词后加上self或selves.
2)反身代词的用法:一种是作宾语,由主语发出的动作又回到动作者本身。如:I enjoyed myself at the party.另一种是作名词或代词的同位语;用来加强语气。如:I can do it myself.
3)初中阶段由反身代词构成的常用词组有:enjoy oneself,help oneself to,learn by oneself,teach oneself,(all)by oneself,leave...by oneself,lose oneself in等,在运用反身代词时,应注意它在数、性别上与哪一个保持一致。试比较:
“Help yourselves to some fish,Tom and Mike.”与I can’t leave the girl by herself.
4.指示代词
指示代词的常用用法:1)this/ these 通常指空间上和时间上较近的人或物,而that/ those 则指较远的人或物。
指示代词的特殊用法:
(1)为了避免重复,可用that,those代替前面提到过的名词,但是this,these不可以。
(2)this,that有时可代替句子或句子中的一部分。
5.不定代词
主要不定代词的用法:
(1)one的用法
A.one作为代词可以指人,也可以指物。
B.one,ones(one的复数形式)可用来代替前面出现过的少数名词,以避免重复。
C.one的前面可用this,that,the,which等词来修饰。
D.常有a+形容词+one这一形式。
it和one的用法区别:it用来指特定的东西,而one则用于替代不特定的东西。
(2)some和any的用法区别
A.some,any可与单、复数可数名词和不可数名词连用。some一般用于肯定句,any一般用于否定句,疑问句和条件句中。
B.some,any与—thing,—body,—one构成的合成词的用法与some,any一样。
C.在疑问句中,一般不用some,只有当问句表示一种邀请或者请求,或期待一个肯定的回答时才能用some。
D.some在否定句中表示半否定,any表示全否定。
E.some用于单数可数名词前,表示“某个”而不是“一些”。
(3)other,another的用法
数
种类
单数
复数
泛指
another=an other other(boys)others 特指
the other the other(boys)
the others 功能
作主语、宾语、定语
作定语 作主语、宾语
A.another=another“另一个”,泛指众多者中的另一个,在原有基础上自然增加的另一个。一般后面接单数名词,前面不能加定冠词。有时another可以用在复数名词前表示“又”“再”,如:
I want to have another two cakes.我想再吃两个蛋糕。
B.the other表示两个中的另一个,常与one连用。常见形式是“one...the other...”。
C.other+复数名词=others
D.the other+复数名词=the others(4)a11、both的用法
both表示“两者都„„”,而a11表示“三个或三个以上的人或物都„„”。
a11、both在句中放在be动词,情态动词及助动词之后,放在实义动词之前。
(5)each和every的用法
A.each用来指两个或两个以上的人或物中的一个。every则指两个以上的人或物中的一个。
B.从含义和语法功能上看,each是“单个”的意思,侧重个体,在句中可作主语、同位语、定语和宾语。而every是“每一个”之意,侧重全体、整体、共性。在句中只能作定语,也就是说它后面必须跟着名词。而由every构成的合成词后面绝不能跟名词。
(6)either,neither,both的用法
either:指两者中的任意一个。作主语谓语用单数。
neither:指两者都不,全否定。作主语谓语用单数。
both:指两者都。作主语谓语用复数。
(7)many和much
many只能和复数可数名词连用。
much只能和不可数名词连用。
注意:
a lot of/lots of / plenty of=much/many a large/great number of=many a great/good deal of=much
(8)few,a few,little,a little few,little表示否定含义,“很少”“几乎没有”;a few,a little表示肯定含义,有一些”。few,a few用在可数名词前,little,a little用在不可数名词前。
含义
肯定
否定
用法
修饰可数名词
a few
few 修饰不可数名词
a little
little(9)none, neither
none表示三者或三者以上全否定;而neither表示两者全否定意义。
(10)either, neither
a)either指两者中的任何一个,在句中作主语,宾语和定语。
b)neither指两者中没有一个,全否定,意为两者都不,在句中作主语,宾语和定语。
作主语时,谓语用单数。l
l 一般与单数名词连用,谓语动词用单数。
l either„or 和neither„nor作并列连词时,可与复数名词连用,也可与单数名词连用,还可连接其他词。
l neither可用于下列句型,以免重复,表示否定意义,这时也可以用nor
She can’t speak Japanese.Neither can he.= He can’t speak Japanese, either..(11)none, no one
none指人,物都可以,no one只指人
none可单独使用,也可与of连用,而no one 不与of 连用
none强调数量,no one不强调数
none作主语谓语动词用单,复数都可以,但常用复数形式,而no one只能
用单数谓语动词。
(12)none,no
none三者或三者以上“都不”
none 作主语时,多与of构成短语,谓语动词单,复数都可以,如果表语是名词时,名词用单数,谓语动词就用单数;名词用复数,谓语动词就可以用复数。
none of 也可不作主语。
no只作定语。
(13)either, any
l either表示“两者中任何一个”之意;any 表示“三者”或“三者”以上中的“每一个” “任何一个”之意。
(14)it, that, one
it用来代替人和物,指可数名词单数或不可数名词。它代替的人或物就是被替代的名词本身,也就是上面提到的人或物本身。l
l that用来替代特定的可数名词或不可数名词,避免重复,当后面有of 或in 短语时,前面替代词一般用that替代单数或不可数名词,用those替代可数名词复数。
one是替代名词,指同类中的一个,不是特定的,相当于a(an)+名词。l 物主代词
★ 物主代词是表示所有关系的代词,即人称代词的属格,表示“所有”。它可分为两类,即:形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。它和人称代词一样也可分为第一人称,第二人称和第三人称,每个人称分单复数形式。如下表所示:
★ 形容词性物主代词相当于形容词,可放在名词前修饰名词。如:
① David is playing with his dog.戴维正和他的狗玩。② Mary lost her purse.玛丽丢了钱包。
③ I must thank you for your help.我必须谢谢你的帮助。
★ 名词性物主代词相当于名词,其形式取决于它们所指代的名词或代词。如:
① That isn’t my bike.Mine is blue one.那不是我的自行车,我的是蓝色的。
② Their English teacher is older than ours.他们的英语老师比我们的年纪大。
③ We should tell yours from his.我们应该把你的东西和他们的区别开来。
★ 形容词性物主代词具有形容词性,通常被用作定语;有时为了强调事物的所属关系与形容词own连用。如:
① He will do his work well.他会把他的工作做好。
② She turned away her eyes.她移开了视线。
③ Their apples are the biggest of all.他们的苹果是最大的。
④ Mind your own business!不关你的事。
⑤ He has his own car.他自己有车。
★ 名词性物主代词具有名词的特性,在句子中可以用作主语、宾语以及表语等等。如:
① This is your glasses.Mine is on my nose.(作主语)
这是你的眼镜。我的正戴在我的鼻子上。
② Hers is the most wonderful idea.(作主语)
她的主意是最好的。
③ My pen is broken.Could you lend me yours?(作动词宾语)
我的钢笔坏了。你能把你的借给我吗?
④ Her son is very naughty, but both of yours are very good.(作介词宾语)
他的儿子很顽皮,但是你的两个孩子都很乖。
⑤ Hey, what are you doing? The car is mine.(作表语)
喂,你们在干什么?那车是我的。
另外,名词性物主代词有时还可以和of连用构成双重属格。如:
① He is friend of mine.他是我的一个朋友。
② Look at that big bed nose of his.看他的大红鼻子。(含有感情色彩)练习:
一.用适当的代词填空
1.I make ______(they, their, theirs, them)for workers.2.The factory is very near ______(I , my, me, mine)house.3.What does ______(Mr Green, Mr Green’s)do?
4.I want to buy ______(some, any)food for supper this evening.5.Sorry, you can’t have ______(some, any)eggs.6.It sells _____(lot of, much, a lot of)things.7.In the evening, I do ______(your, my, his, her)homework.8.How _____(much, many)does it cost?
9.He has a new book, I have ______(it, one, that), too.10.Mother bought many oranges and gave the children two ______(every, each, either).11.---Can you come next Monday or Tuesday?
---____(Either, Neither, Each, Both)day is OK.12.---How many pandas did you see?
---_____(No one, None, Not many).13.______(I, you and he, You, he and I)are good friends.二.单项选择
1.He asked three men Bob, Joe, and ______ to be ready.A.I
B.herself
C.me
D.himself 2.______ have known each other for ten years.A.He and I B.I and He C.He and you D.I and you
3.Listen to ______ sister!
A.she and she’s B.she and her C.her and she D.her and her 4.You’ve dropped your pencil.______.A.Pick up it B.Pick it up C.Take up it D.Bring it up 5.She is as tall as ____.A.him B.her C.himself D.she
6.What’s that girl? ________.A.It’s a student B.She’s student C.She’s a student D.She’s a student girl 7.Jack gave _______.A.to her the flowers B.the flowers to hers C.her the flowers D.hers the flowers 8.Their parents are ________ teachers.A.both
B.all
C.either
D.neither
9.This room is ________ in the building.A.bigger than any other one
B.biggest than any other one
C.bigger than any one
D.the biggest than any other one
10.I have four brothers.One is in Shanghai, but _______ are in Shenyang.A.another B.other C.the other D.the others 三.中考真题测试
1.My cousin is very busy with his work.He has ______ time to read newspaper.(2005年北京)
A.little B.few C.a little D.a few
2.— Is this pen yours?
— No, it’s not _______.It’s Elsa’s.(2005年北京)
A.I B.me C.my D.mine
3.My sister is a clerk.______ works in a bank near here.(2005年北京海淀)
A.She B.He C.I D.You
4.— _______ is your favorite sportsman?(2005年北京海淀)
— Liu Xiang.A.How B.When C.Who D.Which
5.I like to live in a house _______ is big and bright.(2005年北京海淀)
A.that B.who C.how D.why
6.When Yang Liwei came back from space, many reporters interviewed ______
and got some first-hand information.(2005年上海)
A.that B.who C.how D.why
7.Liu Xiang and Yao Ming are world-famous sports stars.______ of them have set a good example to us.A.All B.Neither C.Both D.None 8.I haven’t checked my emails today, because there’s ______ wrong with my
computer.(2005年沈阳)
A.something B.anything C.everything D.nothing
9.I’m sure I can improve _______ in spoken English in two years’ time.(2005年大连)
A.myself B.ourselves C.himself D.themselves
10.There are two new buildings near the sea, and ______ of them are very tall.(2005年大连)
A.none B.all C.neither D.both
11.—Paul, do you know the man standing at the door?(2005年吉林)
—Yes, he is one of _______ friends.A.I B.me C.my D.mine
12.The pears in my basket are smaller than _______ in Jim’s.(2005年黑龙江)
A.it B.that C.ones D.those
13.It was a long jouney, but ______ of them four felt boring.(2005年黑龙江)
A.neither B.both C.none D.all
14.—Dear me!What a wonderful computer!(2005年黑龙江)
—My grandpa bought it for my sister and me.It’s ______.A.mine B.hers C.theirs D.ours
15.Mary is thirty.Give ______ some orange, please.(2005年济南)
A.his B.her C.hers D.yours
16.—Would you like to go watch TV or listen to the music?(2005年济南)
— _______.I’m busy with my work.Thank you.A.Both B.None C.Either D.Neither
17.Don’t worry.We have ______ time to do the job.(2005年济南)
A.enough B.few C.many D.little
18.—Sorry, I’m late.(2005年济南)
—_______ doesn’t matter this time.A.This B.That C.It D.One
19.—Excuse me, is there a repair shop near here for MP3?(2005年河南)
—Well, turn left at the crossing, then you will find _______.20.We’ve got two TV sets, but ______ works well.(2005年河北)
A.any B.both C.either D.neither 参考答案:
一.1.them 2.my 3.Mr Green 4.some 5.any
6.a lot of 7.my 8.much9.one 10.each
11.Either 12.None 13.You, he and I.二.1-5 CADBB 6-10 CCAAD
三.1-5 ADACA 6-10 BCAAD 11-15 CDCDB 16-20 DACDD
7.这张票是她的,不是我的。[误] This is hers ticket.It’s not my.[正] This is her ticket.It’s not mine.[析] 物主代词有形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词之分。形容词性物主代词之后一定要接名词,而名词性物主代词之后不需接任何词。8.吴老师教我们英语。
[误] Miss Wu teaches our English.[正] Miss Wu teaches us English.[析] teach sb.sth.中的sb.作teach的宾语,因此当sb.为人称代词时要用其宾格形式。
[第四类] 介词类
常用介词:in, on, under, behind, near, at, of 1).in表示”在„„中“,”在„„内“。例如:
in our class 在我们班上
in my bag 在我的书包里
in the desk 在桌子里
in the classroom 在教室里
2).on 表示”在„„上“。例如:
on the wall 在墙上
on the desk 在桌子上
on the blackboard 在黑板上
3).under表示”在„„下“。例如:
under the tree 在树下
under the chair 在椅子下
under the bed 在床下
4).behind表示”在„„后面“。例如:
9.你能找到这个问题的答案吗?
[误] Can you find the answer of this question?
[正] Can you find the answer to this question?
[析] 英语中用“the answer to „”表示“„„的答案”。类似结构还有the key to the door,the way to the zoo等。
10.格林先生星期六上午来这里。
[误] Mr Green will come here in Sunday evening.[正] Mr Green will come here on Sunday evening.[析] 表示在上午、下午等时,介词要用in;而表示在具体的某天上午、下午时,介词要用on.11.那个穿着红裙子的小女孩是我们老师的女儿。
[误] That little girl on a red skirt is our teacher’s daughter.[正] That little girl in a red skirt is our teacher’s daughter.[析] 用介词表示“穿戴衣物”时,只能用in,其他介词没有此用法。[第五类] 副词类
12.莉莉,你为什么不回家呢?
[误] Lily,why don’t you go to home?
[正] Lily,why don’t you go home?
[析] come,go 等后接here,there,home等地点副词时,地点副词前不加to。[第六类] 连词类
behind the door 在门后
behind the tree 在树后
5).near表示”在„„附近“。例如:
near the teacher's desk 在讲桌附近
near the bed 在床附近
6).at表示”在„„处“。例如:
at school 在学校
at home 在家
at the door 在门口
7).of 表示”„„的“。例如:
a picture of our classroom 我们教室的一幅画
a map of China 一张中国地图
13.我喜欢语文和英语,但我不喜欢体育和历史。
[误] I like Chinese and English,but I don’t like P.E.and history.[正] I like Chinese and English,but I don’t like P.E.or history.[析] 在肯定句中并列成分之间用and来连接;而在否定句中,并列成分之间的连接需用or。
[第七类]冠词 a / an / the: 冠词一般位于所限定的名词前,用来署名名词所指的人或事物。冠词有不定冠词和定冠词两种。不定冠词有两个形式,即a和an。a用在以辅音音素开头的词前,如a book;an用在以元音音素开头的字母前,如an apple.a或an与可数名词单数连用,泛指某类人或某物中的一个。
This is a cat.这是一只猫。
It's an English book.这是一本英语书。
His father is a worker.他的爸爸是个工人。
the既可以用在可数名词前,也可以用在不可数名词前,表示某个或某些特定的人或事物,也可以指上文提到过的人或事物。
Who's the boy in the hat? 戴帽子的男孩是谁呀?
------What can you see in the classroom?------I can see a bag.------Where's the bag?------It's on the desk.-------你能在教室里看到什么呀?
------我能看见一个书包。
------书包在哪呀?
------在桌子上。
特殊的词用法
1.some和any
①在肯定句中用some.例如:
There are some books on the desk.桌子上有一些书。
Lucy has some good books露西有一些好书。
②在疑问句和否定句中用any。例如:
Is there any ink in your pen?你的钢笔里有墨水吗?
Do you have any brothers and sisters?你有兄弟姐妹吗?
There isn't any water in the glass.杯子里没有水。
⑵记住它们的特殊用法。
①some亦可用于表示盼望得到对方肯定的答复或表示建议、委婉请求的疑问句中,这一点我们不久就会学到。例如:
Would you like to have some apples?你想吃苹果吗?
②any也可用于肯定句中,表示”任何的“。例如:
Any one of us can do this.我们当中任何一个都能做这个。
some 和any的用法是经常出现的考点
4.family family看作为一个整体时,意思是”家庭“,后面的谓语动词be用单数形式 is ;如把family看作为家庭成员时,应理解为复数,后面的谓语动词be应用are。
My family is a big family.我的家庭是个大家庭。
My family are all at home now.我的家人现在都在家。
Family强调由家人组成的一个集体或强调这个集体中的成员。home指个人出生、被抚养长大的环境和居住地点。house指”家“、”房屋“,侧重居住的建筑本身。
His family are all workers.他的家人都是工人。
My home is in Beijing.我的家在北京。
He isn't at home now.他现在不在家。
It's a picture of my family.这是一张我全家的照片。
2.little的用法
a little dog 一只小狗,a little boy 一个小男孩。little常用来修饰有生命的名词。
*但little还可表示否定意义,意为”少的“,加不可数名词。
There is little time.几乎没时间了。
There is little water in the cup.杯中水很少。
3.There be 的句子结构
There be是一个”存在“句型,表示”有“的意思,肯定句的形式为:There be + 名词(单数或复数)+地点状语或时间状语。
be动词单复数的确定,看be后边第一个名词,当所接主语为单数或不可数名词时,be动词形式为is;当所接主语为复数名词时,be动词为are;当be动词后接两个以上主语时,be动词与最临近主语保持数上的一致。意思为”某地有某人或某物“。如:
There is an eraser and two pens on the desk.桌子上有一块橡皮和两支钢笔。
There are two pens and an eraser on the desk.桌上有两支钢笔和一块橡皮。
(1)there be的否定句,即在be的后面加上not。
否定形式为:There be + not +(any)+ 名词+地点状语。
There is not any cat in the room.房间里没猫。
There aren't any books on the desk.桌子上没书。
(2)there be句型的疑问句就是将be提到句首:Be there +(any)+名词+地点状语?肯定回答:Yes, there is / are.否定回答:No, there isn't / aren't.---Is there a dog in the picture? 画上有一只狗吗?
---Yes, there is.有。
---Are there any boats in the river? 河里有船吗?
---No, there aren't.没有。
(3)特殊疑问句:How many...are there(+地点状语)?”某地有多少人或物?"回答用There be...There's one./ There are two / three / some...有时直接就用数字来回答。One./ Two...---How many students are there in the classroom? 教室里有多少学生?
---There's only one./ There are nine.只有一个。/有九个。
(4)如果名词是不可数名词,用:How much + 不可数名词 + is there + 地点状语?
How much water is there in the cup? 杯中有多少水?
How much food is there in the bowl? 碗里有多少食物?
第二篇:初一上册英语语法知识小结
初一上册英语语法小结
1.there be 句型 “有”指 “某地有某物”形式 :there is, there are 例:There is some food in the fridge。冰箱里有一些食物。
There are many books on the desk.桌上有许多书。
区分:there is 用于修饰单数名词和不可数名词,例如:a book , an egg, milk,ice-cream.......there are 用来修饰可数名词复数
如果要表达某处没有某物 则要用there be 句型的否定形式,即在there be 后加not ,即 there be not 形式:there is not(there isn't)there are not(there aren't)例: There isn't any milk in a glass。
There aren't any vegetables in the fridge.若表示是否有,则要用 there be 句型的疑问句 即把be 提前 Be there 形式 Is there , Are there 例:Is there any milk in the glass?
Are there any vegetables in the fridge? 注意:这里涉及some
any 的用法 some 用于肯定句中,any 用于否定句和疑问句中。但是在表示请求的
疑问句中,是想要得到肯定答复的,要用some。例:Would you
like
some milk? 对于there be 疑问句的回答:肯定:Yes,there isare.No,there isn'taren't.2.havehas got 有 指某人有某物 例:I have a dog.我有一只狗。
He has a sister and a brother.他有一个姐姐和一个弟弟。区分 :have has: have用来修饰第一人称和第二人称和第三人称复数(I,we,they)has用来修饰第三人称单数(she, he , it)
若表示某人没有某物,则要用否定形式,即在havehas got 后加not 即have not(haven't)got ,has not(hasn't)got.例:I
haven't
got a sister but i have a brother.She hasn't got
bright
eyes and long hairs.某人是否有某物则要用havehas got的疑问形式,HaveHas +sb.sth.+ got Have they
got
a picnic at
weekends? Has the dog got a host family?(寄宿家庭)
寄宿制家庭,就是留学生住在当地人家了,有提供伙食或不提供两种,房租较高,适合高中生去寄宿!
回答:肯定:Yes, i we they
have.Yes , she he it
has.否定:No , i we they haven't.No, she he it hasn't.注意:there be 和 have got 的区别 两者虽都指“有”,但侧重点不同。例:《1》There are some food in the fridge.<2>The fridge has got some food.虽然都是“冰箱里有食物”但(1)句侧重于食物,(2)句侧重于冰箱。3.be(am is are)用法:我用am 你用are,is连着她他它,单数用is,复数用are 例:I am a student.She is a beautiful girl.He is a child.It is a dog.You are my teacher.They are my friends,The boys all are England.be 的否定形式 直接加not 即 am not,are not , is not.例:I am not an English.I am Chinese.She isn't kind.They aren't my friends.疑问形式把be提前 即 be+ 主语......? 例:Is he your father?
Are they going to have a party? 回答:肯定:Yes, I am.Yes,she he it is.Yes , you we they
are.否定: No, I am not.No, she he it isn't.No , you we they aren't.be的句式,所用情况:
1》be + 形容词(adj.).例:I am very happy.2> be+ 名词(n.)
例:He is a boy.3> be + 介词短语
例:She is in the school.4> be+形容词短语 例: He is only 11 years old.5> be+ 副词
例:Class is over.4.情态动词 can
can 可以 能够,表示某人能做某事 用法:can+v.原 不能做某事,则用can 的否定形式:
cannot(can't)+v.原
can没有人称和数的变化,因此谁能(不能)做某事都能用can 若表示某人是否能做某事 则要用can 的疑问形式,即can+sb.„„?
例:I can speak Chinese.I can't speak English.Can you speak English? He can swim but he can't play football.Can she play the piano? 疑问句回答 :肯定:Yes, I she you he it they we can.否定:No, I she he it you we they
can't.注意:can 表示“能力”时,指现在的能力,并不指过去或将来的能力。5.情态动词would
想 主要用于 would you like to...句型中,表示邀请。例:Would you like to go to school with me ? 回答一般有两种形式:1 表示愿意:I'd like love to.2 拒绝:Sorry, 原因。注意:would like to 本身并不表示邀请,而是想要。例:I would like to some books.另外,表示邀请还能说:Let's......Shall we......What How about.......还要注意邀请时询问信息的表达方式:1)询问时间:When is...2)询问地点: Where is....6 行为动词的一般现在时(根据其在句中的功能,动词可分为四类:实义动词、系动词、助动词、情态动词。行为动词也叫实义动词,比如eat,sleep,行为动词后面只能副词修饰
系动词比如seem,be动词,可以用形容词,用法:
1.如果表示某人经常性或习惯性做某事,则要用行为动词的一般现在时 He goes to school every day.They eat dinner in the evening.2.若表示某人现在的动态,也可用一般现在时。I know him very well.我和他很熟。
He likes English very much.他非常喜欢英语。
若表示否定意义,若主语是第一人称或第二人称或第三人称复数,只要在谓语动词后加not,即do not(don't),若主语是第三人称单数,则要在谓语动词后加does not(doesn't)例:I don't go to school every day.She doesn't goes to the shop every day.You don' t sing vell well.若表示是否经常做某事 则要用疑问意义,将do does 提前即可 例:Do you
write a composition every day? 你每天写一篇作文吗?
Does it smell
good? 它闻起来很香吗?
注意:行为动词的一般现在时中涉及了频度副词,用法:用于行为动词之前,be动词之后
常见的频度副词有:often,always,usually,never, seldom,sometimes等 7.变法总结
名词变复数(1)一般在词尾加-s
例词:bags, vegetables,books(2)以s , x , ch , sh 结尾的加-es 例词: watches , boxes , buses,brushes(3)以o 结尾的加-es 例词:heroes 英雄 negroes 黑人 tomatoes 西红柿 potatoes 土豆
(4)以o 结尾的加-s 例词:zoos , zeros(5)以 辅音字母+y 结把y 变 i 加-es 例词:baby——babies,city——cities(6)以 f 或 fe 结尾,把f 或 fe变成-ves 例词: life——lives 第三人称单数变化形式和名词变复数变化形式相同。
第三篇:初一英语语法
初一的语法知识还是比较简单的。主要掌握几种时态 1,一般现在时 2,一般过去时 3,一般将来时 4,现在进行时 还有几种词 1,名词 2,代词 3,形容词 4,动词 5,冠词
初一英语语法总结--词法
(一)在学习初一英语语法时,要认真、细心,不要觉得一些地方不重要而得过且过。下面从几个方面,总结出了初一英语语法,如果要复习英语句法的同学,可以参考一下:
一、初一英语语法——词法
1、名词
A)、名词的数
我们知道名词可以分为可数名词和不可数名词,而不可数名词它没有复数形式,但可数名词却有单数和复数之分,复数的构成如下:
一)在后面加s。如:fathers, books, Americans, Germans, apples, bananas
二)x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es。如:boxes, glasses, dresses, watches, wishes, faxes
三)以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es 如:baby-babies, family-families, duty-duties, comedy-comedies, documentary-documentaries, story-stories
以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s。如:day-days, boy-boys, toy-toys, key-keys, ways
四)以o结尾加s(外来词)。如:radios, photos, 但如是辅音加o的加es:如: tomatoes西红柿, potatoes马铃薯
五)以f或fe结尾的变f为v再加es(s)。如:knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves, shelf-shelves, leaf-leaves, yourself-yourselves
六)单复数相同(不变的)有:fish, sheep, deer鹿子, Chinese, Japanese
七)一般只有复数,没有单数的有:people,pants, shorts, shoes, glasses, gloves, clothes, socks
八)单词形式不变,既可以是单数也可以是复数的有:police警察局,警察, class班,同学, family家,家庭成员
九)合成的复数一般只加主要名词,多数为后一个单词。如:action movie-action movies, pen pal-pen pals;但如果是由man或woman所组成的合成词的复数则同时为复数。如:man doctor-men doctors, woman teacher-women teachers
十)有的单复数意思不同。如:fish鱼 fishes鱼的种类, paper纸 papers报纸,卷子,论文, work工作 works作品,工厂, glass玻璃 glasses玻璃杯,眼镜, orange桔子水 oranges橙子, light光线 lights灯, people人 peoples民族, time时间 times时代, 次数, chicken 鸡肉 chickens 小鸡
十一)单个字母的复数可以有两种形式直接加s或’s。如:Is(I’s), Ks(K’s)。但如是缩略词则只加s。如:IDs, VCDs, SARs
十二)特殊形式的有:child-children, man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, mouse-mice, policeman-policemen, Englishman-Englishmen
B)名词的格
当我们要表示某人的什么东西或人时,我们就要使用所有格形式。构成如下:
一)单数在后面加’s。如:brother’s, Mike’s, teacher’s
二)复数以s结尾的直接在s后加’,如果不是之s结尾的与单数一样处理。如:Teachers’ Day教师节, classmates’;Children’s Day六一节, Women’s Day三八节
三)由and并列的名词所有时,如果是共同所有同一人或物时,只加最后一个’s,但分别拥有时却分别按单数形式处理。如:Mike and Ben’s room迈克和本的房间(共住一间),Mike’s and Ben’s rooms迈克和本的房间(各自的房间)
初一英语语法总结--词法
(二)2、代词
项目:人称代词 物主代词 指示代词 反身代词
人称 主格 宾格 形容词 名词性
第一人称
单数 I me my mine myself
复数 we us our ours ourselves
第二人称
单数 you you your yours yourself
复数 you you your yours yourselves
第三人称
单数 she her her hers herself he him his his himself it it its its this that itself
复数 they them their theirs these those themselves
3、动词
A)第三人称单数
当动词是第三人称单数时,动词应该像名词的单数变动词那样加s,如下:
一)一般在词后加s。如:comes, spells, waits, talks, sees, dances, trains
二)在x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es。如:watches, washes, wishes, finishes
三)1)以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es。如:study-studies, hurry-hurries, try-tries
2)以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s。如:plays, says, stays, enjoys, buys
四)以o结尾加es。如:does, goes
五)特殊的有:are-is, have-has
B)现在分词
当我们说某人正在做什么事时,动词要使用分词形式,不能用原形,构成如下:
一)一般在后加ing。如:spell-spelling, sing-singing, see-seeing, train-training, play-playing, hurry-hurrying, watch-watching, go-going, do-doing
二)以不发音e的结尾的去掉e再加ing。如:dance-dancing, wake-waking, take-taking, practice-practicing, write-writing, have-having
三)以重读闭音节结尾且一个元音字母+一个辅音字母(注意除开字母组合如show –showing, draw-drawing)要双写最后的辅音字母再加ing。如:put-putting, run-running, get-getting, let-letting, begin-beginning
四)以ie结尾的变ie为y再加ing。如:tie-tying系 die-dying死 lie-lying 位于
4、形容词的级
我们在对两个或以上的人或物进行对比时,则要使用比较或最高级形式。构成如下:
一)一般在词后加er或est(如果是以e结尾则直接加r或st)。如:greater-greatest, shorter –shortest, taller –tallest, longer –longest, nicer-nicest, larger-largest
二)以重读闭音节结尾且1个元音字母+1个辅音字母(字母组合除外,如few-fewer fewest)结尾的双写结尾的辅音再加er /est。如:big-bigger biggest, red-redder reddest, hot-hotter hottest
三)以辅音字母+y结尾的变y为i加er/est。如:happy-happier happiest, sorry-sorrier sorriest, friendly-friendlier friendliest(more friendly most friendly), busy-busier busiest, easy-easier easiest
四)特殊情况:(两好多坏,一少老远)
good/wellmore most bad/ill – worse worst
little-less least old-older/elder oldest/eldest far-farther/further farthest/furthest
5、数词(基变序,有规则;一、二、三,自己背;五、八、九、十二;其它后接th;y结尾,变为i, eth跟上去。)first, second, third;fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth;seventh, tenth, thirteenth, hundredth;twenty-twentieth, forty-fortieth, ninety-ninetieth 初一英语语法总结--句式
1.陈述句
肯定陈述句
a)This is a book.(be动词)
b)He looks very young.(连系动词)
c)I want a sweat like this.(实义动词)
d)I can bring some things to school.(情态动词)
e)There’s a computer on my desk.(There be结构)
否定陈述句
a)These aren’t their books.b)They don’t look nice.c)Kate doesn’t go to No.4 Middle School.d)Kate can’t find her doll.e)There isn’t a cat here.(=There’s no cat here.)
2.祈使句
肯定祈使句
a)Please go and ask the man.b)Let’s learn English!
c)Come in, please.否定祈使句
a)Don’t be late.b)Don’t hurry.3.疑问句
1)一般疑问句
a)Is Jim a student?
(系动词is提前)
b)Can I help you?
(情态动词Can提前)
c)Does she like salad?(第三人称单数提问)(复数用Do,如d))d)Do they watch TV?(第三人称复数问句,单数用Does,如c))因watch看时及物动词,提问只能加DO。
e)Is she reading?她在读书吗?
Yes,she is.肯定回答:
a)Yes, he is.b)Yes, you can.c)Yes, she does.d)Yes, they do.e)Yes, she is.否定回答:
a)No, he isn’t.b)No, you can’t.c)No, she doesn’t.d)No, they don’t.e)No, she isn’t.2)选择疑问句
Is the table big or small?
回答 It’s big./ It’s small.3)特殊疑问句
① 问年龄 How old is Lucy? She is twelve.How old are you? I’m 14.② 问种类 What kind of movies do you like? I like action movies and comedies.③ 问身体状况 How is your uncle? He is well/fine.④ 问方式 How do/can you spell it? L-double O-K.How do we contact you? My e-mail address is president@xueersi.com.⑤ 问原因 Why do you want to join the club?
⑥ 问时间 What’s the time?(=What time is it?)It’s a quarter to ten a.m..What time do you usually get up, Rick? At five o’clock.When do you want to go? Let’s go at 7:00.⑦ 问地方 Where’s my backpack? It’s under the table.⑧ 问颜色 What color are they? They are light blue.What’s your favourite color? It’s black.⑨ 问人物 Who’s that? It’s my sister.Who is the boy in blue? My brother.Who isn’t at school? Peter and Emma.Who are Lisa and Tim talking to?
⑩ 问东西 What’s this/that(in English)? It’s a pencil case.What else can you see in the picture? I can see some broccoli, strawberries and hamburgers.11问姓名
What’s your aunt’s name? Her name is Helen./She’s Helen.What’s your first name? My first name’s Ben.What’s your family name? My family name’s Smith.12 问哪一个 Which do you like? I like one in the box.13 问字母 What letter is it? It’s big D/small f.问价格 How much are these pants? They’re 15 dollars.问电话号码 What’s your phone number? It’s 576-8349.16 问谓语(动作)What’s he doing? He’s watching TV.17 问职业(身份)What do you do? I’m a teacher.What’s your father? He’s a doctor.初一英语语法总结--时态
1、一般现在时 表示普遍、经常性的或长期性的动作时使用一般现在时,它有:
Be 动词:
She’s a worker.Is she a worker? She isn’t a worker.情态动词:
I can play the piano.Can you play the piano? I can’t play the piano.行为动词:
They want to eat some tomatoes.Do they want to eat any tomatoes? They don’t want to eat any tomatoes.Gina has a nice watch.Does Gina have a nice watch? Gina doesn’t have a watch.2、现在进行时
表示动词在此时正在发生或进行就使用进行时态,结构为sb be v-ing sth + 其它.I’m playing baseball.Are you playing baseball? I’m not playing baseball.Nancy is writing a letter.Is Nancy writing a letter? Nancy isn’t writing a letter.They’re listening to the pop music.Are they listening the pop music? They aren’t listening to the pop music.帮助复习的重点: 一.短语: .be from = come from 来自于----2. live in 居住在---3. on weekends 在周末 .write to sb = write a letter to sb 给某人写信;写信给某人 5 .in the world 在世界上 in China 在中国
6.pen pal 笔友 14 years old 14岁 favorite subject 最喜欢的科目 7.the United States 美国 the United Kingdom 英国 New York 纽约 8.speak English 讲英语 like and dislike 爱憎 9.go to the movies 去看电影 play sports 做运动 二.重点句式: Where’s your pen pal from? = Where does your pen pal from/ 2 Where does he live?(他居住在哪儿)习惯性的。3 What language(s)does he speak? 4 I want a pen pal in China.5 I can speak English and a little French.6 Please write and tell me about yourself.7 Can you write to me soon? 8 I like going to the movies with my friends and playing sports.三.本单元的国家,人民、语言对应。Canada----Canadian----English / French 2 France------French------French 3 Japan------Japanese----Japanese 4 Australia----Australian-----English 5 the United States------American----English 6 the United Kingdom---British-----Enghish
Unit 2 Where’s the post office? 一. Asking ways:(问路)1. Where is(the nearest)……?(最近的)……在哪里?
2. Can you tell me the way to ……? 你能告诉我去……的路吗? 3. How can I get to ……? 我怎样到达……呢?
4. Is there …… near here / in the neighborhood? 附近有……吗? 5. Which is the way to ……? 哪条是去……的路? 二.Showing the ways:(指路)
1.Go straight down / along this street.沿着这条街一直走。2.Turn left at the second turning.在第二个路口向左转。3.You will find it on your right.你会在你右手边发现它。
4.It is about one hundred metres from here.离这里大约一百米远。
5.You’d better take a bus.你最好坐公交车去。(You’d better+动词原形)三.词组
1.across from …… 在……的对面 across from the bank 在银行的对面 2.next to…… 紧靠…… next to the supermarket 紧靠超市 3.between……and…… 在……和……之间
between the park and the zoo 在公园和动物园之间 among 表示位于三者或三者以上之间
4.in front of…… 在……前面 There is a tree in front of the classroom.课室前面有棵树。
in the front of…… 在……(内)的前部 There is a desk in the front of the classroom.课室内的前部有张桌子。
5.behind…… 在……后面 behind my house 在我家后面 6.turn left/ right 向左/右拐
on the left/right of…… 在某物的左/右边 on the left of our school 在我们学校的左边
on one’s left/right 在某人的左/右边 on my left 在我左边 7.go straight 一直走
8.down /along…… 沿着……(街道)down/along Center Street 沿着中央街 9.in the neighborhood=near here 在附近10 welcome to…… 欢迎来到…… 11.take /have a walk 散步
12.the beginning of…… ……的开始,前端 at the beginning of…… 在……的开始,前端 in the beginning 起初,一开始
13.have fun=have a good time=enjoy oneself 玩得开心,过得愉快 我昨天玩得很开心。I had fun yesterday.I had a good time yesterday.I enjoyed myself yesterday.14.have a good trip 旅途愉快 15.take a taxi 坐出租车
16.到达:get to +地方 get here/ there/ home 到这/那/家 arrive in +大地方 I arrive in Beijing.arrive at +小地方 I arrive at the bank.reach +地方
17.go across 从物体表面横过 go across the street 横过马路 go through 从空间穿过 go through the forest 穿过树林 18.on + 街道的名称。Eg: on Center Street at + 具体门牌号+街道的名称 Eg: at 6 Center Street 三.重难点解析
1.enjoy doing sth 享受做某事的乐趣,喜爱做某事 I enjoy reading.我喜爱读书。
到目前为止,我们学了两个特殊的动词finish和enjoy,都是要带 doing.I finish cleaning the room.我扫完了这间屋子。
2.hope to do sth 希望做某事 I hope to pass this exam.我希望通过这次考试。hope +从句 I hope tomorrow will be fine.我希望明天将会晴朗。
(从句即是一个小句子,这个小句子又放在大句子中,从属于大句子,所以叫从句。如tomorrow will be fine是一个从句,它又放在I hope 的后面,形成句中有句。)
3.if 引导一个表示假设的句子。
If I have much money, I will go to the moon.如果我有许多钱,我就会去月球。If you are hungry, you can buy some food in the supermarket.如果你饿了的话,你可以在超市买一些食物。四.本单元的反义词、近义词配对
1new—old 2 quiet---busy 3 dirty---clean 4 big----small
Unit 3 Why do you like koala bears? 一.重点词组
eat grass eat leaves be quiet very shy very smart very cute play with her friends kind of South Africa other animals at night in the day every day during the day 二.交际用语
1.Why do you like pandas? Because they’re very clever.2.Why does he like koalas? Because they’re kind of interesting.3.Where are lions from? They are from South Africa.4.What other animals do you like? I like dogs, too.Why? Because they’re friendly and clever.5.Molly likes to play with her friends and eat grass.6.She’s very shy.7.He is from Australia.8.He sleeps during the day, but at night he gets up and eats leaves.9.He usually sleeps and relaxes 20 hours every day.10.Let’s see the pandas first.11.They’re kind of interesting.12.What other animals do you like? 13.Why do you want to see the lions?
三.重点难点释义
1、kind of 有点,稍微
Koala bears are kind of shy.考拉有点害羞。kind 还有“种类”的意思
如:各种各样的 all kinds of We have all kinds of beautiful flowers in our school.2、China n.中国 Africa n.非洲
China 和Africa都是专有名词,首字母都应该大写,而且和介词in连用。There are many kinds of tigers in China.There are many kinds of scary animals in Africa.3、friendly adj.友好的,和蔼可亲的
它是名词friend的形容词形式,常常和be动词连用, be friendly。The people in Chengdu are very friendly.4、with prep.跟,同,和…在一起 I usually play chess with my father.注意区别与and的用法,and通常用于连接主语或宾语,连接主语时,如果有I, I通常放在 and 之后,如:
My father and I usually play chess together.Play with “和…一起玩耍”“玩…” I often play with my pet dog.Don’t play with water!
5、day和night 是一对反义词,day 表示白天或一天,night表示夜或夜晚。通常说in the day, during the day, at night。
Koala bears often sleep during the day and eat leaves at night.6、leaf n.叶子
复数形式为:leaves, 类似的变化还有:wife—wives, wolf—wolves, knife—knives等。
7、hour n.小时;点钟
hour前边通常加上冠词an 表示“一个小时”,即:an hour。There are 24 hours in a day and 60minutes in an hour.8、be from 来自… be from = come from Pandas are from China.= Pandas come form China.9、meat n.(食用的)肉,为不可数名词,表示“许多”时,使用much来修 饰,即:much meat He eats much meat every day.10、grass n.草,为不可数名词,表示“许多”时,使用much来修饰,即:much grass。
There is much grass on the playground.四.语法知识
特殊疑问句通常以“what”、“who”、“which”、“when”、“where”、“how”、“how old”、“how many”等开头,对某一具体问题进行提问。特殊疑问句的基本构成有两种情况:
1.疑问句+一般疑问句结构。这是最常见的情况。例如:
What’s your grandfather’s telephone number? 你爷爷的电话号码是多少? Who is that boy with big eyes? 那个大眼睛的男孩是谁? Which season do you like best? 你最喜欢哪个季节? When is he going to play the piano? 他什么时候弹钢琴? Where does he live? 他住在哪儿? How are you? 你好吗?
How old are you? 你多大了?
How many brothers and sisters do you have? 你有几个兄弟姐妹? 2.疑问句+陈述句结构。这时疑问词作主语或修饰主语。例如: Who is on duty today? 今天谁值日?
Which man is your teacher? 哪位男士是你的老师?
我们学过的What/How about+名词/代词+其他?也是特殊疑问句,它是一种省略结构。例如:
I like English.What/How about you? 我喜欢英语。你呢? What about playing basketball? 打篮球怎么样?
Unit 4 I want to be an actor.一.短语: want to do sth 想要作某事 give sb sth = give sth to sb 给某人某物 / 把某物给某人 help sb do sth 帮助某人作某事 Eg: I want to help my mother do some housework at home.4 help sb with sth 帮助某人谋事 Eg: I want to help my mother with some housework at home 5 in the day 在白天 6 at night 在晚上 talk with/ to sb 和----谈话 be busy doing sth 忙于做某事 Eg: He is busy listening to the teacher.9 in a hospital 在医院l 10 work/ study hard 努力工作 11 Evening Newspaper 晚报 二.重点句式及注意事项: 询问职业的特殊疑问词是what;有三种主要句式 ① What + is / are + sb? ② What + does/ do + sb + do? ③ What + is/ are + 名词所有格/ 形容词性物主代词 + job? 2 People give me their money or get their money from me.3 Sometimes I work in the day and sometimes at night.4 I like talking to people.5 I work late.I’m very busy when people go out to dinners.6 Where does your sister work? then we have a job for you as a waiter.8 Do you want to work for a magazine? Then come and work for us as a reporter.9 Do you like to work evenings and weekends? 10 We are an international school for children of 5-12.三. 本单元中的名词复数。policeman---policemen 2 woman doctor-----women doctors 3 thief-----thieves
第四篇:英语语法小结
顺口溜教你如何学好英语
英语语法知识点及单词众多,枯燥繁杂,对于大部分同学来讲记忆起来往往比较困难,人们的记忆似乎又是有限的,学的东西多了,难免会忘记,会记错。那不如来看看下面为大家搜集的这些顺口溜,让他们来教你如何能更好的学好英语,而且不容易去忘记。
时间名词前所用介词的速记歌
年月周前要用in,日子前面却不行。
遇到几号要用on,上午下午又是in。
要说某日上下午,用on换in才能行。
午夜黄昏须用at,黎明用它也不错。
at也用在时分前,说“差”可要用上to,说“过”只可使用past,多说多练牢牢记,莫让岁月空蹉跎。
be made of 和be made from 巧记
物质不变用of, 物质变化from, 如果物质不明白,可问君自何处来?
out of question和out of the question
无the“无问题”,(毫无疑问)
有the“有问题”,(不可能)
巧记不规则名词单变复
男女脚步牙鹅,老鼠加虱婆。
man-men;woman-women;foot-feet;tooth-teeth;goose-geese;mouse-mice;louse-lice.区分long before 和before long
long 在前(long before),“很久前”,long在后(before long),“不久后”。
巧记lie和lay
躺 lie,lay,lain,lie in bed again;
撒谎 lie,lied,lied,don't be a liar;
产蛋 lay,laid,laid,a hen laid an egg;
或者记住以下口诀也不错:
规则的“撒谎”,不规则的“躺”,“躺”过就“下蛋”。“下蛋”不规则。
“规则”指规则变化,“不规则”即不规则变化,如lie作“撒谎”解时,是规则变化,即其过去式和过去分词直接加-d:“躺过”的“过”指的是过去式,即lie的过去式lay是“下蛋”的原形:“下蛋”是不规则变化。
基数词变序数词歌
基变序,有规律, 词尾加上-th(fourth,sixth)一、二、三,特殊例,结尾字母t,d,d(first,second,third)
八去t,九去e,(eighth,ninth), ve要用 f替;(fifth,twelfth)
ty将y改成i, th前面有个e。
加-ing要双写的常见动词
一个m,两个d和g
(swim)(nod, rid)(dig, beg)
三n,四p,十个t
(run, win, begin)
(dip, drop, mop, stop)
(sit, hit, fit, set, get, let, put, regret, forget, pat)
before和ago巧记
before带在点之前,ago总在段之后。
before时态不确定,过去时中用ago。
A Fu's Cap(阿福的帽子)
常见的要求跟动名词作宾语,跟不定式作宾语的动词有:
advise, forbid, understand, suppose, consider, allow, permit.接首字母即为A Fu's Cap(阿福的帽子)
冠词基本用法口诀
名词是秃子,常要戴帽子,可数名词单,须用a或an,辅音前用a,an在元音前,若为特指时,则须用定冠the,复数不可数,泛指the不见,碰到代词时,冠词均不现。
与sometime易混淆词汇区分:
分开“一段时间”, some time表示“一段时间”;
相聚“在某一时”, sometime表示“在某一时”;
“有时”相聚加s,sometimes表示“有时,不时”;
“几次”分开带s,some times表示“几次,次数”。
以o结尾名词变复数
连
一个有信仰的海湾首领叫农奴到屋顶拿手帕。(belief,gulf,chief,serf,roof,handkerchief后接s)
工作间里有架钢琴,钢琴上有台收音机,收音机旁有幅照片,照片里有动物园,动物园里有竹子。(studio,piano,radio,photo,zoo,bamboo后接s)
其实,以o结尾的名词单数变复数的规则至为简单,用不到什么口诀,只需记住一句话:
有生命的加-es,无生命的加-s.(火山有死活之分,故volcano的复数形式为 volcanoes.)
或者熟记下列口诀:
A.“两人两菜”(hero,negro,potato,tomato)
B.一句话 Negroes and heroes like to eat potatoes and tomatoes
C。有生命的加Es,无生命的加-s.倒装口诀
副词开头要例装,人称代词则如常。
only修饰副介状,位于句首半倒装。
否定意义副连词,“既不…也不”须倒装。
表语前置主语长,衔接自然常倒装。
such代词做表语,引起主谓要倒装。
Not only开头句,前一分句须倒装。
had,were,should虚拟句,省略if半倒装。
动词不定式做宾语补足语省略不定式符号“to”的特殊动词
一些动词要掌握,have,let和make,此三动词是使役,“注意”“观察”“听到”see,还有feel和watch,使用它们要仔细,后接“宾补”略去“to”,此点千万要牢记
除此之外,还可以掌握“八字言”,一感feel,二听hear,listen to,三让have,let,make,四看see,look at,observe,watch
使用口诀:
感使动词真奇怪,to在句中象妖怪。主动句里它走开,被动句里它回来。动词let要除外,to词可来可不来。
后只接动名词做宾语的一些常用特殊动词
特殊动词接“动名”,使用它们要记清,“放弃”“享受”可“后悔”,“坚持”“练习”必“完成”,“延期”“避免”非“介意”
掌握它们今必行。
记住f(e)结尾的名词复数
妻子持刀去宰狼,小偷吓得发了慌;(wife, knife, thief)
躲在架后保己命,半片树叶遮目光。(shelf, leaf)
I Drop Caps
在某些表示请求、命令、建议等动词后面的宾语从句中,谓语动词要用动词原形或should+动词原形。
I—insist, d—denand, r—request/require/recommend, o—order, p—propose, c—command, a—advise, p—preqersic, s—suggest.WITHSPEM
有些动词用过去完成时,常表示“想做而未做”的意思。可巧记其首字为组成的“withspem”,代表:wish, intend, think, hope, suppose, plan, expect, mean
另附巧口诀让你轻松背英文单词
1.马戏团的鹦鹉
它一岁的age(年纪)
会说人的language(语言)
头脑很懂manage(经营)
要求增加wage(薪水)
惹得老板rage(发怒)
把它关进cage(笼子)
2.败家女的生活
天生就很lazy(懒惰的)
生活就爱cozy(舒适的)
上街血拼crazy(疯狂的)
体胖心感uneasy(不安的)
减肥虚脱dizzy(头晕眼花的)
成天沉溺fantasy(幻想)
3.贫农发家史
下播下seed(种子)
种出却是weed(杂草)
只能当作feed(饲料)
生存无法proceed(继续)
冒险去采seaweed(海带)脚被刺伤bleed(流血)
拼命加快speed(速度)
回来销售succeed(成功)
见财心生greed(贪婪)
4.武术冠军擒贼
那天我骑着cycle(自行车)见有人偷旧bicycle(自行车)还美其名曰recycle(回收利用)
我便鼓起了muscle(肌肉)八卦掌划出semicircle(半圆)
擒贼被写进了article(文章)
5.英国的过去
大英帝国无bound(边界)
英联邦国家abound(大量存在)流通货币是pound(英镑)
随处英语的sound(声音)
满城绅士牵hound(猎狗)
6.超级逃兵
行军方向forward(向前的)
他的方向backward(向后的)
逃跑方式awkward(笨拙的)
其实是个coward(懦夫)
7.掌舵手
有一个volunteer(志愿者)把船来steer(驾驶)
快乐是sheer(纯粹的)神情却queer(古怪的)
高傲像deer(鹿)
8.码头黑老大
野心相当large(大的)
想把地盘enlarge(扩大)
要想在这discharge(卸货)
保护费要overcharge(多收)
谁敢把我charge(控告)
9.便宜无好货
话说有个student(学生)
旅行需要tent(帐篷)
去到商店rent(租借)
只要几百cent(分)
野营发生accident(事故)
原来没有vent(通风孔)
骨架还全bent(弯曲)
奸商让人resent(愤恨)
10.排骨抢劫案
教堂旁边的shop(商店)
正大声播放pop(流行音乐)
卖美味红烧chop(排骨)
口水好像要drop(滴下)
无奈没有钱shop(买东西)抢一盘朝外hop(跳跃)
越过绊脚的mop(拖把)
猛地撞上了bishop(主教)
被抓住交给cop(警察)
实践证明,在掌握英语语法的学习过程中,如果辅之以适当的记忆技巧,会达到事半功倍的作用。上条英语口诀仅是很少的一部分,希望对同学们有所启发,也可以在在平时的英语学习中注意知识的积累,培养自己的归纳总结能力,编出适合自己记忆的英语口诀。
第五篇:英语语法小结
英语语法小结
根据以往英语取得高分同学的经验和海文英语辅导名师的建议,他们都一致认为英语语法和词汇是学好、考好英语的重要基础,其实完形填空是对语法、词汇的综合考查,但更关键的是学好此部分有助于对英语句子结构的分析和理解,有助于学生掌握灵活多变的句式,这样不仅有助于学生做好阅读理解,而且有助于学生做好英译汉,写好作文。
(一)情态动词
一.情态动词的现在完成式的用法
情态动词现在完成式主要有两个功能:表示已经发生的情况和表示虚拟语气。在这两个方面must/mustn’t,;can/cann’t;need/needn’t;may/mayn’t;might/mightn’t;should/shouldn’t;ougtht等情态动词+完成式表示的意思是有一定区别的 1.表示已经发生的情况。1)must have+过去分词,表示对已发生情况的肯定推测,译为“(昨天)一定……”。如:
My pain apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically:” Are you feeling all right?”
[A] must be had been [C] must have been [D] had to be(答案为C)
2)can’t / couldn’t have+过去分词,表示对已发生情况的否定推测,译为“(昨天)一定没……”。如:
Mary my letter;otherwise she would have replied before now.[A] couldn’t have received ought to have received [C] has received [D] shouldn’t have received(答案为A)
3)may / might have +过去分词,表示对已发生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推测,或事实上根本没发生,译为“也许……”。如:
At Florida Power’s Crystal River plant, a potentially serious leakage of radioactive water may have been unknowingly caused by an electrician.2.表示虚拟语气。
1)needn’t have + 过去分词,表示做了不必做的事,相当于”didn’t need to do”,译为“其实没必要……”。如:
You needn’t have come over yourself.As it turned out to be a small house party, we so formally.[A] needn’t dress up did not need have dressed up [C] did not need dress up [D] needn’t have dressed up
(没有必要穿的那么正式,体现是说话者的建议,实际结果是否真的穿的很正式没有确定,答案为D)
2)should have +过去分词,表示应该做某事但实际上未做,译为“本应该……”should not + have过去分词表示本不应该做某事但实际上做了,译为“本不应该……”。如:
I regret having left the work unfinished;I should have planned everything ahead carefully.我本来应该事先认真地把每件事情规划的很好,但实际上作者还是没有规划好,以至工作没有完成。
3)ought to have +过去分词,表示动作按理该发生了,但实际上未发生,译为“该……”,与should 的完成式含义类似。如:
The porter ought to have called the fire-brigade as soon as he saw the fire in the stock, which went up in smoke.4)could have +过去分词,表示过去本来可以做但却未做,译为“完全可以……”。这点与ought/should/ have +过去分词用法相似。如:
What you said is right, but you could have phrased it more tactfully.5)may/ might have +过去分词,表示过去可以做但实际未做,译为“(那样)也许会……”。如:
It might have been better to include more punchy statistics and photos of equipment in the introduction to further assist first-time office automation managers.二.几个情态动词常考的句型:
1).may/might(just)as well “不妨,最好”,与had better相近; Since the flight was cancelled, you might as well go by train.既然航班已经取消了,你不妨乘火车吧。相当于you had better go by train。2).cannot / can’t…too …“越……越好,怎么也不过分”。注意这个句型的变体cannot…over….如:
You cannot be too careful when you drive a car.驾车时候,越小心越好。
The final chapter covers organizational change and development.This subject cannot be over emphasized.3).usedn’t 或did’t use to 为used to(do)的否定式。4).should 除了“应该”一层意思外,考研大纲还规定要掌握其“竟然”的意思。如:I didn’t expect that he should have behaved like that.我无法想象他竟然这样做。三.情态动词被动关系的主动表达法
1. want, require, worth(形容词)后面接doing也可以表示被动意义。Your hair wants cutting The book is worth reading The floor requires washing.2.need既可以用need to be done 也可以使用need doing,两种形式都表达被动的意义
The house needs painting= the house needs to be painted.The watch needed repairing= the watch needed to be repaired.(二)形容词、副词及比较级最高级 一.形容词的修饰与位置
一般来说,从构词法角度来看,后缀”ly”往往是副词,但有的以“ly’结尾的词是形容词而不是副词,这点要注意;形容词一般可以在句子中做定语,表语等成份,但有些形容词在句子中只能做表语和只能做前置定语;这些形容词在修饰时候有一定的特殊性要引起大家的注意,下面做了一下归纳:以-ly结尾的是形容词而不是副词: costly 昂贵的 lonely 孤独的deadly 死一般的 lively 活泼的friendly 友好的 silly 傻气的 kindly 热心肠的 likely 可能的leisurely 悠闲的 ugly 长得丑的brotherly 兄弟般的 monthly 每月的earthly 尘世的 只作以“a”开头的很多形容词只能做表语:
afraid 害怕的 alike 相象的
awake 醒着的 alone 单独的,惟一的alive 活着的 ashamed 羞愧的
asleep 睡着的 aware 意识到的、察觉到的well 健康的 content 满意的unable 无能的 只作前置定语的形容词
earthen 泥土做的,大地的 daily 每日的 latter 后面的golden 金子般的 weekly 每周的 inner 里面的silken 丝一般的 monthly 每月的 outer 外面的wooden 木制的 yearly 每年的 elder 年长的woolen 毛织的 former 前任的 mere 仅,只不过
only 惟一的 sheer 纯粹的 very 恰好的little 小的 live 活的
4.下列动词既是实义动词又是系动词,注意用做系动词时,要求形容词做表语:
remain keep become, get, grow, go, come, turn, stay, stand, run, prove, seem, appear, look。
如:All those left undone may sound great in theory, but even the truest believer has great difficulty when it comes to specifics.二.形容词与副词的比较级与最高级
1.考比较级时,考生应把握:
1)形容词和副词比较级的形式是否和比较连词对应出现,即是否符合原级比较及比较级的结构。如:
Do you enjoy listening to records? I find records are often , or better than an actual performance.[A]as good as as good [C]good [D]good as
在这里as good as 比较连词与better than比较连词同时出现时候,不能省略任何一个介词。答案为A
On the whole, ambitious students are more likely to succeed in their studies than are those with little ambition.2)比较的成分是否属于同类事物或同类概念,既是说比较要具有可比性。如:
The number of registered participants in this year’s marathon was half.[A] of last year’s those of last year’s
[C]of those of last year [D] that of last year’s
(前后相比的应该是今年和去年注册参加的人数“the number of”故代替它的应该是单数指示代词“that”,而不能选择B,those是指代participants,不是同类对比,答案为D。
Young readers, more often than not, find the novels of dickens far more exciting than Thackeray’s.3)比较级与倍数词关系及其位置
原级结构中可插入表达倍数的词,表示为“为….若干倍”,当与有表示倍数比较的词在一起时候等,他们的位置是,倍数词+as…as…,或倍数词+more…than…,但again一般放在原级词之后,即 “as+原级+again+as”.如:
Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills people each year than automobile accidents.[A] seven more times seven times more [C] over seven times [D] seven times(答案为B)
“Do you regret paying five hundred dollars for the painting?”“No, I would gladly have paid for it.”
[A] twice so much twice as much [C] as much twice [D] so much twice(答案为B)
My uncle is as old again as I am
4)下列词和短语不用比较级形式却表示比较概念:
inferior, minor, senior, prior, prefer to, superior, major, junior, preferable, differ from, compared with, in comparison with, different from, rather than.如:
Their watch is to all the other watches on the market.[A] superior advantageous [C] super [D] beneficial(答案为A)
Prior to his departure, he addressed a letter to his daughter.(1986年考研题)
5)“比较级+and +比较级”或“more and more/less and less +原级”以及“ever, steadily, daily等副词+比较级”结构表示“越来越……”的意思,与这类结构搭配的常用动词有grow, get ,become等。前面两种情况更多地出现在进行时态中,注意的是这三种情况引导的比较级后面都不需要用than.如:
Things are getting worse and worse.As I spoke to him he became less and less angry.Her health was becoming daily worse
The road got ever worse until there was no road at all = the road got worse and worse.6)比较级前面可以用even, still, yet ,all the(more)等修饰语用以加强语气,表示“更加”的意思。如
Today it is even colder than yesterday I have yet more exciting news for you 7)有关比较级的特殊句型:
A): not so much…as…与其说……不如说……
The chief reason for the population growth isn’t so much a rise in birth rates a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care.[A] and as [C]but [D] or
人口增长的主要原因与其说是因为出生率的提高,还不如说是因为医疗的进步带来的死亡率下降的结果。答案为B
B)no/not any more…than…两者一样都不……
The heart is intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain.[A] not so not much [C]much more [D] no more(心脏和胃两者都不具有智力,他们都受大脑控制。答案为D)
There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, they can limit how much water you drink.[A] much more than no more than [C] no less than [D] any more than(答案为D)
C)no/not any less…than…两者一样,都……注意基本上与no/not any more…than意思相反
She is no less beautiful than her sister.她和她姐姐一样漂亮
D)just as… so… 正如……,……也……(用倒装结构)
Just as the soil is a part of the earth, the atmosphere.[A] as it is the same is [C] so is [D] and so is(答案为C)
2.最高级形式应注意的问题:
1)最高级比较范围用介词in, over, of, among。
in,(all)over用于在某一范围内的比较,如:in China, all over the world.of, among用于在同一群体内同类事物的比较,如:among the teachers, of the four dresses.注意:among…相当于one of …,不说among all…。这一点考生应与汉语表达区别开来
如:
all visible lights, red light has the longest and violet the shortest wavelength.[A] Among Of [C]For [D]To 答案为
2)比较级形式表示最高级意义时,比较对象的范围应用:
any other +单数名词
the other +复数名词
the others
anyone/anything else
上述词是用业将比较级结构转变成最高级意义的关键词语,切不可遗漏,尤其是other,否则会造成逻辑混乱的错误。如不能说:John runs faster than anyone.注意与汉语表达的不同。
3)most可以用来修饰形容词或副词,意思相当于very,用法区分单复数,但不能用定冠词the,如:a most interesting book, most expensive restaurants,要注意与 “the +形容词最高级+of + 名词”的结构表示的最高级的区别,如:
He spoke in the warmest of voices They have been most kind to me
Basketball is the most popular of sports in this country.Chinese is the most difficult of language Chinese is a most difficult language 三.不用比较级和最高级的形容词:
1)表示颜色的有:white, black
2)表示形态的有:round, square, oval, circular, triangular(三角形),level
3)表示性质和特征的有:atomic, economic, scientific, sonic, golden, silvery, woolen, earthen, silent, full, empty, sure, dead, deaf, blind, lame, rainy 4)表示状态作表语的有:afraid, asleep, alive, ashamed, alone, aware, alike
5)表示时间、空间和方位的有:daily, weekly, monthly, annual, present, front, back, forward, backward, east, west, south, north, left, right, final 6)表示极限、主次、等级的有:maximum, minimum, utmost, main, major, chief minor, superior, inferior, senior, junior, super, favorite
7)含有绝对概念的有:absolute, entire, whole, total, perfect, excellent, thorough, complete.四.平行结构与比较级
平行结构很多情况下是由形容词或副词的比较级或者暗含比较意味的连词引导的。如:
The ideal listener stays both inside and outside the music at the moment it is played and enjoys it almost as much as the composer at the moment he composes.大多数情况下平行结构都是具有一定的比较含义的,有的是递进对比not only…but(also);prefer…to…;rather than有的是同类对比:and;but;or;both… and…;either…or…;neither…nor…..平行结构测试时候注意以下几点:
1.注意比较结构中相比较的内容在语法形式上是否相同。如:
It is better to die one’s feet than.[A]living on one’s knees live on one’s knees [C]on one’s knees [D]to live on one’s knees(答案为D)
Despite the temporary difficulties, the manager prefers increasing the output to decreasing it.2.其他具有并列或比较意义的短语也可引导平行结构。
1)rather than, let alone 虽不是并列连词,但在结构上连接两个语法形式相同的成分。如:
We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style in a personal style.[A]rather than other than [C]better than [D]less than 答案为A
For the new country to survive, for its people to enjoy prosperity, new economic policies will be required.[A] to name a few let alone [C]not to speak [D]let’s say(答案为B)
2)如果平行的两个成分在形式上是介词短语,而且介词相同,一般说来第二个介词不要省略。如:
At times, more care goes into the composition of newspaper and magazine advertisements than into the writing of the features and editorials.(三)代词及其指代一致 一.代词的指代 1.that的指代作用
that指代不可数名词和单数可数名词(如是复数,用those),后面通常跟有修饰语,如出现在比较结构中的that of。如
Conversation calls for a willingness to alternate the role of speaker with that of listener, and it calls for occasional “digestive pauses” by both.这里that指代前面的the role。
No bread eaten by men is so sweet as that earned by his own labor.2.one的指代作用
one指代带不定冠词的单数可数名词,复数为ones。the one指代带定冠词的单数可数名词。如:
A good writer is who can express the commonplace in an uncommon way.[A] that he [C]one [D]this 答案为[C]
3.do的替代作用。
do代替动词,注意数和时态的变化。如:
For him to be re-elected, what is essential is not that his policy works , but that the public believe that it does.二.代词指代一致问题
代词指代一致是指指代的名词在性、数、格上是否一致,或者所照应的名词词组在某些方面保持一致。
Each cigarette a person smokes does some harm, and eventually he may get a serious disease form its effect.这里he指代前面的person。
It was during the 1920’s that the friendship between the two American writers Hemingway and Fitzgerald reached its highest point.这里its指代前面的两人的friendship。
Our department was monitored by two supervisors, Bill and me.这里me必须用宾格形式。
代词指代一致必须注意以下几个原则和规律: 1.邻近和靠近原则
由either … or, neither…nor, not only…but(also)连接先行词时候,如果两个先行词在数和性上保持一致,就用其相应的一直的人称代词;如果两个先行词在数或性上不一致,人称代词一般与邻近的先行词在数和性上保持一致。Neither Mary nor Alice has her key with her.Neither the package nor the letters have reached their destination If either David or Janet comes , he or she will want a drink
2.当no one, everyone, each,everybody, none ,anybody, someone, somebody用作主语或主语的限定词时候,或者anything, nothing, something everything等不定代词作主语时候,其相应的代词一般按照语法一致原则,采取单数形式。如: Everybody talked at the top of his voice.None of the boys can do it , can he? Everything is ready, isn’t it?
3.当主语为复数形式,后跟each作同位语时,如果each位于动词之前,其后的代词或相应的限定词用复数形式;如果 each位于动词之后,其后的代词或相应的限定词用单数形式。如: They each have two coats
we are each responsible for his own family 4.由and连接两个先行词,代词用复数 如:the tourist and businessmen lost their luggage in the accident
(三)主谓一致问题
主谓一致是指主语与谓语在数上要一致。把握主谓一致问题,考生主要解决的是对不同结构的主语单复数的认定,进而选择适当的谓语。解决主谓一致主要遵循三个原则: 语法一致原则 意义一致原则 就近一致原则