第一篇:经贸英语
伦敦人民币交易量大幅上升
金融时报2013-10-09
London has strengthened its position as a global hub for offshore renminbi, as new market players drive a rapid rise in international trading of the Chinese currency.伦敦强化了其作为离岸人民币全球中心的地位。新的市场参与者推动人民币国际交易快速增长。
The UK capital, the world’s dominant centre for foreign exchange
transactions, accounts for per cent of renminbi trading conducted outside China and Hong Kong.That 62 compares with 54 per cent in January, the data from payments group Swift show.支付集团Swift的数据显示,作为世界上首屈一指的外汇交易中心,英国首都目前在中国内地和香港以外的人民币交易中占了62%的比重,高于1月份的54%。London’s increased market share came largely at the expense of Singapore, although the US, France and Switzerland all lost ground.Analysts said the city’s standing as the main global centre for trading the US dollar and the euro makes it the natural home for renminbi trading outside Hong Kong.伦敦新增的市场份额主要是从新加坡夺取的,而美国、法国和瑞士也都失去了一些份额。分析师们表示,伦敦作为全球美元和欧元交易主要中心的地位,使其自然成为香港以外人民币交易的首选场所。
Volumes in London are about $5bn a day, up from about $2.5bn at this time last year.Renminbi trading in Hong Kong has also continued to rise rapidly, from about $8bn in daily volume at the end of 2012 to as much as $13bn, says HSBC.伦敦的人民币日交易量目前达到大约50亿美元,而去年此时只有25亿美元左右。汇丰(HSBC)表示,香港的人民币交易也在继续快速增长,日交易量从2012年底的大约80亿美元增至130亿美元左右。
Overall trading volumes in the renminbi have risen 113 per cent this year, according to Swift, overtaking the Swedish krona, the South Korean won and the Russian rouble in the global league table.据Swift介绍,今年人民币总交易量已增长113%,在全球榜单上超越瑞典克朗、韩元和俄罗斯卢布。
Ju Wang, Asian currency strategist at HSBC, said the expansion in renminbi trading had been driven by a wave of deregulation, the emergence of trading centres and fresh sources of demand.汇丰亚洲外汇策略师王菊表示,推动人民币交易量扩大的因素包括:一连串放松管制的措施、若干交易中心的形成,以及新的需求来源。
“We see a lot of new players, like hedge funds, as well as corporates, who use the renminbi for hedging purposes,” said Ms Wang, who added that central banks and private bank clients had also shown strong interest.“我们看到很多新的参与者,比如对冲基金,还有企业,他们将人民币用于对冲
目的,”王菊表示。她补充称,各国央行和私人银行客户也表现出极大兴趣。The rise in trading chimes with the long-term goal of Chinese policy makers to internationalise their currency.Taiwan this year became the second place outside mainland China where renminbi transactions could be settled directly, with Singapore following soon after.The People’s Bank of China has signed currency swap agreements, including with the Bank of England.人民币交易量的增长与中国政策制定者推动人民币国际化的长远目标是一致的。今年,台湾成为中国大陆以外第二个能够直接结算人民币交易的地方,新加坡也在不久后做到这一点。中国央行已签署多项货币互换(互惠外汇信贷)协议,包括与英国央行(Bank of England)达成的此类协议。
The loosening of investment restrictions has widened the options for those holding renminbi as part of broader financial reforms.In March,regulators gave international money managers the freedom to choose how to invest renminbi holdings onshore.放松投资限制作为整体金融改革的一部分,拓宽了人民币持有者的选择范围。今年3月,监管机构让国际基金管理公司自由选择如何投资在岸人民币。
Ms Wang said that the recently opened Shanghai free-trade zone would likely lead to a pick-up in trading, although what would be possible inside the zone has yet to be made clear.汇丰的王菊表示,最近成立的上海自贸区有望推动人民币交易量进一步增长,尽管官方尚未阐明自贸区内具体能够从事哪些活动。
The data back up trends seen in a Bank of International Settlements survey that showed that the renminbi’s share of trading volume jumped from 0.9 per cent in 2010 to 2.2 per cent in 2013.Swift’s numbers suggest much of that increase occurred this year.交易量数据与国际清算银行(BIS)一项调查所显示的趋势吻合。该调查发现,人民币在外汇交易量中所占比重已从2010年的0.9%跃升至2013年的2.2%。Swift的数据似乎表明,相当大一部分增长发生在今年。
Although renminbi volumes remain small compared with the US dollar and the euro, it is fast gaining ground on the Canadian dollar and the Swiss franc.虽然人民币交易量与美元和欧元相比仍很小,但它正在快速赶上加拿大元和瑞士法郎。
第二篇:经贸英语
专有名词
金融市场:financial market收入分配:the distribution of income
政府(支出、政策、债券):government(spending、policy、bond)
预算赤字:budget deficit贸易模式:the patterns of trade
发展中国家:developing country市场机制:the market mechanism
经济周期:business cycle经济扩张:business expansion
大萧条:the Great Depression零和博弈:zero-sum game
后此谬误:The Post Hoc Fallacy合成缪误:The Fallacy of Composition
国民生产总值(GNP):the gross national product
名义和实际:nominal and real可支配收入:disposable income
留存盈余:retained earning需求总供给:the aggregate demand and supply
转移支付:transfer outlay宏观政策手段:Macroeconomic Policy Levers
自由贸易:free trade货币政策财政政策:monetary policy and fiscal policy公开市场操作:open market operation法定准备金率:reserve requirement
再贴现率:discount rates通货膨胀:actual inflation
充分就业:full employment经济增长:rapid growth of output
价格稳定:price stability(移动、固定)汇率:(free、fixed)exchange rate
绝对优势:absolute advantage比较优势理论:the principle of comparative advantage
机会成本:opportunity cost生产可能边界:production possibility
不兑现纸币:fiat money联邦储存系统:The Federal Reserve system
联邦公开市场委员会(FOMC):The Federal Open Market Committee
短期交替: a short-run tradeoff活期存款:demand deposit
资产负债表:T-account百分百储存银行:100-Percent-Reserve Banking
货币乘数:the money multiplier超额准备金:excess reserve
法律合同:a legal contract邀约和接受:offer and acceptance
人事保险:life insurance投机风险:speculative risk
单边过程:a one-sided process最大限度利用:make the most of
不可再生资源:nonrenewable energy工业革命:the Industrial Revolution
限定价格:price fix内幕交易:inside trade
常识:common sense公益机构:a nonprofit organization
饱受损失:exposure to loss艺术博物馆:art museum
会计事务所:accounting firm年报:annual report
租赁服务:rental service经验和直觉:experience and intuition
市场细分:market segment目标市场:target market
品牌忠诚度:brand loyalty以收入水平为基础:on the basis of income level
肯接受的准确性:acceptable accuracy市场潜力:market potential
操作系统:operating system临床研究:clinical study
马斯诺的需要层次论:Maslow's Needs Hierarchy Theory
自然灾害:natural disaster有的放矢:plunge right in
第三篇:经贸英语求职信参考
经贸英语求职信参考,关键词是求职信,经贸英语,
尊敬的领导:
您好!
感谢您在百忙之中审阅我的求职申请,给予我毛遂自荐的机会。
我是太原理工大学外语系08经贸英语专业的一名学生,即将于明年七月完成学业,真正地步入社会,开始人生的新一段征程。
上大学后,我最郑重的告诉自己的一句话是:学通你的专业,利用它为你的人生开辟道路。于是我以交际英语为方向,首先侧重于打好基础,从听,说,读,写几方面训练基本技能,在达到自如地运用英语的基础上,我学习了英美概况,英美文学,英语语法等相关专业知识,同时,我还学习了部分经贸英语知识,这些努力不仅使我的专业水平每年都有相应提高,而且拓展了视野,丰富了经验,并使我于大二时以良好的成绩通过了国家英语四级和六级考试。
大学三年里,有收获也有遗憾,但欣慰的是这些经历使我学会了冷静,执着,使我变的愈加独立,坚韧;教会我学会在人生的坐标上寻找适合自己的位置,并不断调整和完善自我;更让我意识到要勇于在人生的不同阶段迎接新的挑战。所以当又一次走到人生的十字路口时,我诚挚地希望能加入你们这群充满生命力,竞争力和挑战力的精英队伍中,在各方英才的领导和帮助下,为公司的再度发展和腾飞推波助澜!
祝贵公司事业蒸蒸日上,屡创佳绩!祝您的事业百尺竿头,更进一步!殷切地盼望您的佳音,谢谢!
第四篇:经贸英语 chapter1
今年全国“两会”已经开始了,那两会用英语怎么说呢?
Air pollution, corruption and the wealth gap are the three issues of most concern to the public ahead of the annual parliamentary sessions of China, dubbed as “two sessions”, according to an online survey.一项网络调查显示,在一年一度的“两会”召开之际,大家最关注的三大问题分别为:大气污染、腐败问题以及贫富差距。
The issue of pollution has grown in importance for people since last year's survey which then showed the top three issues as being the cost of living, the environment and employment.与去年相比,污染问题对于人们的重要程度有所提高。去年的调查显示,人们最关注的三大问题为:生活成本、环境和就业。
The majority of respondents said air pollution is the most urgent issue which needs to be addressed and they expect the “two sessions” to put forward practical measures to tackle the problem.大多数调查对象表示,大气污染是当务之急,需予以解决,他们期待“两会”能提出一些切实可行的措施来解决该问题。【讲解】
文中的two sessions就是“两会”的意思,其中session是名词,意为“会议”,一般指定期正式召开的会议,如:
The Congress ended its first session on January 4.代表大会第一次会议在1月4日结束。
而meeting是普通用词,指一般性的会议,可用于任何场合,如:departmental meeting(部门会议),sports meeting(运动会)1.养老保险 pension insurance system 2.反腐倡廉 anti-corruption bid 3.依法拆迁 lawful housing demolition and relocation 4.调控房价 housing prices control 5.贫富差距 gap between the rich and the poor(wealth gap)6.就业问题 employment 7.医疗改革 medical reform下岗再就业 Re-employment after being laid off 登记失业率 registered unemployment rate 分组讨论 panel discussion 城乡差距 rural-urban divide 基本医疗保险 basic medical insurance 家电下乡Home appliances going to the countryside 中小型企业 SMEs 教育公平Equal Access to Education 8.司法公正 judicial justice 9.民主监督 democratic supervision 10.教育公平equal access to education opening speech 开幕式致辞
small-and medium-sized enterprises 中小型企业crops' minimum purchase prices粮食最低收购价
per-capita income人均收入
window guidance窗口指导(监管机构利用其在金融体系中特殊的地位和影响,引导金融机构主动采取措施防范风险,进而实现监管目标的监管行为。)propel/expand domestic deman扩大内需 proactive fiscal policy积极的财政政策
moderately easy monetary policy适度宽松的货币政策 rural-urban development divide 城乡差距 government work report政府工作报告 dairy product standards乳制品标准
scattered production model分散生产模式(Such a scattered production model is the fundamental reason that there have been so many food safety incidents.这种分散生产模式是诸多食品安全问题的根源。)administrative transparency政务透明
bridging loan过渡性贷款(Bridging, or a bridging loan, is short-term financing made available pending arrangement of intermediate or long-term financing.过渡性贷款是一种在中期或长期融资安排确定前的短期融资。
comfortable Housing Project安居工程 careers guidance就业指导 three Direct Links“大三通”(通邮、通航、通商)healthcare reform.package医改方案 basic medicine system基本医疗体制 home appliances going to the countryside家电下乡 equal Access to Education教育公平
golden September and silver October金九银十 rural left-behind population 农村留守人口
issues of agriculture, farmer and rural area三农问题
three insurances and one fund “三险一金”(养老保险、失业保险、医疗保险和住房公积金)administrative accountability行政问责制(是指一级政府对现任该级政府负责人、该级政府所属各工作部门和下级政府主要负责人在所管辖的部门和工作范围内由于故意或者过失,不履行或者正确履行法定职责,以致影响行政秩序和行政效率,贻误行政工作,或者损害行政管理相对人的合法权益,给行政机关造成不良影响和后果的行为,进行内部监督和责任追究的制度)。
defense budget 国防预算
National People's Congress 全国人民代表大会
Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference 中国人民政治协商会议 11th Five-year Development Program 十一五发展规划 Innovation-oriented Society 创新型社会 Scientific Concept of Development 科学发展观 Township Health Service 城乡医疗服务 Rural Compulsory Education 农村义务教育
Building New Socialist Countryside 建设社会主义新农村 Cross-straits peace and stability 两岸和平与稳定
Increase the flexibility of the RMB exchange rate 增加人民币汇率的灵活性 President of the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国主席 Central Military Commission 中央军事委员会 Supreme People's Court 最高人民法院
Supreme People's Procuratorate 最高人民检察院 Presidium 主席团
Standing Committee 常务委员会 General Office 办公厅
Secretariat 秘书处
Committee for Internal and Judicial Affairs 内务司法委员会 Overseas Chinese Affairs Committee 华侨委员会 Commission of Legislative Affairs 法制工作委员会 Committee for Revision of the Constitution 宪法修改委员会 Credentials Committee 代表资格审查委员会 Motions Examination Committee 提案审查委员会 Ethnic Affairs Committee 民族委员会 Law Committee 法律委员会
Finance and Economy Committee 财政经济委员会 Foreign Affairs Committee 外事委员会
Commission of Inquiry into Specific Questions 特定问题调查委员会
Education, Science, Culture and Public Health Committee 教育、科学、文化卫生委员会 disaster relief赈灾
defense expenditure国防开支
safeguarding our sovereignty and territory保卫主权和领土完整 top legislative body最高立法机关 social welfare system 社会福利制度 minimum living standard最低生活标准
the imbalance between urban and rural areas城乡发展不平衡 farmer-turned-entrepreneur 农民企业家 basic medical insurance 基本医疗保
window guidance 窗口指导(监管机构利用其在金融体系中特殊的地位和影响,引导金融机构主动采取措施防范风险,进而实现监管目标的监管行为。equal Access to Education 教育公平disaster relief 赈灾
defense expenditure 国防开支
safeguarding our sovereignty and territory 保卫主权和领土完整 top legislative body 最高立法机关 social welfare system 社会福利制度 minimum living standard 最低生活标准
the imbalance between urban and rural areas 城乡发展不平衡 state-run/owned company/enterprise 国有企业
The character “duang” is so new that it does not even exist in the Chinese dictionary.But it has already spread like wildfire online in China, appearing more than 8 million times on China's micro-blogging site Weibo, where it spawned a top-trending hashtag that drew 312,000 discussions among 15,000 users.On China's biggest online search engine Baidu, it has been looked up almost 600,000 times.It's been noticed in the West too, with Foreign Policy seeing it as a “break the internet” viral meme-like a certain Kim Kardashian image, or a certain multicoloured dress.最近大热的“duang”是一个在汉语字典中并不存在的新词,不过这个字甫一出现就以燎原之势在中国的网络上迅速传播开来。这个字在中国的社交网站微博中出现了八亿多次。有15000名用户使用了它,并引发了31.2万次讨论。在中国最大的在线搜索网站百度,这个字的搜索量达60万余次,该现象同样引发了西方媒体的关注,《外交政策》杂志将其称作“引爆互联网”的病毒式传播事件,与之前金·卡戴珊的美臀照和著名的“白金黑蓝之争”的裙装同等待遇。
But what does it mean? 可是这个字到底是什么意思?
“Everyone's duang-ing and I still don't know what it means!Looks like it's back to school for me,” said Weibo user Weileiweito.“每个人都在“duang”,可我连duang什么意思都不知道,这让我仿佛又重回了校园时代。”微博用户Weileiweito说。
Another user asked: “Have you duang-ed today? My mind is full of duang duang duang.” 而另一位用户发问“今天你“duang”了吗?”我现在满脑都是“duang,duang duang。” “To duang or not to duang, that is the question,” wrote user BaiKut automan.“Duang还是不duang,这是一个问题,”BaiKut如是说。
“Duang” seems to be an example of onomatopoeia, a word that phonetically imitates a sound.It all seems to have started with Hong Kong action star Jackie Chan, who in 2004 was featured in a shampoo commercial where he said famously defended his sleek, black hair using the rhythmical-sounding “duang”.The word resurfaced again recently after Chan posted it on his Weibo page.Thousands of users then began to flood Chan's Weibo page with comments, coining the word in reference to his infamous shampoo appearance.Duang是一个拟声词,用来形容一种声音,来源于香港影星成龙在2004年时拍的一则洗发水广告,他用了duang来形容乌黑亮丽富有动感的头发,而最近成龙在微博上再度使用了duang这一词汇,引得千万网友纷纷访问其微博页面,在该条微博下面评论,并造了这个字来指代他拍的那个洗发水广告。
The word appears to have many different meanings, and there's no perfect translation, but you could use it as an adjective to give emphasis to the word that follows it.A kitten might be “duang cute”, for example.Or you might be “very duang confused” by this blog.duang这个字好像有很多种意思,到目前为止并没有一个确切对应的英文翻译,不过,你可以把它当做形容词用,用来强调跟在它后面的那个词,比如你可以说一只小猫是“duang萌”,看到这里,你也许是“非常duang糊涂”了。
For readers of Chinese characters, the Jackie Chan theme is also apparent from the quirky way in which the word is written: a combination of Chan's Mandarin names.而duang对应的汉字是什么呢?这个字以一种非常离奇的方式被造出来,将“成龙”这两个字组在一起就成了duang。
用法一:作为拟声词
英文例句:The sound of Mr.Skinny fell: pia!The sound of Mr.Fat fell: duang!中文:@纯良大叔 “瘦子摔倒的声音:pia!胖子摔倒的声音:duang!”
用法二:作为名词。特效的同义词。和外国人解释中文的特效怎么说,你就说DUANG~ 英文例句:You say “special effect”, in Chinese, we say “DUANG”.中文:英语“特效”这个单词,在我们中文里的发音就是DUANG~ 用法三:作为形容词,形容的是自己受欺骗的一种心情,表达“都是骗人的!”欲哭无泪。英文例句:“DUANG”, then the holiday is gone.I doubt seriously this is special effect;it's cheating!中文:@跳蝻P “DUANG的一下,假期就没有了。我怀疑这是特效,是骗人的。” 用法四:作为数量形容词。形容意想不到的很快,很多,蜂拥而至。
英文例句:“DUANG~”, thousands of netizens repost my Weibo in a short period of time……but no one could look this word up in the dictionary, because I've found it at Bilibili.中文:@虫治先森 我的微博duang~转发的很快、很多……而字典上跟没就没有这个字——因为我是在B站查到的。
最后为大家献上成龙版《我的洗发液》全程英文歌词直播~欢迎同人二次创作~欢迎拍砖~(来源:iduobo.com)“When I first learned to shoot the shampoo ad, in fact, I refuse!…… Ah …… because I think you cannot beat me to shoot right away , first , I want to try, I do not want to say …… after you shoot an ad shoot plus a lot of special effects , the other end to launch ah …… very black!very bright!very soft!outcome audience will scold me, there is no such hair!this proves that the above is false … … I said first to give me a try.Later, after I know they are medicine , but not the kind of chemical ingredients.After that wash this month ……it down this month , at least I used very comfortable.Now it …… still use every day still use it …..I gave my class used to be married to you that I try to speak with the director :!!!” When the film shoot!after the shoot , the hair is my hair , do not increase , plus stunt up, added that there is no such child!I want to give the audience to see , and then I run out of something like this , you run after , the same way son!“ 原文:“当我第一次知道要拍洗发水广告的时候,其实我是,是拒绝的,我跟导演讲,我拒绝,因为,其实我,根本没有头发……导演跟我讲,拍完加特技,头发很黑很亮很柔……加了一个月特技之后呢,头发DUANG~~~后来我也知道他们是假的,是化学成分的。我现在呢,每天还是加特技,加了很多特技,头发,DUANG~~DUANG~~DUANG~~我的头发乌黑浓密,因为我,加特技……”
看完下面25个句子,你会觉得自己的英语学的不够到家。这充分说明了语言是文字和文化的有机结合。也一定程度上解释了为什么看美剧抓不住人家笑点的原因。1.Do you have a family? 【正确理解】你有孩子吗?
2.It's a good father that knows his son.【正确理解】就算是最好的父亲,也未必了解自己的儿子。3.I have no opinion of that sort of man.【正确理解】我对这类人很反感。4.The picture flattered her.【正确理解】她比较上照。5.He is a walking skeleton.【正确理解】他很瘦。
6.You don't know what you are talking about.【正确理解】你在胡说八道。
7.You don't begin to understand what they mean.【正确理解】你根本不知道他们在干嘛。(not begin to:毫不)8.They didn't praise him slightly.【正确理解】他们大大地表扬了他。9.That's all I want to hear.【正确理解】我已经听够了。
10.I wish I could bring you to see my point.【正确理解】你要我怎么说你才能明白呢。11.You really flatter me.【正确理解】你让我受宠若惊。12.He made a great difference.【正确理解】他很关键。
13.You cannot give him too much money.【正确理解】你给他再多的钱也不算多。(not…too/over…连用表示“再…也不为过”)14.The long exhausting trip proved too much.【正确理解】这次旅行旷日持久,我们都累倒了。15.She held the little boy by the right hand.【正确理解】她抓着小男孩的右手。(这里”by“与”with“动作主语完全相反)16.Are you there? 【正确理解】你还在听吗?(等于Do you follow me?)17.If you think he is a good man, think again.【正确理解】如果你认为他是好人,那你就大错特错了。18.That took his breath away.【正确理解】他大惊失色。
19.Two is company but three is none.【正确理解】两人成伴,三人不欢。20.Students are still arriving.【正确理解】学生还没有到齐。
21.They went away as wise as they came.【正确理解】他们一无所获。22.I won't do it to save my life.【正确理解】我死也不会做。
23.I don't think his painting is any better than yours.【正确理解】我认为他的画比你好不到哪去。24.You don't want to do that.【正确理解】你不应该去做。
25.Rubber easily gives way to pressure.【正确理解】橡胶很容易变形。(give way to:向...让步、屈服)
前央视记者柴静自费拍摄的一部环保纪录片《穹顶之下》通过网络播映后,引起广泛关注。雾霾在两会前夕又成为人们关注的热点。
Chai Jing, former presenter and journalist with China Central Television, presents a self-funded documentary about smog in Beijing, Feb 28, 2015.”Under the Dome", a smog documentary released by Chai Jing has been viewed more than 17 million times on Youku and has provoked national discussion after going viral online.柴静发布的“雾霾纪录片”《穹顶之下》在优酷上已播放超过1700万次,在网上迅速传播后引发了全国的热烈讨论。
雾霾(smog)我们并不陌生,“雾霾记录片”可以用smog documentary 表示
《穹顶之下》(Under the Dome)是柴静自费制作的雾霾纪录片(a self-funded documentary about smog),这是一份调查性报道(investigative reporting),通过国内外实地调查(field investigations at home and abroad),采访了官员、科学家及普通民众,提供了大量数据。柴静在视频中列举了一些受污染困扰地区(pollution-plagued areas)的现状,调查了雾霾是什么?它从哪儿来?我们怎么办?三个问题,也披露了部分行业的监管漏洞(regulation loopholes),呼吁保护公共利益(public interest),同时也呼吁公众举报非法排放(reporting illegal emitters),承担个人责任(individual responsibility)。
柴静的视频受到了很多民众,如环保倡导者(environmental advocate)的好评,环保部长陈吉宁感谢柴静唤起公众对环境关注,但也受到一些人的猛烈抨击。
第五篇:经贸合同英语
近三年来,我给英语系四年级学生讲授对外经贸英语及合同写作的选修课。我发现学生们对 这门课感到困难的地方倒不在于对外经贸方面的知识,也不在专业词汇的理解和记忆,因为有些专
业词汇比中文还好记,比如forward-trading一词,从英文字义上讲是将来的交易,便很快就会明 白,是指中文的“期货交易”,英文比中文还好理解。同样forward exchange是指“远期外汇”,for-ward exchange rate就是“远期汇率”等等。学生们感到困难的是经贸文件、对外经贸合同中英语的 语言现象。对外经贸合同、法律文件,在句子结构、用词、及动词时态上都具有自身的特点和规律,不
掌握这些特点就难以读懂对外经贸合同及具有法律意义的文件,翻译时觉得难以理顺,要想拟订 一份合同更是觉得无从下手,寸步难行。为帮助学生解决这些凝难,本文就经贸合同文件的语言特
点作初步探讨。
对外经贸合同文件的形式有:协议书、合同条款、银行保函、信用证、装运单据等等,这些均属于
法律文件。法律文件具有用词准确、规范、多用法律用语、结构严谨、句子较长等特点。
一、结构严谨、句式较长
由于是法律文件,要求我们在起草每一条款时必须做到准确、严密、清楚、易解,要避免模棱两
可,似是而非,含糊不清。既要防止遣漏,又要堵绝有随意增添的可能性,这样才能避免日后因语言
上的疏忽而相互发生争议。要在一个句子中把某件事面面点到,又要严密到滴水不漏,无隙可击,势
必造成英语长句结构。常常是插入语接插入语,从句中套从句,一连套若于个从句,下面这句英文,摘自银行履约保函,我们作一些分析,便可一斑见豹。
Now the Condition of the above一written Guarantee is such that if the Contractor shall duly perform and observe all the terms provisions conditions and stipulations of the said Contract on the Contractor's part to be performed and observed according to the true purpor intent and mean-ing thereof or if on default by the Contractor the Guarantor shall satisfy and discharge the dam-ages sustained by the Employer up to the amount of the above-written Guauantee then this obli-gation shall be null and void but otherwise shall be and remain in full force and effect but no alter-ation in terms of the said contract or in the extent or nature of the Works to be executed complet-ed,and defects therein remedied thereunder and no allowance of time by the Employer or the engi-veer under the said Contract nor any forbearance or forgiveness in or in respect of any matter or thing concerning the said Contract on the part of the Employer or the said Engineer shall in any way release the Guarantor from any liability under the above-written Guarantee.这句话由170个词构成,只用了一个逗号,由if。:,but等连接词把几层意思连成一个整体。为了便于分析,阐述,笔者将原句分成几个部分,并简称各部分为a,b,c.d,我们先看a部分:Now the Condition of the above一written Guarantee is such
a部分是句子的主要部分,比较简单,除the above-written及such具有合同文件语言特点外,其它部分与普通英语表达别无两样,如果不是写在合同条款里,就可以写成:
Now the Condition of the Guaratee is that…
在英语里用定冠词“the”已有限定作用,限定Guarantee保证书,但合同语言为了更明确限定 “Guarantee”又以above-written分词短语作强调限定。”Such”在此部分中也是进一步限定that引
起的表语从句。
b部分的原文如下,也即第一个if从句:
that if the Contractor shall duly perform and observe all the terms provisions conditions and stipulations of the said Contract on the Contractor's part to be performed and observed according to the true purpor intent and meaning therelf
如果按一般非文件体写,可以写成:
if the Contractor duly perform all the terms provisions conditions and stipulations of the Con-tract
英语if条件从句的将来时应由现在时代替,可此句中duly前面却用“shall”来表示动词的时 态,这个shall属合同语言的特点,shall在这里表明主语Contractor应尽责任。文中又以Observe 和perform两个并列动词,对主语行为职责规定得非常清楚,使日后不会因为职权不清而产生纠 纷。b部分的后半部分仅以“of the said Contract”来限定provisions Conditions and stipulations还 觉得不够明确,又补以on the Confractor's part to be performed and Observed把责任限定到合同 中规定的承包人一方所要履行和遵守的所有条款,条件及规定,继尔又以according to the true purport intent and meaning thereof明确指出承包人履行这些条款条件及规定的根据。这样就以三 个介词短语和一个不定式短语把前后两部分严密地组织在一起,把承包人对于合同应承担的责任 作为此保证书有效的一个条件讲得清清楚楚。本部分中出现的thereof及d部分中出现的thereun-der等都是文件用词,后文有专门论述。
C部分原文是:
or if on default by the Contractor the Guarantor shall satisfy and discharge the damages sus-tained by the Employer up to the amount of the above-written Guarantee then this obligation shall be null and void but otherwise shall be and remain in full force and effect
C部分以。r if引出另一种可能性,如果承包人不执行所规定的条款如何?则保证人应负有赔 偿业主损失的责任。原文在阐述这一层意思时既简明又严密。仅用on default就省去了条件从句,接着对于赔偿金额以up to the amount of the above-written Guarantee给于明确规定,使违约者无 可抵赖,也无从讨价还价,以保证书上的数目为准。后又接then引出赔偿后,保证书将何去何从?以
shall be null and void这样一个法律用语来宣告保证书对于责任保证作用已无效。然,又以but otherwise假设出另一种相反的情况,也就是同一问题的另一个方面。此部分语言十分精练,以oth-
er-wise代替了一个完整的条件从句,主句的主语也省略,以be和remain来强调保证书具有的全
部效力。C部分把如果承包人违约的两种情况,两种结果,说得滴水不漏。
d部分的原文是:
but no alteration in terms of the said Contract or in the extent or nature of the Works to be executed,completed and defects therein remedied thereunder and no allowance of time by the Employer or the Engineer under the said Contract nor any forgearance or forgiveness in or in re-spect of any matter or thing concerning the said Contract on the part of the Employer or the said Engineer shall in any way release the Guarantor from any liability under the above-written Guar-antee.d部分较长,以but引出一个并列句。句子长主要是由于对三个并列主语的修饰、限制部分较 多,如果简而言之的话,原句可以缩简为:
no alteration and no allowance nor any forbearance or forgiveness shall release the Guarantor from any liability.这样一简写能使我们的学生很快看清句子结构,弄明白这一部分的主要内容,但作为合同文件,必
须把主语的三个部分的事项、范围、程度规定得一清二楚。所以三个主语都分别以若干个介词短语
和不定式短语加以限定,且用n。的名词否定形式比用动词的否定式更具有法律的权威性,谓语部
分又以“in ,any ,way'‘加强力度,以under the above-written Guarantee限定职责范围。原文中b,c,d三部分把a部分的condition条件作了严密的阐述。监于一条款文需要就某个问题讲清楚,要排
除不必要的情况,限定所需的情况,这就需要有许多起限定作用的介词短语,分词短语、起排除或附
加作用的插入语、假设各种情况发生的从句,这样一来,势必造成长句,学生初步接触时往往感到困
难重重。其实句子结构如同房子结构,弄不清一座大楼的结构,就会在楼里转来转去出不来,所以掌
握合同文件的句子结构,是读懂合同,译好合同,写好各种合同的重要一环。
归纳上述分析,要理出句子结构首先要找出主句的主语谓语部分,先去掉与之相关的各种限制
短语或从句,再找出并列句或主从句之间的连接词,把并列部分或从属部分进行适当切割,再对每一切割部分进行上述过程的分解,就可缕顺各部分之间的关系。这就好比看一棵大树,要从树枝树
叶上弄清各自关系很难,首先从根部找到树干,再把各大支干取下,支干中的小枝再取下,就可弄清
这棵大树枝枝叶叶之间的关系。
提供下列译文,以便参考
兹将履行上述书面保证书的条件规定如下:如果承包人切实履行并遵守所签署的上述合同中
规定的承包人一方按合同的真实旨意(实际目的)意图(向)和含义所应履行和遵守的所有条款、条
件及规定或者如果承包人违约,则保证人应赔偿业主因此而蒙受的损失,直至到达上述保证金额,届时,本保证书所承担的义务即告终止,否则保证书仍保持完全效力,但所签合同条款的改变或对
工程的施工、完成及根据合同修补其缺陷的性质和范围的任何变更,以及业主或工程师根据上述合同给于的时间宽限或上述工程师方面对上述合同合同有关事宜所做的任何容忍或宽恕,均不解除
保证人所承担的上述保证书规定的义务
二、用词特点(wording /Diction)
对外经贸合同文件在用词上要求准确,简洁,常常同义词连用,多用法律条文用词。
1)简洁
英语中的某些副词如“here“"there“以及“where'‘在法律文件中往往当作前辍,与另一个词
构
成一个正式法律语汇中的副词,在法律文件中用这些词,可以避免重复,使行文准确、简洁。这些词
有:
hereafter,hereby,herein,hereinafter,hereinbefore,hereof,hereto,hereunder,hereupon,herewith;thereafter,thereby,therefrom,therein,thereinafter,thereinbefore,thereon,there-of,thereunder,thereunupon,therewith;
whereas,whereby,wherein,whereof,whereon etc.现在我们举例说明这些词所起的准确、简洁作用:
例一:The headings and marginal notes in these conditions shall not be deemed part thereof or be taken into consideration in the interpretation or construction thereof or of the Contract.句中两处用了thereof,都表示of the conditions很显然part thereof, the interpretation or construction thereof,分别比part of the coditions和in the interpretation or construction of the conditions要简洁得多,尤其是两者中的后者,以一个字取代了八个字的短语。in the interpretation
or construction thereof or of the Contract(在合同条件或合同本身的解释中),这里的thereof只能
是指“合同条件的”,而合同本身则用of the Contract,可见用词之准确,使人无法钻词义间的细微
差别之隙做文章。
例二:The form of this Contract:
This Contract shall be in duplicate to be held each by the Parties hereto and shall have two copies each kept by the parties hereto for record.此句有两处用hereto,都表示the Parties to the Contract(合同双方)。在这样短的句中,1如
果,不用’'hereto'‘来代替to the Contract,那么在这一短句子里就会出现四个’'the Contract'‘一词。
显然使用hereto使句子准确、简洁,避免重复。
2)同义词连用
英语中许多词具有一词多义的特点。要使法律文件中英语用词准确,不被误解,避免不必要的争议,在写法律文件时,对一些关键性的词采取同义词连用的办法,以确保其不被曲解。尽管从形式
上来看是一种罗嗦,有时显得繁锁,然而这样以词的重复形式,保证了内容上的准确无误,维护了法
律文件的独解性尊严。
我们还是举例说明。
例一;The Bidder shall bear all costs associated with the preparation and subnission of its bid and(hereinafter referred to as the Buyer),will in no case be responsible or liable for these costs,regardless of the conduct or outcome of the bidding process.此句中出现两对同义词连用,第一对responsible or liable,这一对词都是表示法律上有责任的。re-
sponsible一词除“应负责任的”外,还有认真的,可靠的,可信赖的等义,liable除“有(法律)责任的,有义务的”外,还有“应受罚的,”“应付税的”,“应服从的”“易于…的”等等意思。很显然,如不采取两
词连用,就有可能产生不必要的误解,而这两个词连用时,就只能取两词共有的意义,即“应负有责
任。”就不会产生别解,误解。同样,第二对连用Conduct or outcome都含有“result“的意思,”the
conduct or outcome of the bidding process“意为“投标的结果,’,这是一对名词同义词的连用。例二:This contract shall at all times be subject to and governed by the General Terms and Conditions on the back hereof which are an integral part hereof.此句的译文是:本合同服从背面所附的一般条款,该条款是本合同不可分割的一部分。从译文可以
看出句中的subject to与governed都取其“应服从于”和“受支配于”的意思。
例三:The Leasee, AA Plant, Shanjian(hereinafter referred to as Party A)and the Lessor,BB Lease,Tokyo(hereinafter referred to as Party B)hereby agree to make and enter into this A-greement in accordance with the following terms:
文中,make this Agreement与 enter into this Agreement同义,都表示签订本合同,这是同义词的谓语动词连用。
3)、行文中使用正式的或法律上的用词:
由于经贸合同文件是法律性的正式书面文件,为了维护法律文件的权威性,使用那些我们平时
不常用的、法律的、正式的用词是必要的,要掌握使用这些用词,就要求我们多读,多实践。我们看看
法律用词在行文中的作用。
例一:If the Contractor shall duly perform and observe all the terms provisions conditions and stipulations of鱼e said cor些哩on the Contractor's part to be performed and observed according
to the true purport intent and meaning thereof.这句话中除上面所提到的同义词连用外,(如:terms, provisions, conditions and stipulations 都是指合同条款)有两处使用T正式的法律用词:the said Confract(上述合同)”the said“或“said“ 是公文体,法律文体,合同文体经常使用,意思是“该”或“上述的”。另一词是)”intent”意为)“inten-
tion,purpose”(意图)intent主要用于法律语言,比intention正式。
例二:The Chairman may convene aninterim meeting based on a proposal made by one-third of the total number of directors.句中convene与interim都是正式用词,从下面的译文中,便可知道,这两个词的含义。译文:董事长得根据三分之一董事的的提议,召集临时董事会议。
例三:In witness whereof the Parties hereto have caused this Form of Agreement to be exe-cuted the day and year first before written in accordance with their respective laws and have caused their respective common seals to be hereunto affixed.文中的the day and year表示日期。“executed'‘是法律用语,较”sign“正式,在句中意为签字生效。In
witness whereof是法律合同用语,用于合同结尾条款,意为“特立此据。”另一个是in accordance
with,意为根据,按照,同under,pursuantto一样,都是正式用语,要比according to正式。例四:Whereas Party B will enter into a Contract for Work with Party A for the later's air
conditioning equipment,and the Parties hereto,in consideration of the mutual covenants and a-greement,do hereby agree as follows.文中covenants是法律用词,意为legal formal agreement(法律契约),whereas也是法律用词,意为
鉴于(considering)之意。
例五:This Agreement is made by and between AA Corporation(hereinafter called Party A)and BB Company(hereinafter called Party B)where互y the Parties hereto agree to enter into com-
pensation trade under the terms
文中whereby是法律合同用语,例六:The contractor shall
and conditions set forth below.意为”by the agreement“ ,凭此协议。
indennify and keep indemnified the Employer aga
ages and compensation,other than those for which the Employer is lible as
inst all such dam-
aforesaid,and all
claims,proceedings,damages,costs,charges,and expenses whatsoever in respect thereof or in
relation thereto.文中in respect thereof是正式用语,在法律文件中常常使用。表示与本合同,本协议,本条款,本文
件有关的事,要比about,Concerning,as,reguards正式。文中的另一词whatsoever,是whatever的强势语,也常在法律文件中使用。
总之,正式的,法律的词语是法律文件文体的需要,只有通过大量的实践,才能逐渐地掌握。此
类法律正式用词还有:
In the event that;In the event of;Provided that;Be deemed;In case;In question;Be liable for;Known All Men by these presents;Notwithstanding;Unless other,ctc.等等,就不在本文中累述。
三、若干语法现象
1)shall
在法律文件中shall一词用得相当多。”shall”并非单纯表示将来时,而是常常用来表示法律上
必须强制执行的义务,在译文中消译为“应”“应该”“必须”。例如:
This Contract shall be written in English in duplicate to be held each by the Parties hereto.译文:本合同应以英文写成,一式两份,合同双方各执一份。
文中的shall一般不能用will或should来代替。“will'‘在法律文件中有时也用作承担义务,但语气
要比”shall”弱,强制力也比’'shall'‘差,在英译中时,往往译为“将”“愿”“要”,”should”在英语中可以
表示”“应该”,但在法律文件中极少有”should',表示“应该。”关于”shall”表示“应该”“必须”的概
念,在本文前面的例句中,频繁出现,学生在练习合同写作时,应正确运用,笔者就不再举例了。
2)such...as引导定语从句
我们通常用which ,who,whom, that等来引导定语从句,由于法律文件的语言要求严密,准
确,避免是是而非,造成误解除,因此常用such......as作关系代词,引导定语从句,请看:例一:The Engineer shall have authority to issue to the Contractor,from time to time, su些 supplementary Drawings and instructions as shall be necessary for the purpose of the proper and adequate excution and completion of the Works and the remedying of any defects therein.译文:工程师有权随时向承包人发出为合理和恰当施工、完成工程及维修缺陷所必须的补充图纸和
指令。
从文中可以看出,用such“"”as来修饰supplementary Drawing and instructions要比which , that引导的定语从句来修饰严密,因为such“"”as分别放在s supplementary Drawing and instruc-
lions这一需要修饰的名词词组的一前一后,把修饰范围死死地定住了。如果用which或taht来引
导定语从句修饰前面的名词,就很不明确,到底修饰的是instructions还是Drawings and instruc-
lions两者,日后可能会引起纠纷,或许有空可钻。
例二:The Contractor shall provide on the site in connection with the execution and comple-tion of the works and the remeding of any defects therein.(a)Only such technical assistants are skilled and experienced in their respective callings and such foreman and leading hands as are competent to give proper superintendence of the Works.译文:承包人应为施工,完成工程及维修缺陷向现场提供
(1>在本行业中技术熟练,经验丰富的技术助理,及能对工程施工予以正确监督的监工和领班。
文中关系代词such“"”as所修饰的两组名词相隔较远,于是用了两个such,出现了such“"”and
such“"” as的形式,分别修饰technical assistants(技术助理)和foreman and leading hands(监工 和领班),这样的语言是十分严谨的,这种严谨是法律文件所要求的。
本文只是从几年来所从事的“对外经济贸易及合同文本的写作的教学中,对合同文件语言的特
点作了些粗线条的研究归纳,更深入的研究、探讨和总结有待于在日后的教学工作中进行。参考书目:
1)世界银行贷款项目招标采购文件范本
中国财政经济出版社
2)国际招标与投标实务
中国对外经济贸易出版社
3)土木工程施工合国条件应用指南