高中英语定语从句语法教学浅谈

第一篇：高中英语定语从句语法教学浅谈

高中英语定语从句语法教学浅谈

张先红 滁州市 全椒县 古河中学

2013-11-6 21:32:32

高中英语定语从句语法教学浅谈

我国学生学习英语的环境基本上是一个非母语的环境，目前的学习条件如师资、设备、环境等从总体上说并不令人满意。我并不赞同以往的语法翻译教学法，但一味的淡化语法并不利于学生学好英语。语法好比语言的密码，不懂语法显然是行不通的。高考中写一篇英语作文，这是重视英语语法的考试方法，下面以 定语从句的教学为例谈一下我的具体做法。

一、定语从句的概念及引导词

在（主从）复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。

引导定语从句是关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有who,whom,whose,which,that,as,在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语和定语；关系副词有where,when ,why,在从句中充当状语。

二、定语从句的基本类型

1、限定性定语从句

限定性定语从句一般紧挨先行词，主从复合句之间关系密切，不能用逗号隔开，通常译为一个句子。

e.g.Do you know the girl who is in red? I am the only person who was praised at the meeting.2、非限制性定语从句

非限制性定语从句一般用逗号与主句隔开，主从复合句之间关系不很密切，一般可译为两个句子，如果将从句身省去，主句意思仍然清楚。

e.g.He is often late for school,which makes his teacher angry.Jack flew to Beijing yesterday,where a conference will be held.三、定语从句使用中的注意事项

1、which 与 that之区别

关系代词that既指人又指物，which只指物，指物时，两者有时可换用，有时则不能换用。

（1）指人或指物只能用 that 的情况 1)当先行词为all,much,little,few,none,something,anything,everything,nothing„„不定代词时。

e.g.All that can be done has been done.The thief had to hand out everything that he had stolen to the policeman.2)先行词既指人又指物时

e.g.He spoken of the people and the things(that)he had seen abroad.3)先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级所修饰时

e.g.This is the most expensive meal(that)we have ever had.The first lesson that(that)I learned as a student of chemistry is still unforgettable.4)先行词被the very, the only, the last, any,every修饰时

e.g.This is the very book(that)I’m looking for.5）先行词是疑问词who,what,which时

Who that has such a home doesn’t love it.What that is on the table belongs to me.6)关系代词在从句中做表语时

e.g.China is no longer the country(that)it used to be.（2）只能用which的情况

1）定性定语从句修饰某物或整个句子时

e.g.She added too much salt to the soup, which spoiled soup.2)先行词在从句中做介词宾语且介词前置时

e.g.This is the house in which Lu Xun once lived.2、as与which

(1)as和which都能引导非限定性从句代表整个句子的内容，as

引导的从句可为于句首、句中或句末，而which引导的定语从句却只能位于句末。

e.g.As is known to all ,China is a developing country.Jack, as is know ,is a film director.Crusoe went to the fire ,which is still smoking.(2)as含“正如„..那样”之意，而which则不含此意。

e.g.He didn’t give us a hand , as had been expected.(3)as在限定性定语从句中多与such, the same,连用，构成such„..as„, the same„.as„形式。

e.g.Such a film as you deseribed should not be shown at all.He told me the story as was told the other day.3、关系代词或关系副词之确定

是用关系代词还是关系副词引导定语从句，不是取决于先行词，而是看定语从句中需要什么成分，如果需要主语、宾语、表语、定语就用关系代词，如果需要状语就要用关系副词。

e.g.We visited the village which that is famous for its scenery yesterday.The day thatwhich we spent together on the island is pleasant.4、几种特殊形式的非限制性定语从句

（1）n.pron.num.+of+whomwhich e.g.The old couple have five children,three of whom are farmers.There are many apples in the basket,most of which are red ones.I bought a book yesterday ,the cover of which is well designed.(2)介词短语+whomwhich e.g.He lives in a village,in front of which flows a brook.There are 3 students in the picture,in the middle of whom is my brother.总之，在日常教学中，加强英语语法教学是非常必要的，对语法中的基础知识要求学生牢固掌握。

第二篇：高中英语《定语从句》语法教案

定语从句在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常 出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。

关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。

关系副词有：when, where, why等。

18.1 关系代词引导的定语从句

关系代词所代替的先行词是充当人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。

1）who, whom, that 代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中作主语和宾语。

例如：Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）

He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）

2）whose 用来指人或物，（只用作定语, 若指物，等同于of which）。例如：They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。

Please pass me the book whose（of which）cover is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书。

3）which, that所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。

例如：A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.

（对）This is the mountain village（which）I visited last year.（对）I'll never forget the days（which）I spent in the countryside.习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。

方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、谓、宾、定、状），也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。

例1.Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?

A.where B.that

C.on which

D.the one 例2.Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.A.where B.that

C.on which

D.the one 答案：例1 D，例2 A

例1变为肯定句： This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.例2变为肯定句： This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，而the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。

而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。

关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词（who, whom, that, which, whose）；先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词（where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语）。

18.4 限制性和非限制性定语从句

1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。

2）that前不能有介词。

3）某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的“介词+关系词”结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。例如：

This is the house in which I lived two years ago.This is the house where I lived two years ago.这是我两年前住过的房子。

Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? 还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗？

Do you remember the day when you joined our club? 18.6 as, which 非限定性定语从句

由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。例如：As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。

The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.太阳使地球暖起来，这对我们人类很重要。

典型例题

1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.A.it

B.that

C.which

D.he

答案C.此为非限定性从句，不能用 that修饰，而用which.，it 和he 都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。

2）The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could

主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。

18.8 what/whatever;that/what;who/whoever

1）what = the thing which；whatever = anything。例如：

What you want has been sent here.你要的动词都送来了。

Whatever you want makes no difference to me.不管你要什么，跟我没什么关系。

2）who= the person that

whoever= anyone who。例如：

（错）Who breaks the law will be punished.（错）Whoever robbed the bank is not clear.（对）Whoever breaks the law will be punished.王子犯法，与庶民同罪。

（对）Who robbed the bank is not clear.谁抢了银行还不清楚。

3）that 和 what

当that引导定语从句时，通常用作关系代词，而引导名词性从句时，是个不充当任何成分的连接词。宾语从句和表语从句中的that常可省略。What只能引导名词性从句，用作连接代词，作从句的具体成分，且不能省略。例如：

I think（that）you will like the stamps.我想你会喜欢这些邮票的。

What we need is more practice.我们需要的是更多的实践。

18.9 关系代词that 的用法

1）只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况

1、先行词被序数词、形容词的最高级修饰时

eg.This is the first job that I have taken up.This is the most interesting novel that I have ever read.

4、当关系代词后面有插入语时。

例如：Here is the English grammar which, as I have told you, will help improve your English.这就是我跟你说过的会有助于你学好英语的那本英语语法书。

5、先行词为that时

例如：The clock is that which can tell us the time.钟是报时的装置。

第三篇：高中英语定语从句详解

高中英语定语从句详解

◆英语谚语欣赏

1.He who knows nothing but pretends to know everything is indeed a good-for –nothing.不懂装懂，一事无成.2.It’s the first step that costs.千里之行，始于足下

3.He that makes himself a sheep shall be eaten by the wolf.甘当小绵羊，迟早要喂狼.Ⅰ.概念：

(1)定语从句：在主从复合句中用作定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧接在先行词(antecedent)后面。

(2)先行词：被定语从句修饰的成份。先行词可以为一个词，短语，或整个主句。(3)引导定语从句的词叫关系词，分为关系代词和关系副词。关系词的作用：

1)引导定语从句，连接主句和从句，相当于一个连词；

2)必在从句中作某个句子成份（可以做主语，宾语，表语，定语，状语）常用的关系代词: that、which、who、whom、whose、as 常用的关系副词（在从句中只作状语）: when、why、where The student who answered the question was John.I know the reason why he was so angry.The boy(whom)you are talking to is my brother.I'd like a room whose window looks out over the sea.定语从句三步： 第一找出先行词；

第二看先行词在定语从句中的语法功能（做主语、宾语或状语）； 第三选择合适的关系词。

Ⅱ.几个关系代词的基本用法：

●that: 可指人或物；在定语从句中作主语，宾语，表语。(指人时，相当于who或 whom；指物时，相当于which)(一般不用于非限制性定语从句;不可置于介词后作宾语)如： 1.A letter that/which is written in pencil is difficult to read.(主语)2.Do you know the gentleman that/who spoke just now? 3.You can take anything(that)you like.（宾语）

4.What is the question(that/which)they are talking about? 5.Here is the man(who/whom/that)you want to see.6.She's no longer the girl(that)she used to be before.（表语）7.Our hometown is no longer the one(that)it used to be.= Our hometown is not the same as it used to be.= Our hometown is different from what it used to be。= Our hometown is not what it used to be.●which: 指物；在定语从句中作主语，宾语，表语，定语。如：

1.The book which/that was on the desk was bought by my father.（主语）2.The book(which/that)I bought yesterday is very interesting.（宾语）3.The factory in which his father works is far from here.4.He was proud, which his brother never was.（表语）

5.Tom spent four years in college, during which time he learned French.（定语）6.He may be late, in which case we ought to wait for him.●who, whom, whose: who: 主格, 在从句中作主语，在口语或非正式用法中作宾语;只可指人 whom: 宾格，在从句中作宾语;只可指人

whose: 属格，在从句中作定语，可指人也可指物。I like the students who/that work hard.（主语）

All who heard the story were amazed.(代词如he, they, any, those, all, one等后多用who.)Chaplin, for whom life had once been very hard, was a success as an actor.（宾语）He's a man from whom we should learn.= He's a man(whom/who/that)we should learn from.A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.（指人）I'd like a room whose window faces south.（指物）=I'd like a room of which the window faces south.=I'd like a room the window of which faces south.There is a teapot shaped like a Chinese duck, out of whose mouth tea is supposed to come 1.关系代词 whose，引导定语从句时，既可指人，又可指物，在从句中只能作定语；of whom 只能指人；of which 只能指物，有时 whose 可以与 of whom 和 of which 互换使用。如： The girl whose hair is golden is from England.头发金色的那个女孩是英国人。

The house whose doors are green is an office building.门是绿色的那座房子是办公楼。2.“介词 + whose +名词” 引导定语从句。如：

I love my motherland, for whose good future I will work hard.我爱我的祖国，为了她美好的未来我要努力工作。

3.在下列情况下，一般只用 of whom 和 of which。

(1)定语从句的主语是 few, little, some, most, many, much等时，一般只用of whom和of which。

In the room are lots of people, many of whom I don’t know.房间里有很多人，很多人我不认识。He has a lot of story-books, a few of which I have never read.他有很多故事书，有几本故事书我还从未看过。

(2)定语从句的主语是数词、形容词的最高级时，一般只用of whom和of which。如：

The old man has three children, two of whom are college students and one of whom is a manager.那个老人有三个小孩，其中两个是大学生，另一个是经理。

(3)定语从句的主语是all, none, both, neither, each等不定代词时，一般只用of whom和of which。如：

There are fifty students in our class, all of whom are working hard.我们班有五十个学生，所有这五十个学生学习都刻苦。

He planted two trees last year, both of which are growing well.去年他栽了两棵树，这两棵树都长得好。

(4)在定语从句中作表语的定语时，一般只用of whom和of which。如： He has three brothers, of whom Li Lei is the youngest one.它有三兄弟，李蕾是他们中最小的一个。

There are many countries in Asia, of which China is the largest one.亚洲有很多国家，中国是最大的一个。

关系代词作介词宾语: 关系代词在定语从句中用作介词宾语时, 介词可放于从句之首, 也可放于从句之末.但以放于句首较为正式.（介词前置，必须注意不影响动词词组的含义。关系代词who 和 that 用作介词宾语时, 介词必须放在句末.）

关系代词前介词选择三原则：一先，二动，三意义（重中之重）1.一先，即根据定语从句中介词与先行词的搭配关系选择。I never forget the day on which I came to this school.(on the day)2.二动，即根据定语从句中谓语动词与介词的搭配关系选择。This is the iPad on which I spent 3000 yuan.(spend money on sth.)3.三意义，即根据定语从句的意义来确定介词。

This is my pair of glasses, without which I cannot see clearly.This is the book for which you asked.=This is the book(that/which)you asked for.Do you know the person with whom I shook hands？= Do you know the person(whom/who/that)I shook hands with? The beginning of agriculture was a big step in human progress with which nothing could compare until our information age.In the dark street, there wasn't a single person to whom she could turn for help.Is this the factory to which you paid a visit last week? Is this factory the one to which you paid a visit last week? This is the girl whom they are looking after.(介词after与look构成固定词组，不可前置。look at, look for, look after, take care of, hear ofaboutfrom, care for, look forward, pay attention to, listen to等)●as 的用法:(as 引导定语从句, 在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语)①如为限制性的，多用于the same …as;the same as；such …as …;as many/much as；so …as等结构中。如：

※I have the same book as you(have).我有一本和你的一样的书。

Her attitude to him was quite the same as it had always been.(关系代词as和指示代词same连用, 在从句中用作表语, 先行词是same.).---Why didn't you mention that in face of the police just now?---I thought it was such a minor detail as was hardly worth mentioning.We will only discuss such problems as have something to do with our own interests.Don't do such things as you are not sure about.There is no such place as you dream of in all this world.比较：I live in the same house that he used to live in.I'm wearing the same shirt as you wore yesterday.比较：Here is so big a stone as no one can lift.（定语从句）

Here is so big a stone that no one can lift it.（结果状语从句）

②如为非限制性的，多单独引导一个定语从句，这种定语从句可置于句首，句中或句尾，译为“正如，这一点”。（动词常为know, see, expect, point out, etc.）As we all know, smoking is harmful to one's health.(as 作宾语)=As is known to all, smoking is harmful to one's health.（as 作主语）=It's known to all that smoking is harmful to one's health.=Smoking is harmful to one's health , as we all know.（as 作宾语）=Smoking, as we all know, is harmful to one' health.He was a foreigner, as I knew from his accent.(宾语, 先行词是前面整个句子)Ⅲ.关系副词引导的定语从句: ●When 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。其先行词是表时间的名词（如：time, day, week, tear, month, etc.）

He came last night when I was out.We will put off the picnic until next week, when the weather would be better.注意：先行词为“时间名词”，可用when引导定语从句，when在定语从句中作状语；还可以用which或that 引导，which或that在从句中作主语或宾语。

比较: I still remember the day when /on which my brother joined the army.（作状语）Next month, when you will be in your hometown, is just around the corner.I still remember the days which/that we spent together.（作宾语）

Next winter which/that you'll spend in Harbin, I'm sure, will be exciting.I shall never forget the day when Shen Zhou Ⅴ was launched, which has a great effect on my life.There are occasions when joking is not permissible.●Where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。其先行词是表示地点的名词，如：place, school, factory, room, etc.This is the place where I was born.I live in the room where /in which he used to live.注意：先行词是“地点名词”，定语从句可用where引导，还可用which或that引导，which/that 在从句中作主语或宾语。

比较: ※This is the factory where /in which he worked last year.（作状语）

在高中的英语学习中，我们都知道，where在定语从句中用作关系副词，作状语，先行词一般指地点。例如：

This is the farm where we worked when we were young.这就是我们年轻时候在此干活的农场。

He met his wife in the park where they fell in love with each other.他是在这个公园遇到他的妻子，就是在那里，他们相爱了。

当然，在实际的英语学习中，where在定语从句中的用法远不是这么简单，相反，要复杂得多，为了让学生对where在定语从句中的用法有更好的了解，下面我就对学生在学习过程中的重难点问题谈一谈它的用法。

一、某些在从句中充当地点状语的“介词+关系词”结构可以与where 互换，where=in/at/on/...which 例如：This is the house in which I lived two years ago.这是我两年前住过的房子。This is the house where I lived two years ago.在英语学习中，并不是单纯地让学生知道where的这种用法就可以了，很多时候学生要掌握where和其他词的用法的区别，才能更好地把握定语从句的用法。例如： This is the factory where/in which you worked last year.This is the factory that/which/you visited last year.在第一句中，关系词在定语从句中作状语，所以用关系副词where或者in which，因为定语从句中worked 是个不及物动词；而在第二句中，关系词在定语从句中做宾语，因此用that或which，还可以省略，visited是个及物动词。学生有时还会碰到更复杂的情况。例如： Is this factory the one that/which/ you visited last year? Is this factory the one where/in which you lived last year? Is this the factory where/in which you lived last year? 这几个句子比前面的两个句子又复杂，除了要区别关系词在定语句子作什么成分，还要注意到前两个句子缺成分，所以要补充 the one。

二、where定语从句修饰抽象名词

where引导的定语从句的先行词大多数情况下是表示地点的名词，但也有特殊情况。如果定语从句修饰point，situation，part，condition和case等表示抽象意义的词，关系词在定语从句中充当状语时，常用where 引导，意思是“到了某种地步，在某种境况中”。为了帮助同学们熟悉这一语言现象，正确掌握这一知识点，对where定语从句修饰抽象名词的用法作一归纳。

1)where定语从句修饰抽象名词point You reach a point where medicine can’t help.你已到了药物无法治疗的地步。We have reached a point where a change is needed.我们到了必须改一改的地步。

注：有时point也可以是具体的地点：

The accident happened at the point where the A15 joins the M1.事故发生在A15与M1交叉的十字路口。

2)where定语从句修饰抽象名词case There are cases where the word “mighty” is used as an adverb.在一些情况下，mighty一词可用作副词。

3)where定语从句修饰抽象名词activity Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity where sight matters more than hearing.那些失聪的成功舞蹈演员们认为，舞蹈是一种让人看胜过让人听的活动。4)where定语从句修饰抽象名词situation He got into a situation where it is hard to decide what is right and wrong.他陷入一种难以分辨是非的局面。

5)where定语从句修饰抽象名词position It’s put me in a position where I can’t afford to take the job.这使我陷入一种不能接受此工作的境地。

6)where定语从句修饰抽象名词job She wants a job where her management skills can be put to good use.她想找一份能将她的管理技能派上用场的工作。

当然了，我们碰到这些词作为先行词时并不一定都用where，我们也要具体情况具体分析，他们只有在定语从句中作状语时才用where。

例如：We are trying to reach a point ____ both sides will sit down together and talk.A.which B.that C.where D.when---Do you have anything to say for yourself?---Yes, there’s one point ____ we must insist on.A.why B.where C.how D./ 上面两个句子虽然先行词相同，都是point，但是由于他们在定语从句中充当的成分不同，所以我们在选择关系词时就要区别对待。第一个句子中关系词在句中作状语，所以选择where关系副词；第二个句子中关系词在定语从句中做宾语，所以选择关系代词that，which或者不填，这样第一题选择C，第二题选择D。

The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point where he can walk correctly and safely.I think you have got to the point where a change is needed, or you would fail.Government reports, legal papers and most business letters are the main situations where English is used.He's got himself into a dangerous situation where he's likely to lose control of the plane.The small mountain village where we spent our holiday last month lies in what /the place which is now part of Hubei.This is the park which/that they visited last year.（作宾语）

Not having been there before, he simply had no idea about the place, which everyone says is worth visiting.●Why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。先行词为reason 时，可用for which指代；当关系词在从句中作主语或宾语时，则用which或that 引导。如：

The reason why / for which /(that)he didn't attend the meeting was that he was ill.I don't believe the reason(that/which)he gave me.（作宾语）

Have you asked him the reason that may explain his success?（作主语）Ex.)He was late.That's because he got up late..He got up late.That's why he was late.(表语从句)

(the reason)why/for which he was late.(定语从句)当先行词为way时，定语从句常用that, in which,或不用引导。way后的定语从句 的引导词不用时较多。但如果关系词在句中作主语或宾语时，则用which或that 引导。如: This is the way(that)/in which I do such things.比较: Please do the experiment in the way（that/which）I have shown you.Ⅳ.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别： 1.形式上，非限制性定语从句往往用逗号隔开。2.语法上，非限制性定语从句一般不用that.3.语义上，限制性定语从句与先行词关系紧密，起限定作用，如果去掉了这个定语从句，整个句子就不完整或者会改变意思；而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不是很紧密，对先行词起补充说明或描述的作用。

This is the book I like best.这就是我最喜欢的那本书。

Beijing, which has been China's capital for more than 800 years , is rich in cultural and historic relics.北京是中国八百年之久的古都，它有着丰富的文化和历史遗产。4.翻译时，限制性定语从句可译为一句（较短的一般译为“的”字结构）；而非限制性定语从句可译为两句。（见上句翻译）

比较: He has a sister, who is a musician.He has a sister who is a musician.引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词，指人时用who, whom, whose , 指物时用which , whose;关系副词when，where, why, etc.1.He studied hard at school when he was young, which leads to his success in his later life.2.Tom's father, who arrived just now, is a famous scientist.3.They set up a separate state of their own, where they would be free to keep Negroes as slaves.4.He was proud, which his brother never was.Ⅴ.几个易混淆的关系代词的比较: ●that & which: 在定语从句中，which 和that 在指代事物时，一般可以互换使用，但并非在任何情况下都是这样，这里介绍宜用that, 而不宜用which 的情况.①先行词为不定代词,all,much,something,everything,anything,nothing,none,the one等, 1.We should do all that is useful to the people.2.There's nothing that can be said about it.3.Do you mean the one that was bought yesterday? ②先行词被only, any, few, little, no, just, very, one of等词修饰时。1.The only thing that we could do was to wait.2.That's the very word that is wrongly used.The last place(that)we visited was the chemical works.You can take any(=whichever)seat that is free.I hope the little that I can will be of some help to them.比较 *This is one of the best novels that were published last year.*This is the only one of the best novels that was published last year.③先行词是序数词时或被序数词修饰时。

1.When we talk about Wuxi, the first that comes into mind is Tai Lake.2.This is the third film that has been shown in our school this term.④先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时。1.This is the best that can be done now.2.The most important thing that should be done right now is how to stop him from going on.⑤先行词既有人又有物，用which和who都不适合，这时宜用that.如： 1.The writer and his novel that you have just talked about is really well known.2.The rider and his bike that had run over an old woman were held up by the police.⑥被修饰词为数词时.1.Yesterday I caught two fish and put them in a basin of water.Now you can see the two that are still alive.⑦如果有两个从句，其中一个关系代词已用which ,另一个关系代词宜用that，以避免语言的单调或重复。

Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.⑧疑问词是who或which，关系代词宜用that，以避免重复。1.Which is the book that you like best? 2.Who is the man that is standing at the gate? ⑨主句是There be 结构，修饰其主句的定语从句宜用that 作关系代词.如： 1.There is still a seat in the corner that is still free.⑩被修饰成分为表语时，或者关系代词本身是定语从句的表语时,该关系代词宜用that.1.That's a good book that will help you a lot.2.My home village is no longer the place(that)it used to be.定语从句中宜用which而不宜用that 的情况: ①当关系代词的前面有介词时.1.A zoo is a park in which many kinds of animals are kept for exhibition.2.Is this the room in which Mr.White lives? ②在非限制性定语从句中.1.Crusoe's dog, which was are now very old, became ill and died.2.More and more people are beginning to learn English, which is becoming very popular in our country.(which指代主句)③在一个句子中有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词用了that, 另一个宜用which.1.Let me show you the novel，that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.2.At the station I bought some magazines that might help me to pass the time on the train and which I could pass on to others when I finished them.④当关系代词后面带有插入语时.1.Here's the English grammar which, as I have told you, will help improve your English.⑤先行词本身是that, 宜用which.What's that which she is looking at? ⑥先行词是those+复数名词.A shop should keep a stock of those goods which sell best.(B)who & that: who 和 that 指代人时，有些情况宜用who, 而不宜用that

①先行词为anyone, anybody, those, all, one, ones, they, he, people时.如： 1.The person I want to learn from is the one who studies hard and works well.2.Anyone who(=Whoever)failed to come to the meeting yesterday must give his reason.3.Those who are not fit for their work should leave office at once 4.I don't like the ones(= those)who talk big.5.Persons who are quarrelsome are despised.②在There be 结构中，修饰主语的定语从句宜用关系代词who 指代人.如： 1.There is a gentleman who wants to see you.2.There are several students in our class who are still not sure about the use of attributive clauses.③当先行词有较长的后置定语时.如：

1.I met a foreigner in the park yesterday afternoon who could speak Chinese very well.④一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that ,另一个则宜用who, 以免重复.如：

1.The student that was praised at yesterday's meeting is the monitor who is very modest and works very hard.which与as引导非限制性定语从句的异同

一、相同点

两者引导非限制性定语从句时，可指代主句中的部分或整个句子的内容，在从句中做主语，宾语或表语，位于主句之后有时可互换。

The meeting was put off, as /which was exactly what we wanted.He was a doctor, as/which I knew from his manner.二、不同点

1.as可以放在主句前后，也可插入主句之中；而which引导的非限制性从句只能位于主句之后。

As is known to all, fish can’t live without water.Air, as we know, is gas.2.在非限制性从句中，which后的be动词不可省；as而后的be动词可以省略。She told me she won the match, which was a lie.The material is elastic, as(was)shown in the figure.3.which在非限制性定语从句做主语时可用各类动词做谓语；而as做主语时，谓语常用系动词，如be, seem, become等，一般不用其他行为动词。He saw the girl, which delighted him.He didn’t say anything at the meeting , as/which seemed very strange.4.as常用“正如”含义，常用的结构有as we know（众所周知）；as often happens（正如常发生的那样）；as is often the case（情况常常如此）;as we all can see（正如我们看到的）;be announced/expected/known/imagined/mentioned/said/shown/ reported等。这些结构常放句首，偶尔也可以放句中或句末。As is known to all, China is a developing country.Kate was late for school, as often happened.5.在非限制性定语从句中which指代主句中某一个单词时，as不可以。My brother enjoyed playing basketball, which he really plays well.Beijing, which he was born in, is our capital.6.“介词+关系代词（介宾代物）”中关系代词只能用which。

The Travel Agency, with which our company has been dealing for several years, has opened for new branches.Air is a mixture of gases, of which oxygen forms 21 percent.7.从句中的谓语动词是否定形式时，常用which。He can write a letter in English, which I can not.Metal will bear beating with a hammer, which a stone will not 8.在非限制性定语从句关系代词代表前面主句中的宾语从句时，常用which He said he had passed the exam, which was untrue.定语从句中关系代词省略与保留

我们知道，关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时可以省略，但也有几种特殊情况，关系代词不用作宾语也可以省略，同学们学习和使用时请注意。

在下列情况下,引导宾语从句的关联词可以省略。

一、that在定语从句中作表语时。例如:

She is all(that)a teacher should be.她具备一个老师应该具备的所有条件。

二、that在从句中作补语时。例如:

I'm not the fool(that)you thought me.我不是你以前所认为的那个傻子了。

He is the nicest teacher(that)the students consider him in their school.他就是学生认为学校中最好的那个老师。

三、作状语时的省略。

1.当先行词是reason,且在定语从句中作原因状语时,可以用关系副词why或关系代词that,也可以省略。例如:

The reason(why/that)he failed was his laziness.他失败的原因是因为他懒惰。

That is the reason I did it.那就是我做那件事的原因。

2.当先行词是way,且在定语从句中作方式状语时,关联词可用in which或that,也可以省略。例如:

The way(in which/ that)these comrades look at problems is wrong.这些同志看待问题的方式是错误的。

That was the way(in which / that)she worked the problem out.她就是用那种办法解决问题的。

3.当先行词是time时,关联词可用when, that或省略。例如:

The second time(that)I saw him was in 2000.我第二次见到他是在2000年。

I don't know the exact time(when/ that)the sports meeting will take place.我不知道运动会举办的确切时间。

4.当先行词是place时,关联词可用where,that或省略。例如:

The place(where/ that)we will have our picnic is not decided yet.我们举行野餐的地点还没定下来。

This is the right place he was born.这儿就是他的出生地。(注意:句末不可用介词in)

同学们往往认为关系代词作宾语时就一定可以省略,其实不然.在下列四种情况下,关系代词虽作宾语,却不能省略。

一、在介词+whom /which结构中, whom, which不能省略。例如:

Do you know any shops nearby in which I can buy flowers?你知道附近有可以买到花的商店吗?

That is the headmaster with whom my father was talking just now.刚才和我爸爸交谈的那个人是校长。

二、在非限制性定语从句中,作宾语的关系代词也不能省略。例如:

Mr Green, whom you know, is the tallest in our school.格林先生是我们学校里最高的,你也认识他。

The elephant is like a spear, as anyone can see.大象像长矛,任何人都知道。

三、在the same...as, such...as, as...as, the same...that结构中, as, that 即使作宾语,也不能省略。例如:

I have bought the same bike as you(have).(指同类用as)我买了一辆和你的一样的自行车。

This is the same book that I read the day before yesterday.这就是我前天读过的那本书。(关系代词that如要换成as, 则指与我读的书一样,而不是同一本。)

四、当and, but, or等连词连接两个或两个以上的定语从句修饰一个先行词时,关系代词第一个可省略,第二、第三个等不可省略。例如:

This is the book(which)I read yesterday and which I found very interesting.这就是我昨天读的那本书,它很有趣。

You have many people around you(whom)you always turn to and whom you will never forget.你身边有很多人,你经常向他们求助,你永远不要忘记他们。

第四篇：高中英语定语从句说课稿

高中英语定语从句说课稿

本节说课的内容是三年制高级中学英语语法定语从句。

一、分析教材

1、教材内容要点：

第一、定语从句的概念 第二、定语从句的分类 第三、定语从句的用法

2、教材的地位和作用：

定语从句是高中英语教学中的一个非常重要的语法，也是高考的一个热点。在英语里，定语从句可以使一个繁琐的句子变得非常简洁，同时，它在人们日常会话中出现的频率特别高。定语从句掌握地扎实与否关系到一个学生英语水平的高低。因此，定语从句的学习和掌握在英语学习中有着重要的意义。

3、教学目的

根据教学大纲的要求，通过这一节课的教学，要使学生知道什么是定语从句和定语从句的分类，掌握定语从句的用法。培养学生的观察能力、分析概括能力以及演绎推理能力等。还要培养学生探索求真知的精神，对学生进行实践观点的教育。

4、教学的重点与难点

定语从句是本课的主要内容，与日常英语的应用密切联系，所以定语从句的概念与运用是本节课的一个重点。对定语从句的复习，需要综合应用所学知识来解决原来的遗留问题，因而对句子分析和推理概括能力要求提高了。而高中生侧重于对直观现象进行具体、形象的思维来获得知识。因此这个知识点既是本节课的重点又是难点。

培养学生的多种能力也是这节课的重点，这是素质教育对现代教学的要求。

二、分析学生

大多数学生上进心强，学习态度端正，有良好的学习习惯，但是缺乏一定的探索研究问题的能力。

定语从句是学生在英语学习中比较常用的语法，也是他们必须掌握的内容。教学中要注意培养学生对英语的兴趣，充分发挥主体作用，迎合他们好奇、好动、好强的心理特点，调动他们学习的积极性和主动性。

高中生的思维方式由形象思维向抽象思维过渡，因此在教学中应注意积极引导学生应用已掌握的基础知识，通过理论分析和推理判断来获得新知识，发展抽象思维能力。当然在此过程中仍需以一些感性认识作为依托，可以借助多媒体设备加强直观性和形象性，以便学生理解和掌握。

三、教学方法

这节课可综合应用提问、归纳、介绍、检查、讲授和讨论等多种形式的教学方法，提高课堂效率，培养学生对英语的兴趣，激发学生的求知欲望。充分体现以教师为主导，以学生为主体的原则。创设英语情境让学生参与语言实践，边动口边思考。从语言分析总结出结论以调动学生的积极性。

四、教学程序

教学中要以了解、学习研究英语的方法为基础，掌握知识为中心，培养能力为方向，紧抓重点突破难点，具体设计如下：

1、新课导入：

以创设问题情境导入新课。学源于思，思源于疑，一上课便以听歌曲填空的形式引入课题，引导学生分析歌词中的有关定语从句的句子，认真分析句子成分，使学生产生强烈的求知欲和好奇心，调动学生学习的积极性和主动性。

2、讲授新课：

任何语言学习都离不开语言实践。这节课主要采用讲授归纳的方法来建立定语从句的概念。我将一个定语从句列在投影上，让学生分析这个句子的成分，从而导出两个非常重要的内容----先行词和关系词，然后逐一解释。通过分析例句，培养了学生的分析能力、观察能力，增强了他们的感性认识。为了使学生能对定语从句有更进一步的认识，这里我又采用提问的方法让学生说出定语从句的分类，然后我对其进行进一步地解释和说明，让学生通过讲解概括，总结出定语从句的分类。在此基础上，我让同学们回答出定语从句中的关系代词有哪些，通过一些简单的例句，让学生知道每一个代词在句子中起什么作用以及用法。在讲解关系代词与介词时，我让学生自己归纳出它们的规律，提高学生的概括能力，从而达到复习的目的。在讲解关系词that和which、who和that、as和which这一环节时，我先让学说出它们的特殊用法，然后我再进一步加以阐述。从而，引出它们的特殊用法。

一、that和which的特殊用法：

1、有些情况下只用关系词that,而不宜用which。

a、从句所修饰的词又被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时,只能用that引导从句。

b、先行词是all,something,nothing,anything等不定 代词时,只能用that。c、先行词既有人也有物时,只用that引出从句。d、先行词是one of,the one, 或用little,few, no, all, any, only, just, very作修

饰时，只能用that。e、当主句已有疑问词 who或which时，只能用that。

2、定语从句中宜用which而不宜用that的情况。

a、当关系代词前面有介词时。b、在非限制性定语从句中。

c、在一个句子中有两个定语从句，其中一个从句的关系代词用了that，另一个宜用which。

二、who和that的特殊用法：

who、that在许多情况下可以通用，但有时宜用who不用that。a、先行词是one(s),anyone,someone, those时，关系词使用who。b、在there be 句型中，先行词指人时，关系词用who。

三、关系代词as和which的区别

as和which所代表的都是整个句子所表示的内容,但是二者有两点不同之处：

a、在形式上as引导的非限制定语从句可位于主句后面,也可位于主句之前；而which引导的非限制定语从句只能位于主句之后，不能位于主句的前面。

b、在意义上，as定语从句和主句的关系一般为一致关系，常译为“正如……”，“就象……”，而which定语从句和主句的关系是因果关系，或which从句是对主句的评论。因此，在意思通顺的情况下，which可代替as，而as许多时候不能代替which。

针对关系副词的复习，因其难度不大，我直接采用讲解法，学生容易理解。关系副词是用来引导定语从句的，它和关系代词一样，具有数种作用。a、在从句中代替先行词。b、在句中作状语。

c、连接作用，把两个句子连接成为一个带有定语从句的复合句。

同时，在解释的过程中不断穿插练习，达到巩固复习的目的,体现精讲精练的教学原则和我校提出的“四转五让”原则。

3、反馈和巩固

在讲解完所有语法点之后，为了更加有效地巩固所复习的知识，我设计了两种有针对性的习题练习，让学生把掌握的知识运用于实际语言操作中，从而达到知能并重的目的。

4、小结

最后通过小结，以表格的形式把本节课所复习的语法点进行总结。

5、板书设计 GRAMMAR Attributive Clause

6、布置作业

Finish off the exercise paper.

第五篇：初中定语从句语法汇总

初中定语从句语法汇总

一、定语从句的基本概念：

定语从句即在句中有一个具有主谓结构的完整的句子来充当定语，修饰前面的名词短语或者代词。被定语从句修饰的词叫做先行词，定语从句必须放在先行词之后。引导定语从句的关联词有关系代词和关系副词。例如：

This is the present that he gave me for my birthday.Do you know everybody who came to the party？

I still remember the night when I first came to the village.This is the place where Lily once lived.二、定语从句的分类

根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省去，非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。

三、关系代词和关系副词的功用

关系代词和关系副词用来引导定于从句，在先行词和定语从句之间起纽带作用，使二者联系起来。关系代词和关系副词又在定语从句中充当一个成分。关系代词可以做主语，宾语，定语，关系副词可作状语。

1.关系代词：主要有that, which, who, whom, whose等，它们在句子中可用作主语（如that, which, who等）、宾语（如that, which, whom等）和定语（如which, whose）。例句：I found the book which I was looking for.我找到了我要找的书。（做宾语）

She is the woman whose car was stolen.她就是汽车被盗的那个女人。（做定语）She is the woman whom I gave the money to.她就是我给她钱的那位妇女。（做宾语）Is he the man that sells dogs? 他就是卖狗的人吗?（做主语）She is the girl who won the prize.她就是获奖的姑娘。（做主语）

注意：关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数须和先行词一致。2.关系副词：主要有where, when, why等，它们在句子中主要用作状语。（1）when指时间，其先行词表示时间，在句中作时间状语。

This was the time when he arrived.这是他到达的时间。

（2）where指地点，其先行词表示地点，在句中作地点状语。例如：

This is place where he works.这是他工作的地点。

（3）why 指原因，其先行词是原因，起原因状语作用。例如：

Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school.没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。

四、关系代词的用法

1.that 既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语，作主语时不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如：

Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。（that作主语）The coat（that）I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。（that作宾语）2.which用于指物，在句中作主语或宾语，作主语不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如：

The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。（作主语）The film（which）we saw last night was wonderful.我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。（作宾语）

注意：关系词只能用that，不能用which的情况：

a.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时，只能用that，而不用which.例：He was the first person that passed the exam.他是第一个通过考试的人。

b.被修饰的先行词为all，any，much，many，everything，anything，none，the one等不定代词时，只能用that，而不用which.例：Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop？你在商店里有什么东西要买吗？ c.先行词被the only，the very，the same，the last，little，few 等词修饰时，只能用that，而不用which.例：This is the same bike that I lost.这就是我丢的那辆自行车。d.先行词里同时含有人或物时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：

例：I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。

d.以who或which引导的特殊疑问句，为避免重复，只能用that 例：Who is the girl that is crying？ 正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁？ f.主句是there be 结构，修饰主语的定语从句用that，而不用which.例：There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom.桌子上那本书是汤姆的。注意：关系词只能用which，而不用that 的情况： a.先行词为that，those时，用which，而不用that.例：What’s that which is under the desk？ 在桌子底下的那些东西是什么？ b.关系代词前有介词时，一般用which，而不用that.例：This is the room in which he lives.这是他居住的房间。c.引导非限制性定语从句，用which，而不用that.例：Tom came back，which made us happy.汤姆回来了，这使我们很高兴。

3、who，whom用于指人，who 用作主语，whom用作宾语。在口语中，有时可用who代替whom，也可省略。

例：The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。（作主语）

Who is the teacher（whom）Li Ming is talking to？正在与李明谈话的老师是谁？（作宾语，可省略）注意：（1）当定语从句中含有介词，介词放在句末时，who，that，which可省略，但介词在关系代词前时，只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。

例：This is the house in which we lived last year.这是我们去年居住的房子。

（2）含有介词的固定动词词组中，介词不可前置，只能放在原来的位置上。例：his is the person whom you are looking for.这就是你要找的那个人。

（3）that 作介词的宾语时，介词不能放它的前面，只能放在从句中动词的后面。例：The city that she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常远。

五、关系副词的用法

1、When的用法：

关系副词when在定语从句中用作状语，表示时间，用以修饰表示时间的先行词；在许多情况下可以理解为“介词+which”的意思(which的意思与先行词所表示的意思等价)，其中的“介词”通常应根据先行词的含义与搭配来确定。例：1988 was the year when he was born.1988是他的出生年。

句子分析：句中的when he was born为修饰the year的定语从句，关系副词when在此相当于in which。表示在某一年，英语习惯上用介词in，如in 1988, in 2008等，所以此处用in which。

例：I’ll never forget the day when I first met you.我永远不会忘记第一次见你的那天。句子分析：句中的when I first met you为修饰the day的定语从句，关系副词when在此相当于on which。表示在某一天，英语习惯上用介词on，如on that day, on Friday等，所以此处用on which。

例：Don’t forget the time when the wedding will start.不要忘记婚礼开始的时间。句子分析：句中的when the wedding will start为修饰the time的定语从句，关系副词when在此相当于at which。表示在某一时刻，英语习惯上用介词at，如at that time, at the moment等，所以此处用at which。

2、where的用法：

关系副词where在定语从句中也是用作状语，表示地点，用以修饰表示地点的先行词；在许多情况下也可以理解为“介词+which”的意思(which的意思与先行词所表示的意思等价)，其中的“介词”通常应根据先行词的含与搭配来确定。

例：What is the name of the town where you live? 你住的那个城市叫什么名字? 句子分析：句中的where you live为修饰the town的定语从句，关系副词where在此相当于in which。表示住在某城市，英语习惯上说 live in a city，所以此处用 in which。例：This cross marks the spot where she died.这个十字符号标明她死去的地点。句子分析：句中的 where she died 为修饰 the spot 的定语从句，关系副词 where 在此相当于 at which。表示在某一地点，英语习惯上说 at a spot，所以此处用 at which。

3、why的用法：

关系副词why在定语从句中也是用作状语，表示原因；why引导定语从句时，其先行词只有一个，那就是the reason；在许多情况下why也可以理解为for which。例：These are the reasons why we do it.这些就是我们这样做的理由。

句子分析：句中的why we do it为修饰the reason的定语从句，关系副词why在此相当于for which。

例：Do you know the reason why she doesn’t like me? 你知道她不喜欢我的原因吗? 句子分析：句中的why she doesn’t like me为修饰the reason的定语从句，关系副词why在此相当于for which。

why是一个比较特殊的关系副词，它引导定语从句时，除可换成for which外，有时也可换成that，甚至省略。如：

他失去工作的主要原因是他喝酒。

正：The main reason why he lost his job was that he drank.正：The main reason for which he lost his job was that he drank.正：The main reason that he lost his job was that he drank.正：The main reason he lost his job was that he drank.