独立宣言中英文版[推荐五篇]

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第一篇:独立宣言中英文版

THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE In Congress, July 4, 1776,THE UNANIMOUS DECLARATION OF THE THIRTEEN UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the Powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.That whenever any form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to the m shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes;and accordingly all experience hath shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed.But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Des potism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security.Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies;and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government.The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States.To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world.He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good.He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained;and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them.He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only.He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public Records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures.He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people.He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected;whereby the Legislative powers, incapable of Annihilation, have returned to the People at large for their exercise;the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within.He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States;for that purpose obstructing the Laws of Naturalization of Foreigners;refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither, and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands.He has obstructed the Administration of Justice, by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary powers.He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries.He has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of Officers to harass our People, and eat out their substance.He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislatures.He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil power.He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws;giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation:

For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us:

For protecting them, by a mock Trial, from Punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States:

For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world:

For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent:

For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by Jury:

For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences:

For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province, establishing therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into t hese Colonies:

For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws, and altering fundamentally the forms of our Governments:

For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us.He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the Lives of our people.He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to compleat the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of Cruelty & perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the H ead of a civilized nation.He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country, to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their Hands.He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages, whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions.In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms: Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury.A Prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.Nor have We been wanting in attention to our British brethren.We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us.We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and sett lement here.We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence.They too have been deaf t o the voice of justice and of consanguinity.We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace Friends.We, therefore, the Representatives of the united States of America, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States;that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved;and that as Free and Independent States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do.An d for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the Protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes and our sacred Honor.JOHN HANCOCK, President

Attested, CHARLES THOMSON, Secretary New Hampshire: JOSIAH BARTLETT, WILLIAM WHIPPLE, MATTHEW THORNTON

Massachusetts-Bay: SAMUEL ADAMS, JOHN ADAMS, ROBERT TREAT PAINE, ELBRIDGE GERRY

Rhode Island: STEPHEN HOPKINS, WILLIAM ELLERY

Connecticut: ROGER SHERMAN, SAMUEL HUNTINGTON, WILLIAM WILLIAMS, OLIVER WOLCOTT

Georgia: BUTTON GWINNETT, LYMAN HALL, GEO.WALTON

Maryland: SAMUEL CHASE, WILLIAM PACA, THOMAS STONE, CHARLES CARROLL OF CARROLLTON

Virginia: GEORGE WYTHE, RICHARD HENRY LEE, THOMAS JEFFERSON, BENJAMIN HARRISON, THOMAS NELSON, JR., FRANCIS LIGHTFOOT LEE, CARTER BRAXTON.New York: WILLIAM FLOYD, PHILIP LIVINGSTON, FRANCIS LEWIS, LEWIS MORRIS

Pennsylvania: ROBERT MORRIS, BENJAMIN RUSH, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, JOHN MORTON, GEORGE CLYMER, JAMES SMITH, GEORGE TAYLOR, JAMES WILSON, GEORGE ROSS

Delaware: CAESAR RODNEY, GEORGE READ, THOMAS M'KEAN

North Carolina: WILLIAM HOOPER, JOSEPH HEWES, JOHN PENN

South Carolina: EDWARD RUTLEDGE, THOMAS HEYWARD, JR., THOMAS LYNCH, JR., ARTHUR MIDDLETON

New Jersey: RICHARD STOCKTON, JOHN WITHERSPOON, FRANCIS HOPKINS, JOHN HART, ABRAHAM CLARK

Pennsylvania: Robert Morris,Benjamin Rush,Benjamin Franklin,John Morton,George Clymer,James Smith,George Taylor,James Wilson,George Ross

Delaware: Caesar Rodney,George Read,Thomas McKean

Maryland: Samuel Chase,William Paca,Thomas Stone,Charles Carroll of Carrollton

Virginia: George Wythe,Richard Henry Lee,Thomas Jefferson,Benjamin Harrison,Thomas Nelson,Jr.,Francis Lightfoot Lee,Carter Braxton

North Carolina: William Hooper,Joseph Hewes,John Penn

South Carolina: Edward Rutledge,Thomas Heyward,Jr.,Thomas Lynch,Jr.,Arthur Middleton

Georgia: Button Gwinnett,Lyman Hall,George Walton.1776年7月4日北美原十三个英属殖民地一致通过的《独立宣言》原文:

在有关人类事务的发展过程中,当一个民族必须解除其和另一个民族之间的政治联系,并在世界各国之间依照自然法则和上帝的意旨,接受独立和平等的地位时,出于人类舆论的尊重,必须把他们不得不独立的原因予以宣布。

我们认为下面这些真理是不言而喻的:人人生而平等,造物者赋予他们若干不可剥夺的权利,其中包括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。为了保障这些权利,人类才在他们之间建立政府,而政府之正当权力,是经被治理者的同意而产生的。当任何形式的政府对这些目标具破坏作用时,人民便有权力改变或废除它,以建立一个新的政府;其赖以奠基的原则,其组织权力的方式,务使人民认为唯有这样才最可能获得他们的安全和幸福。为了慎重起见,成立多年的政府,是不应当由于轻微和短暂的原因而予以变更的。过去的一切经验也都说明,任何苦难,只要是尚能忍受,人类都宁愿容忍,而无意为了本身的权益便废除他们久已习惯了的政府。但是,当追逐同一目标的一连串滥用职权和强取豪夺发生,证明政府企图把人民置于专制统治之下时,那么人民就有权利,也有义务推翻这个政府,并为他们未来的安全建立新的保障--这就是这些殖民地过去逆来顺受的情况,也是它们现在不得不改变以前政府制度的原因。当今大不列颠国王的历史,是接连不断的伤天害理和强取豪夺的历史,这些暴行的唯一目标,就是想在这些州建立专制的暴政。为了证明所言属实,现把下列事实向公正的世界宣布--

他拒绝批准对公众利益最有益、最必要的法律。

他禁止他的总督们批准迫切而极为必要的法律,要不就把这些法律搁置起来暂不生效,等待他的同意;而一旦这些法律被搁置起来,他对它们就完全置之不理。

他拒绝批准便利广大地区人民的其它法律,除非那些人民情愿放弃自己在立法机关中的代表权;但这种权利对他们有无法估量的价值,而且只有暴君才畏惧这种权利。

他把各州立法团体召集到异乎寻常的、极为不便的、远离它们档案库的地方去开会,唯一的目的是使他们疲于奔命,不得不顺从他的意旨。

他一再解散各州的议会,因为它们以无畏的坚毅态度反对他侵犯人民的权利。

他在解散各州议会之后,又长期拒绝另选新议会;但立法权是无法取消的,因此这项权力仍由一般人民来行使。其实各州仍然处于危险的境地,既有外来侵略之患,又有发生内乱之忧。

他竭力抑制我们各州增加人口;为此目的,他阻挠外国人入籍法的通过,拒绝批准其它鼓励外国人移居各州的法律,并提高分配新土地的条件。

他拒绝批准建立司法权力的法律,藉以阻挠司法工作的推行。

他把法官的任期、薪金数额和支付,完全置于他个人意志的支配之下。

他建立新官署,派遣大批官员,骚扰我们人民,并耗尽人民必要的生活物质。

他在和平时期,未经我们的立法机关同意,就在我们中间维持常备军。

他力图使军队独立于民政之外,并凌驾于民政之上。他同某些人勾结起来把我们置于一种不适合我们的体制且不为我们的法律所承认的管辖之下;他还批准那些人炮制的各种伪法案来达到以下目的:

在我们中间驻扎大批武装部队;

用假审讯来包庇他们,使他们杀害我们各州居民而仍然逍遥法外;

切断我们同世界各地的贸易;

未经我们同意便向我们强行征税;

在许多案件中剥夺我们享有陪审制的权益;

罗织罪名押送我们到海外去受审;

在一个邻省废除英国的自由法制,在那裹建立专制政府,并扩大该省的疆界,企图把该省变成既是一个样板又是一个得心应手的工具,以便进而向这里的各殖民地推行同样的极权统治;

取消我们的宪章,废除我们最宝贵的法律,并且根本上改变我们各州政府的形式;

中止我们自己的立法机关行使权力,宣称他们自己有权就一切事宜为我们制定法律。

他宣布我们已不属他保护之列,并对我们们作战,从而放弃了在这里的政务。

他在我们的海域大肆掠夺,蹂躏我们沿海地区,焚烧我们的城镇,残害我们人民的生命。

他此时正在运送大批外国佣兵来完成屠杀、破坏和肆虐的勾当,这种勾当早就开始,其残酷卑劣甚至在最野蛮的时代都难以找到先例。他完全不配作为一个文明国家的元首。

他在公海上俘虏我们的同胞,强迫他们拿起武器来反对自己的国家,成为残杀自己亲人和朋友的刽子手,或是死于自己的亲人和朋友的手下。

他在我们中间煽动内乱,并且竭力挑唆那些残酷无情、没有开化的印第安人来杀掠我们边疆的居民;而众所周知,印第安人的作战规律是不分男女老幼,一律格杀勿论的。

在这些压迫的每一陷阶段中,我们都是用最谦卑的言辞请求改善;但屡次请求所得到的答复是屡次遭受损害。一个君主,当他的品格已打上了暴君行为的烙印时,是不配作自由人民的统治者的。

我们不是没有顾念我们英国的弟兄。我们时常提醒他们,他们的立法机关企图把无理的管辖权横加到我们的头上。我们也曾把我们移民来这里和在这里定居的情形告诉他们。我们曾经向他们天生的正义善感和雅量呼吁,我们恳求他们念在同种同宗的份上,弃绝这些掠夺行为,以免影响彼此的关系和往来。但是他们对于这种正义和血缘的呼声,也同样充耳不闻。因此,我们实在不得不宣布和他们脱离,并且以对待世界上其它民族一样的态度对待他们:和我们作战,就是敌人;和我们和好,就是朋友。

因此,我们,在大陆会议下集会的美利坚联盟代表,以各殖民地善良人民的名义,非经他们授权,向全世界最崇高的正义呼吁,说明我们的严正意向,同时郑重宣布;这些联合一致的殖民地从此是自由和独立的国家,并且按其权利也必须是自由和独立的国家,它们取消一切对英国王室效忠的义务,它们和大不列颠国家之间的一切政治关系从此全部断绝,而且必须断绝;作为自由独立的国家,它们完全有权宣战、缔和、结盟、通商和采取独立国家有权采取的一切行动。

为了支持这篇宣言,我们坚决信赖上帝的庇佑,以我们的生命、我们的财产和我们神圣的名誉,彼此宣誓。

第二篇:《独立宣言》 中英文对照

美国《独立宣言》中英文对照

The Declaration of Independence IN CONGRESS, JULY 4, 1776 THE UNANIMOUS DECLARATION OF THE THIRTEEN UNITED STATES OF AMERAICA When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws Nature and Nature’s God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that they are among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.That to secure these rights, governments are instituted among them, deriving their just power from the consent of the governed.That whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness.Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes;and accordingly all experience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than t right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed.But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their future security.Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies;and such is now the necessity, which constrains them to alter their former systems of government.The history of the present King of Great Britain is usurpations, all having in direct object tyranny over these States.To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world.He has refused his assent to laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good.He has forbidden his Governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should be obtained;and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend them.He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of representation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only.He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures.] He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasion on the rights of the people.He has refused for a long time, after such dissolution, to cause others to be elected;whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their exercise;the State remaining in the meantime exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without and convulsion within.He has endeavored to prevent the population of these states;for that purpose obstructing the laws of naturalizing of foreigners;refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the condition of new appropriations of lands.He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent of laws for establishing judiciary powers.He has made judges dependent on his will alone, for the tenure of their office, and the amount and payment of their salary.He has erected a multitude of new officers, and sent hither swarms of officers to harass our people, and eat out our substances.He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies without the consent of our legislatures.He has affected to render the military independent of and superior to the civil power.He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws;giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation.For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us;For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any murder which they should commit on the inhabitants of these States.For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world;For imposing taxes on us without our consent;For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury;For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offenses;For abolishing the free systems of English laws in a neighboring Province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule these Colonies;For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and altering fundamentally the forms of our governments;For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his protection and waging war against us.He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people.He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to complete the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely parallel in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation.He has constrained our fellow citizens taken captive on the high seas to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands.He has excited domestic insurrection amongst us, and has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions.In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress in the most humble terms: our repeated petition have been answered only by repeated injury.A prince whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren.We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us.We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here.We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpation, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence.They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity.We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our separation, and hold them., as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in war, in peace friends.We, therefore, the Representatives of the United States of America, in General Congress assembled , appealing to the supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name, and by authority of the good people of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United States Colonies and Independent States;that they are absolved by from all allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which Independent States may of right do.And for the support of this declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor.在人类事务发展的过程中,当一个民族必须解除同另一个民族的联系,并按照自然法则和上帝的旨意,以独立平等的身份立于世界列国之林时,出于对人类舆论的尊重,必须把驱使他们独立的原因予以宣布。

我们认为下述真理是不言而喻的:人人生而平等,造物主赋予他们若干不可让与的权利,其中包括生存权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。为了保障这些权利,人们才在他们中间建立政府,而政府的正当权利,则是经被统治者同意授予的。任何形式的政府一旦对这些目标的实现起破坏作用时,人民便有权予以更换或废除,以建立一个新的政府。新政府所依据的原则和组织其权利的方式,务使人民认为唯有这样才最有可能使他们获得安全和幸福。若真要审慎的来说,成立多年的政府是不应当由于无关紧要的和一时的原因而予以更换的。过去的一切经验都说明,任何苦难,只要尚能忍受,人类还是情愿忍受,也不想为申冤而废除他们久已习惯了的政府形式。然而,当始终追求同一目标的一系列滥用职权和强取豪夺的行为表明政府企图把人民至于专制暴政之下时,人民就有权也有义务去推翻这样的政府,并为其未来的安全提供新的保障。这就是这些殖民地过去忍受苦难的经过,也是他们现在不得不改变政府制度的原因。当今大不列颠王国的历史,就是屡屡伤害和掠夺这些殖民地的历史,其直接目标就是要在各州之上建立一个独裁暴政。为了证明上述句句属实,现将事实公诸于世,让公正的世人作出评判。

他拒绝批准对公众利益最有益、最必需的法律。

他禁止他的殖民总督批准刻不容缓、极端重要的法律,要不就先行搁置这些法律直至征得他的同意,而这些法律被搁置以后,他又完全置之不理。

他拒绝批准便利大地区人民的其他的法律,除非这些地区的人民情愿放弃自己在自己在立法机构中的代表权;而代表权对人民是无比珍贵的,只有暴君才畏惧它。

他把各州的立法委员召集到一个异乎寻常、极不舒适而有远离他们的档案库的地方去开会,其目的无非是使他们疲惫不堪,被迫就范。

他一再解散各州的众议院,因为后者坚决反对他侵犯人民的权利。

他在解散众议院之后,又长期拒绝另选他人,于是这项不可剥夺的立法权便归由普通人民来行使,致使在这其间各州仍处于外敌入侵和内部骚乱的种种危险之中。

他力图阻止各州增加人口,为此目的,他阻挠外国人入籍法的通过,拒绝批准其他鼓励移民的法律,并提高分配新土地的条件。

他拒绝批准建立司法权利的法律,以阻挠司法的执行。

他迫使法官为了保住任期、薪金的数额和支付而置于他个人意志的支配之下。

他滥设新官署,委派大批官员到这里骚扰我们的人民,吞噬他们的财物。

他在和平时期,未经我们立法机构同意,就在我们中间维持其常备军。

他施加影响,使军队独立于文官政权之外,并凌驾于文官政权之上。

他同他人勾结,把我们置于一种既不符合我们的法规也未经我们法律承认的管辖之下,而且还批准他们炮制的各种伪法案,以便任其在我们中间驻扎大批武装部队;不论这些人对我们各州居民犯下何等严重的谋杀罪,他可用加审判来庇护他们,让他们逍遥法外;他可以切断我们同世界各地的贸易;未经我们同意便向我们强行征税;在许多案件中剥夺我们享有陪审制的权益;以莫须有的罪名把我们押送海外受审;他在一个邻省废除了英国法律的自由制度,在那里建立专制政府,扩大其疆域,使其立即成为一个样板和合适的工具,以便向这里各殖民地推行同样的专制统治;他取消我们的许多特许状,废除我们最珍贵的法律并从根本上改变我们各州政府的形式;他终止我们立法机构行使权力,宣称他们自己拥有在任何情况下为我们制定法律的权力。

他们放弃设在这里的政府,宣称我们已不属他们保护之列,并向我们发动战争。

他在我们的海域里大肆掠夺,蹂躏我们的沿海地区,烧毁我们的城镇,残害我们人民的生命。

他此时正在运送大批外国雇佣兵,来从事其制造死亡、荒凉和暴政的勾当,其残忍与卑劣从一开始就连最野蛮的时代也难以相比,他已完全不配当一个文明国家的元首。

他强迫我们在公海被他们俘虏的同胞拿起武器反对自己的国家,使他们成为残杀自己亲友的刽子手,或使他们死于自己亲友的手下。

他在我们中间煽动内乱,并竭力挑唆残酷无情的印地安蛮子来对付我们边疆的居民,而众所周知,印地安人作战的准则是不分男女老幼、是非曲直,格杀勿论。

在遭受这些压迫的每一阶段,我们都曾以最谦卑的言辞吁请予以纠正。而我们一次又一次的情愿,却只是被报以一次又一次的伤害。

一个君主,其品格被他的每一个只有暴君才干的出的行为所暴露时,就不配君临自由的人民。

我们并不是没有想到我们英国的弟兄。他们的立法机关想把无理的管辖权扩展到我们这里来,我们时常把这个企图通知他们。我们也曾把我们移民来这里和在这里定居的情况告诉他们。我们曾恳求他们天生的正义感和雅量,念在同种同宗的分上,弃绝这些掠夺行为,因为这些掠夺行为难免会使我们之间的关系和来往中断。可他们对这种正义和同宗的呼声也同样充耳不闻。因此,我们不得不宣布脱离他们,以对待世界上其他民族的态度对待他们:同我交战者,就是敌人;同我和好者,即为朋友。

因此我们这些在大陆会议上集会的美利坚合众国的代表们,以各殖民地善良人民的名义,并经他们授权,向世界最高裁判者申诉,说明我们的严重意向,同时郑重宣布:

我们这些联合起来的殖民地现在是,而且按公理也应该是,独立自由的国家;我们对英国王室效忠的全部义务,我们与大不列颠王国之间大不列颠一切政治联系全部断绝,而且必须断绝。

作为一个独立自由的国家,我们完全有权宣战、缔和、结盟、通商和采取独立国家有权采取的一切行动。

我们坚定地信赖神明上帝的保佑,同时以我们的生命、财产和神圣的名誉彼此宣誓来支持这一宣言。

〔说明〕

杰斐逊起草了《独立宣言》的第一稿,富兰克林等人又进行了润色。大陆会议对此稿又进行了长时间的、激烈的辩论,最终作出了重大的修改。特别是在佐治亚和卡罗来纳代表们的坚持下,删去了杰斐逊对英王乔治三世允许在殖民地保持奴隶制和奴隶买卖的有力谴责。这一部分的原文是这样的:

他的人性本身发动了残酷的战争,侵犯了一个从未冒犯过他的远方民族的最神圣的生存权和自由权;他诱骗他们,并把他们运往另一半球充当奴隶,或使他们惨死在运送途中。

托马斯.杰斐逊(1743-1826),生于弗吉尼亚的一个富裕家庭。曾就读于威廉-玛丽学院。1767年成为律师,1769年当选为弗吉尼亚下院议院。他积极投身于独立运动之中,并代表弗吉尼亚出席大陆会议。他曾两次当选弗吉尼亚州长。1800年当选美国总统。

杰斐逊在为自己的墓碑而作的墓志铭中这样写到:

这里埋葬着托马斯.杰斐逊,美国《独立宣言》的作者,弗吉尼亚宗教自由法规的制定者和弗吉尼亚大学之父。

第三篇:独立宣言

“我们认为以下真理是不言而喻的:人人生而平等,造物者赋予他们若干不可剥夺的权利,其中包括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。为了保障这些权利,人们才在他们之间建立政府,而政府之正当权力,是经被统治者的同意而产生的。当任何形式的政府对这些目标具破坏作用时,人民便有权力改变或废除它,以建立一个新的政府;其赖以奠基的原则,其组织权力的方式,务使人民认为唯有这样才最可能获得他们的安全和幸福。为了慎重起见,成立多年的政府,是不应当由于轻微和短暂的原因而予以变更的。过去的一切经验也都说明,任何苦难,只要是尚能忍受,人类都宁愿容忍,而无意为了本身的权益便废除他们久已习惯了的政府。但是,当追逐同一目标的一连串滥用职权和强取豪夺发生,证明政府企图把人民置于专制统治之下时,那么人民就有权利,也有义务推翻这个政府,并为他们未来的安全建立新的保障。”

第四篇:独立宣言

柳林中学高二历史公开课教案

授课人:张志达

授课时间:2014年5月16日

授课班级:高二8班

第1课

美国《独立宣言》

【课标要求】掌握《独立宣言》产生的历史背景,分析《独立宣言》体现民主思想的主要内容

及对其的客观评价,认识民主化进程要有一个从思想理论到制订法律的准备阶段。

【教学目标】

知识与能力:

识记:欧洲启蒙思想的影响;潘恩发表《常识》;独立战争爆发;杰斐逊等五人委

员会草拟《独立宣言》;《独立宣言》的主要内容;《独立宣言》的民主思想;《独立宣言》

的意义、作用和局限性。

理解:《独立宣言》是启蒙思想与北美独立运动相结合的产物。《独立宣言》继承并

发展了启蒙思想,体现出鲜明的民主思想。

运用:比较分析《独立宣言》的思想渊源以及所体现的民主思想和独具的历史价值。

过程与方法:材料分析、历史比较、问题探究。

情感态度价值观:《独立宣言》在人类历史上第一次以政治纲领的形式宣布了民主共和

国的原则,是“第一个人权宣言”。它体现的民主思想成为一代又一代美国人不断追求的 理想。

【重点难点】

重点:《独立宣言》体现的民主思想。

难点:《独立宣言》产生的历史背景

【教学用具】多媒体课件 【课时安排】1课时 【教学过程】

导入新课在美国哈得逊河口一个百米见方的自由岛上有座自由女神像,举世闻名。她右手高擎火炬,猜一猜,她的左手拿着什么? 学生回答《独立宣言》,就此导入新课。

一、《独立宣言》的发表

1.探究:阅读教材24-25页内容,结合以下情景材料,概括《独立宣言》在怎样的历史背景发表的?

(1)理论基础:欧洲启蒙思想的深刻影响

早在独立前的一百多年间,欧洲启蒙思想就开始在北美传播,为《独立宣言》的发表奠定了理论基础。

(2)思想动员:北美产生了自己的启蒙思想家,民族民主意识觉醒,激励更多的人为独立而勇敢地走向战争。

在欧洲启蒙思想的熏陶下,北美殖民地也产生了自己的启蒙思想家,代表人物是本杰明·富兰克林(1706-1790)和托马斯·杰斐逊(1743-1826),他们反对奴隶制,主张人民享有自由、平等的权利。潘恩的《常识》消除了人民对英国国王的幻想,激励更多的人为独立而勇敢地走向战争。

(3)和解破灭:英国的殖民压迫政策和暴虐统治,使北美人民的和解幻想彻底破灭,争取独立成为整个殖民地人民的共同目标。

“没有代表权,就不得征税”,英国议会对殖民地不断征税,但在议会中却没有殖民地的代表。英国议会新征收的印花税、茶税、糖税等,遭到北美殖民地人民的强烈抵制,并最终引发了北美

独立战争。1773年,英国议会颁布《茶税法》,波士顿市民一怒之下,把价值近10万英镑的英国茶叶倒入查尔斯河。(波士顿倾茶事件)英国议会大怒,通过一系列被殖民地视为不可容忍的法令。英王对北美人民反抗的血腥镇压,使殖民地人民与英国王室和解的幻想彻底破灭,“要求独立”成为北美殖民地人民的普遍呼声。最终促成北美13个殖民地代表组成大陆会议决定宣布独立。2.过程:

(1)提出:1776年6月初,费吉尼亚的代表提出决议案,大陆会议指派杰斐逊为首的五人委员会草拟独立宣言。

(2)通过:1776年7月4日,《独立宣言》经修改后获得一致通过,这一天也因此成为美国的独立纪念日.二、《独立宣言》体现的民主思想

1.探究:阅读教材26页,概括《独立宣言》由几部分组成?有哪些基本内容?

主要内容

第一部分为前言,阐述了宣言的目的。

第二部分高度概括了当时资产阶级最激进的政治思想——自然权利学说和主权在民思想。

第三部分历数英国压迫北美殖民地人民的条条罪状,说明殖民地人民是在忍无可忍的情况下被迫拿起武器的。

第四部分庄严宣告独立。

2.探究:阅读材料结合教材内容归纳:《独立宣言》体现了哪些民主思想?

“我们认为这些真理是不言而喻的:人人生而平等,他们都从他们的造物主那边被赋予了某些不可转让的权利,其中包括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。为了保障这些权利,所以才在人们中间成立政府。而政府的正当权力,系得自被统治者的同意。如果遇有任何一种形式的政府变成损害这些目的的,那么,人民就有权利来改变它或废除它,已建立新的政府。”

——节选自《独立宣言》 民主思想:

第一、平等与天赋人权思想。《独立宣言》继承并发展了洛克的天赋人权学说,认为人人生而平等,这些权利是大自然所赋予的,不可剥夺,这些权利包括“生命、自由和追求幸福的权利。”

第二、主权在民学说。《独立宣言》提出,人民是主权者,政府的一切权力来自人民,政府应服从人民意志,为人民幸福和保障人民权利而存在。

第三、人民革命权利的理论。《独立宣言》以天赋人权和主权在民理论为基础,进一步提出人民革命权利理论。指出,既然政府的权力来自人民,目的是保障人民的自然权利,如果一旦政府不履行职责,侵犯人民的权利,人民就有权起来革命来改变或推翻它。

3.探究:结合材料和所学内容:归纳:《独立宣言》有何进步性?

材料1:马克思说:美国是“宣布了第一个人权宣言和最先推动了18世纪的欧洲革命的地方”;是“最先产生了伟大的民主共和国思想的地方”。

材料2:美国独立战争和《独立宣言》在大洋彼岸的中国引起了很大的反响。自那时起,华盛顿及其领导的美国革命一直是近代中国进步人士心目中的理想和榜样。1897年章太炎在《变法箴言》中称华盛顿“功若女娲、燧人”。《独立宣言》在中国被首次翻译并发表在1901年出版的《国民报》第一期上。1903年陈天华在《猛回头》中疾呼:“要学那,美利坚,离英自立”。

评价:

《独立宣言》的积极意义:

(1)宣告了美利坚合众国的诞生

(2)在人类历史上第一次以政治纲领的形式宣布了民主共和国的原则,被称为世界上“第一个人权宣言”。

(3)推动了欧洲反封建的资产阶级革命,直接影响了法国大革命。

(4)它体现的民主思想成为历代美国人不断追求的理想,推动了资产阶级革命运动。

《独立宣言》的历史局限性:

(1)没有废除奴隶制。

(2)存在着财产、性别、种族的各种限制。

【学思之窗】请同学们联系近代中国的社会状况,思考为什么美国独立战争和《独立宣言》会在中国引起如此强烈的反响?

答:(1)1901年《辛丑条约》签订,中国完全沦为半殖民地半封建社会,要求推翻清王朝的专制统治,获得民族独立,争取民主权利成为全国人民的共同呼声。(2)北美独立战争的胜利,《独立宣言》体现出的民主思想给中国人民极大鼓舞。

【板书设计】

美国《独立宣言》

景:理论基础、思想动员、和解破灭

主要内容:四个部分

民主思想:平等与天赋人权,主权在民,人民革命的权利等

价:积极意义 历史局限性

【作业布置】《导与练·演练广场》1-7题 【教学反思】

第五篇:独立宣言读后感

读《独立宣言》

——资产阶级民主政治思想

法学1301 冯歆然在美国华盛顿特区美国国家档案馆 永久展示着一份让美国人民永远自豪对后世产生身深远影响的文件——《独立宣言》。1776年,托马斯·杰弗逊主持起草的《独立宣言》在战火中诞生,北美洲十三个英属殖民地骄傲又庄严的宣告脱离大不列颠王国,自此,美国的历史开启了新的篇章。

自由女神像作为美国的地标性建筑自有她最独特的含义和纪念价值,美国是个追求自由民主的国家,这或许是一种根生地固的思想,追溯百年前他的建国和立宪,《独立宣言》无疑最光灿夺目,略读发现其民主思想突出且有先进意义。

平等与天赋人权思想

独立宣言中说到:“我们认为下面这些真理是不言而喻的:人人生而平等,造物者赋予他们若干不可剥夺的权利,其中包括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。”

“天赋人权”即“自然权利”,其基本精神是强调人具有与生俱来的权利,指自然界生物普遍固有的权利,并不限由法律或信仰来赋予。这些权利绝不应该被剥夺。

洛克,英国哲学家、经验主义的开创人,同时也是第一个全面阐述宪政民主思想的人将天赋人权概括成自由权、生命权和财产权,适应了英国资产阶级和新贵族,反对专制统治,实行法治的民主要求;《独立宣言》继承并发展了洛克的天赋人权学说,认为人人生而平等,这些权利是大自然所赋予的,不可剥夺,但将其概括成自由权、生存权和追求幸福的权利以适应北美人民摆脱殖民统治、争取民族独立的要求。

主权在民学说

卢梭在《社会契约论》中贯穿了一个中心思想——主权在民他认为一个民主的政府必须把权力完全交给这个国家的全体公民,然后再由全体公民把权力赋予给一个组织,即民选的政府。

《独立宣言》提出,人民是主权者,政府的一切权力来自人民,政府应服从人民意志,为人民幸福和保障人民权利而存在。《独立宣言》中提到“如有任何政府损害这些目的(保障生命,获得自由及追求幸福),人民就有权利改变或废除

它……”,这是人民主权说在资产阶级具有法律效力的文件中的第一次体现。

人民革命权利的理论

人民革命权最早由洛克在《政府论》中提出:“由于政府建立在“人民同意”的基础上;如果君主篡夺立法机关的权力和未经人民同意而制定选举制度,或政府滥用职权而侵犯了人们的自然权利时,人们就有用武力推翻他们的权利。他认为,任何政府都可能腐化而退化为暴政。暴政就是非法地获取他私人的或小集团的利益,必然侵犯人民的利益。必须把实行暴政的人当作侵略者来对待。专制国家不是国家,专制政体不是国家的合法形式,人民没有义务服从。暴政是对神创秩序的侵犯,是以暴力迫使人民崇拜偶像。所以,反抗暴政不仅是人民的权利,更是神圣的宗教义务。”

而《独立宣言》以天赋人权和主权在民理论为基础,指出:既然政府的权力来自人民,目的是保障人民的自然权利,如果一旦政府不履行职责,侵犯人民的权利,人民就有权起来革命来改变或推翻它。

宪法的精髓就在于反对专制、不自由、不平等,争取自由、民主、主权在民、平等,无疑,《独立宣言》具有宪法精神和历史上不可替代的地位。

但是他也有其局限性,由于屈从于种植园奴隶主的压力,宣言没有宣布废除奴隶制,天赋人权也不包括黑人和印第安人,暴露了美国资产阶级革命的不彻底性和人权的局限性。

之后,《独立宣言》对推动后来的欧洲各国资产阶级革命,特别对法国大革命及其《人权宣言》产生和亚非拉革命都产生了深渊积极的影响。

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