第一篇:英国女王伊丽莎白的故事启发
由英国女王伊丽莎白的故事想到的
众所周知有这么一个故事:英国女王伊丽莎白参加应酬很晚才回家,发现卧室的门紧关着。女王站在门地敲门,丈夫问:“是谁?”女王回答:“是女王。”丈夫没有开门。她又敲,丈夫又问,女王回答:“是伊丽莎白。”丈夫还是没有开门。伊丽莎白女王似乎意识到了什么,最后,她答道:“亲爱的,我是你的妻子伊丽莎白啊。”听到这话,丈夫才打开门。
——这个故事告诉我们,没有任何女人有资格在爱人面前盛气凌人。进入婚姻,两个人第一都是一无所有,第二都是富比天下。一无所有是因为平等,一切账单都已经撕碎了,富比天下是因为拥有爱情,因为这两个人将相守终生。
看完这个故事,联想到现在的社会,越来越多的女性身上现出了愈来愈多的霸气,这种霸气,不是在外面为家人、为自己争利益,而是在家里对着自己的亲人,那种霸气简直是无与伦比,可是一旦到了外面,立马成了死熊!这些个女人还真得向伊丽莎白女王虚心学习学习。在日常的生活中,只有摆正了自己的心态:以平等的心态待人接物,尊重你所尊重的,只有善待他人,别人才会善待你。
第二篇:英国女王伊丽莎白2009圣诞致辞
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英国女王伊丽莎白2009圣诞致辞
Each year that passes seems to have its own character.Some leave us with a feeling of satisfaction, others are best forgotten.2009 was a difficult year for many, in particular those facing the continuing effects of the economic downturn.过去每年似乎都各具特点。一些年份让我们心满意足,一些年份则最好忘却。2009年对很多人来说都不好过,尤其是那些深受经济衰退之苦的人们。
I am sure that we have all been affected by events in Afghanistan and saddened by the casualties suffered by our forces serving there.Our thoughts go out to their relations and friends who have shown immense dignity in the face of great personal loss.我相信,我们所有人都受到阿富汗战事影响,为英军士兵伤亡感到悲伤。我们向这些士兵的家人和朋友表示慰问,他们面对巨大个人损失表现得无比高尚。
But, we can be proud of the positive contribution that our servicemen and women are making, in conjunction with our allies.但我们应该为我们的士兵与盟友作出的积极贡献而感到骄傲。
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Well over 13,000 soldiers from the United Kingdom, and across the Commonwealthare currently serving in Afghanistan.英国和包括加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰和新加坡在内的英联邦国家眼下共有超过1.3万名士兵在阿富汗服役。
The debt of gratitude owed to these young men and women, and to their predecessors, is indeed profound.我们对这些年轻士兵以及先前在阿富汗服役过的士兵表示深深感激。
It is 60 years since the Commonwealth was created and today, with more than a billion of its members under the age of 25, the organisation remains a strong and practical force for good.今年是英联邦成立60周年,今天其成员国25岁以下人口超过10亿,为它保持长久的强大和实用提供了力量源泉。
Recently I attended the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in Trinidad and Tobago and heard how important the Commonwealth is to young people.最近我刚刚参加了在特立尼达和多巴哥举行的英联邦政府首脑会议,听到联邦对年轻人是多么重要。
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New communication technologies allow them to reach out to the wider world and share their experiences and viewpoints.For many, the practical assistance and networks of the Commonwealth can give skills, lend advice and encourage enterprise.新的通信技术使他们能够接触到更广阔的世界,分享他们的经验和观点。对于许多人来说,英联邦的实际援助与网络可以提供技能,给予意见和鼓励进取。
It is inspiring to learn of some of the work being done by these young people, who bring creativity and innovation to the challenges they face.令人鼓舞的是,我了解到一些年轻人正在做着一些事情,他们面对挑战,富于创造力和创新精神。
It is important to keep discussing issues that concern us all-there can by no more valuable role for our family of nations.I have been closely associated with the Commonwealth through most of its existence.对关系到我们所有人的问题保持讨论很重要,它让我们的大家庭产生更大的价值。在英联邦成立以来的大部分时间里,我都同它联系紧密。
The personal and living bond I have enjoyed with leaders, and with http://wordnet.sparke.cn/Article_List.aspx?C_ID=8 http://wordnet.sparke.cn/Article_List.aspx?C_ID=8星火词网
people the world over, has always been more important in promoting our unity than symbolism alone.我个人同各国领袖、人民密不可分。这不单是象征意义,也能促进我们的团结。
The Commonwealth is not an organisation with a mission.It is rather an opportunity for its people to work together to achieve practical solutions to problems.英联邦并非一个具某种使命的组织,而更是一个让各国人民合作、解决困难的平台。
In many aspects of our lives, whether in sport, the environment, business or culture, the Commonwealth connection remains vivid and enriching.在涉及我们生活的许多方面,不论是体育、环境、商业或文化,英联邦国家之间的联系紧密而丰富。
It is, in lots of ways, the face of the future.And with continuing support and dedication, I am confident that this diverse Commonwealth of nations can strengthen the common bond that transcends politics, religion, race and economic circumstances.在很多方面这展现未来的前景。随着不断的支持和贡献,我相信英联http://wordnet.sparke.cn/Article_List.aspx?C_ID=8 http://wordnet.sparke.cn/Article_List.aspx?C_ID=8星火词网
邦国家的多元化能加强各国在政治、宗教、种族和经济环境的凝聚力。
We know that Christmas is a time for celebration and family reunions;but it is also a time to reflect on what confronts those less fortunate than ourselves, at home and throughout the world.众所周知,圣诞节是欢庆与家人团聚的时候,但我们也可以借这个时机回顾那些国内外不幸者面临的困境。
Christians are taught to love their neighbours, having compassion and concern, and being ready to undertake charity and voluntary work to ease the burden of deprivation and disadvantage.基督徒被教导要爱他们的邻居,有同情心,乐于慈善和志愿工作,以减轻贫困和不利的负担。
We may ourselves be confronted by a bewildering array of difficulties and challenges, but we must never cease to work for a better future for ourselves and for others.我们自己会面临一连串的困难和挑战,这些困难和挑战会令我们感到困惑,但我们绝不能停下脚步。而应该继续努力,为自己和他人创造更美好的未来。
I wish you all, wherever you may be, a very happy Christmas.http://wordnet.sparke.cn/Article_List.aspx?C_ID=8 http://wordnet.sparke.cn/Article_List.aspx?C_ID=8星火词网
不论你们现时身在何处,我都祝愿你们圣诞快乐。
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第三篇:2018英国女王伊丽莎白圣诞致词全文(中英)
英国女王的圣诞演讲是英国人民在圣诞节始终保留的一个节目。今年,女王的演讲中,强调了“善意”和“尊重”比往年更被需要,她说:“即使存在最根深蒂固的分歧,尊重他人并将其视为同胞,是增进理解的第一步。”
今天,小编为大家带来“最美英音”的演讲稿全文,大家可以搭配原视频,一起来学习。
女王圣诞致词原文:
For many, the service of 'Nine Lessons and Carols' from King's College Cambridge is when Christmas begins.Listened to by millions of people around the world it starts with a chorister singing the first verse of once in royal David City.The priest who introduced this service to King's College Chapel exactly 100 years ago was Eric Milner White.He had served as a military chaplain in the First World War.Just six weeks after the Armistice he wanted a new kind of service which, with its message of peace and goodwill spoke to the needs of the times.于许多人而言,剑桥大学国王学院的“九篇读经与圣诞颂歌庆典”教堂礼拜,象征着圣诞节的伊始。来自世界各地数百万人都会聆听这一盛典,它的序幕,将在一位合唱团男童领唱《昔日在大卫王城中》的第一段中拉开。整整百年之前,是神父埃里克米尔纳-怀特将这套庆典引进国王学院礼拜堂。第一次世界大战期间,他曾是一名随军牧师。就在停战协定签订的六周后,他希望用这样一套新的礼拜仪式,把和平和友善的精神,传递给那个年代正需要它们的人们。2018 has been a year of centenaries.The Royal Air Force celebrated its hundredth anniversary with a memorable fly-past demonstrating a thrilling unity of purpose and execution.We owe them and all our armed services our deepest gratitude.2018年,是百年纪念的一年。在这一年,英国皇家空军为庆祝诞生100周年,组织进行了一场值得纪念的飞行表演,展示出目标与执行的惊人一致。在此,对皇家空军与所有服务于我们的军队,致以最深切的感谢。
My father served in the Royal Navy during the First World War he was a midshipman in HMS Collingwood at the Battle of Jutland in 1916.The British fleet lost 14 ships and 6,000 men in that engagement.My father wrote in a letter how and why we were not hit beats me.Like others he lost friends in the war.At Christmas we become keenly aware of loved ones who have died whatever the circumstances.But of course we would not grieve if we did not love.Closer to home, it has been a busy year for my family.遥想第一次世界大战时,我的父亲在皇家海军服役。在1916年的日德兰半岛之战中,他是科林伍德皇家海军学院的一位候补少尉。那次战斗中,英国军队损失了14艘船,6000条鲜活的生命葬身大海。父亲在一封信中写道:“我甚至不知道,我们是怎样从枪林弹雨中生还的。”和其他很多人一样,在这场战争中,他也失去了很多朋友。在圣诞节阖家欢聚之时,无论何种情境,都让我们更为清晰地感受到亲人离去的痛楚。但如若心中无爱,自然也不会有悲伤。
With two weddings and two babies and another child expected soon it helps to keep a grandmother well occupied.We have had other celebrations too, including the 70th birthday of the Prince of Wales.说到我的家庭,今年的家事尤为忙碌。我们举办了两场婚礼,迎来两个婴儿,还有一个孩子即将诞生。这些都会让我这祖母继续忙碌。我们还举行了其他庆祝活动,包括威尔士亲王的70岁生日。
Some cultures believe a long life brings wisdom.I'd like to think so.Perhaps, part of that wisdom is to recognize some of life's baffling paradoxes such as the way human beings have a huge propensity for good, and yet a capacity for evil.Even the power of faith which frequently inspires great generosity and self-sacrifice can fall victim to tribalism.有些文化中认为,长寿者多智。我也乐于这么认为。也许认识到生命中那些令人困惑的悖论,就是那种智慧的一部分。例如人性本善,但亦有成为恶魔的天赋。信仰的力量也是如此,它能激发慷慨和伟大的牺牲精神,亦可让人臣服于部落主义的野蛮与残暴。
But through the many changes I have seen over the years: faith, family, and friendship have been not only a constant for me, but a source of personal comfort and reassurance.但纵观这些年间诸事变迁。我的信仰,家庭和友谊不仅是我永恒的坚守,同时也是我的安抚和宽慰。
In April the Commonwealth Heads of Government met in London.My father welcomed just age countries to the first such meetings in 1948.Now, the Commonwealth includes 53 countries with 2.4 billion people, a third of the world's population.Its strength lies in the bonds of affection it promotes and a common desire to live in a better, more peaceful world.今年四月,我们举行了英联邦政府首脑会议,而我的父亲第一次召开这个会议时,还是1948年的伦敦,那时只有八个国家参与。现在英联邦已经拥有了53个联盟国家,有了24亿人民,相当于三分之一的世界人口。英联邦的力量源于它所促进的情感纽带,也源于一个共同愿景,那就是生活在更美好、更和平的世界中。
Even with the most deeply held differences, treating the other person with respect and as a fellow human being is always a good first step towards greater understanding.Indeed the Commonwealth Games held this year on Australia's Gold Coast are known universally as the friendly games because of their emphasis on good will and mutual respect.即使彼此间存在最根深蒂固的分歧,视对方为同侪、待他人以尊重永远是增进理解的第一步。事实上,今年在澳大利亚黄金海岸举行的英联邦运动会,就因为强调善意与相互尊重,而成为了众所周知的友好运动会。
The Christmas story retains its appeal since it doesn't provide theoretical explanations for the puzzles of life.Instead, it's about the birth of a child, and the hope that birth 2,000 years ago, brought to the world.圣诞节的故事仍保持着自己的魅力,它并未给我们的人生排忧解难。相反,故事所述的是一个新生儿的诞生。2000年前,他的诞生将希望给予全世界。
Only a few people acknowledged Jesus when he was born;now billions follow him.I believe his message of peace on earth and goodwill to all is never out of date.It can be heeded by everyone.It's needed as much as ever.耶稣基督在出生时少有认可,而如今,数十亿信徒追随于他。我坚信,他在圣训中传递的和平和善意将永不过时。这份训诫被所有人聆听和铭记着,我们也一如既往地需要着它。
A very happy Christmasto you all.祝愿你们所有人圣诞节快乐。
第四篇:英国女王伊丽莎白一世的宗教改革
outline Ⅰ、Title Ⅱ、Abstract and Introduction
Ⅲ、Four Espects that Enfluence the Religious Reformation1、Religions and Beliefs
2、Roman Catholic
3、The Decline of Religion
4、The Enfluence of Renaissance Ⅳ、The Religious Attitude of Elizabeth I Ⅴ、Conclusion Ⅵ、Reference Books
The Religious Reformation of the English Queen Elizabeth Ⅰ
Ⅰ、Abstract and Introduction
The background of Religious Reformation contains many espects, religions and beliefs, the religious attitude of Elizabeth I,the Political,the Economic,and theCultural Influence.Elizabeth I is the last Tudor monarch in the 15th century.At that time, England was confused by the religious issue and because of the wrong religious policy adopted by her brother king Award and her sister Queen Mary;the religious issue became more and more dangerous.It endangered the stability of regime and the unity of England.Queen Elizabeth changed the attitude toward different religions and found a more effective method to settle the issue.At the beginning of her accession to the throne, she actualized the mild religious policy and in the middle and late time, she changed he religious policy and adopted more strict policy to adjust to the development of society.Historian reviewed that the religious policy of Queen Elizabeth was very successful.It saved England from the civil war and laid a good foundation for the future of England.Key Words: Elizabeth I; Religious policy;Catholicism; Protestantism; Puritanism; Political ;Economic;Cultural
Ⅱ、Four Espects that Enfluence the Religious Reformation
1、Religions and Beliefs
During this period, the religious issues, which involves the stability of reign and the security of kingdom, is extremely complex and acute.Under the guide of rationalistic religious views, Queen Elizabeth according to the variable situation, strived to seek the balance between the politics and religion.2、Roman Catholic 2
The general British believe in Christianity.Christ’teaching was based on love:love of God,and love of one’s neighbour,i.e.of all fellow-men regardless of race.All the people begin to get tired of the old religion,and some people even dare to protest the govern of Roman Catholic.Before sixteenth century,selfishness,greedy,ignorance appear inside of the Church.The Pope abuse the power to increas the tax.3、The Decline of Religion
The most striking thing about religion in Britain today is that a large proportion of prople are not really interested in it at all.This situation is comparatively new.During the last century religon was very popular,but now it has seriously declined.4、The Enfluence of Renaissance
The main idea of Renaissance has come into Britain from the early time.Although the most people can not understand it at that time,it can also has a great effect on intellectual people in Britain.The Religious Reformation learns a lesson from Renaissance.People absorb the quintessence(吸取精华)of the ideas.Ⅳ、The Religious Attitude of Elizabeth I
When we studies the early time of Elizabeth, we could easily find that Elizabeth always existed in intrigue and trap, so her character was tactful(得体的)and mutable.She could change her religious belief and then protect her life.Second, Elizabeth had received good education.We had known that Elizabeth was a well-informed, educated person.She could master six languages and delve into many literatures that were history, theology and philosophy and so on.So she could rationally and profoundly treat religious issue.And at last, Elisabeth’s brother(King Edward)and sister(Queen Mary)gave her deep impression in judging religious issue.But King Edward and Queen Mary put in force adverse religious policy and all of them put England into balefulness(恨意).So Elisabeth did not want to make the same mistake in religious issue.All of the factors affected Elisabeth’s attitude to religion.Her attitude was rational and under the attitude that Elisabeth put political advantage over personal sensation.Ⅴ、Conclusion
In conclusion,any reformation happens under many espects.A successful monarch would have first settled the two most fundamental issues of politics and religion.A great reformation can bring development and happiness to a country.But on the way to success,we will meet many difficulties,as the Queen of a country, Elizabeth I had succeeded in handling the problem,we shoud show great respect to her.In our textbooks,we learn knowledge about this period of time,we know about the history of Britain,I am interested in this.I wrote this thesis with the help of many documents,I was attracted by them.Ⅵ、Reference Books a.《英国宗教改革研究》蔡骐 湖南师范大学出版社 b.《宗教改革》
任学安 中国民主法治出版社 c.《伊丽莎白一世传》
刑来顺
长江文艺出版社
2010级英语翻译系金融(3)班
刘晶
第五篇:伊丽莎白
性,增益其 所不能”。伊丽莎白天生聪颖而勤奋好学,更在多年宫廷斗 争的惊涛骇浪中磨练得冷静从容而警觉谨慎。她的所作所 为没有辜负其臣民的期望。
伊丽莎白一世继位初期,首先解决了棘手的宗教问题。当时国内的天主教徒对伊丽莎白心怀不满,甚至各新教派 别之间也因为正统问题而纷争不休。教皇则一心要让英格 兰充当提供钱财的“奶牛”角色,而强大的西班牙和法国对 英格兰虎视眈眈。1559 年初,伊丽莎白在她主持召开的第 一次国会上,宣布恢复被玛丽女王解散的英格兰国教会,不 再向教皇缴纳年金和什一税等税金。鉴于自身地位尚不稳 固和敌对势力的强大,女王在相当长的时期内实行温和的宽 容政策。但是,信仰天主教的苏格兰女王玛丽于1568 年逃 到英格兰避难。此后天主教徒使用各种手段,要把玛丽扶 上英格兰王位。1569 年,英格兰北部的一些大贵族发动“北 方叛乱”。1570 年,教皇庇护五世公开宣布剥夺伊丽莎白的 王位,并把英格兰王位授予西班牙国王腓力二世。1571年,教皇、西班牙和英格兰的反对派分子联合密谋暗杀伊丽莎 白。伊丽莎白先软禁了玛丽,并在思量再三后于1587 年将 其处死。从此以后,伊丽莎白对天主教徒的反对活动采取 较为严厉的措施,同时也打击新教徒中的激进派。她坚持 只有一个基督耶稣和一种信仰,其它的不过是在争论琐事 而已。她的这种策略行之有效,确保英国没有发生德意志 或者法兰西那样的残酷宗教冲突。
玛丽女王统治无方,严重损害了英格兰的经济利益,恶化了王室的财政状况。而伊丽莎白改革币制,推行专利制 度,发展海外贸易,大力保护国内市场,改善农业和手工业 技术。她把大量王室土地出售给新贵族和资产阶级,不但 满足了财政需要,还赢得了大批坚定支持者。她授权大商 人组建海外殖民贸易公司,莫斯科公司、利凡特公司、非 洲公司和东印度公司都是她在位期间成立的。当然,伊丽 莎白还是英国海上劫掠、走私偷运和贩卖黑奴这些勾当的 总保护人。英国人觊觎从美洲滚滚流入西班牙的黄金白银,她就鼓励海盗们大肆劫掠西班牙的运金船。她极为宠信大 海盗头子朗西斯 • 德雷克爵士和约翰 • 霍金斯爵士等人,而 他们的回报是给她带回上千万英镑的财富。英国人早早加入 贩卖黑奴的罪恶贸易,她对此丝毫没有歉疚之情。她也积 极扶持英国冒险家们的北美拓殖事业,初步奠定了英国在那 里的政治和经济基础。1584 年,英国在北美建立的第一个 殖民地弗吉尼亚便是因她而命名的。她的这些举措,直接 作用在于繁荣了英国经济和增加了王室收入,长远来看则是 加速了英国资本原始积累的进程,而更深远的意义在于英国 从此把目光投向了全世界。
在伊丽莎白时代,欧洲政治的一个明显发展趋势是民 族国家的兴起。西班牙和法国这两个先行者得益于这种变 化,王权和国力迅速上升。于是英法交锋的格局变为英、法、西三足鼎立。而且欧洲大陆是西班牙和法兰西双雄争胜的 竞技场,英国只能算是一个平衡力量。在伊丽莎白之前,凡 有所作为的英国国王,如爱德华三世和亨利五世,都以开疆 拓土和争霸欧洲为己任。国家力量此消彼长,欧洲国际形 势严峻,英国自然无力再耀武扬威,只能考虑如何自保。所 以在处理欧洲大陆事务方面,伊丽莎白采取务实态度,率先 实践被后世英伦奉为圭臬的均衡政策。女王选择了在两国 之间纵横捭阖,进而谋求国家利益最大化。她犹如精明强 干的商人待价而沽,又似老奸巨猾的政客两面下注,也像无 法无天的海盗贪婪成性。她在国内奉行宗教宽容政策,在 欧洲积极支持新教徒,借此成为各新教国家的精神领袖。她积极利用外交手段和法律手段维护自家的商业利益,又不 择手段地破坏竞争对手的经济力量。她时而拉拢法国反对 西班牙,时而借助西班牙制衡法国。她采取各种手段削弱 西班牙,但又不轻易激怒对手到诉诸战争的程度;在联合 法国对抗西班牙的同时,又积极支持其国内的胡格诺教徒。伊丽莎白容貌秀美,举止高雅,学识过人,又贵为公 主和女王,追求者自然络绎不绝。可以毫不夸张地说,伊 丽莎白的婚姻与英格兰的命运交织在一起——倘若她出嫁,嫁妆便是英格兰王国。但是亨利八世六次结婚,与两任王 后离婚,两任王后由他亲自下令处决。姐姐玛丽女王在位期 间,几次想把她远嫁以取消其王位继承资格。这些经历无 不影响了她对婚姻的态度。当时自认为有资格向她求婚的,除了前姐夫、西班牙国王腓力二世,还有神圣罗马帝国皇帝 的儿子,瑞典的国王,法国国王的弟弟等王公贵胄。而且早 在 1559 年,下院就请求她为了英格兰而出嫁。此后国会和 民众都一再请愿,希望女王谈婚论嫁。女王在各色人选中 伊丽莎白一世
18新航路开辟以后,西班牙率先成为近代首个“日不落帝国”,其滥觞之 功自然非伊萨贝拉女王莫属。后起之秀的英国在取而代之的漫漫征途中,有位极富传奇色彩的女王是无法忽视的路标。她便是伊丽莎白一世(1558— 1603 年在位),人称“童贞女王”和“英明女王”,英国都铎王朝最后一位国王,也是英国历代王朝中最得民心和最富盛名的君主之一。
伊丽莎白的父亲是都铎王朝的亨利八世(1509—1547 年在位),母亲是
有名的美女安妮 • 波琳。回想当年,亨利不惜为了迎娶安妮而与罗马教廷决
裂,曾是震动欧陆的大事件。然而世事难料,1533 年 9月7日,伊丽莎白降生,让亨利拥有一个男性继承人的美梦破裂。于是移情别恋的亨利在 1536 年借 口通奸罪处死了安妮,伊丽莎白也随即被宣布为私生女。在亨利晚年和爱
德华六世(1547—1553 年在位)在位期间,伊丽莎白幸运地恢复了公主身份,得到了较好的待遇和教育。但是1547 年到1549 年间,托马斯 • 西摩勋爵企 图与伊丽莎白订婚,进而谋取王位,几乎让她送命。同父异母姐姐“血腥的” 玛丽(1553—1558 年在位)统治时期,1554 年的怀亚特爵士叛乱更是使她 距断头台只有一步之遥。好不容易等到玛丽去世,伊丽莎白方才守得云开见 月明,于1558 年11月24日登基。这一年伊丽莎白 25 岁,而其阅历早已堪 比一部惊险小说。
伊丽莎白继承的是一个烂摊子。玛丽把英格兰绑在西班牙进攻法国的
战车上,不仅劳民伤财,还丢掉了英格兰在欧洲大陆的最后一个据点加莱。法国控制了苏格兰,对英格兰形成南北夹击的态势。而国内则是民怨沸腾,宗教矛盾重重,王室债务累累。英格兰迫切需要一位强有力的君主来挽救 危急局势。正所谓“天将降大任于斯人也,必先苦其心志,劳其筋骨,饿其 “英格兰玫瑰” 伊丽莎白一世 文
张献军 影响世界的女性 17人物世界文化
周旋多年之后,出于宗教、民族和身份等种种考虑,最终宣 布英格兰王国即是自己的丈夫,并且终身不婚。因为她若嫁 给外国王侯,难免会使英格兰国家利益与别国联系在一起。虽也有过情有独钟的意中人,但是她为了不损自身尊严而最 终作罢。尽管世人对她与众多情人的关系多有猜测,但是 她始终强调自己的处子身份。她有意借终身不婚把自己与 童贞女玛丽亚联系起来,保证君主之位和国家利益,并赢 得臣民的爱戴。所以伊丽莎白一世既不是妻子也不是母亲,但自始至终是一位女王和英格兰的精神象征。早年的不幸 经历,青春年少时婚姻的痛苦无望,晚年时期臣属的阴谋 叛乱,这些内外压力使伊丽莎白充满忧伤,常常感慨君主 的快乐冰冷之际。
伊丽莎白虽然没有穷兵黩武,但她绝不是一个和平主 义者。她在爱尔兰问题上向来采取武力手段,援助苏格兰 人的反法战争,派军队去支持胡格诺教徒,秘密扶持尼德 兰的海上乞丐。她在对外战争中常常失利或者难以 取得大胜,但是她因这些战争而获得了很多政治利 益。例如,她于1560 年借助在苏格兰的战争,迫 使法国正式承认她的国王地位。一旦战火不可 避免地烧到家门口,她更是绝不退缩。在 1588 年西班牙的无敌舰队入侵英格兰之际,她在 对军队的演说中表达了自己的决心和勇气。女王自称虽然身体柔弱但是胸怀天下,所 以倘若任何外国君主胆敢入侵,她将会 亲自率领将士迎头痛击。在那一战中,英格兰举国齐心协力,女王指挥若定,将士奋勇杀敌。这次胜利是女王一生 中最为辉煌的时刻。从此以后,命 运的天平逐渐转向英格兰。伊丽莎白文治不输于其 武功。在她统治时期,由于 国力增长和政治开明,文艺 复兴运动蓬勃发展。女王本 人熟练掌握拉丁语、希腊语、法语、西班牙语和意大利语,翻译过众多古希腊、古罗马 的经典著作,对宗教、哲学 和诗歌有自己独到的见解。在这个时期,英国的诗歌和 戏剧成就辉煌无比,莎士比 亚、培根和斯宾塞等名家纷 纷涌现出来。
与父亲亨利八世和姐姐
“血腥玛丽”相比,伊丽莎白 一世显得仁慈、温和而受人
爱戴。而与继她之后的詹姆斯一世和查理一世相比,伊丽 莎白一世又显得克制、谨慎而深孚众望。她的信条是令臣 民满意乃是君王应尽的义务。国会颂扬她恢复了真正的宗 教,实现了和平与富裕。而法王亨利四世敬佩地称赞她是 唯一懂得统治之术的国王。敌视她的教皇也不由得赞叹说 这个统治半个岛屿的女性是个伟大的国王。伊丽莎白在位 45 个春秋,正是英格 兰从中世纪跨入近代的关键转折点。她 大权独揽,选贤任能,保全了英格兰的 独立,更奠定了其兴盛发达的基础。她成功扮演了国王的角色,迈出了 大英帝国征服世界的第一步。是 故伊丽莎白一世这朵英格兰玫 瑰,至今不曾黯然失色。亨利八世和安妮·波琳 19