中西方公司经济发展论文

第一篇：中西方公司经济发展论文

【内容提要】建立和完善公司治理结构，是国企公司化改革的核心所在，也是中国经济研究领域的一个热点和难点问题。在梳理与借鉴中西方公司治理理论基础上，探讨对我国公司制改革实践的指导意义。

【英文摘要】The Structure of Corporate governance is a problem in the economic field in china,and also is the center of state-owned reform.Guiding by the modern throries of Corporate governance.in west,It provides a series of practical ways and theoretical measures for Chinese corporate reform.【关 键 词】公司治理结构/股东治理模式/剩余索取权/人力资本所有者Corporate governance/siockholder Corporate governance/residual claim/human capital proprietor

【 正 文】

中图分类号 F271 文献标识码 A 文章编号 1001-7348(2001)05-114-0公司治理结构内涵

公司治理结构概念最早出现在经济学文献中的时间是80年代中期，迄今为止，国内外文献中关于什么是公司治理，并没有统一的解释，从不同角度给出的定义归纳起来，可以分成以下几类：

(1)制度安排学说

斯坦福大学教授钱颖一在他的《中国的公司治理结构改革和融资改革》一文中也说：“在经济学家看来，公司治理结构是一套制度安排，用于支配若干在企业中有重大利害关系的团体——投资者、经理人员、职工之间的关系，并从这种联盟中实现经济利益。公司治理结构包括：①如何配置和行使控制权；②如何评价和监督董事会、经理人员和员工代写论文；③如何设计和实施激励机制。一般而言，良好的公司治理结构利用这些制度安排和互补性质，并选择一种结构来降低代理人成本。近期的研究大多集中于投资者（外部人）如何监督约束经理（内部人）。

中国经济学者胡汝银在他的《中国需要公司管治革命》一文中认为，公司管治（即公司治理结构）是董事和高级经理人员为了股东、职员、顾客、供应商及提供间接融资的金融机构的利益而管理和控制公司的一种制度和方法。

(2)组织结构学说

中国著名经济学家吴敬琏在他的《现代公司与企业改革》一文中指出：“所谓公司治理结构，是指由所有者、革委会和高级执行人员即高级经理人员3者组成的一种组织结构。在这种组织结构中，上述3者形成一定的制衡关系。通过这一结构，所有者将自己的资产交由公司董事会托管；公司董事会是公司的最高决策机构，拥有对高级经理人员的聘用、奖惩以及解雇权；高级经理人员受雇于董事会，组成董事会领导下的执行机构（这实际上是标准的狭义的公司治理结构定义）。中国大部分经济学者都持此种观点，例如陈清泰在他的《建立现代企业制度是国有企业改革的方向》一文中认为现代公司治理结构就是形成这样的机制：所有者通过法定形式进入企业行使职能，通过企业内的权力机构、决策机构、监督机构和执行机构，保障所有者对企业的最终控制权，形成所有者、经营者和劳动者之间的激励和制衡机制，建立科学的领导体制、决策程序和责任制度，使3者的权利得到保障、行为受到约束论文代写。且此种观点与十五届四中全会党的文件完全一致：《中共中央关于国有企业改革和发展若干重大问题的决定》中明确说明：公司法人治理结构是公司制的核心。要明确股东会、董事会、监督会和经理层的职责，形成各司其职、协调运转，有效制衡的公司法人治理。所有者对企业拥有最终控制权。董事会要维护出资人权益，对股东会负责，董事会对公司的发展目标和重大经营活动作出决策，聘任经营者，并对经营者的业绩进行考核和评价。发挥监事会对企业财务和董事、经营者行为的监督作用。

(3)控制决策学说

奥利弗·哈特在英国《经济学杂志》上发表文章认为：“治理结构被看作一个决策机制，而这些决策在初始合约中没有明确地设定。更确切地说，治理结构分配公司非人力资本的剩余控制权，即资产使用权如果在初始合约中没有详细设定的话，治理结构将决定其将如何使用。”

中国经济学家张维迎在他的《企业理论与中国企业改革》一文中认为：有效的公司治理结构在于剩余索取权与剩余控制权应当尽可能地对应，既拥有剩余索取权和承担风险的人应当拥有控制权；或者反之，拥有控制权风险的人承担风险。

公司治理结构有多种定义，多种内涵，前文从不同角度给出了治理结构的不同表述。吸取西方公司治理理论的成果，结合我国实践，概括起来说，公司治理结构是建立在出资者所有权与法人财产权分离的基础上，企业内外部的股东会、董事会、监事会及经理层及其它利益相关者之间的权利制衡机制、激励约束机制及市场机制的一种制度安排。具体来说，公司治理结构既是一种经济关系、契约关系，又是一种权利的制衡机制。西方两种治理模式分析：股东治理模式与利益相关者（或人力资本治理模式）治理模式公司治理模式是用以处理不同利益集团即股东、债权人、管理人、员工和社区之间的利益格局关系，实现一定经济目标的制度安排。关于公司治理模式争论，在西方经久不衰，其核心就是“传统的”、“股东治理模式”和“新兴的”、“利益相关者治理模式”或者目标利益优先的问题。

按照股东治理模式，作为股东代理人——总经理（或董事会），必须以股东价值最大化作为企业经营的唯一目标和行为准则；而利益相关者理论认为，现代公司不仅归股东所有，其他利益相关者实际上也为公司进行了投资（如员工进行了人力资本投资）。在考虑了相关者的利益以后，企业就形成了一个不可分割的整体代写管理论文。企业的经营目标就应该是企业整体价值最大化的多重经济目标和社会目标，而不应该只是简单化地以凤东利益至上的单一目标。

经营目标之争，其实质就是股东还是利益相关者是企业的所有者，即在企业的治理结构中谁拥有企业的最终决策权，谁承担企业经营不善的损失与风险。这也就是企业理论上所讨论的谁拥有企业，谁是企业经营的剩余控制和剩余索取的问题。

现代企业理论认为，企业是由一系列的不完备的契约组成的(anincomplete contract)。由于信息的不对称，未来风险与收益的不确定性，要使所有企业成员都得到固定的合同收入是不可能的。这就是剩余索取权(residual claim)的由来。同样，因为进入企业契约的不完备，未来世界的不确定性，当实际状态出现时，必须有人决定如何填补契约中存在的“漏洞”，这就是剩余控制权(residual Control)。谁拥有剩余索取权、剩余控制权，谁就是企业的所有者，企业的目标就应该为其制定。

投入资本的股东，本身就具有这种特性，货币资本具有普遍性、稳定性和任意可分割性，因而具有承担风险的能力。而相比之下利益相关者（以人力资本所有者为代表），有一些学者从知识经济理论出发，认为依据人力资本正在成为财富创造核心动力的推理以及现实中人力资本作用和待遇不断提高的种种现象来证明人力资本重要性和人力资本所有者拥有企业所有权的理由。用人力资本与其所有者的不可分离性向资本雇佣劳动提出质疑。

作者认为进入企业的各种要素：人力资本所有者与非人力资本所有者在理论上具有平等权利获取和行使剩余控制权，但现实是人力资本所有者的先天特征：人的健康、体力、经验、生产知识、技能和其他精神存量的所有权只能不可分地属于其载体，这个载体必须是人，而且必须是活生生的个人。即人力资本与其所有者不可分离性导致人力资本所有者不具备承担企业经营最终风险义务的能力。经济学基本原理早已证明：天下没有免费的午餐，没有无义务的权利，权利与义务的对称性表明人力资本所有者无法拥有剩余索取权和剩余控制权。理由如下：

首先，人力资本不具有抵押功能。人力资本与非人力资本一个很大的不同在于人力资本与其所有者的不可分离性。人力资本所有者将其人力资本投入到一个特定的行业或企业之后，其所作的承诺可信赖性远比不上非人力资本所有者（股东）所作的承诺。因为非人力资本具有天生的抵押功能，而人力资本所有者在企业经营失败时，人力资本所有者除有自身人力资本外别无他长，受现实法律制约，无法对人力资本所有者——活生生的个人，进行拍卖、转换、变现或抵押，也就丧失了承担企业经营风险的能力。

其次，人力资本专用性决定了其价值难以判断。为特定交易或合约服务而投入的资产具有专用性。人力资本的专用性特征是指工作中有些人才具有某种专门技术、工作技巧或拥有某些特定的信息。人力资本专用性使得人力资本不能象非人力资本那样可以在静态下用货币加以度量，其价值随时、空的变化，对不同人或企业来说不是唯一的，甚至大相径庭。由于其价值最难以度量及受人才市场不完善的制约，很难显示真实的人力资本价格。因此，价值量的不稳定也阻碍了人力资本所有者承担企业风险的能力。

以上论述表明，非人力资本所有者——股东，是企业的所有者，而人力资本所有者，只能作为雇员。我们认为，企业是非人力资本所有者——股东的企业，股东拥有剩余收益权和剩余控制权，承担经营的不确定性风险。而人力资本所有者一般情况下不承担经营的边际风险，收入也比较固定。因此，企业的经营目标就应该为非人力资本所有者——股东制定，就应该维护股东的利益。

诚然，股东利益至上会带来非人力资本所有者—员工的失业，供应商的中断等利益相关者的利益损失。但这些完全可以依靠法规和社会保障体系的健全来解决，而不应该在企业这个层次来探讨。实践指导意义

研究西方公司治理结构和模式，是为了更好地探索我国国企公司化改造的过程。从复杂的治理理论与多变的治理模式中，我们可以看出，求得一剂药方，置之四海而皆准是不可能的。

首先，公司治理结构是竞争的市场机制实现外部（或间接）的控制与“三会四权”（或其他治理形式）权力制衡与约束实现内部（或直接）的有机整体。从现有文献上看，国内大部分学者的研究侧重于内部组织机构如何设置，权力如何配置，激励与约束如何安排，而把竞争的外部市场，（如产品市场、经理人员市场、平均利润率形成等）看成是配套改革，在作者看来，公司治理结构是内外部治理机制的有机组合，缺一不可，不能把外部治理机制的完善看成是配套措施而放置公司治理结构整体改革之外。

第二，在学习、借鉴西方公司治理结构之时，不能盲目照搬照抄，前苏联与东欧在转轨时完全套用西方的作法，出现的问题是明显的，损失是惨重的。一种制度的变迁，并不是一蹴而就的，特别是非正式制度的变迁，其潜在的改革成本是巨大的。所以，中国在设计公司治理模式的时候，一定得考虑到中国的国情，那种完全西化的“拿来主义”或“拼装组合”的思想是要不得的。

第三，中国公司治理结构需要多种多样的模式，不能搞一刀切。这不仅因为中国是一个大国，各地区、各行业有很大差异，而且因为在中国的环境下进行企业改革没有先例可循，必须进行大范围的试验（中国的改革实践也证明了这一点）。即使在资本主义经济中也能看得到，不同国家之间和一国内的企业组织都非常不同，例如英美主要是股东治理模式，德日主要是利益相关者治理模式，且一国在不同时期，治理结构上也有变化。中国企业改革最危险的政策可能是推进一种特定的范式（由法律规定的、或领导人肯定的），并且是强制的。

最后，我国国企公司化改革，作者主张采用股东治理模式为好。一则股东治理模式以股东利益最大化为最高准则，以提高企业运营效率为手段，不应该在企业这一个层次上过多地考虑相关者（集团）的利益。其次，制度经济学派认为股东治理模式产权清晰，易于决断，交易成本较低，代理收益远大于代理成本（相对于利益相关者治理模式而言）。最后这本身也符合我国的分配制度改革原则：效率优先，兼顾公平，即企业这一层次讲效率，国民收入二次分配讲公平。

【参考文献】青木昌彦，钱颖一．转轨经济中的公司治理结构．北京：中国经济出版社，1995胡汝银．中国需要公司管制革命．中国经济政治评论，1999(10)吴敬琏．现代公司与企业改革．天津：天津人民出版社，1994莫奥利弗·哈特．公司治理：理论与启示．经济学动态，1996(6)衣长军，张贤澳．公司治理模式之争与我国林业企业改革．林业经济问题，1999(3)赵增耀．西方公司治理结构争论中的几个理论观点．经济学动态，1998(10)王跃生．企业治理结构与企业的所有权．经济科学，1999(4)周其仁．市场里的企业：一个人力资本与非人力资本的特别契约．经济研究，1996(6)陆维杰．企业组织中的人力资本与非人力资本．经济研究，1998(5)费方域．企业产权分析．三联书店．上海：上海人民出版社，1998张维迎．企业理论与中国企业改革．北京：北京大学出版社，1998

第二篇：中西方礼仪比较论文

中外基本礼仪比照分析

（大连理工大学 人文社会科学学院 孙玉乐）

摘要：华夏素以文明之邦著称，有着五千年的文明史，礼仪充斥着我们生活的每一个角落。随着近代经济全球化、知识时代的到来，每个人都不可避免的走进了“全球村”。与外国的交流礼仪是必不可少的，但是中外礼仪有着很多的不同之处，了解这些不同，求同存异才是真正的、顺畅的交流方式。本文针对日常交际中经常碰触到的一些礼仪进行了一些对比，所挑选的几个国家也都是最近与我国交流交往比较频繁的国家。希望通过这些对比了解各国的基本礼仪情况，可以使我们在跨文化的交往中做到言谈举止得体，不失礼仪。

关键字：中外礼仪差别 语言差别 非语言差别

1.语言差别 1.1称呼：

中国的称呼主要以同志、师傅、老师、女士、小姐、先生等职业或者性别等称谓。同志一般称与自己有着相同的政治信仰的或者爱好的人。师傅在上世纪六七十年代比较流行，但是渐渐已经不用了，它体现的是对技艺的一种尊重。向老师、教授这样的职业称谓表现的是对人的一种尊敬和敬佩。女士、小姐、先生一般就用于不是很熟悉的人的礼貌的称谓。当然对与比较熟悉的人也可以不加称谓直接称呼其昵称如“小王”等。

一般场合下 ,英美文化中的称谓模式主要有两种基本形式:(1)直呼其名(或昵称)如: Mary, L inda。(2)称谓词 +姓 ,如称 Mary Brown为 Miss Brown ,而不说 MissMary[1].其中以第一种称谓最为常见甚至是在第一次见面也互相叫彼此的名字，在英美不会觉得直接称别人的名字是不礼貌的，相反这样能表现得自己代人亲近、平易近人。在以职称称呼人的时候王老师这样的称谓在英美是没有，通常用教授或者博士代替。

1.2问候语：

中国人由于以前物质生活较为匮乏，所以经常见面的第一句话都是：“你吃了吗？”但是随着经济的不断发展，物质的不断丰富，这种问候方式越来越少了。渐渐的被你好，早！这样简单的问候所取代。但是在外国没有这样的传统所以千万不要问你吃了吗？此外，中国人见面打照面的时候还愿意经常问：“哎，你去哪呀？”一般我们这样问都会认为是关心别人的表现，但是在国外，他们比较讲究个人隐私，不喜欢别人的干涉，所以千万不要问这样的问题。

在英国见面最经常说的就是天气。人们经常见面的第一句话就是讨论今天的天气。这是和英国的天气有关。英国的首都伦敦被称为“雾都”天气多变，因此天气就成了人们谈论最广泛的话题。对大多数的英美人来说 ,打听陌生人或不大熟悉的人的年龄、收入、是否婚配、政治倾向、宗教信仰等是不得体的。因此 ,同讲英语的外国人谈话时应该避免问这些问题 ,尽管中国人不认为这样做有什么不好[1]。

日本一向以重视礼仪著称，见面的时候多为鞠躬，而且鞠躬的幅度都比较大，比较到位。另外日本语说起来也比较复杂，有敬语和普通语言之分。对长辈上司，以及地位比自己高的人要用敬语。他们很注意礼仪用语, 诸如 “您早”、“拜托您了”、请多关照”、“对不起”一类话语是他们经常挂在嘴边的。

1.3赞扬

中国人一直信奉做人要低调，要谦虚，因此当听到赞美的时候，所说的一般的都是自谦的话例如：哪里哪里！这样的回答通常被认为是合情合理的。例如中国传统的“三拒而食”就经常让去外国友人家里做客的中国人饥肠辘辘。但是随着西方思想的涌入，现在中国在对待赞美上的态度也有了很多的变化，以前的过于谦虚的回答则会被认为是虚伪的回答，渐渐的不被人们接受。相反适当的肯定会更被人接受。

在西方相对于中国人，英美人士更喜欢称赞他人，也喜欢被称赞，美国人直截了当。当被赞美或者赞美别人，他们都希望听到肯定的回答这个回答不是别的而是“Thank you!” 1.4做客与送礼物

中国人的热情好客是举世闻名的，在中国走街串巷、挨家挨户的串门都是非常的常见的，也是邻里之间表达有好的传统。在中国去朋友的家里不用提前的预约，这叫做惊喜。也可以在说好的时间早到，中国人不喜欢迟到一般都早到一会以示尊重。送礼的时候中国讲究成双成对，喜欢送贵重的礼物来表现自己的情意重。当主人接受礼物的时候一般都说：“哎呀，真是不好意思，看你还拿什么礼物呀？”等到客人走了以后方才拆开.在西方,上门做客一般不早到,如果早于约定时间到主人家,主人可能还没有准备好接待你,你的早到使得主人忙乱不堪,反而失礼。可以迟到5到10分钟给主人留有充分的准备时间。上门做客最好带一点小礼物,可以是给女主人的一束鲜花,也可以是一瓶酒或者是给小孩子的小礼物等等,但一般不会是昂贵的礼物。太昂贵的礼物会让主人为难。做客是不宜久留。按英美人的传统,请朋友来家里吃饭是要和朋友一起分享他们的日常生活,并不是越丰盛越好。每道菜,主人只请客人添加一,两次,你如需要就自己要求再加。在整个用餐过程中, 主人对客人的夸奖总是有礼貌地回答: “thank you.I’m glad you like it.整个用餐气氛自在而有随和,象是在自己家里吃饭一样。

2.非语言差别 2.1色彩语中的差异

色彩的不同其象征的意义以及表象就不同。由于每个国家都有着其传统的文化和喜好，因此每种颜色在各个国家中也都有着不同的象征意义，每个国家对颜色的喜好也是不同的。

在中国红色是一种传统色，它象征着喜庆吉祥。中国红遍布中国的每个角落，无论是结婚庆典还是重大节日都少不了它增添色彩。与红色相反的就是白色。白色在中国是丧服之色 ,是中国人葬礼上的主色调 ,它透射出的意义是悲伤、痛苦和哀悼[2]。

在西方不少的国家都认为红色是灾难之色，恐怖之色。相反认为白色是纯洁，庄严肃穆的象征。因此在西方的婚礼上大家可以看到新浪穿着白色的西装，新娘穿着洁白的婚纱象征着他们的纯洁的爱情。

当然除此以外还有很多例子，例如：日本忌绿色，绿色被认为是“魔鬼之色”，泰国忌红色，巴西与埃及忌红色等等。

2.2服饰上的差异：

每个国家都有着气味独特的传统服饰，这样的服饰不仅仅是这个国家的象征，更是该国传统文化，生活习惯，历史渊源的具体体现。

在我国，由于有着较长的文明史，因此这服饰的演变也是千变万化，现在仍然还被广大群众所喜欢的大致有一下几种。唐装、旗袍、汉服、中山装等等。但是随着不断地发展现在中国的穿着也逐渐的西化，传统的服饰更多的是作为一种文化象征而被穿着。

在西方男士在正式社交场合通常穿保守式样的西装，内穿白衬衫，打领带。他们喜欢黑色，因此一般穿黑色的皮鞋。西方女士在正式场合要穿礼服套装。另外女士外出有戴耳环的习俗。西方国家，尤其是在美国，平时人们喜欢穿着休闲装，如 T 恤加牛仔服。

在亚州的日本最传统的服饰就是和服，即使是现在在重大节日，和祭祀活动时大部分的都会穿着的服饰，在日本好的和服是很贵的，但是即使这样每个日本人也几乎都会有至少一件的和服。

在韩国朝鲜的传统服饰是韩服、印度的纱丽、俄罗斯的鲁巴哈和萨拉范、阿拉伯的长袍和阿巴耶、埃及的卡拉西丽丝等等。

2.3社会习俗：

“男尊女卑”的文化是中国圣贤孔子的代表作之一，一直在传统社会习俗中占据着不可动摇的地位，给中国人留下了极深的烙印[3]。英国在中世纪时将救助弱者尤其是爱护女性尊为“骑士精神”。几百年来，西方的传统一直是以照顾女性和尊重女性为交际礼仪的要求。在现代各种交际合遵循的“女士优先（Ladies first）。

3.小结

中西方各国间在交流中由于各自的文化特色形成相互间的碰撞而引起某些误区，要通过相互承认、理解对方文化并相互吸收对方文化，在保留本民族传统文化的前提下，吸收外来文化，使各国间逐渐形成多元文化，以达到相互间的融合。

入乡随俗、求同存异、信守约定、尊重隐私、女士优先、爱护环境、排序有规等都是对外礼仪中应遵守的原则[4]。希望我们不仅仅止于对礼仪理论的研究，更能把这些理论运用到实际生活中，在与人的交流交往中体验礼仪的丰富与多彩。

参考文献[1] 徐声慧.《英汉文化差异在涉外礼仪中的体现》[J].长沙铁道学院学报（社会科学版），2009年6月，第十卷第二期.188-190页.[2] 任雪萍.《中西方不同文化环境下礼仪的差异》[J].《安徽电力职工大学学报》，2003年9月，第八卷第三期..121-123页.[3] 金品卓.《中西方礼仪文化差异》[J].《现代服务》，中国科技信息2007年第22期，153-156.[4] 刘晓莺.《公务员在涉外活动中应恪守的礼仪》[J].《理论探索》，2007年第三期，132-134页。

第三篇：中西方饮食文化对比论文

The Differences Between Chinese

and Western Food Culture

系（部）：外语系 专 业 班： 姓 名： 学 号： 指导教师： 2011年 5 月

I

The Differences Between Chinese

and Western Food Culture 中西方饮食文化对比

I

Abstract

With the development of the economic globalization, China and the western countries are connected with each other more tightly and frequently.As an important entry point for people to exchange, it becomes very important to explore the differences between Chinese and western food.It can not only help us have a better understanding of the different culture of China and the west, come across cultural barriers, but also can train people‟s adaptability of the communication in cross-cultural, effectively avoided the cultural misunderstanding when we have a communication.So analyzing and researching in the Western diet and cultural differences has a very important significance in Chinese food culture.It is very important to understand the differences.Moreover, it is useful to guide our practice when communicating with foreign friends.But actually the differences between Chinese and western food have a lot to do with the social and culture development.Culture is a kind of lifestyle that gathered together in a long time in the social life.And the life style including the ways of thinking and behavior.Although it has the universal features, it is also has the fundamental characteristics of the blood and geographic relationship, based on the formation of the nation as a whole unit.Food culture, the same to the nation as a unit, when a nation formed a fixed diet habit, diet tips and diet ideas, then become a culture.It is connected with the different geographical and historical conditions of China and the west.After all different cultures reflect different lifestyles.This paper tries to have inquiries into the difference from five aspects.It specifically expresses at the difference between Chinese and Western food objects,the difference in diet concept, differences in dietary patterns, the different utensils and etiquette, and differences in diet attribution.And this paper discusses the main characteristics the differences between Chinese and western food culture and the reasons for the differences.After that the paper has given the table manners of American as a example, such as bread plates are to the left of the main plate, beverage glasses are to the right;salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon;dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with dessert.General Behavior: Chew with your mouth closed.Do not talk at an excessively loud volume.Refrain from coughing, sneezing or blowing nose at the table and so on.In short, analyzing and researching in the Western diet and cultural differences has a very

I important significance in Chinese food culture.It is not only in understanding the purpose of this fact in itself, but also it is more importantly and useful to guide our practice, based on the awareness-raising, improve food structure, get rid of food abuse, improve the food quality and guarantee people‟s needs, in this kind of way to promote Chinese dining culture.Key words: China and the west culture;difference;concept;comunication

II

摘 要

随着经济全球化进一步发展，中西方联系越来越频繁。作为打开中西方人民交流的重要切入点，探讨中西方饮食差异变的十分重要。其意义在于既能有助于深刻理解中西方文化中的不同之处，跨越文化交流障碍，又能培养人们在跨文化交际时的适应能力，有效地避免交际双方由于文化差异而产生的误会。因此，分析和研究中西方饮食文化的差异对中国的饮食文化而言具有很重要的意义。此外，它有助于指导我们的实践。但是不言而喻中西美食的差异与社会文化的发展密切相关。文化是人们在长期的社会生活中生活方式凝聚起来的总称，其中生活方式又包括思维方式和行为方式，虽然文化具有普遍性特征，但它最根本的特点是以血缘和地缘关系为基础，以名族为单位形成的整体。饮食文化，同样以名族为单位，当一个民族形成了固定的饮食习惯，饮食技巧和饮食观念后，便构成了一种文化。这也与中国和西方的不同地理和历史条件息息相关，毕竟不同的文化反映不同的生活方式。

本文将从以下五个方面来说明中西文化的差异，它具体体现在饮食观念的差异、饮食内容的差异、饮食方式的差异以及不同的餐桌礼仪等。而本文不仅探讨了中西方饮食文化上的差异，更简要分析了造成这一差异的原因。除此之外，本文还以美国的餐桌文化给出了一些例子，例如，面包盘是在主盘的左边，饮料在主盘的右边；沙拉叉、刀和汤匙要比主菜刀、叉、勺放的要远；甜点餐具上方放置或随主板送达。一般吃东西的时候嘴巴紧闭；不要在餐桌上咳嗽、打喷嚏或在餐桌上吹鼻子等或者过分大声说话。总之，分析和研究中西方饮食文化的差异对中国的饮食文化具有很重要的意义。它不仅在于了解这一事实本身，更重要的是用它来知道我们的实践活动，在提高认识的基础上，改善食品结构，革除餐饮弊端，提高餐饮质量，保证人们的生活需要，弘扬中华文化的餐饮文化。

关键词：中西方饮食文化；差异；观念；交流

III

Contents

1.Introduction--------------------1 2.The differences between Chinese and Western food culture--------------------------3 2.1 The difference between Chinese and Western food objects--------------------------4 2.2 The difference in diet concept----------------------------6 2.3.Differences in dietary patterns-----------------------------9 2.4 The different utensils and etiquette----------------------11 2.5 Differences in diet attribution-----------------------------13 3.Nature of the differences between Chinese and Western food-----------------------16 4.Conclusion--------------------17 Acknowledgements--------------19 References------------------------20

IV 1． Introduction

With the development of the economic globalization, China and the western countries are connected with each other more tightly and frequently.As an important entry point for people to exchange, food culture plays a very important role.The differences between Chinese and western food have a lot to do with the social and culture development.Culture is a kind of lifestyle that gathered together in a long time in the social life.And the life style including the ways of thinking and behavior.Although it has the universal features, it is also has the fundamental characteristics of the blood and geographic relationship, based on the formation of the nation as a whole unit.Food culture, the same to the nation as a unit, when a nation formed a fixed diet habit, diet tips and diet ideas, then become a culture.It is connected with the different geographical and historical conditions of China and the west.After all different cultures reflect different lifestyles.In fact, food culture refers to the diet and lifestyle formed under certain historical or social conditions as well as the ideology formed on the basis of the aforesaid.During the history development of different countries and ethnic groups, different behavior patterns and lifestyles formed because the natural conditions and social environments were different.That is what people often refer to as customs.From the point of view of social observation and cultural study, the food culture of an ethnic group can fully embody its mentality, interest, belief and historical development.So, food culture can be seen as the most typical cultural feature of this ethnic group.The development and changes of food culture often reflect the evolution and progress of the society.The differences between Chinese culture and Western culture brought about the difference between their respective food cultures.Under two under different cultural backgrounds, obvious differences exist between Chinese food culture and western food culture, including perception, feature and the methods and materials.Therefore, it becomes very important to explore the differences between Chinese and western food.It can not only help us have a better understanding of the different culture between China and the west and come across cultural barriers, but also can train people‟s adaptability of the communication in cross-cultural, effectively avoided the cultural misunderstanding when we have a communication.So analyzing and researching in the Western diet and cultural differences has a very important significance in Chinese food culture.It is very important to understand the differences.Moreover, it is useful to guide our practice when communicating with foreign friends.This paper tries to have inquiries into the difference from five aspects.It specifically expresses at the difference between Chinese and Western food objects,the difference in diet concept, differences in dietary patterns, the different utensils and etiquette, and differences in diet attribution.And this paper discusses the main characteristics the differences between Chinese and western food culture and the reasons for the differences.After that the paper has given the table manners of American as a example, such as bread plates are to the left of the main plate, beverage glasses are to the right;salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon;dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with dessert.General Behavior: Chew with your mouth closed.Do not talk at an excessively loud volume.Refrain from coughing, sneezing or blowing nose at the table and so on.In short, analyzing and researching in the Western diet and cultural differences has a very important significance in Chinese food culture.It is not only in understanding the purpose of this fact in itself, but also it is more importantly and useful to guide our practice, based on the awareness-raising, improve food structure, get rid of food abuse, improve the food quality and guarantee people‟s needs, in this kind of way to promote Chinese dining culture.2.The differences between Chinese and Western food culture

Once there is a saying that “Food is eating well-deserved for human life”, so food is an indispensable condition for the survival and development of human beings.There are two desires in life: one is feasting them to survive;and the other is the lust of men and women, which can help the mankind to carry on the family line.Facing the two desires, China pays more attention to the former, while the west tends to the latter.Such phenomenon affects the cultural trend.Diet is actually the contents of our daily lives, but why we call it culture? That is because the diet has special status in Chinese culture, and it also has a great distinction between China and the west.As one of the world ancient nations, China‟s diet has a history almost as long as that of Chinese civilization.But in western countries, ancient thinkers devoted less attention to the food problem than the Chinese philosophers did, and there is even not aware of it to the “heaven” degree.With the opposite, they recognized and interpreted the world in the perspective of the lust or love of men and women more.Whether the awareness of original sin of Christianity, Adam and Eve legend, or ancient Greek philosophy(such as Plato‟s dialogue)who considered the personal relationships “love” as the love of ontology of beauty, and regarded it as a reality thinking of philosophy, all these ideas become the basis of western philosophers‟ cultural thoughts.All these had potential effects on the development of western culture and westerners‟ characters.Receiving the influence of respective cultural tradition, the Chinese and western dietary culture has had different characteristics.The differences in concepts, targets, patterns, attribution and nature had reflected the different dietary culture in the different state characteristic;such characteristic has enriched the research value of dietary culture.Studying these cultural differences, we can find out a joint enhancing the communication between China and the west through a comprehensive study of the subject.It may be a great help to the communication of the Chinese and western cultures.The dining product as a result of factor and so on region characteristic, climatic environment, manners and customs influences, will appear in raw material, the taste, the cooking method, the food habit varying degree difference.Was precisely because of these differences, the dining product had the intense localization.Between China and the West culture‟s difference has accomplished China and the West diet culture difference, but this kind of difference and gets along with people the philosophy from the West different thinking mode.The Chinese pays great attention “the beauty to unite”, the westerner pays great attention “humanist”.2.1The difference between Chinese and Western food objects

All diet cannot be done without vegetables.The word “dish” is for the sound in China, and it always has something to do with the plants.According to a survey of western plants scholar, there are 600 varieties of vegetables, six times more than in the west.In fact, the Chinese dishes, vegetable dish is usual food.Meat dish entered the normal diet only on holidays or higher living standards, so since ancient times, and there was a saying of “fresh vegetables”.“Common people eat fresh vegetables, fish only offered in the worship.” It is said that fresh vegetables are mainly to the civilian in general, only being able to eat meat only in worship.Vegetarian diet takes the dominant position in the normal structure.Chinese people consider the vegetables as the main dish;it has inextricably linked with the advocacy of Buddhists.They deem animals as “people” and plants have “no soul.” So, they advocate vegetarianism.Westerners do not seem to have such a good habit.They uphold a cultural origin of nomadic, seafaring nation.Living mainly by fishing and hunting, collection and planting are just the complement.There are more meat dishes in their lives.Feeding, clothing, and using are taken from the animals, and even Western medicine is derived from animals.When the westerners introduce the diet characteristics of their countries, they always feel that their diet is more reasonable on the mix of nutrition than China.The food industry is more developed, such as cans, fast food, although the taste is monotonous, but it saves time, and it also has good nutrition.Therefore, in their countries: people are generally healthier and taller than Chinese, and the people have strong shoulders and developed muscles;but Chinese people look short, their shoulders narrow and legs thin, their skin yellow and their body weak.The differences between Chinese and western food for Westerners to judge the merits of the two diet is not justified.Mr.Sun Yat-sen had profound study of the culture of food and incisive exposition.In his composing The Scheme for National Reconstruction, detailing the differences between Chinese and Western diet phenomenon, he concludes: “Chinese ordinary people drink green tea, and eat simple food such as vegetables and tofu for meal.Such kinds of food are the most healthy and beneficial according to the research of hygienist.Therefore, the remote people in china, whose diet are far from meat and wine, always live a long life.Also China has a big population, and Chinese people have enormous power to resist disease, but they never try the non-diet.“He added:” The Chinese vegetarians all eat tofu.Tofu is expected as the real meat in plants, as it has the nutrition that meat has.It is the meat without toxic materials.So the Chinese are vegetarian used to be a custom without the promotion of scholars.It is also a custom that the European and American drink thick Wine, eat meat and fish.So there was science promotion before and a severe law later, such as the United States Prohibition.And the transfer will not carry out in a short time.“Mr.Sun‟s words tell out the scientific benefits of Chinese diet and disadvantages of Western diet.According to the characteristics of the significant differences between Chinese and Western diet targets, the Chinese character is called the plant character, while the Westerners‟ is animal character.In response to the cultural behaviors, Westerners love adventure, exploration, conflict;but the Chinese people only like to live banally.According to American expert on folklore Ruth‟s opinions on the “cultural pattern” theory, Chinese culture is quite similar to the classical world Apollo-type character and Westerners‟ is similar to the modern world Faust-type.Indeed, the Westerners such as Americans in the development of the west, they put the whole family on the truck, and go out of the city in amid rumbling with the supplies.The Chinese people are always thinking about “home” and “roots”, despite the promotion that young people should take the world as home.But after a few decades, the overseas Chinese will come back to the mainland with crutch to seek their roots.This concept of return and such human spirit that can only be said to cooperate with the accumulation in the diet.Then it brings cohesiveness to the Chinese nation and then makes the human folk full of energy.Westerners think the food can make them feel full.therefore, eats large piece of meat;and Chinese cuisine is the “Taste” of it.Therefore, China is also showing great cooking in the random selected materials: many Westerners as something thrown away, are excellent raw materials in China, foreign chefs can not handle things the hands of a chef in China to can be miraculous.Demonstration of Chinese food in the materials used for the extensive arbitrary.West China is more than reasonable with emphasis on nutrition, there are more developed in the food industry, such as canned food, fast food, etc., although the taste is monotonous, but to save time, and good nutrition.Therefore, the body of their country than the Chinese people generally robust: tall, long legs, broad shoulders, muscular.The westerner thought that the cooked food is appeases hunger, therefore eats the bulk meat, the entire block chicken specially and so on “the hard vegetable”.But China‟s cooked food is “eats the taste”, therefore China cooks on the needed materials also appears the enormous capriciousness: Many westerners regard as abandons the things, in China is the extremely good raw material, the foreign chef is unable the thing which processes, as soon as arrives in the Chinese chef hand, may melt mysteriously decayed.Indicates the Chinese diet in needed materials aspectvastness capriciousness.Today people in the UK eat a more varied diet than ever before.As well as the regional diets of England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland the many immigrant communities have introduced their cuisines to the previously unadventurous Britons: Chinese, Greek, Indian, Italian, Thai, American fast foods such as pizza, hamburgers and fried chicken have to some extent displaced the traditional fast food of fish and chips.Because of the climate and the Germanic origins of many of its early people, the UK has been a traditionally beer drinking rather than a wine drinking country.Nevertheless, in recent years, vineyards in the south of England have proved successful.In the west of England the traditional drink is cider, rather than beer.Over Britain as a whole, however, the traditional drink is tea.2.2 The difference in diet concept

The differences between Chinese and western diet cannot be ignored.Nobody will deny that the Western diet is a rational concept, regardless of the color of food, incense, flavor and shape, but nutrition must be assured.It cares about the intake of calories, vitamins, protein and so on during a day.Comparing with the Chinese diet, western diet tastes stereotyped, as simple as chewing the candle, but the sense tells them: We must eat them all because of the nutrition.And then they put it bluntly, just like refueling machine.The concept of western diet is compatible with the whole western philosophy.Metaphysics is the main feature of western philosophy.Such kind of philosophy brings vitality to western culture, so the natural sciences, psychology and methodology achieve a rapid development.In some other aspects, such philosophy proposition is a significantly obstacle, such as the dietary culture, which is the inevitable thing to drop behind, and just the metaphysics of methodology marks everywhere.In celebration, it stresses tableware, stresses the staple, stresses the servings, and stresses the color and shape mix of raw materials.But no matter how luxurious the grade is;from Los Angeles to New York, only one taste of steak, it is no art to speak of.And as dishes, the chicken is chicken;steak is steak, even in groups, which are also conducted in a shallow dish.In a dish of “French Muttonchops”, one side is potato mud, and muttonchops sits next to it, another side is allocation of cooking beans, and plus a few tablets of tomato.Color is on clear, but the tastes of the various materials are separated, not to reconcile, and the entire flavor is also simple and clear.Chinese diet is a sense of beauty diet.When people sample dishes, they often say this dish is “delicious”, and that dish is “not delicious”.But if you ask what is meant by “delicious”, why “tasty” and what are the aspects of “delicious”, I am afraid that it will be difficult to answer.This shows that which Chinese people hanker on a diet is just the “mood” that is difficult for one to say anything.Even using the “color, flavor, shape and implement “which people often said to make the” realm “reification, I am afraid it is still difficult to crown all.The beauty pursuit of Chinese cuisine is clearly overriding the rational pursuit.This concept of diet is also coinciding with the traditional Chinese philosophy.Chinese philosophy as a representative of oriental philosophy, its distinguishing features is the macro, visual, vague and evasive.Chinese cooking method is to reconcile, and the ultimate goal is to reconcile out of a beautiful taste.The main stress is measure and the overall co-ordination.It contains a wealth of dialectics of Chinese philosophy, and all these depend on the degree of the wonderful flavor and harmony of dish.The ever-changing within degrees decides the changeable of Chinese food, and it also decides the characteristics of Chinese food as well as the characteristics on each of the chefs.Chinese pay great attention to “the taste” of the food, while the Westerns has a kind of rational diet idea.No matter food color, smell and tastes, shape how, but the nutrition needs certainly to obtain the guarantee, is fastidious about one day to absorb how many quantity of heat, Vitamin, protein and so on.Even if the taste is stereotyped, must certainly eat, because has the nutrition.This diet idea is adapts with the Western entire philosophy system.Metaphysics is the Western philosophy main feature.The western philosophy studies the object principle of for the thing, principle of the thing often is the metaphysics principle, the metaphysics principle links up mutually, in constipation forming philosophy.This philosophy the culture brings the vitality for the West, caused it in the natural sciences, the psychology, the methodology to realize the development which progressed by leaps and bounds.But in another some aspects, this philosophy advocated that the big earth played the hindrance role, like diet culture.At the banquet, may be fastidious about the tableware, is fastidious about the needed materials, is fastidious about the service, is fastidious about raw material of the vegetable shape, color aspect matching;But no matter how luxurious upscale, from Los Angeles to New York, the beefsteak only then one kind of flavor, does not have art to be possible to say.As the cooked food, the chicken is the chicken, the beefsteak is a beefsteak, even if has matching, that is also carries on the plate, “the Buddhist ritual procedures mutton chop”, puts the mashed potatoes at the same time, side relies on the mutton chop, in addition matches at the same time boils the green beans, adds several piece of tomato then to become.In the color contrasts distinctively, but each raw material is mutually irrelevant in the taste, is well distributed, each is each taste, simple perspicuity.The Chinese is takes seriously “to eat” very much, “the food is what matters to the people” this proverb showed that we eat look equally and the day are important.Because our nationality for several thousand years are in the low productive forces level, the people always cannot eat to the full, therefore only will then have one kind uniquely to eat can regard in all diet culture, I thought that this will be probably stems from one kind of survival to need.If one culture eats regards as the most important matter, will then present two kind of phenomena: On the one hand will eat this kind the function will display the acme, not only maintenance survival, also will use its health maintenance, this will also be” uses medicines to build up one‟s health was inferior the food will make up”cultural base;On the other hand, to eats excessive takes seriously, will cause the human to esteem to the delicacy the pursue.In China‟s cookery, achieves the acme nearly to the delicacy pursue, down to makes a living the Chinese to the overseas, take the restaurant as industry, has become us the basis which settles down and gets on with life in the world!It is a pity, when we take the pursue delicacy the first request, we have actually neglected food most basic nutritional value, our many traditional food must pass through overheated fries in oil boils with the long time soft fire dumpling, causes the cooked food the nutrient content to receive the destruction, many nutrient contents lost in the processing process.Therefore as soon as speaks of the nutrition question, in fact touched the Chinese diet culture biggest weakness.The folk has a slang: “the food is what matters to the people, the food take the taste as first”.Is this kind to the delicacy the pursue, poured causes us to neglect the real sense which ate meal.The Chinese when tastes the cooked food, often will say that this TV dinner “delicious”, that vegetable “is not delicious”;However if further asked that anything calls “delicious”, why “delicious”, “delicious” in where, was not perhaps easy to talk clearly.This indicated that what Chinese to diet pursue is one kind explains “the ideal condition” with difficulty, even if is usually called “the color, smell and tastes with the people, the shape,” to come this kind “the boundary” the concrete application, perhaps was still very difficult to cover.the reason that the China diet has its unique charm, the key lies in its taste.But the delicacy production, lies in well distributed, must make food this taste, heats up the later ripe taste, in addition the ingredient and the supplementary material taste as well as the seasoning compromise the taste, interweaves the fusion coordinated in the same place, causes it to supplement mutually, the cooperation seepage, is in perfect harmony, in you have me, in me has you.The Chinese cooking is fastidious compromises the beauty, is the Chinese cooking art concise place.A vegetable shape and the color are the external things, but the taste is actually the intrinsic thing, heavy intrinsic, but decorates the semblance not desirably, but the heavy cooked food‟s taste exposes the cooked food not excessively the shape and the color, this is precisely the Chinese US diet view most important performance.In China, the diet beautiful pursue has crushed the rationality obviously, this kind of diet view and the Chinese tradition‟s philosophic thinking also tallies.As Eastern philosophy representative‟s Chinese philosophy, its outstanding feature is macroscopic, direct-viewing, is fuzzy and is evasive.The Chinese dish manufacture method is the well distributed large ding, is finally must compromise one happy taste.This is fastidious is a discretion, is the overall coordination.It has contained the Chinese philosophy rich diagnostic method thought that all take the vegetable taste happy, harmonized ever changing as, within had decided Chinese dish enriching and was rich in the change, has decided the Chinese dish vegetable department‟s characteristic and even each chef‟s characteristic.2.3 Differences in dietary patterns The Chinese and Western dietary patterns can be very different, and these differences affect the national character.In China, a celebration, no matter what, there will be only one form, as sitting together, sharing one feast.Banquet uses round table, which has created a unity of form, which is courtesy, comity atmosphere.Cate are in the center of the table.It is the objects for people to appreciate and taste, and it is also an intermediate of communication.People toast each other and share the vegetables, which reflect the mutual respect between people in the face of the good things, also show the virtues of comity.Although from the health point of view, this approach has obvious deficiencies, but it is in our national “happy” mentality, it reflects the classical Chinese philosophy area of “and” impact for future generations.It is helpful to facilitate the collective emotional exchanges and consequently difficult to reform.The western-style banquets, although the food and wine are very important, but in fact they are just foil.The core of Banquet is friendship, by the conversation with the guests who sitting next to achieve the purpose of recreation.If making an analogous compare between the recreation of the banquets and dancing, it may be said that the Chinese banquet is like group dance, and the western banquet is like men and women dancing.This shows that communication purpose of Chinese banquet and western banquet are very obvious.Only the Chinese banquet is more popular in the communion, but western banquet shows guests reflected in the friendship between neighbors.The more obvious differences between Chinese and western dietary patterns is buffet dinner which is popular in the West.This method is to display all food, and everybody is picking not fixed in his or her places to eat.They walk freely.This approach would provide the emotional interaction between individuals;they never need to put every word on the table.This also shows a western personality and self-respect.However, all the eating without jamming lacks the real affective tone like the Chinese people.Some people want to put the buffet in the Chinese food, but I think it is not feasible.Zhang Qijun in the Principles of Cooking tells us the main reason: “First, buffet is not like drinking tea.Drinking tea is just the thing to you before you choose, and displayed in the cafeteria there is a large number of food to eat, so when you want to have it, it is cold yet.Chinese cuisine will serve hot, if cold, nothing to eat.Secondly, buffet dishes only can do hard dishes and beneficial dishes.Then you can access for large plots.And those most representative of the Chinese culinary arts, such as the tender and lighter dishes, are not in this show.Third, the buffet can do stewing pot;it means a big pot in terms of food.Any sophisticated cooking of a dish can only be cooked in a pot at two most, and it is not able to cook the dish for dozens of people.So it will not be delicious, never talking of the taste.Under such circumstances, it is clear that the use of buffet dinner will deny Chinese culinary arts.“The Chinese people are drinking around the table to show harmony and unity, but the buffet has broken such pattern.It raises the personal independence and self-mentioned at the first place.This is the opposite of the scale of the great unity of all Chinese traditional culture.2.4 The different utensils and etiquette

2.4.1 Cutlery to use

Chopsticks and knife and fork is the basic difference between Chinese and Western table manners.Zhejiang University, Professor Yu Xiu ling: East and West appear chopsticks and knife and fork eating the different tools and environment relationship.Bamboo chopsticks to have originated in the place.Northern China

wood, bamboo from southern China, ancestors from local materials, bamboo and wood have become the most primitive materials chopsticks chopsticks.The

emergence of a knife and fork than chopsticks much later.According to research by Professor Yu Xiu Ling, the original knife and fork and European origin living in ancient nomadic habits, they immediately carry knives of life, often cooked the meat, cut off to eat.About 15 centuries before and after the meal in order to improve posture, Europeans used the double-pointed cross.To the 18th century only the tip of a fork with four forks.Knife and fork and chopsticks, not only brought different eating habits, also affected the Eastern and Western concepts in life.Professor Yu Xiu Ling, eating into the system will inevitably bring a knife and fork, and chopsticks sitting around the table with family members must dine match.Beginning point of Western food, which derived from the West pay attention to independent, children grow up into the world after the independence of ideas and habits.The chopsticks brought together meals daily, highlighting the young and old sat together in the family unit, so that Asians have a relatively strong family values.When I reminded in the use of Chinese and Western dishes have different specifications.If not play with chopsticks when eating Chinese food(to them when the drumstick is a very rude way), but can not use chopsticks pointing to the person or make gestures.Of course, absolutely can not suck or the chopsticks chopsticks inserted in the rice, which is taboo(which seems to funeral incense is considered unlucky.)When using the knife and fork there are some taboos.Such as holding a knife and fork when not meddling.To speak or talk, knife and fork on the plate should only decency.Avoid using their own utensils for others bowl.Do not bend over picking up utensils fall.Do not cut off a good meal products, especially products with a soup meal, to eat a piece-by-all and more.2.4.2 Seating arrangements Western formal banquets are particular about the seating arrangements.Traditional Chinese dinner with square table.Door is on both sides of the partial blocks.Treat, the elderly, people with high status of the guest of honor sit or seat, men and women who sat down the owner or Peiqia Block, and the remaining customers in order to sit side seat.Westerners treat with a long table, men and women sit in the owner at both ends, then the guest of honor men and women and the general order of the guests seating arrangements, that men and women interspersed arrangement, subject to seat the hostess, the guest of honor sitting in the top right of the hostess, Main Binfu the top right of man of the house to sit, pay attention to “ladies first” Western gentleman, will show the attentions of the ladies.In China, respect for the left and right for the times;on respect, under second;in respect, partial for the times.In the West, respect for the right, left for the times.I particularly Western seat etiquette tips: The most graceful way is seated from the left seat.Do not put your elbows on the desktop, not Rocker foot.Can not withdraw in the middle of the meal(if things do need to leave should be whispered about greeting guests.)Dinner, sit up straight, back straight, neck elongation.Depend on the upper arm and back to back, abdomen, and a table for about a fist distance.Remember to head high with food, in the face of the food into the mouth, it is necessary to the food to the mouth to mouth opinions on the food rather than bent.2.4.3 Dining atmosphere Trouble on the table of Chinese and Western food on the table is static and the most fundamental difference between Chinese and Western table manners.Table climate differences, the Chinese table action, the Western table static.Chinese food for life to matter to music, show and great, the atmosphere of excitement is often breathtaking.Chinese people get a table, then in full flight, with each other for food, drinks upon, enjoy, delicacies, delicious cuisine.Banquet this way in order to reflect the enthusiasm and sincerity the owner, the table reflects the excitement of patrons from the heart‟s delight.This “trouble” to some extent reflects the Chinese family from the warm, neighborhood harmony, unity and people‟s “Harmony.” Westerners have a table to sit quietly dedicated to cutting their own dinner.Soup can not make noise, such as hot soup can be cooled before eating, do not blow through your mouth.Shut up when eating chewing.Do not lick their lips or smack sound.Guests can dine and talk about, but not only with a few acquaintances talk.If guests do not know about, they may first introduce myself.Others can not take the mouth interrupted his speech.Keep the volume level of the other party can hear.Chewing of food do not speak, even if someone speak to you, have to wait to answer after swallowing.2.5 Differences in diet attribution There are differences between Chinese and western diet attribution.Western diet tends to be scientific and rational, but the Chinese diet tends to be art and sentimental.During the underdevelopment era of diet, these two trends have only one aim – to live and never be hungry.And when the dietary culture is full developed, the tendency is shown in this different purpose: the former is in the development of nutrition, the latter is expressed as the stress on the flavor.Cooking is from diet;the origin of food is a life-sustaining nutrition.Therefore, the focus of western diet is only the extension of the original diet practicality.The emphasis on the flavor of Chinese cuisine caters the diet to the arts field.Mencius said: “Flavor in the mouth has the same interests”.“Interests” points out the key from nutrition to arts.Such interests are from the meaning of flavor.In China, eating is not meant to have enough.It is about nutrition.Sometimes we eat though we are full.We are overloaded with food.Why? Saying bluntly, it is to appreciate the art of cooking;and not saying it nicely, it is the temptation of “delicious” for the enjoyment of taste.Watching the rational diet in the west, it is not only waste, but also harmful to the men body.In fact, the herbalist doctors are also opposed to overeat, claiming “dietary restraint”.But the dialectics tell us Chinese people, occasionally the “overload” and once we are comfortable, we can absorb and store.Qigong masters at the situation of non-eat and non-drink at home is still in good spirits, although their weight loses, but it is intact on the human body;and it is the consumption of such storage.Herbalist doctor also advocates winter nutrition.It is also in order to store for keeping energy in the coming year.Chinese people‟s views are more dialectical than the western diet propositions opposing overloaded stubbornly.It is closer to the science truth, and has been checked up for thousands of Chinese medicine practice.Psychologists Spinoza said: “The desire is human nature than other.” The human desire for delicious is the nature of human beings which is fully reflected.In process of the taste enjoyment, it is imbued with the shares of élan vital.Life should not be a yoke, but also not be a repressed desire.We can not use the absolute reason to regulate the behavior of all people.On the diet, it is not the purpose of “science” and “nutrition” and some delicious are excluded from the table outside.Only delicious things can satisfy people‟s appetite and then give the arrival of physical and mental pleasure.Chinese diet shows the transformation about sentimental form to rational form from the old days till now, and cause the Chinese dietary culture brimming with imagination and creativity.The sensibility of Chinese culinary culture is a sublime sensibility, infiltrating rational sense, also the realization of the nature of life.In addition, gustatory enjoyment is one of the main objectives pursued of the human struggle.The art of Chinese cuisine is compatible with the development of human history in the process, more scientific than the progress of the western diet.As Zhang Qijun in his work Cooking Principles said: “The United States is unprecedented least affluent society, but till today, in essence it is still „food to eat‟ stage.There are still some distances from entering the realm of art.” In China, The role of diet goes beyond the subsistence of existence, which is designed not only to have the physical presence, but also to meet people‟s spiritual needs for pleasure.It is positive to enrich people‟s life performance, and fine arts, music, literature, etc.which have the same level of significance to the improvement of life.Chinese diet tends to artistry, the so-called art realm.In fact, that is a complete leap from the necessity to freedom.It is characterized by randomness.For example, similar dishes, because of the differences in area, season, target, function and grade, it has different treatments on operation.Set braised fish for example, in winter deep colors are advised and tastes are advised strongly, but in summer it should be light color and flavor.And for the people in Zhejiang province, their dishes can be put up more sugar in the braised fish, and if facing Chuanxiang customers it should allocate spicy.It easy to see that if out of the arbitrary, there would be no cooking variety;we will lose the unique charm of Chinese cuisine.Whereas in the west, dishes in different areas and different seasons and facing different customers, is the same flavor, no changes.Although it is the most valuable banquet, which is just tableware known, conducted layout, and the vegetables remain the same as before.Moreover, as for materials, westerners think the food is to eat, eating special “hard vegetables” such as large piece of meat, chicken block.China‟s cuisine is “taste”.The Chinese cooking in materials has shown tremendous arbitrariness: The things which many, many westerners consider as disposable things in China are excellent raw materials.Foreign cooks are not able to deal with things, but in the hands of a Chinese chef, it can get a magic result.Chinese cuisine is evident in the wide use of materials.Besides skills, an excellent cook, of course, can do more complicated dishes.But facing the real simple materials and condiments, the cooks are often able to produce delicious flavors.It is the arbitrariness of skills.In the surface, the menu seems to be scientific.Westerners always use menu to buy ingredients to produce dishes, but in comparison, it is the machinery, and often powerless facing the complex specific situation.Of course, this mechanical science is still can be said as science, but it is primitive science, and it is not the complete science.Chinese cooking talks about artistry, but it still fit the requirements among the ever-changing, it can be said such science is a real science.The characters of western food which lacks nutrition and artistic atmosphere have great distinction from the artistic realm of Chinese cuisine.3.Nature of the differences between Chinese and Western food

Differences in the nature of the Chinese and western diet are inosculated with the respective lifestyle and the pace of life.In the west, people do the duplication of pipeline operations, and implement piece-wage system, so the paces of their lives are so fast.People fall under the mechanical method either intentionally or unintentionally, and believe that “Work is work, and game is game.” Mechanical lives led to oneness of diet or a single blind about diet, and eat beefsteak and potatoes every day.Monotonous diet is the same as work, for which the purposes is to fulfill the “incident”, naturally with no interests, and all these have no word in terms of taste.But China is not, “The game is work, and the work is of a game”.Such life manner is also emerged in diet.A baker sells bread in the street, he likes using the rolling pole to beat the chopping board rhythmically when they knead flour.When the cooks fry a dish, even beating scoop, they also care the sense of rhythm during cooking.These would not work for any conveniences, but it increases the interests of workers.Only in such an atmosphere work will be meaningful, and it will have more creativity and artistry of Chinese cuisine.There still exist various differences between Chinese and western dietary cultures.But with the development of cultural communication between China and the west, along with the strengthening of communication between China and the west, China has imported various kinds of western food, known as the “KFC” “DICOS”, “McDonald”.This marks a new western dietary culture exchanges and infiltration.We believe that with the development of society, the cultural differences between Chinese and western dietary will no longer be the difference.4.Conclusion

Diet is absolutely necessary in the life of mankind, and even in the existence or development.Because of the differences between Chinese and western cultural traditions, the Chinese and western dietary cultures are different in concept, target, pattern, attribution and nature.We study these differences and then find out the points that can be digested, in order to facilitate the communication about cultures between China and the west.Western culture(in particular, modern American culture)can be said to be male and female culture.But the Chinese culture can be said to be a dietary culture.“As the reason of the cultural traditions, the western lives tend to men and women , Chinese people are dumping guidance on life in the restaurants.Thus the diet is rich in culture.Food culture in the west is not developed enough, but this underdevelopment itself is the result of the development of a culture, so it is still significant to study the dietary cultures of Chinese and Western diet.By the analysis of the differences between Chinese and western dietary cultures, we can comprehend the respective cultural traditions of China and the west.And we can also improve and create the culture of China.In short, analyzing and researching in the Western diet and cultural differences has a very important significance in Chinese food culture.It is not only in understanding the purpose of this fact in itself, but also it is more importantly and useful to guide our practice, based on the awareness-raising, improve food structure, get rid of food abuse, improve the food quality and guarantee people‟s needs, in this kind of way to promote Chinese dining culture.By the text from this thesis, we can easily find that there still exist various differences between Chinese and western dietary cultures.But with the development of cultural communication between China and the west, along with the strengthening of communication between China and the west, China has imported various kinds of western food, known as the “KFC” “DICOS”, “McDonald”.These mark a new western food culture exchanges and infiltration.The impact brought about by economic globalization is stronger and deeper than the internationalization.Economic globalization is a double-edged sword, on one hand, it brings the vitality of economic growth, and on the other hand, the dominant culture is put into other countries through strong economic and infiltrated every corner of the globe.Therefore, the cultural communication focus on how to assimilate advantages of the other countries‟ culture, abandon its shortcoming, and learn how to transform and make it localized, all countries need to study the issue.So in the face of the dietary cultural exchange problems between China and the West, we should find each other‟s advantages and draw the mutual advantages, as China can learn from the point that western diet stresses nutrition match, and make the Chinese cuisine more outstanding.China is a country with an ancient culture and is rich in cultural traditions.She feeds the 1.3 billion Chinese people, and Chinese culture is very inclusive;in the course of development it absorbs a lot of different cultures.Moreover, now China does more efforts to draw all the outstanding achievements in the World.China‟s reform and opening up policy create the conditions on international relations and cultural exchanges.We need to use such an opportunity to absorb the excellent cultures from other countries, to develop and create China‟s new culture.Acknowledgements

My deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to Miss Tu Huiqin, my supervisors, for her constant encouragement and guidance.I would not have survived all work without the constant support that she gave me.She has walked with me through the first stage of writing this paper.Without her consistent and illuminating instruction, this paper would not have reached its present form.I would also like to extend my sincere thanks to all my teachers at the English Department.Thanks to their instructive guidance and comprehensive education during the four year‟s college life, I can acquire the opportunity to further study my English.References

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第四篇：中西方文化对比论文

世俗与宗教——中西社会习俗文化比较

摘要：当今中国早已跻身全球化语境的时代。信息网络技术把整个世界变成了“地球村”，中西文化交往的规模和深度都在不断发展。跨文化交际中，由于文化差异而导致的信息误解屡见不鲜。中西文化博大精深，社会习俗文化渗入到生活的各个方面。关键词：跨文化交际 中西方社会习俗文化 差异

前言：社会习俗文化包括社会生活礼仪与节庆、生活方式等，是各国社会经济、政治生活及历史文化传统的反应，深刻揭示着民族文化的基本精神和价值观念。由于社会习俗范畴广泛，本文仅从觐礼、婚礼、葬礼、节日四个方面来比较中西方文化，以窥全豹。鉴于中国式宗教意识淡薄的国家，社会习俗文化是世俗的，而西方国家基督教影响甚深，故社会习俗文化的宗教色彩深刻。

一、觐礼：下跪与屈膝

在古代中国一向是皇权至上的社会。因此，古代觐见皇帝时都要行下跪的礼仪，以表示对高高在上的皇权的尊重。这与中国自给自足的小农经济为主体的农业文明有着千丝万缕的联系。中国高度集中的权力，使皇帝认为，普天之下，莫非王土，率土之滨，莫非王臣。中国人有中国是世界的中心，华夷有别，万方来朝的虚荣心理。而西欧则相反。在西方，王权有限，对国王来说，“我的附庸的附庸不是我的附庸”，加上基督教的普世性，教皇才是权力的中心。西方国王与贵族大臣的契约关系并非像中国古代的“君为臣纲”的不平等关系，因此出现了双方觐见礼的冲突。

二、婚礼：红色与白色

在人类所有的社会行为中，婚姻是一项非常重要的活动。作为社会习俗的婚礼，是最重要的礼仪。然而由于民族文化的不同，婚礼的具体形式与文化内涵也就不同。具体上说，中国古典式的婚礼是“红色”的婚礼；西方古典式的婚礼是“白色”的婚礼。

（一）中国婚礼的红色寓意

中国古典婚礼给人印象最深的就是男女双方全家族的盛大庆典，以及到处贴的红双“喜”，一对新人着红衣、红裤（红裙），新娘披着红盖头，桌上点着红蜡烛，床上摆着大红枣。在婚姻不能自主的封建时代，红红火火的婚礼主要不是对新婚夫妇个人的祝贺，而是对家族兴旺的集体联欢，对封建义务的重申。婚礼仪式中的“拜天地”的安排，但这里的“天”只是伦理化的“天”，是重申对天经地义的封建礼法的遵守承诺，完全是世俗性的行为。

古代中国的婚俗文化主要有两大特点。一是“父母之命，媒妁之言”。包办婚姻作为一项被古代中国人民长期接受的习俗，虽然在现代人看来是不合理的，但在流动性较小的农耕社会中也有其存在的合理性。结婚也要按照风俗履行必要的程序。定亲和迎亲这两种程序在不同程度上历来为人们所遵守，甚至在当代的中国也仍然会有体现。其次“明媒正娶，大办婚事”是中国又一重要的风俗。中国婚礼大张旗鼓的操办，其社会意义在于“公示”，以此获得“本地认同”，从而产生“本地身份”。这些对于地位卑贱低微的女性来说具有极其重要的意义。“明媒正娶”的本质同样仍然是为家族共同体的集体荣光增加一道红色的光彩。

（二）西方婚礼的白色意蕴

西方婚礼给人们最深刻的印象是庄严的教堂和白色的婚纱。白色的婚纱在西方象征纯洁、忠诚、美丽。在西方人看来，婚姻是神圣的，西方的婚礼多灾教堂举行，由神父主导婚礼进行，庄严的婚礼誓词是婚姻当事人对对方终生的承诺，也是对上帝尊重的保证。婚礼沉浸在一篇宗教的圣洁气氛当中。

西方社会婚姻制度也是某种社会习俗的产物，尤其受到基督教的深刻影响。当我们把视角投向基督教，不得不提到《圣经》。《旧约》里亚当和夏娃的故事可谓人人皆知，亚当和夏娃由于偷吃了伊甸园里的果子而被上帝逐出。尽管上帝将人逐出伊甸园作为一种惩罚，然而他并没有拆散他们，而是令他们今生今世要相互扶持。其目的在于完成这种爱，在于延续生命。上帝将亚当和夏娃带到一起，从而设立了婚姻，那时婚姻是神圣的，基督徒对这种婚姻的看法也赋予了荣耀和尊严。白色的婚礼使得西方婚姻获得了圣洁的认证。

三、葬礼：厚葬与薄葬

（一）中国的厚葬风俗

中国古代素有厚葬的传统。中国各地博物馆现存的历史文物中，从历代墓葬出土的殉葬品占有相当比例。秦始皇陵出土的兵马俑、长沙马王堆汉墓出土的木乃伊、西安汉阳陵出土的佣群......殉葬品之多、之繁、之奢华，令人叹为观止。这些无不显示着中华厚葬之风。不仅皇家贵族如此，中国民间也不逊色。虽然民间不会想皇族那样奢华，但也不敢怠慢。直至今天，尽管社会发达，大办丧事的习俗仍让留存了下来。现在不仅焚烧纸人，还焚烧纸马、纸电视、纸汽车、纸别墅。

中华厚葬之风可以追根溯源到儒家所提倡的“孝”道。所谓的“孝”道，实质上并非真正对“人”的尊重，而是对规范——“礼制”的无条件服从。通过孝道来凝聚族人，以巩固社会秩序。而对死人的孝就体现在丧葬的厚薄和质量上。

中华厚葬风俗文化的世俗性关键在于中国人“视死如生”的看法，即把死人当作生人来供奉。丧礼设酒食、供品以祭，用整头宰杀的牛、羊、鸡等加上各种新鲜的水果做祭品。从常识知道，死人是不会享用这些供品的，只是人们心理上认为原来的人在另一个世界仍然会享受得到，他们按世俗的办法祭奠供奉死人。

（二）西方的薄葬风俗

通过欧洲的电影电视，许多人对西方葬礼最深刻的印象莫过于十字架和黑色的丧服。墓地也十分简单，一个两米左右的长土坑。下葬时人们只是向墓碑献鲜花，不见有其他的殉葬品。参加葬礼的是死者的亲属与生前挚友，但不会是像中国那样的家族大聚会。西方的丧葬礼仪很简单，其形式基本上属宗教式的。葬礼与葬礼弥撒一般由神父议定，包括祈祷词和经文，然后是圣餐，最后为告别仪式。葬礼过程主要是为死者祈祷，祝灵魂早升天堂，解脱生前痛苦。整个葬礼庄严肃穆，简单薄葬。

这种习俗主要还是受到基督教文化的影响。基督教将每一个灵魂直接和上帝发生关系，崇尚灵魂升华，因为肉体是肮脏的、有罪的。因此西方葬礼风俗重精神性的超升，而对肉身简丧薄葬。

四、节日：人节与鬼节

民族民间节日是重要的社会风俗文化。中国社会是宗教意识很淡薄的社会，梁漱溟先生说过：中国人的人生是“无宗教的人生”。所以中国传统节日多是世俗性的，是人节。随着全球化的深入，当代青年人也喜欢上了洋节。西方社会的基督教文化影响较深，宗教氛围浓厚，故西方节日宗教性强，是鬼节。但随着社会的现代化进程，西方的宗教性节日也已日趋世俗化。

（一）中国节日的世俗性——人节

中国的传统节日大都与农业活动的节气有关，而农业活动又离不开家庭成员之间的集体协作，所以传统习俗要么与时令有关，要么与家族祖先祭拜有关。如在以团圆欢庆为核心的春节，仍要在饭前拜祭祖先，烧香烧纸钱。中国的传统节日提供了“天——地——人”合一的运行节律的时令节点，这些都是世俗性人的节日。传统节日经过几千年传承下来，不仅是译为它的一些娱乐活动，更是一种文化现象，是民族情感、民族精神和民族信仰的体现，值得我们珍惜和传承。

（二）西方节日的宗教性——鬼节

基督教自罗马帝国成为国教以来，对西方社会的影响是方方面面的。基督教不止是一种观念体系，也是一种生活方式。以礼拜日为例。礼拜日也叫安息日，按照《圣经》的说法，上帝工作了六天，第七日休息。因此，现代的西方人在基督教的影响下，每个礼拜日都去教堂做礼拜。古代西方的节日也是极具宗教色彩的，以复活节为例。复活节原本是说耶稣被钉死在十字架上三日后复活，向信徒展示他作为复活的救世主，也让基督徒坚定信念不惧怕死亡。然而现代社会中的复活节几乎丧失了宗教意义，越来越为人们所淡忘。“假日”也是一个宗教术语，意为“神圣的日子”，这个术语源于中世纪。而如今在说英语的国家，‘假日’的使用越来越少宗教的含义。因此，当人们在圣诞节和新年期间说‘假日快乐’时，他们往往也只是表达一种问候，一个毫无宗教色彩的问候，一个与耶稣的诞生毫不相干的问候。

中国是农业文明，自给自足的小农经济占主导地位，而西方是海洋与商业文明。由于中西民族先民的自然条件、生存方式不同，在漫长的历史过程中，也形成了不同的物质生活方式和精神生活方式。中国的宗教意识淡薄，而西方受基督教的影响很大。有无宗教信仰在中西方人民的社会习俗文化上留下了深深的印记。总的来说，中国的社会习俗文化是世俗化的，而西方社会习俗文化宗教色彩深刻。但很难说哪种文化就是“先进”，哪种文化就是“落后”，如果把“先进”的现代文化强行移植到“落后”国家，可能会产生水土不服的现象。因此，比较不同民族、不同国度的文化是为了在比较中认识世界，更好地尊重彼此的文化。参考文献：

1.陈坤林、何强主编，《中西文化比较》，国防工业出版社，2012。2.阿尔文.施密特，《基督教对文明的影响》，汪晓丹等译，北京大学出版社，2004。

3.路易斯.亨利.摩尔根，《古代社会》，杨茹东译，商务印书馆，1981。

第五篇：中西方婚礼文化比较论文

福建对外经济贸易职业技术学院

中西方婚礼文化的差异

题目：中西方的浪漫婚礼系部：经济贸易系

专业：国际经济与贸易班级：2010国际儒商班姓名：方飞鹰

学号：201002050237

2011-12-19

中西方的浪漫婚礼

摘要：婚礼作为文化的一个有机组成部分，也是一个人一生中最为重要的仪式之一，它在中西方不同文化的熏陶下也逐渐的呈现出了不同的婚俗习惯，因而这些差异也明显的体现着中西方文化的不同。本文旨在对中西方婚礼的举行地点、服饰、色调、婚俗等方面的差异进行比较，并对造成差异的原因进行分析，浅谈中西方不同的婚礼文化。

关键字：婚礼文化差异比较婚俗分析

婚礼，一个浪漫而温馨的名词，它是情侣步入婚姻的大门，也是夫妻关系确立的标志，婚礼是一个开始，从此夫妻之间要相互鼓励、相互搀扶，相守一生，因而，各种美好的祝愿也都在这样一个与众不同的日子变得更加有意义、更加的珍贵。当然，随着祝福而来的就是各种各样的婚俗，人们愿意将每一种仪式都赋予它特殊的意义，充满了浪漫和美好的气息，由于中西方文化的不同，这些婚礼中的仪式和习俗在时间的累积中也渐渐有了差异，虽然随着经济和交流的全球化，许多的中西方的婚俗进行了混合，但是中西方的婚俗始终有不可替代的差异，下面就两个方面对中西方浪漫婚礼的差异进行分析。

一、中西方婚礼差异比较

 婚礼举行地点比较

对于我们中国人来说，结婚是一件大喜事，既是喜事当然要办的热热闹闹、喜气洋洋，这也是我们自古以来的传统。中国人喜欢热闹的气氛，因而婚礼的地点当然也要是能闹起来的地方。在古代，人们会选在开阔的场院里，大家围坐桌前，爽朗的笑声，锣鼓喧天，鞭炮齐鸣，一派祥和与红火。在当代难以寻得过去的场院，交通方便的大型酒店自然成了首选，与以往一样，从招待到入席，所有的人，无论是主人还是客人，脸上都洋溢着幸福的微笑，席间的欢歌笑语都体现了热闹这一传统。

对于西方人来说，他们更为看重圣洁与庄重，所以西方的婚礼大多会选择在教堂等安静的地方举行，进行发誓，显得非常的神圣，他们的婚礼井井有条，不像我们中国人的婚礼那么热闹。

 婚礼服饰及色调比较

西方的婚礼的主色调是白色。在西方婚礼中,新娘一般都会一直穿着白色的婚纱，新郎则是穿着笔挺的西服。自罗马时代开始，白色象征欢庆，1850年到1900

年之间，白色亦是富贵的象征，到了本世纪初白色所代表的纯洁意义更远超其他。西方认为白色与童贞有关，古罗马的新娘穿着白色的婚纱，蒙着鲜橙黄色的面纱，象征着激情的火焰。在西方的天主教传统里，白色代表着快乐，代表圣洁和忠贞。新娘的捧花、周围环境的装饰也都是以白色为基调的。

中国婚礼的主色调是红色，所谓“中国红”，这是中国传统的代表喜庆的颜色，新娘一般都穿红色的礼服，象征着吉祥如意，也祝愿着希望新婚的夫妇生活能够红红火火。在传统婚礼中，女子还要穿凤冠霞披，上面还有一块红色丝巾。而新郎就穿着红色的长衫马褂，头戴红色大沿帽。在中国人的心中龙凤是神圣而美好的，也是最好的婚配，所以古代女子的服饰上会绣凤，而在被褥上也会有龙凤绣。家里到处都贴有红色的喜字，门两边要贴红色的对联，新人身上佩戴红花,新房里的物品也大都是红色。

现在由于受到西方婚礼习俗的影响,越来越多的中国人也接受了白色婚纱。但是新娘一般都是在迎娶的时候和婚宴开始的时候穿白色的婚纱,之后就会换上红色或是其他比较喜庆的颜色的礼服。

 结婚仪式比较

在传统结婚仪式上面，中国的传统婚俗有“三书六礼”“三拜九叩”这些繁俗礼节。所谓“三书”，就是指聘书、礼书、迎亲书。（聘书：订亲之书。纳吉时用。礼书：过礼之书。纳征时用。迎亲书：迎娶新娘之书。结婚当日（亲迎）接新娘过门时用。）而“六礼”是指纳采、问名、纳吉、纳征、请期、亲迎。（纳采：古时婚礼之首，属意女方时，延请媒人作谋，谓之纳采，今称「提亲」。问名：男方探问女方之姓名及生日时辰，以卜吉兆，谓之问名，今称「合八字」。纳吉：问名若属吉兆，遣媒人致赠薄礼，谓之纳吉，今称「过文定」或「小定」。纳征：奉送礼金、礼饼、礼物及祭品等，即正式送聘礼，谓纳征，今称「过大礼」。请期：由男家请算命先生择日，谓之请期，又称「乞日」、今称「择日」。亲迎：新郎乘礼车，赴女家迎接新娘，谓之亲迎。）而在这之间更有换庚谱、过文定、过大礼、安床等一系列的活动。而在这些活动中有着大量的禁忌和礼俗，比如新娘嫁妆中要有剪刀（蝴蝶双飞）、痰盂（子孙桶）、尺（良田万顷）、片糖（甜甜蜜蜜）、银包皮带（腰缠万贯）、花瓶（花开富贵）、铜盆及鞋（同偕到老）、龙凤被、床单及枕头一对、两双用红绳捆着的筷子及碗（有衣食）、七十二套衣服，用扁柏、莲子、龙眼及利是伴着（丰衣足食）等物，每样物品都有其不同的含义。

同时，在婚礼进行时也有一定的顺序，按一般的情况，在整个婚礼过程中有：祭祖、出发、燃炮、等待新郎、讨喜、拜别、出门、礼车、掷扇、燃炮、喜宴、送客、闹洞房、三朝回门。有此可以见到我国文化的繁琐，但并非繁琐是我国婚礼的特有特征，其实，不同国家虽然有不同的婚俗，但从繁复的细节与用品的喻意，都可见对婚姻的尊重和期许无分国界。

在西方，婚礼时有旧（Something Old）、新（Something New）、借（Something Borrowed）、蓝（Something Blue）等习俗。旧是指母亲传下来之婚纱，头饰或首饰，代表承受美好的一切；新是指朋友送的礼物如裙子，饰物，象征新的生活；借是指可向任何人借东西回来，据说从富裕亲友借来金或银放在鞋内，象征带来财运；蓝是指新娘的一些小饰物或花束用蓝色，意味着新娘的纯洁及贞洁。2而在进行婚礼时，西方亦有大量的习俗。比如，在结婚时新娘总要带着一方手帕，西方人认为白手帕象征好运。在婚礼典礼时，新娘总是站在新郎的左边，在进行结婚晚宴时，要特别定制结婚蛋糕，根据历史记载，自罗马时代开始，婚礼结束时，人们会在新娘头上折断一条面包的材料----小麦象征生育能力，面包屑则代表着幸运。新人必须以糖霜，就形成今天的结婚蛋糕了。

可以见得西方的婚礼习俗也很复杂，但无论是怎样的繁琐，其中蕴含的亲朋好友的美好的祝福是不会变的，所有的人都希望一对对新人能够相互依靠、白头偕老。

二、中西方婚礼文化差异分析

从以上三大方面的差异比较，我们不难看出中西方婚礼无论是在举行地点、服饰色调还是婚礼婚俗都有很大的差异。中国人注重的是仪式气氛，更为强调热闹、喜庆，这也是中国自古以来的传统，办喜事要让所有的亲朋好友都知道，要让所有关心自己和自己关心的人都快乐。而西方人则是更加重视婚礼的感觉，他们的仪式更为庄重、严肃。有结婚誓词，有牧师的主持，婚礼从开始至结束，都是井井有条，一切都很庄重。那么这些差异到底源于什么，为什么会有这些不同，就这个问题谈谈我的观点。

 中西方人性格不同

中西方的历史积淀不同，中国有五千年的灿烂文化，漫长的封建统治对中国1

22007-1-11中国知网中西方文化浅析2008-08-206

人内在性格的影响不容忽视，中国人深受儒家文化的影响，一切都讲“礼治”尤其在大事上，更是礼节繁琐，由这种“框架式”文化的影响，中国人的性格中渐渐多了内省保守，谨慎顺从的特点。这些特点体现在婚礼婚俗仪式的繁杂、仪式意义的多样，虽然现今中国人的婚礼不再像过去那样讲究，但是基本的“三书六礼”“三拜九叩”虽名字、说法有些变化，但是在中国人婚礼中还是有举足轻重的地位的。

西方人虽然历史积淀不如中国深厚，但随着时间的累积，逐渐的西方人的性格形成了自己的特点，他们崇尚自由，不受礼节规定的影响，更加注重本心的想法，随心而动，更为讲究感觉。所以在婚礼中他们的礼节显然不如中国的复杂，而婚礼中新人是焦点，大家都注视他们，一切活动有讲究一对新人之间的新婚感觉，例如亲吻。

 中西方人宗教信仰不同

中国人大多信仰佛教，但更多人相信无神论，在中国人的心中祭神是一种仪式，人们相信神鬼精灵，比如龙凤的推崇。但是现如今婚礼婚俗中的拜神等讲究多半是由于自古以来的传统，人们只是去沿用，而其内在的，发明这些仪式的最初对神的崇敬之情则有所减少。

但是在西方，人们的宗教信仰是很明确的，对一个人来说是很重要的，他们每个人都有着坚定的信仰，在举行婚礼时也都按照自己信仰的教派的仪式来操办，他们坚信上帝，所以婚礼要让上帝见证，要有牧师的主持，要有结婚的誓词，我们不难发现，西方人婚礼的宗教色彩是非常浓重的，这也造成了中西方婚礼婚俗的差异。

三、学习心得体会

通过一个学期的学习让我明白了跨文化差异的体系，而且对中西方差异产生了兴趣，了解中西方差异的根基，精髓。中西方的差异和文化冲突显而易见。中方重视集体和谐，西方追求个人的绝对自由。中方思维是物性的，西方的思维是物质的。中方的文化有很强的感性化，西方的文化有较强的理性化。我们要不断去细细品味中西的差异，理解双方文化中的精华，互相补充，融合。培养国际化思维，理解文化，体味彼此文化中的酣甜。消除跨文化交流的障碍，到达交流的畅通，和谐，充满理性和感性的光辉。

参考文献

鲍宗豪《婚俗与中国传统文化》[M] 广西师范大学出版社 2006.11.1 郁龙于《中西文化异同论》 [M] 三联书店出版社 1984.4