第一篇：2015年山东省委党校在职研究生-法理
2015年在职研究生入学练习题
《法理学》
一、简答题
1、法律制定的概念和特点P248-249 答：法律定制一般称为“立法”，是指国家专门机关遵循掌握国家政权的社会集团的意志，根据一定的指导思想和基本原则，依照法定的权限和程序，使之上升为国家意志从而创制、修改和废纸法律的专门活动。
法律制定既包括有立法权的专门的国家机关进行的立法活动，也包括经授权的国家机关进行的立法活动。法律制定是依照法定程序进行的活动。
法律制定是一项包括多种形式的法律变动的专门活动。
2、法律区别于其他社会规范的基本特征 P99 答：法律具有国家意志性，由国家制定或认可。法律以规定权利、义务为主要内容。
法律具有国家强制性，由国家强制力保证实施。
3、当代中国的法律渊源 P130-133
答：从层次上来看，当代中国法律的正式渊源有以下六种：宪法、法律、中央法规、地方法、规章、国际条约。
4、法律继承 P115
答：所谓法律继承，是指在法律发展过程中，新法在审查、批判旧法的基础上，有选择的吸收旧法中的合理因素，使之成为新法的有机组成部分。既包括一国国内的新法对旧法的继承，也包括世界范围内的新旧法间的继承。法律内容非常广泛，即包括外部的规则制度的继承，也包括内在的精神文化的继承。
5、依法治国的总目标
答：全面推进依法治国，总目标是建设中国特色社会主义法治体系，建设社会主义法治国家。这就是，在中国共产党领导下，坚持中国特色社会主义制度，贯彻中国特色社会主义法治理论，形成完备的法律规范体系、高效的法治实施体系、严密的法治监督体系、有力的法治保障体系，形成完善的党内法规体系，坚持依法治国、依法执政、依法行政共同推进，坚持法治国家、法治政府、法治社会一体建设，实现科学立法、严格执法、公正司法、全民守法，促进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化。
6、法律结构的构成要素P147 4个
答：构成法律结构的要素有法律概念、法律规则、法律原则和技术性规定。
7、法学体系的特征P56-57 4个
答：法学体系的特征有系统性、层次性、现实性、开放性。
8、司法的基本原则 P284-290 5个
答：司法的基本原则是
1、司法公正。
2、以事实为依据，以法律为准绳。
3、司法平等原则。
4、司法机关依法独立行使职权原则。
5、司法责任原则。
9、法律解释的必要性 P261概念 P262必要性
答：法律解释是指一定的解释主体，按照一定的标准和原则，对法律的含义以及法律所使用的概念、术语等进行进一步说明的活动。法律解释的必要性或实践意义在于
1、法律解释能够为法律实施提供比较具体的标准，缓解法律的抽象性与社会生活的复杂性之间的矛盾。
2、就我国现状而言，法律解释是使法律符合时代精神、适应会发展并维护法制统一的必要手段。
3、法律解释是弥补法律本身存在的漏洞，是使法律适应社会不断发展并且保持法律自身稳定的需要。
10、依法治国的基本要求P224-226 P229 新旧16字方针
答：依法治国的基本要求是有法可依，有法必依，执法必严，违法必究。十八大提出科学立法、严格执法、公正司法、全民手法新十六字方针。
11、法律移植 P116-117 含义、两大类型、影响因素
答：法律移植是指一个国家或地区有选择的引入、吸收、同化其他国家或地区的法律，使之成为本国法律体系的有机组成部分，以弥补本国法律的不足。
法律移植有两种类型，一是被迫的消极性的法律移植。二是主动的积极型的法律移植。
影响法律移植的因素有
1、地理、气候、人口等自然条件。
2、经济因素。
3、政治因素。
4、文化因素。
12、法律的特征P98-99 两大方面
答：
1、法律作为一种社会规范，具有社会规范的一般特征，即规范性和概括性。
2、法律区别于其他社会规范的基本特征，具有国家意志性，由国家制定或认可，以规定权利、义务为主要内容，具有国家强制性，由国家强制力保证实施。
13、法律的规范作用 P100-102 5个
答：法律的规范有以下作用：
1、法律的指引作用。2法律的评价作用。
3、法律的预测作用。
4、法律的强制作用。
5、法律的教育作用。
14、当代中国法律渊源（与3题重复）
答：从层次上来看，当代中国法律的正式渊源有以下六种：宪法、法律、中央法规、地方法、规章、国际条约。
15、法律关系的构成要素P178-180 3个要素
答：法律关系的构成要素是指构成法律关系必须具备的内容和要素，根据法律关系的一般原理，任何法律关系都必须具备三个要素才能构成，即主体、内容和客体。
16、法律责任的特点 P184 3个
答：法律责任的有法定性、强制性或必为性、当为性三个特点。
17、守法的要素P274-275 3个
答：守法是社会主体依法享受权利旅行义务的活动，由守法的主体、内容和范围等要素构成。
二、辨析题
1、法制与法治区别P217-219 答： 首先，从约定俗成的意义上说，法制和法治两个概念的用法历来不同。
法制是法律制度的简称，它是相对于政治制度、经济制度、文化制度以及其他各种制度而言的。法治则是与人治相对的一个概念：主张法治意味着否定人治，赞成人治则意味着反对法治。法治和人治被人们在对立的意义上加以使用，在中外历史上已经存在了几千年。中国近代资本主义思想家政治家如孙中山等也倡导以民主政治和法治取代封建专制政治和人治，并有精辟论述。尤其是中国共产党的历任领导人中，也同样是在与人治相对的意义上运用法治一词。
其次，法制与法治两个概念的内涵不同。法制的基本内涵是指法律以及与法律的制定和实施相关的各种制度（如立法制度、司法制度等）。法治的基本内涵是与人治不同甚至对立的一种治国理论和治国方略或原则。作为一种治国理论，法治和人治探讨的是一个国家长治久安、兴旺发达的关键问题。“法治论”认为，关键在于要有一套良好的法律制度，并予以充分实施；“人治论”则相反，认为关键在于国家领导人是不是贤明，“法律只能作为办事的参考“.主张法制并不意味着否定领导人可以发挥巨大作用，而是认为领导人贤明与否不应成为决定国家前途命运的关键所在。作为一种治国原则，“法治论”主张法律应有极大甚至无上的权威，不能听任个人和组织的权威凌驾于法律之上；“人治论”则相反，它主张或默认组织和个人的权威高于法律的权威，权大于法。
再次，虽然法治与法制具有内在联系，即实行法治必须要有法制。但我们不能说有了法制就必定有法治。从人类的政治法律实践看，任何国家在任何时期都有这样或那样的法制，但却不一定是在实行法治，如当年希特勒统治的德国和蒋介石统治的中国也有法制，但都不是在实行法治。
最后，即使在动态意义上理解“法制”，也与现代意义的“法治”相去甚远。“法制”的动态含义即“有法可依，有法必依，执法必严，违法必究”，简单地说就是有法可依，依法办事。对此，我们可以提出两方面的问题，一是有什么法？“恶法”还是“良法”？二是如何才能保证做到“依法”？“依法”的程度如何？显然，这些都是动态意义上的“法制”概念所不曾也无法回答的。与此不同，现代“法治”与民主政治密切相关，它不局限于形式或逻辑意义上考虑问题，不单纯以“有法”、法律完备为满足，还要求在价值层面上考虑法律的好坏，而且，作为现代“法治”的一个鲜明特征，它还强调《宪法》和法律应该具有至高无上的权威，任何组织和个人都不得凌驾于《宪法》和法律之上。因此，现代“法治”要求在法律制定和实施的各个环节上贯彻民主原则，实行立法权、司法权和行政权的分离和互相制约，严格做到法律面前人人平等，体现法律的正当程序原则。
总之，在中国用法治置换法制，其意义就在于与人治的彻底决裂，法制将真正成为法治下的法制，而不可能是“人治底下的法制”，更不可能再是“法制底下的人治”。倡导法治，反对人治，为解决以下两个始终困扰着中国政治体制和民主法制建设的根本问题提供了切实可行的途径：一是长期以来人们总是把国家和社会的治乱兴衰主要寄托在一两个领导人的英明和威望上，因而在指导思想上忽视甚至无视法治的意义；二是权大于法，办事依人不依法，依言不依法。
2、社会法律监督的种类P308-309 4种
答：在我国，社会法律监督主要包括公民监督、社会舆论监督、社会组织监督、执政党的监督。
3、法学研究的对象 P3 法律现象
答：法学研究的对象不仅包括静态的法律，而且还包括动态的法律，同时法学围绕法律现象这一中心，还要研究法律与经济、政治、道德、宗教等其他社会想象的关系。
4、法所具有的特征 见简答第12题。P98-99 答：
1、法律作为一种社会规范，具有社会规范的一般特征，即规范性和概括性。
2、法律区别于其他社会规范的基本特征，具有国家意志性，由国家制定或认可，以规定权利、义务为主要内容，具有国家强制性，由国家强制力保证实施。
5、法律的社会作用 P102 3个
答：法律的社会作用有
1、分配社会利益。
2、解决社会纠纷。
3、实施社会管理。
6、广义的法律
答：广义的法律指法律的整体。如我国的法律包括宪法、法律、行政法规等。狭义的法律仅指全国人大和人大常委会制定的规范性文件。如宪法第62和67条规定了全国人大和人大常委会有权制定法律。
7、法律作用的种类P100-103 规范作用、社会作用两大方面
答：法律的作用可分法律的规范作用和法律的社会作用。
1、法律的规范作用包括指引作用、评价作用、预测作用、强制作用和教育作用。
2、法律的社会作用包括分配社会利益、解决社会纠纷、实施社会管理。
8、立法体制的含义P253 答：立法体制是指关于立法权配置方面的组织制度，其核心是立法权限的划分问题，即在一个国家中，哪些主体享有立法权或可以参与立法，各立法主体享有哪些立法权限。一个国家的立法体制是由该国的国家管理形式及国家结构形式所决定的。
9、划分法的历史类型的依据P112 经济基础及阶级本质
答：所谓法律的历史类型，即根据法律所赖以存在的经济基础和其阶级本质，对人类历史上存在过的以及现实生活中存在着的法律进行分类。一般分为四种不同的历史类型，奴隶制法、封建制法、资本主义法、社会主义法。
10、法律与道德的国家强制力P99-100 强制形式不同
答：法律规范是由国家强制力保证其实现，法律要想发挥其社会功能就必须以国家的强制力为后盾，由国家对违反法律甚至犯罪的行为实施限制或制裁。道德规范是由社会舆论、人的良心以及习惯和传统的力量加以维护。法律具有国家强制性，但具有国家强制性的也并非都是法律。
11、法律的特殊性
参考答案一：参见简答题之2.法律区别于其他社会规范的基本特征 P99 答：法律具有国家意志性，由国家制定或认可。法律以规定权利、义务为主要内容。
法律具有国家强制性，由国家强制力保证实施。
参考答案二：
答：
一、权威性
二、强制性
三、稳定性
四、统一性
12、守法的主体P275 3个
答：守法的主体包括以下几类
1、一切国家组织和武装力量。
2、非国家组织。
3、公民。
13、法律区别于其他社会规范的基本特征
参见简答第2题
P99 答：法律具有国家意志性，由国家制定或认可。法律以规定权利、义务为主要内容。
法律具有国家强制性，由国家强制力保证实施。
14、当代中国的法律渊源
参见简答第3题 P130-133 答：从层次上来看，当代中国法律的正式渊源有以下六种：宪法、法律、中央法规、地方法、规章、国际条约。
15、英美法系国家采用的法的形式P199 含义
P201-203特点
答：英美法系又称普通法法系、海洋法系、英国法系，是指以英国中世纪的法律，特别是以普通法为基础产生与发展起来，以英国法和美国法为代表，以及在英美法律传统的影响下所形成的具有统统外部特征的各个国家与地区的法律制度的总成。其特征有
1、判例法为主的独特法源。
2、法官在制度创新和社会变革中的重要作用。
3、法律的务实性及其经验主义基础。
4、注重程序，实行对抗制诉讼。
16、立法的基本原则P250-253 4个
答：立法的基本原则有科学立法原则、法制统一原则、民主立法原则、以人为本、尊重和保障人权原则。
18、国家法律监督的种类P303-307
4类 答：国家法律监督的种类有国家权力机关的监督、国家行政机关的监督、国家检察机关的监督、国家审判机关的监督。
19、正式就职时要公开向宪法宣誓的主体
答：《四中全会决定》提出建立宪法宣誓制度，凡经人大及其常委会选举或者决定任命的国家工作人员，正式就职时公开向宪法宣誓。
在我国，就职宣誓的主要是经全国人大选举的是国家主席、副主席，军委主席，最高人民检察院检察长，最高人民法院院长；经任命的是总理、副总理、国务委员、各部委部长。经全国人大常委会任命的主要有各部部长、委员会主任，高院副院长、审委会成员、法官，高检副检察长、检委会成员、检察官等。
三、材料分析题
1、法律的本质P96-97 三方面
答：法律的本质有三个层面：
1、法律是国家意志的一种表现形式。
2、法律体现为掌握国家政权的社会阶级的意志，同时也保障社会公共利益。
3、法律所体现的意志归根结底根源于社会物质生活条件。
2、法律关系P177-182 含义 要素 分类
答：法律关系是指根据法律所确定的主体之间具体行为的法律相关性，具有主体、内容和客体三个要素，常见有以下几种分类：
1、按照据以形成法律关系的法律规则所属法律部门的不同，划分为宪法法律关系、民事法律关系、刑事法律关系、行政法律关系和诉讼法律关系等类别。
2、根据构成法律关系的主体是否具体化，划分为绝对法律关系和相对法律关系。
3、按照法律关系主体法律地位不同，划分为平权型法律关系和隶属型法律关系。
4、根据法律关系之间因果关系与相互间地位不同，划分为第一性法律关系和第二性法律关系。
3、法律责任的种类 P185 答：法律责任依据不同的标准有不同的分类，最常见的是根据不同的部门法所确立的责任种类讲法律责任分为民事责任、刑事责任、行政责任和违宪责任。
4、法律规则的分类P150
3种
答：
1、根据行为模式与调整方式不同，可将法律规则分为授权性规则、义务性规则和禁止性规则。
2、根据强制性不同，可将法律规则分为强制性规则和任意性规则。
3、根据内容的确定性程度不同，可将法律规则分为确定性规则和非确定性规则。
5、道德和法律的约束力
参见辨析题之10题
P99-100 强制形式不同
答：法律规范是由国家强制力保证其实现，法律要想发挥其社会功能就必须以国家的强制力为后盾，由国家对违反法律甚至犯罪的行为实施限制或制裁。道德规范是由社会舆论、人的良心以及习惯和传统的力量加以维护。法律具有国家强制性，但具有国家强制性的也并非都是法律。
6、法律渊源的形式P1 29-130 7种
答：法律渊源主要有制定法、判例、习惯、法理、法学家的学说、国际条约和协定、宗教教义和戒律。
7、法律规则的逻辑结构P149 3个
答：法律规则的逻辑结构有假定条件、行为模式、法律后果。
8、广义法律和狭义法律
（参见辨析题之6）
答： 广义的法律指法律的整体。如我国的法律包括宪法、法律行政法规等。狭义的法律仅指全国人大和人大 常委会制定的规范性文件。如宪法第62和67条规定了全国人大和人大常委会有权制定法律。
9、行政法律关系和民事法律关系P181-182 答：按照法律关系主体法律地位不同，民事法律关系术语平权型法律关系，行政法律关系属于隶属型法律关系，权利与义务是不对等、不一致的。
10、法律制裁和法律责任的种类P186 制裁种类：人身、财产；P185法律责任种类
答：法律制裁就是不以责任主体意志为转移，法律责任归责主体依照法律对责任对责任主体的强制性惩罚措施，是作用于人和社会最为严厉的方式。制裁针对人身或财产，主要是国家强制限制人身自由、剥夺人身自由、剥夺生命或限制、剥夺财产等。
法律责任依据不同的标准有不同的分类，最常见的是根据不同的部门法所确立的责任种类讲法律责任分为民事责任、刑事责任、行政责任和违宪责任。
四、论述题
1、法律责任的概念和特征P183概念 P184特征
答：法律责任是一种特殊义务，具体是指一方由于违反了法定义务或约定的义务从而产生一种新的特定的义务，是由违反第一性的义务而引起的第二性义务。
法律责任有以下特点：
1、法律责任的法定性。法律责任承担的最终依据是法律，而非别的任何社会规范。
2、法律责任的强制性或必为性。法律责任的承担有特定国家机关运用强制力量归结，以国家强制力为后盾保障实施，不以任何责任主体的个人意志为转移。
3、法律责任的当为性，法律责任主体应当补救由于自己违反第一性义务所带来的对国家、社会、集体和他人所带来的损害。
2、法律的本质见材料分析题之1.P96-97 三方面
答：法律的本质有三个层面：
1、法律是国家意志的一种表现形式。法律作为国家制定或认可的强制性规范，是国家意志的一种体现，从本质上看，法律首先表现为一种意志，实际上乃是一种阶级意志和国家意志
2、法律体现为掌握国家政权的社会阶级的意志，同时也保障社会公共利益。法律所体现的国家意志，是掌握国家政权的社会阶级的国家意志。法律不仅确认和保护掌握国家政权的社会阶级的根本利益，而且在一定程度上也保障社会公共利益，包括维护一般的社会安全和社会秩序、促进社会发展和保护自然环境等。
3、法律所体现的意志归根结底根源于社会物质生活条件。法律在本质上受制于社会物质生活条件，任何特定社会阶层的法律都必须在现实的社会物质生活条件之内制定法律，因此，物质制约性是法律本质中最根本的属性。
3、法律规则的逻辑结构 见材料分析题之7.P149 3个
答：法律规则的逻辑结构有假定条件、行为模式、法律后果。假定条件是经过对事实状态中相关条件和情况的归纳与抽象并将其规定在法律中，从而构成具体使用某一法律规则的前提条件。行为模式是构成法律规则的核心部分，对人们的行为标准与方向做出法律要求和规定，指出人们所具体享有的法律权利和应当承担的法律义务及其方式。法律后果是指在一定情形下，法律对其调整范围内的相关事件与行为的动机、内容和意义等方面进行法律评价所得出的记过。
4、法律调整和道德调整的区别结合材料分析5，辨析10，参见P99-100 法区别于其他社会规范的特征
答：
1、道德与法律的一般关系
法律与道德有着共同的价值基础，任何法律秩序都以道德的价值秩序为基础。在现代法治国家，只有社会道德的核心部分才会受到法律的保护，法律是最低限度的道德 道德与法律有区别：有着各自作用的范围，起保障实施的强制力也有不同。就调整的社会关系的范围而论，道德调整的范围比法律广；就对社会成员的要求而言，道德的要求比法律更高；就强制力而言道德是靠舆论强制力约束的，而法律则是靠国家强制力保障的。
一般来说，道德禁止或许可的行为，也是法律上禁止或许可的行为。还有一些行为道德上不许可，法律上却是许可的；也有一些行为，道德上许可，但法律却是禁止的。
2、法律调整和道德调整的关系
对一个国家的治理来说，法治与德治，从来都是相辅相成，相互促进的，二者缺一不可，不可偏废。法治属于政治建设，属于文明，德治属于思想建设，属于精神文明，作为一个社会精神文明组成部分的思想道德对法律有着重大影响。反过来法律也积极地影响着道德的发展。
第一，只有通过大力加强道德教育，提高人们的道德素质，才能使法制建设和法治得到有力的保证，才能从根本上维护社会的稳定。由于法律重在惩罚已经违法犯罪的人，而道德则是重在教育那些尚未违法犯罪的人，提高他们的道德素质，使他们不去犯罪，因此，从一定意义上来说，刑罚是治标的，而道德建设才是治本的。
第二，在立法中注意法律的道义基础，把一些最重要、最基本的道德要求，直接纳入法律的规范中；同时，道德教育则要把遵纪守法作为社会主义国家公民的最基本的道德要求提出来，使法治和德治能够相互渗透、相辅相成，更加紧密地结合在一起。对那些在社会公德、职业道德、家庭美德等方面出现的严重违反道德的行为和现象，比如“见死不救”、“虐待父母”、“破坏家庭”等，就可以在立法时予以适当注意。这对提高人们的道德素质，改善社会风气，进一步推动法制建设，都是非常有益的。
第三，努力建立与发展社会主义市场经济相适应的社会主义道德体系。社会主义市场经济的发展，给道德建设提出了一系列新问题，特别是如何正确处理各种利益关系，怎样对待公平和效率问题，等等。我们应当按照“社会主义道德建设要以为人民服务为核心，以集体主义为原则”的指导思想，动员各个方面的力量，为早日建立与社会主义市场经济相适应的道德体系而努力。
5、法律的社会作用 参见辨析题之5.P102 3个
答：法律的社会作用有
1、分配社会利益。社会利益属于稀缺的资源，无法被社会成员同等的拥有，任何法律都要按照一定的原则和方法对社会利益进行分配，这汇总分配体现在立法当中。法律对社会利益的分配随着社会变迁的出现以及利益角逐，可以重新建立利益分配格局，以适应社会的需要。
2、解决社会纠纷。法律对社会纠纷主要通过司法活动予以解决，国家通过司法的裁判活动，使违法者受到惩罚或承担责任，使社会纠纷得到平息。法律的方式是解决社会纠纷的最终的和最有力的手段，能使社会秩序等到切实的保障。
3、实施社会管理。法律的社会作用还包括积极的实施对社会的管理作用，国家需要发挥积极的只能，根据法律行使权利。
6、执法的基本原则P280-28 2 共6类
答：
1、合法性原则。是指行政机关实施行政管理，要严格按照法定权限和程序行使权利、履行职责，未经法律许可，行政机关不得做出影响公民、法人和其他组织合法权益或者义务的决定。
2、合理性原则。是指行政主体在行使自由裁量权进行行政管理时，应当遵循公平、公正的原则，做到客观、必要、适当、合理。
3、正当程序原则。是对行政权进行程序控制，以防止行政权的滥用，通过行政程序公正实现行政实体公正。
4、效率原则。要求执法主体从保护公民权利和国家利益出发对行政相对人的各项要求及时做出反应，遵守法定时限，积极履行法定职责，提高办事效率。
5、诚实守信原则。是指行政机关进行执法活动时要讲诚实、守信用。
6、责任原则。是指行政主体必须对自己的行政行为承担责任。赋予行政机关必要行政权力的同时，必须规定其相应的责任，确保权利与责任相统一，做到有权必有责。
7、全面推进依法治国的总目标，必须坚持的原则
答：实现这个总目标，必须坚持5个原则：坚持中国共产党的领导，坚持人民主体地位，坚持法律面前人人平等，坚持依法治国和以德治国相结合，坚持从中国实际出发。
8、国家法律监督P303 概念、性质；种类
答：法律的国家监督是一种法定监督，即国家机关以国家名义进行的，有国家强制力保证实施的、具有法律效力的监督。国家监督具有权威性和特殊性的作用。国家机关的法律监督的权限、程序和效力由宪法和法律、法规做出明确规定，构成我国法律监督体系的核心。
国家法律监督的种类有国家权力机关的监督、国家行政机关的监督、国家检察机关的监督、国家审判机关的监督。
第二篇：山东省委党校2018在职研究生入学考试复习题范文
《政治理论》复习参考题型
一、概念 1.按劳分配 2.独立自主
3.供给侧结构性改革 4.和平共处五项原则 5.基本经济制度 6.民主集中制 7.商品
8.社会主义初级阶段
9.社会主义初级阶段的基本路线 10.社会主义初级阶段主要矛盾 11.生态文明 12.实事求是 13.市场机制三要素 14.物质 15.一国两制
16.战时共产主义政策 17.政策
18.中国特色社会主义道路的内涵 19.五大发展理念 20.经济发展方式
二、辨析
1.按劳分配是与社会主义生产资料公有制相适应的分配方式
2.对立统一规律是辩证法的实质和核心 3.改革开放前后的历史不能相互否定 4.改革开放前后两个历史时期是根本对立的
5.工人阶级已经不是建设中国特色社会主义的主力军 6.供给侧结构性改革就是放松管制
7.加强和改进党的作风建设，核心问题是保持党同人民群众的血肉联系
8.经济工作是一切工作的生命线 9.商品交换会产生剩余价值
10.商品生产从产生到资本主义时期，经历了简单商品生产、资本主义商品生产。
11.社会主义经济制度的所有制基础是公有制 12.剩余价值的生产不具有无限性 13.围绕党的中心任务进行思想政治工作
14.我国社会主要矛盾的变化，改变了我们对我国社会主义所处历史阶段的判断。
15.先进文化是社会主义现代化建设的重要保证 16.一个国家的革命和建设只能依靠本国人民的力量 17.中国共产党是中国革命和社会主义事业的领导核心 18.主要矛盾和次要矛盾是固定不变的
19.中国共产党的领导地位是由党的先进性决定的 20.思想政治工作是一切工作的生命线
三、简答
1.辩证唯物主义认识论的三个基本结论 2.帝国主义的经济特征
3.加强党的执政能力建设的总体目标 4.价值规律的作用
5.简述和平共处五项原则的主要内容 6.简述列宁关于建设社会主义的理论思考 7.简述列宁主义的建党学说 8.简述新经济政策的主要内容
9.简述中国特色社会主义理论体系的基本问题 10.建设中国特色社会主义的总依据 11.劳动力商品价值的内容
12.毛泽东对思想政治工作重要性的阐述 13.毛泽东思想的活的灵魂
14.全面建成小康社会必须遵循的原则和新目标 15.全面建成小康社会的战略目标
16.全面推进依法治国必须遵循的基本原则 17.全面推进依法治国的总目标 18.如何规范收入分配关系
19.如何坚定中国特色社会主义的道路自信 20.深化政治体制改革的必要性 21.新民主主义革命“新”在何处 22.运用唯物辩证法应当注意的原则 23.资本的特殊性质
四、论述
1.“五位一体”总布局的内涵和特点
2.全面深化改革的总目标、立足点和战略部署 3.如何提高党的建设科学化水平 4.社会主义的历史必然性
5.实现党的领导核心地位必须坚持党要管党、从严治党的方针
6.试述坚持和拓宽中国特色社会主义道路必须坚持的原则
7.试述新形势下加强和规范党内政治生活的基本内容 8.试述中国特色社会主义制度的特点和优势
《现代管理学》复习参考题型
一、概念 1.法律监督 2.风险型决策 3.管理
4.管理的经济方法 5.管理的系统观念 6.管理的循环规律 7.管理共有规律 8.管理计划 9.管理技巧性规律 10.管理客体 11.管理派生规律 12.管理艺术 13.管理主体 14.广义的管理决策 15.行政监督 16.计划的效率性 17.经济监督 18.评价 19.确定型决策
20.现代管理技术 21.指导性计划 22.指令性计划
二、辨析
1.按照管理者的位置和层次，可以把管理者分为高层管理者、中层管理者和基层管理者。
2.按照管理者的职责，可以把管理者分为一般管理者和管理中的领导者。
3.按照管理者所管理的对象，可以把管理者分为行政管理者、经济管理者、科技管理者、文教卫生管理者等。4.把直线制和矩阵制有机结合起来是直线职能制组织形式最大的特点。
5.高级管理者需要管理艺术，而一般管理者不需要管理艺术。
6.管理的二重性是指管理具有经济属性和社会属性 7.管理的社会属性是指任何管理都是社会劳动或共同劳动的客观要求，都要按社会劳动或社会化大生产的客观规律办事。
8.管理的自然属性是指管理都是在一定的社会制度和国家体制下进行的，都会打上一定的社会和阶级烙印。9.管理决策需要面对各种复杂的情况，所以不能设计既定的决策程序。10.管理是科学性和艺术性的统一
11.激励的关键是管理者通过采取各种方式去激发人的内在动力
12.奖励有激励作用，而惩罚没有激励作用 13.决策是管理工作的核心 14.人也是管理客体的组成部分
15.设立专门的职能部门是直线制组织形式最大的特点 16.审计监督属于行政监督的范畴
17.实行集中决策、集中经营是事业部制组织形式最大的特点。
18.事业部制组织形式最大的特点是实行集中决策、集中经营
19.协调是管理者对管理活动中的各个要素之间的问题和关系进行的指挥和命令 20.预测是管理的核心
21.在管理中应树立组织改善环境的观念 22.在管理中应树立组织适应环境的观念 23.在管理中应树立组织重视环境的观念
三、简答
1.按照监督主体划分，监督有哪些种类？ 2.管理的权变观念 3.管理的人本观念 4.管理的系统观念
5.管理的择优观念主要包括哪些内容？ 6.管理的战略观念 7.管理决策应坚持的原则 8.管理客体有哪些特征？ 9.管理信息的特征 10.管理者素质 11.管理中的行政方法 12.管理中的控制类型 13.激励的方式有哪些？ 14.激励在管理中的作用 15.计划编制应坚持的原则 16.决策的“令人满意”准则 17.决策的依据和条件
18.目标管理与传统计划管理的主要区别 19.权变观念在管理中有什么作用？ 20.实施在管理中的作用
21.制定管理目标应遵循什么程序？
四、论述
1.联系实际，论述管理择优观念的主要内容？ 2.联系实际，论述管理中的监督有哪些功能？ 3.联系实际，论述管理中的决策应遵循的程序？ 4.联系实际，论述激励的方式有哪些？ 5.联系实际，论述如何科学实施发展战略？ 6.联系实际，论述协调的方式方法有哪些？ 7.联系实际，论述在管理中如何运用好用人艺术？ 8.联系实际，论述制定管理目标应坚持什么原则？
第三篇：山东省委党校2014年在职研究生入学考试练习题
说明：此练习题仅供辅导教师和考生在复习过程中进行练习及掌握考试题型之用。要取得好成绩，请考生按照大纲进行全面系统复习。
《政治理论》练习题
一、概念解释题
1．货币
2.商品
3.资本
4.剩余价值
5．抽象劳动
6.可变资本
7.价值规律
8.哲学基本问题 9.主要矛盾
10.理性认识
11.毛泽东思想活的灵魂
12.群众路线
13.生态文明
14.一国两制
15.协商民主
16.循环经济
17.和谐文化
18.和平共处五项原则
二、辨析题
1．实践是认识的最终目的。
2．对新事物要肯定一切，对旧事物要否定一切。3．劳动是创造商品价值的唯一源泉。
4．具体劳动创造使用价值，抽象劳动创造价值，所以它们是两类独立存在的劳动。
5．资本主义工资就是雇佣工人劳动的价格。
6．科学发展观第一要义是发展，这里所说的―发展‖是指经济发展。7．马克思主义认识论是以实践为基础的能动的革命的反映论。8．以人为本就是以人民群众为发展的根本动力。
9．以人为本、执政为民是检验党一切执政活动的最高标准。
10.协调发展就是要求平均发展。
11．革命是解放生产力，改革是发展生产力。
12．中国共产党领导的多党合作与政治协商制度是中国的一项基本政治制度。
13．按劳分配与按生产要素分配是根本对立的分配原则。
14．市场经济以市场作为资源配置的决定性手段，但并不排斥国家对经济的宏观调控。
15．社会主义民主政治只是为社会主义经济基础服务的有力手段。16.未来社会是一个自由人联合体。17.建设中国特色社会主义民主政治最根本的是要把坚持党的领导、人们当家作主和依法治国有机统一起来。
18.强调维护社会公平正义就是劫富济贫搞平均主义。
三、简答题
1.马克思主义的三个思想理论来源是什么？ 2.简述资本主义生产方式的绝对规律。3.简述马克思关于资本的特殊性质的论述。4.简述马克思对生产与消费之间关系的论述 5.简述马克思关于劳动力价值的论述。6.什么是唯物辩证法的三大规律？
7.列宁是如何论述唯心主义的认识论根源的？ 8.列宁关于辩证法和形而上学两种发展观的论述。9.简述毛泽东关于党的三大优良作风的概括。
10.解析邓小平关于我国处在社会主义初级阶段这个重要论断的基本涵义。11.邓小平是如何论述解放思想与实事求是二者之间关系的？ 12.中国特色社会主义的三大基本问题是什么？ 13.为什么说没有民主就没有社会主义？
14.党的十八大报告关于中国特色社会主义道路、中国特色社会主义理论体系、中国特色社会主义制度三者相互关系的论述。
15.什么是中国特色社会主义的总依据、总布局、总任务？ 16.为什么说社会主义和市场经济不存在根本矛盾？
17.党的十八届三中全会提出的全面深化改革的总目标是什么？ 18.全面深化经济体制改革的核心问题是什么？
四、论述题
1．马克思关于价值规律的论述及其重大意义。
2．论马克思“两个必然”和“两个决不会”的思想及其重大意义。3．马克思关于资本基本构成的论述及其重大意义。
4．列宁关于“利用资本主义，建设社会主义”的思想及其重大意义。5．毛泽东关于“社会主义社会基本矛盾”的论述及其重大意义。
6．毛泽东“关于事物矛盾问题精髓”的论述及其重大意义。7．邓小平的社会主义本质论及其重大意义。8．试论依法治国是社会主义民主政治的基本要求。
9．试论先进文化是社会主义现代化建设的重要保证。
《现代管理学》练习题
一、概念题
1、从一般意义上来定义管理
2、管理的综合性特征
3、管理主体
4、管理客体
5、管理机构设计类型中的直线职能制
6、管理目标
7、管理的人本观念
8、管理的系统观念
9、管理的战略观念
10、管理的权变观念
11、不确定型决策
12、实施过程中的激励
13、赞扬激励
14、沟通激励
15、现代管理中的监督
16、审计监督
17、现代管理中的评价
18、现代管理方法中的经济方法
二、辨析题
1、任何管理都由以下因素构成：管理主体、管理客体、管理目的、管理职能和方法、管理环境。
2、在管理实际中，管理的科学性和艺术性是统一的。
3、管理幅度和管理层次成正比例关系，即管理幅度越大，管理层次越多；管理幅度越小，管理层次越少。
4、可控性或称可管理性是管理客体的重要特征。
5、管理目标具有评价作用。
6、管理就是以信息处理为中心。
7、管理目标的分类，按管理的职能分，可分为经济管理目标、行政管理目标、科学技术管理目标和社会管理目标。
8、按管理者的职责，可分为一般的管理者和管理中的领导者，但管理中的领导者不是劳动者。
9、管理活动中，要处理多种关系，但最主要的是处理好物与物的关系以及人、财、物的关系。
10、管理的系统观念就是管理的整体观念。
11、系统理论和系统方法为现代管理开辟了新的思路，提供了新的武器。因此，树立系统观念和掌握系统方法，是现代管理者所应具备的基本素质。、12、管理的权变观念的核心内容，就在于管理效果完全取决于组织与环境之间的适应性。
13、按监督的主体划分，可分为自我监督、内部监督、外部监督。
14、经济监督就是财政监督和财务监督。
15、实施是现代管理者的一项重要责任。
16、我们现在实行的是社会主义市场经济体制，彻底否定了传统的计划经济体系。因此，在市场经济条件下，计划管理已经不重要了。
17、经济方法的调节作用是直接的。
18、在市场经济条件下，各种产品和服务的价格都是由价值规律和市场供求关系决定的，与政府和企业的经济政策无关。
三、简答题
1、管理主体决定管理活动的方向。
2、要使管理主体在管理活动中起主导支配的作用，必须具备的条件。
3、管理的艺术特征。
4、管理机构的设计要坚持责、权、利相一致的原则。
5、管理机构的设计要坚持以目标为中心，以职能为中心的原则。
6、作为管理客体的人的地位。
7、作为管理客体的人的特征。
8、管理目标制定的依据。
9、管理目标的制定要坚持方案选优的原则。
10、管理系统观念中的动态的观念。
11、管理实施中激励的作用。
12、激励方式中的奖罚激励。
13、激励方式中的尊重激励。
14、管理过程中的监督具有反馈的功能。
15、管理过程中的监督要坚持经济性原则。
16、管理过程中的监督具有预防功能。
17、权变观念要求领导方式应与环境相适应。
18、行政方法在管理中的运用有其自身的局限性，因此在运用中必须坚持正确的原则。
四、论述题
1、人既是管理的主体又是管理的客体，请您认真关注作为管理客体的人的地位和作用。
2、决策对于管理主体来说太重要了，要想做出科学正确的决策，必须遵循一些原则，请您掌握这些原则。
3、决策是一个科学的过程，不是随意点头和拍板定案，请您牢记决策的程序，即决策必须遵循的步骤。
4、管理者担负着特殊的职责，因此他必须具有特定的素质。请您认真了解一下管理者所应具备的素质。
5、管理目标是管理活动的出发点和归宿点，因此它在管理中占有重要的地位和作用。请您认真记住目标在管理中的作用。
6、管理目标很重要，但制定出科学正确和先进可行的管理目标就不是一件很容易的事了，必须要坚持一系列的科学原则。请您记住这些原则，才能制定出好的目标。
7、择优观念是现代管理中一个非常重要的观念，离了这个观念，管理活动就会出问题。请您牢牢记住树立择优观念的必要性。
8、实施是介于决策、计划和管理对象之间的中间环节，没有圆满的实施，就谈不上完成管理任务。实施的这种特定地位，决定了它的特点。请您认真了解实施不同于其他管理环节的特点。
9、管理实施过程结束后，还不能算是管理过程的结束，还需对其过程所获得的成绩和效果进行相应的评价。搞好评价也不是一件很简单的事。请您仔细了解评价活动应遵循的一系列原则。
《法理学》练习题
一、简答题
1、法律责任
2、法律部门
3、法律解释
4、法律渊源
5、法律移植
6、英美法系和大陆法系
7、法治和法制
10、法律溯及力
11、社会主义的法治理念
12、社会法律监督
13、法律制定
14、当代中国的法律渊源
15、法律继承
16、法律现代化
17、法律的基本特征
18、、法律适用
19、社会法律监督
二、辨析题
1、法律的本质
2、法律意识的结构
3、法律规则的构成要素
4、法学研究的对象
5、法的不确定性
6、法的规范性
7、法学研究的对象
8、理论法学和应用法学
9、国家赔偿法所属部门
10根据法的效力范围的不同，法的分类
11、立法体制
12、划分法的历史类型的依据
13、法律与道德强制力不同
14、法学体系和法律体系的区别
15、法律制定
16、法律继承
三、材料分析题
1、法律部门和法律渊源的不同
2、法的评价作用
3、立法体制
4、法的渊源
5、广义法律和狭义法律的效力区别
6、法律与道德的区别
7、司法机关独立行使审判或检察权
8、行政责任、刑事责任和民事责任的不同
9、人民法院定罪量刑的依据
10、法律规则和法律原则的不同
11、法理学的组成、法理学的社会学价值和法理学与其他法律部门的联系
12、司法的“以事实为根据，以法律为准绳”的原则
四、论述题
1、司法权的性质和特征
2、法律规则的逻辑结构
3、司法机关独立行使职权的原则
4、法律关系的构成要素
5、法律的规范作用
6、法律的社会作用
7、法律责任的归责原则
8、法律的本质
9、法律调整和道德调整的区别
《英语》练习题
一、单项选择
1.Continuing education classes give some adults the chance ________ new skills.A.learn
B.to learn C.to be learning
D.to have learned 2.When I was young, I ________ to school every day.A.walk C.walked
B.had walked D.had been walking 3.She ________ money and forgetting to pay you back.A.borrowed C.is always borrowing
B.borrows D.has borrow 4.Because of ________ you have done, things become much worse.A.that
B.whom
C.which
D.what 5.While ________ the train, I had a long talk with Jane.A.wait for C.waiting for
B.having waited for
D.being waited for 6.These questions ______ at tomorrow’s meeting.A.have been discussed
B.had been discussed C.will be discussed
D.shall be discussed
7.It is ____ in spring than in autumn.A.warmer
B.more warm
C.warmest
D.most warm 8.Miss White has been a secretary __________.A.every year
B.since 1997 C.ten years ago
D.in 1997 9.I called on her and found that she ________.A.went abroad
B.go abroad C.had gone abroad
D.has gone abroad 10.It has been two weeks since he ________ home.A.has left
B.was leaving C.left
D.is leaving 11.Telephone ________ in our everyday life.A.being used
B.uses C.is used
D.is using 12.The speaker raised his voice but still couldn’t make himself ________.A.hear of
B.to hear C.hearing from
D.heard 13.Before he came to New York, he had never heard a single English word ________.A.speaking
B.to speak
C.spoken
D.spoke 14.The Olympic Games, ________ in 776 B.C., did not include women players until 1912.A.first playing
B.to be first played
C.first played
D.to be first playing 15.The old man lay in bed, ________ what to do the next day.A.thinking
B.was thinking
C.having thought
D.being thought 16.Let’s ________ and get something to eat.A.to go
B.go
C.going
D.goes 17.Bill has been out of work ________ three years.A.by C.in 18.When they arrived, the game ________.A.already start C.have already started
B.already started D.had already started B.since D.for 19.Those books ________ to the library next Monday.A.can return
B.can be returned C.can returned
D.can return to 20.I’m sorry, but smoking ________ here.A.is allowed
B.is not allowed C.will be allowed
D.will not allow 21.They got to the bus station ________ than you did.A.more late
B.later C.more later
D.late 22.He talked of the people and books ________ interested him.A.who
B.whose
C.that
D.whom 23.I live in ________.I’d like to let you know that I’m checking out early
tomorrow morning.A.Room 216th
B.216 Room C.216th Room
D.Room 216 24.This kind of tree has green ________ throughout(全部)the year.A.leafs
B.leaves
C.leaf
D.leaves’ 25.I will give him the letter as soon as I ________ him.A.see
B.sees C.sees’
D.saw 26.Excuse ________, may I ask you a question?
A.I
B.my
C.me
D.us
27.They never knew that pollution ________ a big problem.A.become
B.would become C.is going to
D.does become 28.You ________ where you leave your things.A.always forgets C.will always forget 29.He doesn’t live in the city, ________ ?.A.isn’t he
B.doesn’t he
B.forget
D.are always forgetting C.is he
D.does he 30.Now she is leaving London.She has stayed here ________.A.after 1980 C.for 1980
B.in 1980 D.since 1980 31.The role of _______ has changed a lot in the past 30 years.A.womans
B.women C.woman
D.women’s 32.________ meeting will be put off(推迟)till next Monday.A.Tomorrow’s
B.Tomorrows’ C.Tomorrow
D.Tomorrows 33.If he ________ to go, I'll ask someone else to go with me.A.don’t want
B.doesn’t want
C.not want
D.not wants 34.This is my cell phone(手机).________ is on the desk.A.Their
B.Our C.Yours
D.Her 35.The house ________ is very nice, but the compound(院子)is too small.A.himself
B.herself
C.itself
D.oneself 36.I told him not to go, but he ________ not listen.A.will C.shall
B.would D.should 37.This time last year, Tom ________ with his friends in London.A.stayed
B.was staying C.is staying
D.stays 38.Let’s ________ and get something to eat.A.to go
B.go
C.going
D.goes 39.Bill has been out of work ________ three years.A.by
B.since C.in D.for 40.When they arrived at the airport, the plane ________.A.already take off C.have already taken off
B.already took off D.had already taken off 41.Those books ________ to the library next Monday.A.can return
B.can be returned C.can returned
D.can return to 42.I’m sorry, but smoking ________ here.A.is allowed
B.is not allowed C.will be allowed
D.will not allow 43.They got to the airport ________ than you did.A.more late
B.later C.more later
D.late 44.He talked of the people and books ________ interested him.A.who
B.whose
C.that
D.whom 45.He was writing an e-mail ________ I was watching TV in the hotel room.A.as soon as
B.after C.until
D.while
二、阅读理解
(1)Which of your feelings do you let other people know about? Which do you keep to yourself? Sometimes it’s a good thing to say what you feel.At other times it’s better to keep quiet about your feelings.Sometimes it’s hard to know exactly what you feel.At other times feelings are so strong that you can not control them.People from different cultures have different ways of dealing with feelings.It is said that English people are cold.If they do feel anything, they will not let other people know.This is because they grow up in a culture which tells them that it’s good to control their feelings.They learn when they are young that it is best to keep tears and laughter to themselves.15 Compared with the English, the French are much warmer and more open.They are always ready to express what they feel.However, it is said the Italians are the warmest people in the world.They let their feelings ―explode‖.What happens to feelings that are not expressed? Many people say they don’t just disappear.They continue to exist under the surface and may come out in other forms.Anger that we don’t express to others can become anger that we turn against ourselves.Fears that we don’t talk about may make us become afraid of all things.We may appear to be brave, but we are fearful and anxious inside.Hurts and disappointments that we never express may make us become too careful about getting close to others.As long as we don’t make others unhappy, there is noting wrong in expressing our feelings.We can express our feelings directly or indirectly.We can talk to other people about our feelings.Of course, sometimes we should also control our feelings.After all, life is made of all kinds of feelings, isn’t it?
1.________ to say what you feel.A.It’s always good
B.Sometimes it is good
C.It’s no good
D.You always want
2.People ________ have different ways of dealing with feelings.A.from different cultures
B.from different countries
C.from different schools
D.of different occupations
3.According to the passage, ________ are the warmest people in the world.A.the Italians
B.the English
C.the French
D.the Chinese
4.The feelings that people don’t express ________.A.just disappear
B.should never be expressed
C.continue to exist under the surface
D.are always bad
5.People can express their feelings directly or indirectly ________.A.as long as they don’t make others unhappy
B.as long as they don’t make others happy
C.as soon as they don’t make others unhappy
D.as soon as they don’t make others happy
(2)I have often thought it would be a blessing if each human being were stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life.Darkness would make him more appreciative of sight, silence would teach him the joys of sound.Now and then I have tested my seeing friends to discover what they see.Recently I was visited by a very good friend who had just returned from a long walk in the woods, and I asked her what she had observed.―Nothing is particular,‖ she replied.I might have been incredulous had I not been accustomed to such responses, for long ago I became convinced that the seeing see little.How was it possible, I asked myself, to walk for an hour through the woods and see nothing worthy of note? I who cannot see find hundreds of things to interest me through mere touch.I feel the delicate symmetry of a leaf.I pass my hands lovingly about the smooth skin of a silver birch, of the rough bark of a pine.In spring I touch the branches of trees hopefully in search of a bud, the first sign of awakening nature after her winter’s sleep.Occasionally, if I am very fortunate, I place my hand gently on a small tree and feel the happy quiver of a bird in full song.I am delighted to have the cool waters of a brook rush through my open fingers.To me the pageant of seasons is a thrilling and unending drama, the action of which streams through my finger tips.At times my heart cries out with longing to see all these things.If I can get so much pleasure from mere touch, how much more beauty must be revealed by sight.Yet, those who have eyes apparently see little.The panorama of color and action which fills the world is taken for granted.It is human perhaps, to appreciate little that which we have and to long for that which we have not, but it is a great pity that in the world of light the gift of sight is used only as mere convenience rather than as a means of adding fullness to life.If I were president of a university, I should establish a compulsory course in ―How to Use Your Eyes‖.The professor would try to show his pupils how they could add joy to their lives by really seeing what passes unnoticed before them.He would try to awake their dormant and sluggish faculties.6.According to the text, it would be a blessing if________.A.every human being were stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life
B.every human being is stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life C.every human being is stricken blind and deaf D.every human being were stricken blind and deaf 7.Which of the following is the author’s opinion about the seeing people? A.Most of the seeing people see little.B.The seeing people cherished their gift of sight very much.C.The seeing people use their power of sight to the full.D.The seeing people use their gift of sight as a means of adding color to life.8.The author could not see by sight, but she ______.A.could find hundreds of things to interest her through mere touch B.knew more than the seeing
C.was very optimistic and could ―see‖ more than the seeing D.both A and C
9.According to the text, why would it be a blessing if each human being were stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life? A.Because darkness would make him more appreciative of sight, and silence would teach him the joys of sound.B.Because people seldom cherish what they have and if they lose what they have for a short time they would cherish what they have much more.C.Because people are always longing for what they don’t have.D.both A and B 10.We can infer from the text that _______.A.though the author was blind, she loved life and she knew well how to add fullness to life B.the author was a president of a university C.the author established a compulsory course in ―How to Use Your Eyes‖ D.the author appreciated little what she had and longed for what she had not.(3)We use both words and body language to express our thoughts and opinions and to communicate with other people.We can learn a lot about what a person is thinking by watching his or her body language.Words are important, but the way a person stands, folds his or her arms, or moves his or her hands can also give us information about his or her feelings.Just like spoken language, body language varies from culture to culture.Making eye contact – looking directly into someone’s eyes – is in some counties a way to show interest.In other countries, however, eye contact is rude or disrespectful.The gesture of OK, making a circle with one’s thumb and index finger, has different meanings in different cultures.In Japan, someone who sees another person making the gesture will think it means money.In France, a person seeing the same gesture will think it means zero.In Brazil and Germany, however, the gesture is rude.The thumbs-up gesture, meaning ―great‖ or ―good job‖ in the US, is rude in Nigeria, but in Germany and Japan it means the number one.The ―crazy‖ gesture, moving the index finger in a circle in front of the ear, means ―you have a phone call‖ in Brazil.While there are many different interpretations of our body language, some gestures seem to be universal.A good way of saying ―I am full‖ is moving the hand in circles over the stomach after a meal.If a person pats his or her stomach before a meal, it usually means ―I am hungry‖.Perhaps the best example of universally understood body language is the smile.A smile can help us get through difficult situations and find friends in a world of strangers.A smile can open doors and tear down walls.It can be used to express almost any emotion.We can use a smile to apologize, to greet someone, to ask for help or to start a conversation.We can smile at ourselves in the mirror to make ourselves feel happier and stronger.And if we are feeling down or lonely, there is nothing better than to see the smiling face of a good friend.11.We can get information about a person’s feelings from ________.A.his words B.the way he stands C.the way he folds his arms or move his hands D.both his words and his body language 12.Eye contact ________.A.has different meanings in different cultures B.is rude or disrespectful C.has the same meaning in all the countries D.is a way to show interest 13.A good way of saying ―I’m full.‖ is ________.A.moving the hand in circles over the stomach after a meal B.resting one’s head on the back of one’s hand C.patting the stomach before a meal D.Both A and C 14.The ―crazy‖ gesture means ________ in Brazil.A.great B.the number one C.you have a phone call D.none of above 15.The gesture for OK, making a circle with one’s thumb and index finger, ________.A.all of the following B.means money in Japan C.means zero in France D.has different meanings in different cultures
(4)A man came home from work late again, tired and irritated, to find his 5-year-old son waiting for him at the door.―Daddy, may I ask you a question?‖
―Yeah, sure, what is it?‖ replied the man.―Daddy, how much money do you make an hour?‖
―That’s none of your business!What makes you ask such a thing?‖ the man said angrily.―I just want to know.Please tell me, how much do you make an hour?‖ pleaded the little boy.―If you must know, I make $20.00 an hour.‖ ―Oh,‖ the little boy replied, head bowed.Looking up, he said, ―Daddy, may I borrow $10.00 please?‖
The father was furious.―If the only reason you wanted to know how much money I make is just so you can borrow some to buy a silly toy or some other nonsense, then you march yourself straight to your room and go to bed.Think about why you’re being so selfish.I work long, hard hours every day and don’t have time for such childish games.‖
The little boy quietly went to his room and shut the door.The man sat down and started to get even madder about the little boy’s questioning.How dare he ask such questions only to get some money.After an hour or so, the man had calmed down, and started to think he may have been a little hard on his son.Maybe there was something he really needed to buy with that $10.00, and he really didn’t ask for money very often.The man went to the door of the little boy’s room and opened the door.―Are you asleep, son?‖ he asked.―No daddy, I’m awake,‖ replied the boy.―I’ve been thinking, maybe I was too hard on you earlier,‖ said the man.―It’s been a long day and I took my aggravation out on you.Here’s that $10.00 you asked for.‖ The little boy sat straight up, beaming.―Oh, thank you daddy!‖ he yelled.Then, reaching under his pillow, he pulled out some more crumpled up bills.The man, seeing that the boy already had money, started to get angry again.The little boy slowly counted out his money, then looked up at the man.―Why did you want more money if you already had some?‖ the father grumbled.―Because I didn’t have enough, but now I do,‖ the little boy replied.―Daddy, I have $20.00 now.Can I buy an hour of your time?‖ 16.What do you know about the man?
A.He made a lot of money.B.He often came home from work late.C.He often went to work late.D.He spent lots of time taking care of his son.17.Why was the boy waiting for his father at the door?
A.Because he missed his father very much.B.Because he was hungry.C.Because he wanted to borrow some money from his father.D.Because he had good news to tell his father.18.The man went to talk to his son because ________.A.he thought he might have been a little hard on his son.B.he wanted to ask his son some questions.C.he wanted to find out whether his son was asleep or not.D.his son was crying in his bedroom.19.The boy wanted to borrow some money from his father because ________.A.he wanted to buy a toy with the money
B.he wanted to buy a birthday present for himself
C.he didn’t have any money
D.he didn’t have enough money to buy an hour of his father’s time
20.What is the main idea of the passage?
A.Parents should give their children some pocket money.B.Parents should not neglect(忽视)their children no matter how busy they are.C.Parents should not be hard on their children.D.Children can buy time from their parents.(5)I once knew a man whose memory was very bad.Richard Rudd was so forgetful that he sometimes forgot what he was talking about in the middle of a sentence.His wife had to remind him constantly about his appointments, his classes – even his meals!Since Rudd was a professor at a well-known university, his forgetfulness was often an embarrassment.It wasn’t that he was unintelligent, as some critical people tend to gossip.He was just very, very absent-minded.One hot summer day, Professor Rudd decided to take his children to the beach.The seaside town he planned to visit was a three-hour train ride away.To make the trip more interesting for his young children, he kept the name of the town a secret.Unfortunately, by the time Rudd had arrived at the train station, the poor forgetful man had forgotten the name of his destination himself.Luckily, a friend of his happened to be in the station.He offered to take care of the children while Rudd went back home to find out where he was going.The professor’s wife was surprised to see him again so soon, but she was amused when she heard what the matter was.She distrusted his memory, so she wrote the name of the town on a piece of paper.Satisfied that she had solved the problem, she sent her husband off again.Ten minutes later, she was astonished to see him outside the house again.What was the matter now? 21.What was Professor Rudd’s trouble? A.Lack of confidence.B.Lack of intelligence.C.Carelessness.D.Absent-mindedness.22.What was probably the most embarrassing thing for Professor Rudd? A.He often had to be reminded to go to class at the university.B.He often had to be reminded to meet people at the appointed(约定的)time.C.He sometimes forgot what he was talking about in the middle of a sentence.D.He sometimes forgot to take meals.23.What did Richard Rudd decide to do one hot summer day? A.To accompany his children on a train ride.B.To have a holiday with his children on the beach.C.To go and visit a friend of his in a seaside town with his children.D.To stay home and take care of his children.24.Why did Richard come back the first time? A.He forgot where he was going.B.He forgot his friend’s address.C.He forgot to tell his wife where he was going.D.He forgot to take the train tickets.25.What can you infer from the story?
A.Professor Rudd was an old man.B.Mrs.Rudd was actually more intelligent than her husband.23
C.Mrs.Rudd was an indispensable(不可缺少的)companion to her husband.D.Professor Rudd’s reputation was falling rapidly.(6)You may not realize it, but you are doing much more than just studying, when you are at school.School is also the place where you learn to get along well with people.But this is not always easy.What can you do if you just don’t like one of your classmates?
If you discover that you have problems getting along with your classmates or friends, the most important thing to learn is tolerance.Tolerance is the ability to realize and respect the differences in others.We can not change the way that other people do, so it is important to learn to live happily with them.Tolerance will make everyone get on better with each other.Getting to know someone may help you understand why they do things differently.Something different does not exactly mean that it is bad.Tolerance teaches us to keep an even temper and open mind.You need to remember an old saying, ―treat others how you want to be treated‖.You would like to be treated kindly by your classmates, so it is important to treat them kindly too.If you tolerate something, it does not mean that you have to like it.No one is asking you to change who you are or what you believe in.Tolerance just means that you should respect the differences in others and not try to make them change.It is important to practice tolerance, because it will make everyone’s lives easier.Learn to accept people for their different abilities and interests.The world is very different, and practicing tolerance in your own school and city can help make a difference.26.According to the author, what is tolerance? A.Tolerance is the ability that we have to change the way that other people do.B.Tolerance is the ability to realize and respect the differences in others.C.Tolerance is a weapon to fight against the enemy.D.Tolerance is the way to discover whether you have problems getting along with your classmates or friends.27.What does tolerance function(起作用)in getting along with your friends? A.It makes you change who you are and what you believe.24 B.It can help us understand why people do things differently.C.It warns us to keep an even tempter and open mind.D.It is important for us to learn tolerance.28.Why is tolerance important? A.Because it will make everyone’s lives easier.B.Because it will make everyone get on better with each other.C.Because it teaches us to respect the differences in others and not try to make them change.D.All of the above.29.―Treat others how you want to be treated‖, what does the sentence mean?
A.If you want to be treated kindly, you should treat others kindly too.B.If someone treats you badly, you will treat them kindly.C.You should change yourself to tolerate others.D.Others should change themselves to tolerate you.30.Which of the following is true according to the passage? A.If you tolerate something, you must change yourself.B.Tolerance can make you get on better with your classmates or friends, for it teaches you to keep an even temper and open mind.C.We can live happily with other people by changing the way they do.D.Practicing tolerance can not make any change in your life for the world is different.(7)I found out one time that doing a favor for someone could get you into a lot of trouble.One time when I was taking a final test, the girl next to me whispered something, but I couldn’t understand.So I leaned over her way and found out that she was trying to ask me if I had an extra pen.She showed me that hers was out of ink and would not write.I happened to have an extra one, so I took it out of my pocket and put it on her desk.Later, after we turned in all the test papers, the teacher asked me to stay in the room.As soon as we were alone she began to talk to me about what it meant to grow up;she mentioned how important it was to stand on your own feet and be responsible for my own acts.For a long time she talked about honesty and emphasized that when people do something dishonest, they are really cheating themselves.She made me promise that I wouldn’t think seriously about what she said, and then she told me I could leave.I walked out of the room wondering why she chose to talk to me about all these things.Later on, I found out that she thought I was cheating on the test.I tried to explain about the pen, but what she said was that it seemed very strange to her that I didn’t mention anything about the pen the day she talked to me right after the test.To this day, I am sure she continues to believe that I had cheated on that test.Appearances can be deceiving and it is difficult to know how others will perceive our action.31.Why did the girl say something to me in a low voice? A.Because she wanted to have a look on my paper.B.Because she couldn’t work out the question on the paper.C.Because she wanted to ask me for a pen.D.Because she wanted me to give her the answer to the questions.32.Why did the teacher let me stay after class? A.She wanted to give me a gift.B.She wanted to talk with me.C.She wanted to tell me a story.D.She wanted to make me do some cleaning.33.What did the teacher think about me? A.She thought I was not mature(成熟的).B.She thought I was an honest person.C.She thought I did a right thing.D.She thought I was cheating in the exam.34.Why didn’t the teacher believe that I didn’t cheat on the test? A.She saw I was cheating with her own eyes.B.Someone else told her about it.C.She thought if I didn’t cheat I would tell her the truth of the pen.D.She couldn’t believe anything I said.35.What can you infer(推断)from the passage? A.We can’t judge from the appearance(表面).B.We shouldn’t help others in the exam.C.We should tell the teacher in time if we help others.D.We shouldn’t cheat on the test.(8)Have you ever seen people dance? Some dances are fast and others are slow.People’s feet move when they dance.They keep on moving until the music stops.People have enjoyed dancing for a very long time.This story is of a different kind of dance.It is a dance without people or music.Yet this dance is one of the oldest in the world.It is the dance of bees.If you have ever watched bees, you know that they are very clever.They also work hard looking for food and bringing it back to their home.The home of bees is called a bee-hive.Here hundreds — even thousands — of bees live.They work day and night building small walls of wax.Here they make their honey.This is the same honey that we eat.Where does the honey come from? Bees live on food from flowers.Have you ever seen bees flying around a flower garden? When a bee rests on a flower, it tries to go to the center of it.There it takes in as much food as its body can hold.Then it carries the food back to the hive.At the hive, bees change this flower food into honey.Then they fly away for more food.How do bees know where to find the best food in the sweetest flowers? One bee acts as a guide.When it discovers good flowers, it flies back to the hive to tell the others.It does this by dancing for them.The bee dances on one side.This tells the other bees which way to go to find the flowers, but that is not all.The bee dances for some time, and the length of its dance tells the other bees how far they must fly to reach the flowers.When the other bees see the dance, they know where the flowers are.They fly away and return with more food for the hive.Sometimes we hear the music of bees as they fly around, but few people have ever seen them dance.Yet without that dance we might never have sweet honey to eat.36.According to the passage, people don’t stop dancing until ________.A.the music stops B.they are very tired C.they want to go to bed D.it is very late 37.In the text, ―an unknown dance‖ is a dance ________.A.without a light B.without people or music C.without light and music D.without any drinks 38.Bees carry the flower food back to the hive ________.A.to eat B.to store
C.to be a present to other bees D.to change them into honey 39.What does a guide bee do if it finds the best food in the sweetest flowers? A.It will fly back to the hive to tell the others.B.It will take in as much food as it can.C.It will bring it back to the hive.D.It will change it into honey.40.What does the length of the dance mean? A.It tells the other bees which way to go to find the flowers.B.It tells the other bees how far they must fly to reach the flowers.C.It means that bees enjoy dancing.D.It means nothing.(9)We all have certain habits and we can have good habits or bad habits.This passage gives us some advice on how to be healthy.It tells us what we must do if we want to keep ourselves fit.Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.This is an old English saying.It means that we must go to bed early in the evening and get up early in the morning.Is this true? Perhaps it is.The body must have enough sleep.Children, for instance, need ten hours’ sleep every night.If we do not go to bed early, we cannot have enough sleep.Then we cannot think or do our work properly.We will not be wise or live a comfortable life.Some people go to bed late at night and get up late in the morning.This is not good for them.We must sleep at night when it is dark.The dark helps us to sleep well.When daytime comes, we must get up.It is the time for exercise.Exercise means doing something with the body.Walking, running, jumping, swimming, playing games are all good forms of exercise.If the body is not used, it becomes weak.Exercise keeps it strong.Exercise helps blood to move around inside the body.This is very important.Blood takes food to all parts of our bodies.The brains in our heads also need blood.We think with our brain.If we can keep our bodies healthy, and do exercises, we can think better!Our bodies also need air to breathe.Without air we cannot live.We must have plenty of clean, fresh air to breathe if we want to be in good health.So, people often sleep with their room windows open because they want to have plenty of clean, fresh air to breathe.In brief, you don’t know what happiness is until you lose it;you don’t know what health is until you are ill.―Health is of vital importance to life‖ sounds like a cliché to everyone, but it is absolutely true.41.Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.What does this statement mean? A.If one goes to bed early, he would be a wise man.B.If one gets up early, he would be a wealthy man.C.If one goes to bed early and gets up early, he would be a wealthy man.D.It is very important for us to form healthy habits.42.According to the text, if we don’t have enough sleep, ________.A.we won’t live comfortably B.we will do our work correctly C.we will think properly D.we will be wise 43.Exercise is ________.29 A.to do something with the body B.to do more homework C.to do more drills(训练)D.to get up early in the morning 44.Why is exercise helpful for health? Because ________.A.it helps us to sleep properly.B.people will die soon if they do not have enough exercises C.it helps take nutrition(营养)to every part of the body with blood circulation(血液循环)D.it helps us to think and do our work properly.45.Why do people often sleep with their room window open? A.Because they want enough clean and fresh air to breathe.B.Because they feel hot at night.C.Because they want to look after their garden.三、英译汉
1.Some people go to bed late at night and get up late in the morning.This is not good for them.We must sleep at night when it is dark.The dark helps us to sleep well.When daytime comes, we must get up.It is the time for exercise.Exercise means doing something with the body.Walking, running, jumping, swimming, playing games are all good forms of exercise.If the body is not used, it becomes weak.Exercise keeps it strong.Exercise helps blood to move around inside the body.This is very important.Blood takes food to all parts of our bodies.The brains in our heads also need blood.We think with our brain.If we can keep our bodies healthy, and do exercises, we can think better!
2.What happens to feelings that are not expressed? Many people say they don’t just disappear.They continue to exist under the surface and may come out in other forms.Anger that we don’t express to others can become anger that we turn against ourselves.Fears that we don’t talk about may make us become afraid of all things.We may appear to be brave, but we are fearful and anxious inside.Hurts and disappointments that we never express may make us become too 30 careful about getting close to others.3.At times my heart cries out with longing to see all these things.If I can get so much pleasure from mere touch, how much more beauty must be revealed by sight.Yet, those who have eyes apparently see little.The panorama of color and action which fills the world is taken for granted.It is human perhaps, to appreciate little that which we have and to long for that which we have not, but it is a great pity that in the world of light the gift of sight is used only as mere convenience rather than as a means of adding fullness to life.4.Which of your feelings do you let other people know about? Which do you keep to yourself? Sometimes it’s a good thing to say what you feel.At other times it’s better to keep quiet about your feelings.Sometimes it’s hard to know exactly what you feel.At other times feelings are so strong that you can not control them.People from different cultures have different ways of dealing with feelings.It is said that English people are cold.If they do feel anything, they will not let other people know.5.The little boy quietly went to his room and shut the door.The man sat down and started to get even madder about the little boy’s questioning.How dare he ask such questions only to get some money.After an hour or so, the man had calmed down, and started to think he may have been a little hard on his son.Maybe there was something he really needed to buy with that $10.00, and he really didn’t ask for money very often.The man went to the door of the little boy’s room and opened the door.―Are you asleep, son?‖ he asked.6.One hot summer day, Professor Rudd decided to take his children to the beach.The seaside town he planned to visit was a three-hour train ride away.To make the trip more interesting for his young children, he kept the name of the town a secret.Unfortunately, by the time Rudd had arrived at the train station, the poor forgetful man had forgotten the name of his destination
himself.Luckily, a friend of his happened to be in the station.He offered to take care of the children while Rudd went back home to find out where he was going.7.Tolerance will make everyone get on better with each other.Getting to know someone may help you understand why they do things differently.Something different does not exactly mean that it is bad.Tolerance teaches us to keep an even temper and open mind.You need to remember an old saying, ―treat others how you want to be treated‖.You would like to be treated kindly by your classmates, so it is important to treat them kindly too.If you tolerate something, it does not mean that you have to like it.Tolerance just means that you should respect the differences in others and not try to make them change.8.If you discover that you have problems getting along with your classmates or friends, the most important thing to learn is tolerance.Tolerance is the ability to realize and respect the differences in others.We can not change the way that other people do, so it is important to learn to live happily with them.Tolerance will make everyone get on better with each other.Getting to know someone may help you understand why they do things differently.Something different does not exactly mean that it is bad.Tolerance teaches us to keep an even temper and open mind.9.Later, after we turned in all the test papers, the teacher asked me to stay in the room.As soon as we were alone she began to talk to me about what it meant to grow up;she mentioned how important it was to stand on your own feet and be responsible for my own acts.For a long time she talked about honesty and emphasized that when people do something dishonest, they are really cheating themselves.She made me promise that I wouldn’t think seriously about what she said, and then she told me I could leave.I walked out of the room wondering why she chose to talk to me about all these things.10.The home of bees is called a bee-hive.Here hundreds — even thousands — of bees live.32
They work day and night building small walls of wax.Here they make their honey.This is the same honey that we eat.Where does the honey come from? Bees live on food from flowers.Have you ever seen bees flying around a flower garden? When a bee rests on a flower, it tries to go to the center of it.There it takes in as much food as its body can hold.Then it carries the food back to the hive.11.Perhaps the best example of universally understood body language is the smile.A smile can help us get through difficult situations and find friends in a world of strangers.A smile can open doors and tear down walls.It can be used to express almost any emotion.We can use a smile to apologize, to greet someone, to ask for help or to start a conversation.We can smile at ourselves in the mirror to make ourselves feel happier and stronger.And if we are feeling down or lonely, there is nothing better than to see the smiling face of a good friend.12.How do bees know where to find the best food in the sweetest flowers? One bee acts as a guide.When it discovers good flowers, it flies back to the hive to tell the others.It does this by dancing for them.The bee dances on one side.This tells the other bees which way to go to find the flowers, but that is not all.The bee dances for some time, and the length of its dance tells the other bees how far they must fly to reach the flowers.When the other bees see the dance, they know where the flowers are.They fly away and return with more food for the hive.33
第四篇：陕西省委党校在职研究生考试
第一套 汉译英
1、我们不应该嘲笑那些敢于尝试的人不论他们犯了多少错误
We should not laugh at those who dare to try people whether they made many mistakes
2、美国常常被称作为“轮子上的国家”，因为平均几乎每人拥有一部轿车 The United States is often referred to as the“ nation on wheels”, because the average almost everyone owns a car
3、吴大夫建议我戒烟戒酒并且多喝清茶
The Dr.Wu advised me to give up smoking and drinking and drink tea.4、共产党员应时时将人民的利益置于首位，而不考虑个人的得失。
Communist Party members should always put people's interests in the first place, without regard to personal gain.5、捷足先登
The early bird catches 英译汉
No new international effort has been made to overcome the worst of poverty and underdevelopment.没有新的国际努力已经取得了战胜极端贫困和不发达的。
economic marginalization has been allowed to continue and the inequalities of the 20th century have developed经济边缘化已被允许继续和不平等的第二十个世纪了。continued malnutrition and poor health care have left child death rates at relatively high level for large numbers of people.little has been done to achieve equality between the sexes.持续的营养不良和贫困的保健，儿童死亡率在相对较高的水平，大批的人。几乎已经完成，实现两性之间的平等。more than 100 million primary school age children ,two thirds of them girls,are not in school.一亿多名小学年龄的儿童，三分之二女孩，不在学校。secondary school remains the preserve of a minority ,and average age at marriage has risen only marginally中学仍然只为少数人的领地，平均结婚年龄只有轻微上升many of the poor have therefore continued to have large families to compensate for high death rate ,to ensure surviving sons ,and to try to insure themselves against destitution许多穷人都因此继续拥有大的家庭，以弥补高死亡率，以确保幸存的儿子，并设法确保自身免受贫困women still do not have the power to control their own fertility ,and many families who want fewer children still do not have access to high-quality family planning 妇女仍然没有权利控制自己的生育率，和许多家庭谁要更少的孩子还没有获得高质量的计划生育 第二套 汉译英
1、没人确切地知道信息高速路的发展将把我们带往何处
No one knows exactly where the information highway will lead us to where。
2、大夫依靠病史来诊断疾病和为病人开出治疗处方
The doctor relies on history to diagnose disease and prescribe medical care for patients
3、老两口最担心的是他们三十岁的女儿还是个单身。The old couple most afraid of is their thirty year old daughter was a single.4、你是否认为公共汽车司机应该对乘客的安全负完全的责任
Do you think bus drivers should take full responsibility for the passenger
5、对A有利的东西未必对乙也有利
On A of good things not to B is also good
第二套英译汉
in the united states,it is not customary to telephone someone very early in the morning.在美国，它不是习惯早上太早打电话给别人.if you telephone him early in the day,while he is shaving or having breakfast,the time of the call shows that the matter is very important and requires immediate attention.如果你很早打电话给他，在他刮胡子或吃早餐，这时的电话意味着这件事情非常重要，需要立即引起注意。the same meaning is attached to telephone call made after 11:00 p.m.If someone receives a call during sleeping hours,he assumes it's a matter of life and death.同样的意思是晚上十一点以后接到电话.如果一个人在睡觉时接到电话，他会认为这是一个生死攸关的问题。the tinme chosen for the call communicates its inportance.选择打电话的时间沟通的重要性。
In social life,time plays a very important part.在社会生活中，时间起着非常重要的作用。In the U.S.A, guests tend to feel they are not highly regarded if the invitation to a dinner party is extended only three or four days before the party date.在美国，客人感到他们不重视如果邀请参加晚宴是延长只有三或四天前的日期。but it is not true in all countries.in other areas of the world,it may be considered foolish to make an appointment too far in advance because plans which are made for a date more than a week away tend to be forgotten.但并不是所有的国家。在世界其他地区，它被认为是愚蠢的太远提前预约，因为约一个星期以上的往往是被遗忘的。the meaning of time differs in different parts of the world.thus,misunderstandings arise between people from cultures that treat time differently.在世界不同的地方，时间的意义不同。因此，对时间有不同文化的人,之间会产生误解。promptness is valued highly in american life.for example,if people are not prompt ,they may be regarded as impolit or not fully responsible.。迅速在美国生活中高度被重视。例如，如果人们不及时，他们可能被认为是粗鲁的或不完全负责。in the U.S, no one would think of keeping a business associate waiting for an hour ,for it would be too impolite.在美国，没有人会让商业伙伴等上一个小时，那就太不礼貌了。even a person who is 5 minutes late is expected to make a short apology即使一个人谁迟到5分钟应该简短道歉。第三套汉译英
1。随意将没有掐灭的烟头扔出汽车或火车窗外可能引发火灾。
Be not stubbed cigarette out of a car or train window may cause fire.2.没过多久一架直升飞机就飞抵现场来搭救这几名空难幸存者。Not long before a helicopter arrived on the scene to rescue the few would crash survivor 3。无可否认冯小刚先生在过去的十多年间执导了许多部深受欢迎的影片。There is no denying the fact that Mr.Feng Xiaogang in the past 10years has directed many popular movies.4。当我赶到火车站时，那辆列车已经开走了。
When I arrived at the train station, the train had already left.5。开口是银，闭口是金。Opening is silver, silence is golden 英译汉
Television is now playing a very important part in our lives.But television,like other things,has both advantages and disadvantages.Do the former outweigh the latter? 电视现在在我们生活中非常重要。但像其他事物一样，电视，既有优点和缺点。它的利大于弊吗？
In the first place,television is not only a convenient source of entertainment ,but also a comparatively cheap to sit comfortably at home with almost unlimited entertainment available,than to go out in a search of amusement elsewhere.在第一个地方，电视不仅是一种方便的娱乐来源，而且相对便宜，舒适地坐在家里几乎数不清的娱乐节目，比出去寻找娱乐的地方。they do not have to pay for expensive seats at the theatre ,the cinema ,or the opera,only to discover,perhaps,that the show is disappointing.All they have to do is press a button, and they can see plays ,operas,an shows of every kind,not to mention political discussions and the latest exciting football match.some people ,however,maintain that this is precisely where the danger lies.The telecision viewer takes no initiative.he makes no choice and exercises no judgment.he is completely passive and has everything presented to him without any effort on his part.他们不必支付昂贵的座位，剧院，电影院，或歌剧，才发现，也许，所演的节目令人失望。他们要做的就是按一个按钮，然后就可以看到电视剧，剧中，一个各种各样的节目，更不用说政治讨论和最近的精彩的足球比赛。有些人认为，然而，这恰恰是危险所在。该电视的人没有主动性。他没有选择和决定权。他完全是被动的，一切，他没有任何一点。
television ,it is often said ,keeps one informed about current events ,allows one to follow the latest developments in science and politics,and offers an endless series of programmes which are both instructive and entertaining.电视，人们常说，电视使人了解时事，熟悉政治领域的最新发展，并提供了一系列的方案，既有意义又有趣的。the most distant countries and the strangest customs are brought right into one's sitting room.it could be argued that the radio performs this service just as well;but on television everything is much more living ,much more real.yet here again there is danger.we get so used to looking at it ,so dependengt on its flickering pictures , that it begins to dominate our lives.最遥远的国家和最奇异的风俗带到一个坐在房间，可能有人会指出，无线电也能提供这种服务；但是电视更生动，真实得多。但是这里仍然有危险。我们如此习惯于看着它，如此依赖它的闪烁的图像，它开始控制我们的生活。there are many other arguments for and against television.the poor quality of its programmes is often criticized.but it is undoubtedly a great comfort to many lonely elderly people.and does ti corrupt or instruct our children? i think we must realize that television in itself is neither good nor bad.in is the uses to which it is put that determine its value to society.还有许多其他的赞成和反对电视。质量差的项目往往是批评。但这无疑是一个巨大的安慰，对许多孤独的老人。它会腐蚀或教导我们的孩子？我认为我们必须意识到，电视本身既不好也不坏。在使用决定了它对社会的价值。第四套汉译英
1。玛丽很骄傲，以至于看不到自己的缺点。Marie is very proud, so do not see their own shortcomings 2。现在乘高铁从北京到上海大约只需要四个小时。Now take the high-speed rail from Beijing to Shanghai takes about four hours 3。环境保护的最终目的就是在人与自然之间建立起和谐的关系。The ultimate goal of environmental protection is to establish a harmonious relationship between man and nature
4。作为发展中国家，中国和印度有许多共同的利益。As a developing country, China and India have many common interests.5。为了推动中美关系的发展，中国需要进一步了解美国，美国也要进一步了解中国In order to promote the development of Sino-US relations, China needs to learn more about the United States, the United States should learn more about China 英译汉
The invention of electronic computers makes it possible to free man from the labor of complicated measurement and computation.电子计算机的发明使得有可能自由人的劳动复杂的测量和计算。
A high speed electronic computer can carry out up to one hundred million arithmetical operations in one second.A computation which would have taken years of human work in the past is now done in a few seconds.A number of various complicated problems which could not be solved before have been solved with the help of computers.一個高速電子計算機可以在一秒鐘內進行高達一兩億的算術運算。將採取的一個計算人的工作在過去的幾年，現在在幾秒鐘內完成。一些不能得到解決之前，已被用在計算機的幫助下解決各種複雜問題。
Accurate measurement and exact computation are the bases of modern engineering and scientific research.Every engineering worker must determine accurately the amount of any change that the material to be used undergoes in different conditions.精確的測量和精確計算，是現代工程技術和科研的基础。每一個工程工人必須準確地確定要使用的材料在不同條件下經歷的任何變化。
And every science worker will have to make numerous accurate computations before he can say that the results of his experiment are correct.Yet there exist complex computations in science and engineering which science workers are unable to make because they are too long and too complicate.here is an example which can illustrate how much time some of them may take.in order to solve a complicated would take him years to work the problems out, while electronic computing machine would do the same job only in a few second, 在他可以说他的实验结果是正确的之前，每个科学工作者必须作出大量的精确计算。但也存在复杂的计算科学和工程科学工作者不能因为他们是太长，太复杂了。下面的例子可以说明，他们中的一些人可能需要多少时间。为了解决一个复杂工作问题的将花费多年，而电子计算机器会做同样的工作只在几秒钟，We may divide electronic computers into tow groups : machines that can control and those that can count.The former is used in satellite, guided missiles weather-forecasting instruments and other devices, both simple and sophisticated.And the later can add ,subtract, multiply and divide.such machines are to do any operation which we can reduce to arithmetic.Besides , they are able to combine many problems and take them in any order.我们可以把电子计算机分为两组：用来控制的机器和能计数。前者用于卫星，导弹气象预报仪器和其他装置，既简单又复杂。及后可以加，减，乘和除。这种机器是做任何操作，可以减少运算。此外，他们能够结合许多问题和它们的任何命令。第五套 汉译英
如果房价降了我就买下那座房子
If house prices fall I would have bought the house 因为我对于数学一窍不通，所以我就没有参加这个讲座
Because I am to be utterly ignorant of mathematics, so I didn't attend the lecture 和平与发展仍然是当今世界的两大主题
Peace and development are two major themes in today's world 中国共产党的根本宗旨是全心全意为人民服务
The Chinese Communist Party's fundamental purpose is to serve the people wholeheartedly 天地之间，莫贵于人
Between heaven and earth, is more valuable than people 英译汉
Parents have to do much less for their children today than they used to do, and home has become much less of a workshop.Clothes can be bought ready made, washing can go to the laundry, food can be bought cooked, canned or preserved, bread is baked and delivered by the baker, milk arrives on the doorstep, meals can be had at the restaurant, the works’canteen, and the school dining-room.父母為自己的孩子做今天要少得多，和家庭也不像一个车间。衣服可以买现成的，洗衣服可以送洗衣店，食品可以买到熟食，罐装或腌制，麵包是烘烤和麵包師交付，牛奶送到门口，吃饭可以在餐厅，工作的食堂，和学校餐厅。
It is unusual now for father to pursue his trade or other employment at home, and his children rarely, if ever, see him at his place of work.Boys are therefore seldom trained to follow their father’s occupation, and in many towns they have a fairly wide choice of employment and so do girls.The young wage-earner often earns good money, and soon acquires a feeling of economic independence.现在做父亲的一般都不在家里做生意或从事其他的工作，并且他的孩子们也很少，如果有的话，在他的工作场所见到他。因为男孩子们很少继承父业，他们在很多城市里有一个相当广泛的就业选择，所以做的女孩。年轻的工薪阶层常常挣很多钱，不久就有了一种经济独立的感觉。In textile areas it has long been customary for mothers to go out to work, but this practice has become so widespread that the working mother is now a not unusual factor in a child’s home life, the number of married women in employment having more than doubled in the last twenty-five years.With mother earning and his older children drawing substantial wages father is seldom the dominant figure that he still was at the beginning of the century.When mother works economic advantages accrue, but children lose something of great value if mother’s employment prevents her from being home to greet them when they return from school.在纺织工业区，母亲出去工作早已司空见惯，但这种做法已经变得如此普遍，母亲的工作现在是一个不寻常的因素在孩子的家庭生活，已婚就业妇女的人数增加了一倍以上在过去的二十五年。由于母亲挣钱，年龄较大的儿童画相当的工资，做父亲的很少占主导地位的人物，他仍然在本世纪初的。母亲工作时经济收入增加了，但孩子们却失去了一些宝贵的东西如果母亲再也不能在家门口迎接他们，当他们从学校回来。第六套 汉译英
1、焦裕禄同志体现了一个共产党员的全部优秀品质。Comrade Jiao Yulu embodies a communist party all of the excellent quality
2、既然冷战已经结束，我们必须集中更多的精力来谋求世界和平。
Now that the cold war is over, we must concentrate more on world peace
3、第二次世界大战中，许多欧洲小国在一周内就被德国吞并了。
The Second World War, many European countries in a week was annexed by Germany.4、“十二五”时期是全面建设小康社会的关键时期。
The “ Twelfth Five-Year Plan” period is the crucial period of all-round construction of well-off society 双鸟在林不如一鸟在手。
pairs of birds in the forest not as good as a bird in the hand
5、英译汉
anyone who knows anything about automobiles knows that time and money must be spent to make a good car and to maintain it.Strong materials must be used to make the car work for long;gas must be used for fuel;oil be used to make the engine work;in addition, air must be put into the tyres.A car that is taken good care of will work well for years.任何人懂车汽车都知道必须花时间和钱才能保养一个好的车。强大的材料必须被采用来制造汽车长时间工作；气体必须用于燃料；油能够使发动机工作；此外，轮胎必须冲好气。一辆汽车是很好的照顾，将工作好多年。
Our bodies are like cars in several ways.They need good materials to build and repair bones, teeth, and muscles.They need fuel for energy.And they need materials that will control the way the body works.It’s easy to take care of the outside of a human body.soap and water clean it, and clothing protects it.But taking care of the inside of the body is more difficult.We have to eat the right foods and get enough rest and help.我们的身体就像汽车的几种方式。他们需要好的材料建造和修复骨骼，牙齿，肌肉。他们需要燃料能源。他们需要的材料，控制身体的方式工作。人体外保养很容易照顾。肥皂和水清洗，和服装的保护它。但照顾身体内部更难。我们吃的食物的权利和得到足够的休息和帮助。
Some people have studied foods and what they do for the human body.They have discovered that there are six main groups of nutrients that the body needs.They are proteins, vitamins.Minerals, carbohydrates, fats, and water.You should understand what each of these groups will do for your body.有人研究过的食物和它们对人体的作用。他们发现，身体的需要有六个主要营养群。它们是蛋白质，维生素。矿物质，碳水化合物，脂肪，和水。你应该明白所有这些营养物质对你身体的作用。
Foods containing proteins build and maintain the body’s tissues vitamins, which get their name from a latin word meaning life, help our bodies grow, and keep us strong.Minerals provide building materials for bones, teeth and muscle tissue.Carbohydrates and fats are important because they provide the energy your body needs to keep warm and do work.Water is necessary to control your body temperature and to prvide some needed minerals.Different foods are served from country to country, but a good diet for everyone each day should contain a certain amount of the same nutrients.食品含有蛋白质的建立和维持身体组织维生素，它得名于一个拉丁词意义的生活，帮助我们的身体成长，让我们保持强劲。矿物提供建筑材料的骨骼，牙齿和肌肉组织。碳水化合物和脂肪是重要的，因为他们提供的能量，你的身体需要保持温暖和做工作。水是必要的控制你的体温并提供一些必要的矿物质。各个国家饮食习惯不同，但良好的饮食是每个人每一天都应含有一定量的营养。
第五篇：2016省委党校在职研究生法理学论述题
一、法的作用
1、法的作用，又叫做法的功能，泛指对社会及个人发生影响的体现。法的作用分为法的规范作用和法的社会作用。规范作用，是指法律基于规范性特征在调整人们行为方面所具有的特征；社会作用，是指法律基于其本质和目的在调整人们行为方面所具有的作用。
2、法的规范作用。A.指引作用B.评价作用C.教育作用 D.预测作用D.强制作用
3、法的社会作用
A.从作用的领域方面来看，法律的作用可以分为法律的政治作用、经济作用、和文化作用；
B.从作用的方式来看，法律的社会作用分为确认、提取、分配、保护和限制等作用；
C.从作用的性质来看，法律的社会作用分为阶级统治作用和执行社会公共事务的作用。阶级对立社会中，阶级统治的含义极为广泛，包括政治、经济、思想道德等领域，确认和维护生产资料私有制为基础的社会经济制度以及统治阶级对被统治阶级的专政。社会公共事务方面a.为维护人类社会基本生活条件的法律 b.有关生产力和科学技术的法律 c.有关技术规范的法律d.有关一般文化、娱乐事务的法律。
对法律或法制在社会主义现代化建设方面的重要作用的认识，并不是偶然产生或从抽象的原理中推论出来的，它是从新中国成立以来正反两方面的经验，特别是十一届三中全会以来的有益经验中总结出来的。法的作用也有其局限性，a.法并不是调整社会关系的唯一手段，b.徒善不足以为政，徒法不足以自行，c.法律的抽象性，稳定性和现实生活的矛盾，d法律所要适用的事实无法确定。
二、法与市场经济
1、经济决定法律。经济活动是人类社会存在和发展的决定性力量，它决定了国家法律的产生和发展，人类的经济生活还决定了 法律由低级向高级发展。
2、法律服务于经济。a.法律对其赖以生存的经济基础提供引导、促进和保障 b.法律对与之冲突的旧的经济基础，加以改进或摧毁。
3、市场经济是指以市场机制调节经济运行和资源配置为主要方式的经济形势和经济体制。
4、现代市场经济的基本特征表现为：资源配置方式以市场调节为基础，经济主体独立，交换自由，法律权利关系明晰，法律体系完备。
5、世界经济的实践表明，比较成熟的市场经济必然要求具备比较完备的法制。市场经济活动的运行，市场秩序的维系，国家对经济活动的宏观调控和管理，以及生产、交换、分配、消费等各个环节，都需要法律的引导和规范。在国际经济交往中，也需要国际管理和国际协定办事，这都是市场经济的内在需求。
三、法与民主政治
1、民主，是多数人治理的政体。
2、我国的社会主义民主政治有其特征a.民主与专政的结合，即坚持人民民主专政的国家制度。b.民主与集中的结合。c.民主的制度化，法律化。d.逐步完善的民主。
3、民主与法制不可分，民主是法制的内容和基础，法制是民主的体现和保障。民主必须制度化，法律化，民主必须与法制结合。为了保障人民民主，必须加强法制和实行法治，所谓法治，必须使民主制度化、法律化，使这种制度和法律不因领导人的改变而改变，不因领导人的看法和注意力的改变而改变。脱离民主的法治是通过法制对人民的专制，而不受约束的民主或导致无政府状态，或导致专制和集权，两种方向都是险途。
四、法律与文化
1、“文化”专注于精神创造活动及其结果，排除人类社会-历史生活中敢于物质创造活动及其结果的部分。
2、法律文化是特定社会的人们对待法律和法律制度的态度和行为方式。法律文化设计对待法律的精神方面，它的一个重要因素是法律意识，但是法律文化的范围不限于法律意识。
3、每个社会中的占主导地位的法律文化与这一社会的法律制度是密切联系的，后者是前者的载体。对法律或法律制度，另一个方面是指作为一种精神文明或文化知识现象。一个国家实行依法治国的一个重要条件是本国绝大多数社会成员以及国家公职人员，尤其是立法、执法和司法部门公职人员具有适当的、较强的法律意识，没有这一条件，依法治。国只是一句空话；反过来，一个国家在建立法治国家的过程中，必然会不断提高社会成员和国家公职人员的法律意识。法治与法律意识同样是相互并存和促进的。
4、应深入开展普法教育，增强全民的法律意识，着重提高领导干部的法制观念和依法办事能力。依法治国，建设社会主义法治国际的前景，在很大程度上有赖于全民法律意识的增强，特别是领导干部的法律意识和依法办事能力的提高。
5、传统法律文化有积极的方面 a.重视道德教化的作用 b.徒法不能以自行c.重视调解在解决纠纷中的作用d.执法、司法官员应具有公正廉明、刚正不阿的品质e.制定法传统；消极的方面a.以“三纲”为核心的封建主义教义b.轻视法律的作用c.轻视诉讼和权利观念淡薄d.法即是刑e.轻视法学。
五、法律与科技
1、法律对科技进步的作用。科技与法律是相互影响，相互促进，关系密切。
法律对科技进步起着指引、协调与管理的作用 法律对科技进步起着重要的激励作用 法律对科技进步具有重要的保障作用
法律在控制由于科技发展所引起的各种社会问题，调整科学技术同其他社会现象的关系以及防治对技术的不当使用所引起的社会危害方面，都具有十分广泛而重要的作用。
2、科技对法律的影响。
科学技术的发展促进了许多法律、法规的产生以及法律体系的发展。
科技的发展对立法产生了深刻的影响
科技成果为执法、司法和法律监督工作提供新的装备、手段和技能。
科技的发展促进了人们法律观念的更新和法律方法的扩展。
3、新时期科技法制和政策环境建设的重点任务。
A.加强国家创新体系执行主体的立法，是健全科技法制建设的紧迫任务。
B.维护科技发展领域国家安全和社会安全，是我国科技法制建设和相关政策环境建设的艰巨任务。C.完善国家科技机关管理和只是产权制度，是我国科技法制建设和政策环境建设的重要任务。
4、推进科技法制和政策环境建设的重大举措。A.建立权威的国家科技决策机制B.全面清理现行科技政策法律文件C.创造有利于人才成长的制度环境D.加强科技政策法律制定能力建设以及政策法律文件的实施和监督E.加强学科建设，培养复合型人才
六、结合四中全会精神，论述我国司法机关独立行使职权原则。
1、基本含义：
A.司法权的专属性，只能由国家各级审判机关和检察机关统一行使。
B.行使职权的独立性，不受行政机关、社会团体和个人的非法干涉。
C.行使职权的合法性。
2、意义
A.是发扬社会主义民主、维护国家法制统一的需要； B.是保证司法机关正常行使职权的基本条件； C.是正确使用法律的前提；
D.是维护社会主义司法公正的重要条件；
3、贯彻施行 A.要正确处理司法机关和党组织的关系 B.在全社会进行有关树立、维护司法机关权威、尊严、服从司法机关决定的。
法治教育
C.推进司法改革，从制度上保证司法机关依法独立行使审判权和检察权。
七、结合四中全会精神，论述我国法律监督的实质与法律监督的构成。
法律监督的实质是：以人民民主为基础，以社会主义法治为原则，以权力的合理划分与相互制约为核心，依法对各种行使国家权力的行为和其他法律活动进行监视、察看、约束、控制、检查和督促的法律机制。总体说来：一，法律监督的基础是社会主义民主；二，法律监督的指导原则是“依法治国，建设社会主义法治国家”；三，法律监督的核心是由所有国家机关、社会组织和公民依法对各种行使国家权力的行为和其他法律活动进行监视、察看、约束、控制、检查和监督，以保障体现人民意志的宪法和法律的贯彻实施，实现人民当家做主的根本权力。实现法律监督必须具备五个要素，法律监督的主体、客体、内容、权力与权利、规则。
1、法律监督的主体。可以概括为国家机关、社会组织和公民。
2、法律监督的客体。是指监督谁或者谁被监督。所有国家机关、政党、社会团体、社会组织、大众传媒和公民既是监督的主体，也是监督的客体。
3、法律监督的内容。包括与监督客体行为的合法性有关的所有问题。
4、法律监督的权利和权力。是指监督主体监视、察看、约束、制约、控制、检查和督促客体的权利与权力。
5、法律监督的规则。包括法律监督的实体规则和程序规则。
结合四中全会，①要构建法律平台、打通法律监督的壁垒，形成法律监督的合力；②解决在以往监督过程中治标不治本的情况，加强对权力的同步制约；③各监督平台同步进行，实现责任划分，强化各监督部门的独立性；④推行阳光法案，保障个人权利收到合理监督。
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