第一篇：英语写作手册
Thespring festival is an important day in my life.Because my family must be have a reunion dinner on that day.All family members attend it.The family reunoin dinner is rich, it includes many chinese traditional food.When I was a child, I could get much money in the red pocket from the elder.On the other hand,my friends all come back to home from different city.I can play and chat with them, it is very happy.I love the spring festival’s atmosphere, it is lively, relax, pleasant and sweet.A new year’s eve party is very fun.You might spend much time preparing it.First, you need to make a list of the things you want to buy and decide to attendance you want to invite.And you should come up with some funny games to play with your friends.Then, you can call your friends to invite them and inform them of party’s time and place.Next ,you need to buy things and arrange the party place, it is very tired.At last ,you can cook much delisious food on party day, keep fresh and fit.When eveything is done well, you can enjoy it with yourfriends.3
My home village is very beautiful and comfortable.It is close to the sea.The climate there is better for people to live.There are all kinds of seafood to eat, and it is cheap and fresh.In sprig, you can also viewmany scenic spot and interests.In summer you can lay on the sand and sunbatheror swim in the sea.The most famous animals is monkey in there, you can see them on the mountain.My home town is a heaven to live and play, I love it so much.
第二篇：2丁往道《英语写作手册》外研社
参考文献
1．《大学英语写作---Expressing an Idea》赵文书，康文凯南京大学出版社
2． 丁往道《英语写作手册》外研社
3． 《英语写作》刘家荣主编高等教育出版社
4． 英语写作纵横谈 毛荣贵 编著 上海外语教育出版社
5．体验英语写作杨永林 编著高等教育出版社
6．大学英语创意写作Ian SmallwoodLi Po Lung上海外语教育出版社
7．英语作文借鉴手册姜保华上海交通大学出版社
8．《英语写作手册》 丁往道等主编 外语教学与研究出版社
9．《英语写作指导》（加拿大）乔治· 波特温著 上海外语教育出版社
9．Writing Academic EnglishAlice OshimaAnn HogueAddison-Wesley Publishing Company
10．《高级英语写作指南》祁寿华 上海外语教育出版社
11．《高级英文写作教程》王振昌 毛卓亮 董启明 赵朝珠 编外语教学与研究出版社
12．《实用英语写作》胡文仲 吴祯福 编著 外语教学与研究出版社
13．Curriculum: Foundations, Principles, And Issues课程：基础、原理和问题
（美）艾伦C 奥恩斯坦 费朗西斯P汉金斯 著 江苏教育出版社
14．英语写作孙骊编著上海外语教育出版社Campbell, C.Teaching Second Language Writing: Interacting with Text.Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2004: 61-76.Marion Williams & Robert L.Burden.Psychology for Language Teachers Cambridge University Press,1997.Reid., J.Teaching ESL Writing.University of Wyoming: Prentice Hall Regents, 1993: 205-256.Silva, T.and Brice, C.Research in teaching writing.Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 24.USA: Cambridge University Press, 2004: 70-106.Ur P.A course in Language Teaching: Practice and Theory.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1996.21．刘上扶.《英语写作论》。广西教育出版社，1999.王文宇.《母语思维与英语写作》，陕西师范大学出版社，2004.文秋芳，王立非.《英语写作教学》。陕西师范大学出版社，2003.
第三篇：考研英语应用文写作完全手册(DOC 64页)
考研英语应用文写作完全手册
———————有志者 事竟成 破釜沉舟 百二秦关终属楚
天不负 有心人 卧薪尝胆 三千里越甲可吞吴
各种类型的文章写作
• 演讲与致辞
• 证书
• 证明
• 合同与协议
• 产品说明书
• 天气预报
• 食谱
• 广告
• 贺卡
• 日记
• 启事
• 自我介绍
• 海报
• 通知
• 简历--举例
• 简历--概述
• 摘要--常见句型
• 摘要--概述
• 备忘录--举例
• 备忘录--概述
• 便笺(便条)和短信--分类举例--回复友人问侯
• 便笺(便条)和短信--分类举例--借物
• 便笺(便条)和短信--分类举例--道歉
• 便笺(便条)和短信--分类举例--约请
• 便笺(便条)和短信--分类举例--请假
• 便笺(便条)和短信--概述
• 私人和公务信函--分类举例--祝福信
• 私人和公务信函--分类举例--请求信
• 私人和公务信函--分类举例--求学信
• 私人和公务信函--分类举例--感谢信
• 私人和公务信函--分类举例--邀请信
• 私人和公务信函--分类举例--求助信
• 私人和公务信函--分类举例--推荐信
• 私人和公务信函--分类举例--应聘信
• 私人和公务信函--分类举例--私人介绍信
• 私人和公务信函--常用句式
• 私人和公务信函--概述
演讲与致辞
演讲与致辞
一篇好的演讲稿，通常要有很精彩的演讲词，以及很好的文体特征和篇章结构，同时还得考虑所演讲的对象。
如何拟定演讲稿（How to Make a Speech Draft）
真正写好一篇演讲稿，拟稿人首先得了解演讲词的文体特征以及演讲词的篇章结构，此外，还得考虑所演讲的对象。这就是所谓“知己知彼，百战百胜”。
演讲词的文体特征（Stylistic Features of a Speech）
因此，在准备演讲稿时，应力求语言通俗易懂，诙谐幽默，生动形象，层次清晰，逻辑性强，句子精悍有力，文字朗朗上口，语言节奏感强。
1）放在前面多采用简单句。
2）语言多口语化。
3）多用排比句式。
4）重复修辞格多。
5）多采用祈使句。
6）多运用设问句。
在现代社会交际活动中，致辞的使用十分频繁。
一般地，根据场合不同，致辞大体可分为正式和非正式两种。正式场合致辞通常多用于官方性质的会议、仪式等场合，这类致辞要求结构严谨，语言规范。相反个人或民间举行的一些非正式的仪式，语言则可以随和、轻松一些。
致辞文体结构（Structure of a Speech）
一篇完整的致辞，一般由引言、正文和结论三大部分组成。
引言（Introduction）
在致辞引言中，演讲者应着重指明演讲主题的重要性以及重要意义以引起听众的注意及共鸣。
正文（Body）
正文部分是致辞的核心内容，因此应该突出主题，做到观点明确，层次清晰，以达到致辞的真正目的。
结论（Conclusion）
结论部分是对致辞的主体内容做出结论性的总结，并且应对相关问题提出希望。因此，写作时宜使用一些具有激励性、鼓舞性的语言。按照致辞的场合以及用途，常见的致辞种类可分为：欢迎词、答谢词、欢送词、告别词、开幕词、闭幕词、贺词、祝酒词、悼词等
证书
证书
证书所采用的也是一种应用文体形式，一般内容不长，语言精炼，用词严谨、准确。
与证明不同的地方在于，有的证书没有标题，但必须注明证书的号码。
常用的证书有：毕业证书、学位证书、结婚证书、退休证书、职称证书等。
证明
证明
证明通常是由个人所在单位或学校出具的证明个人身份、学历、经历或者某些事实真相的一种文书，具有一定的法律效力。在日常生活中，因为工作或交往的需要，出具证明是常有的事情。与证明相比，证书则是由学校、团体或机关颁发的能够证明资格或权力等问题的文件，例如考试等级证书、获奖证书、荣誉证书等等。无论是出具证明还是颁发证书，都必须坚持实事求是的原则，切忌弄虚作假。
证明的基本格式（The Style of Certificates）
英文证明的书写格式比较简单。但语言要求简洁、严谨，格式要规范，并且反映事实情况。通常证明上无需收信人姓名、地址，也无需结束敬语。证明一般由标题、正文、署名3部分组成。
合同与协议
合同与协议
合同或协议一般由三部分组成，即：标题、正文和署名。
标题（Title）
合同或协议的标题需要标明合同的性质，点明主旨，说明这是一个什么合同。在商务合同中，还宜在标题下面标明合同号码。
合同与协议正文（Body of the Text）
合同或协议的正文通常应包括开端、具体条款和结尾。
合同或协议的开端首先要写明签订合同或协议的双方名称、地址，同时简要说明签订合同或协议的目的。通常为了便于合同或协议在文中的引用，在双方名称后分别注明“以下简称为或称为买（卖）方或甲（乙）方”英语中称为“hereinafter referred to as...”或“hereinafter called...”。
产品说明书
产品说明书
产品说明书，又称为“产品使用手册（Operating Manual）”，是生产厂商为销售及进一步宣传和说明其产品而附在产品包装内部或外部的一种宣传资料，主要用来说明产品的结构、功能、性状等各方面特征，并告诉客户如何正确使用所购物品，使顾客对产品有深一层的了解，以免因使用不当而造成不良后果，同时对今后产品的日常保养有一定的提示作用。产品说明书在英语中通常有三种不同的说法，即，Instruction, Direction, Description。
一份成功有效的说明书，不仅可以迅速激起人们的购买欲望，而且可以起到良好的宣传广告作用。
英语产品说明书一般由标题（包括副标题）和正文两大部分组成。有的说明书在最后还附注厂商的名称。
天气预报
天气预报
天气预报是日常生活中每天都会有的我们经常能够从电视、广播等媒介中了解到它的相关信息。天气预报的内容一般有两大主体，包括对近期的天气情况分析和主要城市的天气情况介绍及气温预报。
天气情况分析（Weather Analysis）
天气情况分析是指在预报某一地区的主要城市天气情况和气温报告前，对某一地区所作的总体天气情况分析，例如气压、气流、云团的变化等等。一般是一个大范围的预测，时间可以预计到两三天甚至一周之内。
主要城市天气预报（Weather Forecast for Major Cities）
城市天气预报是对某地区的主要城市所作的天气情况（如晴、阴、雨、雪、多云、风力、风向等）的预报和气温报告，如今在很多大城市的天气预报中，还加入了空气污染指数，人体舒适度指数，穿衣出行指数等相关信息，使天气预报更人性化
食谱
食谱
食谱是指介绍菜肴的原料、制作及烹饪的工序与方法的小短文，一般在家庭中的应用比较广泛，食谱的内容一般包括菜肴名称、用料、烹饪工序以及食法等。食谱与菜谱（menu）不同，菜谱是指饭店、餐馆使用的印有菜名和菜价的目录单，供客人查询，而食谱主要是教会人们如何亲自动手制作出一道美味可口的菜，从而满足并丰富人们的生活
广告
广告
广告是人们日常生活中不可或缺的一部分，一则好的广告应该做到形式上新颖独特，以达到成上引起读者或听者注意的目的。
英语广告的结构（The Structure of English Advertising）
一则完善的书面广告应由以下五部分组成：
1）标题（headline），有的有副标题（subheadline）；
2）正文（body text）；
3）口号（slogan）；
4）商标（trademark）；
5）插图（illustration）。
以上五部分中，前三部分为语言文字（verbal）部分，是广告的主体部分；后两部分为非语言文字（nonverbal）部分，是广告的辅助性部分。
广告创意的基本原则（AIDMA Principle of Advertising）
一则好的英语广告，要求能够做到引起读者注意、激起读者兴趣、唤起读者欲望、让读者过目不忘、使读者采取行动。
广告语言的特征（Features of Advertising Language）
一般说来，广告语言都比较简明、形象、生动而口语化。因为它不仅要充分地宣传、介绍该广告的内容，又要想方设法地节省篇幅和时间。总之，广告的目的在于宣传，广告制作人应在撰写广告时作认真选择，反复推敲
贺卡
贺卡
在现代社会交际当中，贺卡扮演着越来越重要的角色。每当节日、生日、庆典等喜庆日子以及各种周年纪念日快来时，亲朋好友之间寄上一张精美的贺卡，致以良好的祝愿，以示庆贺。这样既有利于感情沟通，又能起到加深友谊的作用。贺卡可以购置，也可自己制作。贺卡的书写格式为：上端写上： To Mr.(Mrs., Professor, Miss, Director, Dean, President, etc.)××，其中的“To” 也可省去；下端写成：From ××，其中的“From” 同样的可以省略。正文写上： Wishing You A Happy New Year(A Merry Christmas, Happy Birthday, etc.)，其中的“Wishing you”可以省略不写，也可代之以“With Best Wishes for”。
其中：“A Happy New Year”中的“A”也可省略。
例1：
To Mr.and Mrs.Brown
With Best Wishes for
A Merry Christmas
From Ronald Frye
日记
日记
日记是对每天所发生的和所做的事情的记录，有的日记则兼记对这些事情的感受。日记一般可分为两种类型，即伤痛 事型日记和抒情型日记。
My love is the human race—not, of course, the corrupt, servile, idle race that we too ofte
n meet.I love the great, fine possibilities, even in a corrupt people.I love the race of the centurise to come...We live in a time when everything is working toward amelioration.These seeds of enlightenment, these silent wishes and strivings toward the education of the race,...will yield glorious fruit.This is the sacred goal of my wishes and my activity—to plant the seeds which will ripen in another generation.启事
启事
启事是一种公告性的应用文。机关、团体或个人若有事情要向群众公开说明，或者对群众有什么要求，都可以把要说的意思简要地写成启事，张贴于布告栏等公共场所。特别重要的或涉及面较广的，往往还要登报。
启事的种类繁多，日常生活中常用的有：遗失启事、招领启事、征稿启事等等。
例1
Directions: Suppose you carelessly lost a Longman Modern English Dictionary in the reading room.Please write a notice of about 100 words, titled Lost.Lost
Aug.18,2004
I was so careless that I lost a copy of “Longman Modern English Dictionary” when studying in the reading room around 3 o’clock pm.yesterday.You can find my name “Euphemia” on the cover.The dictionary is a dear gift of my best friend who is working overseas.If you are the kind finder, could you do me a favor to send it to the office of the Foreign Languages Department or ring me up to fetch it back.I’ll be very grateful for your kindness.Loser，Euphemia
Address: Room 1010, 40#
Tel.No: 68602145
*寻物启事要包括对失物的具体描述，遗失地点，失主的联系方式，并要表示对归物者的感谢。
例2
Directions: Wong Yuksing is looking for his missing fatherinlaw.Please write a notice, with the following items included
1)the information of the missing man
2)the reason
3)the contact way
You should write no less than 100 words.MISSING
My fatherinlaw, Mr Liu Guashing,born in Wuhan, Hubei Province and aged 46, has been missing for years.He is the fifth graduates of St.Johns University.30 years ago he was living on 5/F, 3 Wuhan Street, Kowloon and working for St.Matthew’s Hospital as a dentist.But since then there has not been any information about his whereabouts.As my wife has been badly ill, I would appreciate any information on him from anyone reading this notice to meet her last wish in the world.Please contact the person below on 27176800.I shall always remember with gratitude the help you would offer us.Wong Yuksing
* 此为寻人启示，要写明所寻失踪者的信息，以及走失时间与原因，语言要求朴实、真诚，给读者以同情之感。
自我介绍
自我介绍
在社交场合以及日常生活中，自我介绍都是少不了的。例如：与生人相见，老师给新生上课前，领导到新单位就职等都需要作一番自我介绍，然而如何做好自我介绍却并非易事。
一般情况下，自我介绍的内容和形式应取决于所在场所的气氛和对象。自我介绍通常分为两类，即非正式场合自我介绍和正式场合自我介绍。当然，自我介绍大多指的是在非正式场合，因为正式场合会有人专门作介绍的。
自我介绍的语言要求诚恳、谦逊，切忌夸大其词、目中无人。其内容长短应适中，少则五六句多则一二十句即可。
海报
海报
海报是人们日常生活中极为常见的一种招贴形式，多用于电影、戏曲、比赛、文艺演出等活动。海报中通常要写清楚活动的性质，活动的主办单位、时间、地点等内容。海报的语言要求简明扼要，形式要做到机关报颖美观。
海报的格式，通常有三部分组成，即标题、正文与落款。
海报的标题对于海报的宣传极为重要。因此标题的撰写昼做到简洁明快，新颖醒目，抓住读者的注意力，海报的标题形式通常有两种：一是直接使用“海报”（Poster）一词；另一种则是根据海报的内容，撰写标题。
海报正文是海报的核心部分，它是对海报标题的具体描述。语言要求形象生动，简明扼要。做到既有鼓动性，又不夸大其辞。正文的常见表现形式有：简介说明式，文学描述式，美术设计式。
例1
Directions:You are preparing for a friendly Basketball Match.Write a poster which asks for:
1)the right form of a standard poster
2)write the place and time clearly
You should write about 100 words.POSTER
Friendly Basketball Game
There is going to be a friendly and wonderful basketball match between Beijing Forestry University Basketball Team and ours under the auspices of the Recreational and Physical Culture Department of the students’ union of the college.It has been decided that this basketball match will be held at the students’ activity center which could contain at least 200 people on Saturday, Aug.23rd, 2004, at 5:00 p.m.It is expected that the competition between the two teams will be keen and severe.All of you are cordially welcome to present the match.The Recreational and Physical
Culture Department of the Students’
Union of the college.Thursday.Aug.21st.2004
*.“由……举办”可以用词组“under the auspices of…”，另外，注意中英文通知中落款时间书写位置的差别，中文一般写在右下角，英文写在左下角。
例2
Directions:You are going to write an notice for an English-speaking contest.1)the right form of a standard notice
2)tell the purpose and content of this contest clearly
You should write no less than 100 words
English-Speaking Contest
In order to carry out some after-class oral English practice activities and improve the students’ ability of speaking English, the Students’ Union of the English department has decided to hold a departmentwide Englishspeaking contest at the students’ activity center on Saturday next week, i.e Aug.23rd.2004.Everyone who is willing to join in may tell your name and your topic of the speech to your monitor.We will invite five English teachers to work as judges.The first six winners will get the awards as an encouragement.Warmly wish everyone to attend and your presence will certainly encourage and cheer the contestants.The Students’ Union of
English Department
*课外活动在英语里可表达为after-class activities.“in order to…”是表达“为了……”的一种常用句型。另外，书写通知的语言应注意做到言简意赅。
例3
Directions: You are preparing for a poster to introduce a great place of interest—Gold Coast of Australia.Please write it in about 100 words.WELCOME to GOLD COAST of AUSTRALIA
The Gold Coast is the undisputed tourist capital of Australia.Each year about three million people visit the holiday city that rivals the most famous world resorts.And we can almost promise sunshine, three hundred sun drenched days a year.A yearly average of 25 degrees Velsius and a winter average of 21 degrees Celsius are nature’s guarantee for a fabulous holiday.There is nothing we cannot do on the Gold Coast.World class attractions include Sea World, Dream world, Wildlife Sanctuary, and the surfing beaches.HOTLINE:(075)921 655
MOBLIE:(018)754211
FAX:(075)921472
*这是一张澳大利亚“黄金海岸”张贴的公告，供大家参考使用。请着重注意一下有关联系方式的书写格式。
通知
通知
通知是上级对下级、团体对个人部署工作、传达事情或召开会议时所用的一种文体。同级单位有事情要进行讨论或协商，也可以互发通知。通知分两种：一种是以布告形式，把事情通知有关人员；另一种是以书信形式，把相关事情传达给有关人员。一般说来，通知正文上面正中的地方往往有 Notice 或 NOTICE 一词作为题目，正文的下面是发出通知的单位名称。有时，发出通知单位的名称也可写在正文之前。发出通知的日期一般写在左下角；发出通知的人或单位的名称，可以写在右下角。这两项有时也可以省略。发出通知的单位和通知对象一般都用第三人称，但若正文前用了称呼语，则应用第二人称表示被通知的对象。
例1
Directions:If you are the organizer of a tour and you should give a notice to tell the tourists something about it.It should include:
1)Where is the destination of the tour.2)What should the tourists pay attention to.You should write no less than 100 words.NOTICE TO TOURISTS
According to the schedule, the touring party will visit the Summer Palace and Tian Anmen Square today.You can leave your baggage in the Left Baggage Office and pick it up later this afternoon if it is too heavy to carry with you.The receipt of the baggage should be kept carefully because you will need it.We will come to the Summer Palace first and finish the tour at 2 pm.Then we are going to the destination of Tian Anmen Square without parking.So please don’t get off the sightseeing bus during the journey until the driver says that it is time for food and drinks or toilets.Please be on time!
* 这是一张旅行团张贴的布告，告知游客当天的活动以及注意事项。“行李寄存处”叫Left Baggage Office,这是美国英语。英国人管行李叫luggage，与此相对的,行李寄存处便是Left Luggage Office。领取行李，美语to claim baggage,英国人说to reclaim luggage。旅游车是sightseeing bus或coach.例2
Directions:There are something important to tell the passengers of the plane.Write notice about:
1)Reconfirmation the reservation
2)What’s the validity of a normal fare ticket.3)About the refund.You should write about 100 words
Important Notice
RECONFIRMATION If you break your journey for more than 35 hours at any point and hold a continuing or return reservation, please reconfirm your intention of using the reservation.VALIDITY A normal fare ticket is valid for one and a half years from the date of issue if none of any portion of it has been used, or from the date of commencement if the carriage is commenced.When in doubt, please check with the carrier’s office concerned.REFUND The refund should be made not later than 19 days after expiry date of the ticket and only refunded in the same country.*以上是乘坐飞机的注意事项，包括来回票机座的确认问题（reconfirmation）、机票的有效期问题（validity）以及退票事项（refund）。在飞行前应着重注意这些琐碎的问题。
例3
Directions:You are a member of the students’ union You want to hold a lecture.Write a notice to the students to inform:
1)the topic and mainly contents of the lecture
2)time and place.3)the professor who will give the lecture.You should write about 100 words
NOTICE
Jontly sponsored by the Students’ Union and the Youth League Committee, a professional lecture naming “How the Tariffs changed after China entered into WTO”will be given by Professor Wang Yanqiong.This lecture is mainly about how the import and export polices affect the development of economy, especially the tariffs.Some experts on WTO problems will be present too.They are going to have a discussion during the meeting.The lecture will be held in the terraced classroom No.5 of the building on Friday, October 1,2004 at 2:30 p.m.Welcome all the intelligent students to join in the lecture.Please be punctual.Jointly sponsors:The Student’s union and The Youth League Committee
*在表示联合发起时，用Jointly sponsors加合作单位名称
例4
Directions:You are a secretary of the Dean’s Office.Professor Wang Ting is absent for health reasons.Write a bulletin to tell the students.A few of details should be clear:
1)why professor Wang Ting can’t come to work.2)who will substitute for her
3)how long the situation will be kept
It should be no less than 100 words.BULLETIN
Professor Wang Ting, English teacher of Grade Three, is temporarily prevented from coming to class for health reasons.Professor Xu Zhiyuan will substitute for her to instruct Listening English for two weeks.The first week, a movie will be given to practise the listening English, and the second week, there will be a class discussion.Professor Li Chaoshan will substitute for her to instruct Conversational English for three weeks.The last week is for the final examination.The topic of this week will be “The Society and The Humanrights”.You should collect some materials and prepare enough before the class.Please tell each other about the message and go to the class on time.Dean’s Office
*“代课”用substitute表示。substitute可用做名词，例如his or her substitute。Substitute也可用做动词，有两种表示法：to substitute B with A 或to substitute A for B.“上课”，大学里一般用instruct。
例5
Directions:The Residents’Committee needs to hold a meeting to discuss the security in the residential area.write a notice to tell the residents that:
1)why the meeting is necessary.2)The time and place of this security meeting
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2
NOTICE
It is reported by several inhabitants from this residential area that some strangers with dirty clothes(one of them has a scar on the face)have lately haunted this area.Some stealings have happened from time to time.So the Residents’Commitee decided to hold a meeting to talk about the problems concerning security in our residential area.The meeting will be held in Room 202 of Building No.4, the time is from 2 to 4 p.m.of May 12, 20
04.It is very important that at least one member of each household is requested to attend.Please be punctual and don’t forget to take the notebooks with you.The Residents’ Committee
*“居民区”用residential area或residential quarters来表示，“居委会”有两种译法，一是the Residents’Committee,另一个是the Neighborhood Committee,两者皆可。
例6
Directions:You are the leader of the new Public Security Team, you should tell the residents about the security situation of the residential area.The details including:
1)the purpose of this new Public Security Team.2)How to contact with the team.You should write about 100 words
BULLETIN.Recently, there have been several burglaries in our residential quarters.A few of muggings have been reported by the inhabitants too.A public security team has been set up in order to maintain the order and security of this residential area.Everyone and each household are expected to be on guard.If you see some strangers haunting around this residential area at any time, please be very cautious and careful.Should there be any emergency or you may be in trouble, please call 64941101 or you can go to Room.1101.of Building No.9.to ask for help.Thank you for cooperating with the team.Public Security Team.*城市尤其是大城市人员流动频繁，犯罪率比较高，“撬门”是burglary,“偷盗”是theft,“拦路抢劫”是mugging,“掏包”是pickpocket,警卫或保安人员，是security guards.Should there be any emergency,是一种虚拟证据，有“万一”的含义。例如Should you be in trouble, please call 110.例7
Directions:You are a guard of the Guardroom Residential Area.You want to notice something to the inhabitants of this area.The followings should be clear:
1)What’s the purpose of this notice?
2)What should the inhabitants do if the situation mentioned happens?
You should write about 100 words
NOTICE
It is reported from the inhabitants and residents in our residential area that a few persons came to house holds to sell gas from time to time.They pretended to be the workers of the Gas Company and entered into the inhabitants’ home on the pretext of examination of the gasline.This kind of situations have happened several times.This activity is illegitimate and should be forbidden.The Gas Company didn’t send anyone to check the gas or gasline lately.Should such people come again, please immediately contact the security guards.We will come over and interfere.The emergency number is 64492889.You can call at any time you need.Guardroom.Plesidential Area
*小区居民，是residents 或inhabitants。to pretend冒充,on the pretext of。
例8
Directions:Suppose you are one of the organizers of English evening.Write a notice about it, which should include sponsor ,time, place and the program.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2
NOTICE
The afterclass Activities Group takes pleasure in announcing that under the auspices of the students’ union of English Department, annual English evening is to be held in the students’ activity center on Saturday, Aug, 23rd, at 7:00 p.m.The program includes songs, dances, recitations, storytelling, skits and plays which are played all by students.Admission tickets may be obtained on application to the afterclass Activites Group, Room 205, Office Building for free.It must be a good time to enjoy and relax yourselves.All are cordially welcome to give your encouragement to the players and cheer them.*take pleasure in doing sth.很高兴做某事，under the auspices(复数)of …由…举办，of后跟主办、赞助的人或单位。
例9
Directions: You are a resident in Hong Kong and need a larger flat.Write a bulletin including following details:
1)your reason for the larger flat.2)your contact information
You should write no less than 100 words.Dear Sir/Madam，I am a permanent resident in Hong Kong and my present residence is Rm 206 Block 8, Kai Man Estate.I have been living with my mother, wife, younger brother and my two children in the above flat.Not long ago, my brother died in an traffic accident.Because of this, his wife and his two children were allowed to come to Hong Kong from Mainland China to live with us.The change from a 6-member family to a 8-member one has created a very crowdy living environment.I therefore would like to apply for a move to a larger flat in accordance with the housing regulations concerned.Below are my personal particulars for your reference:
ID Card No.: A 306955(1)
Contact Telephone No.: 3568496
Correspondence Address:
Rm 206, Block 8, Kai Man Estate, N.T.Your consideration over this case will be highly appreciated.Yours faithfully，［signature］
* permanent resident 长久公民，in accordance with符合，Correspondence Address通讯地址。
简历--举例
简历--举例
例1
Directions:You are applying for admission to qraduate law program and in need of a resume please write it to describe
1)your education background,qualifications and honors
2)experience
3)personal information
You should write about 100 words
RESUME
LI MING
203 APT 32 ALLEY 1324 NANJING RD(E)
SHANGHAI 20020, PRC
E-MAIL ADDRESS:Liming@sohu.com
OBJECTIVE:Seeking admission to graduate program of law
EDUCATION:Fudan University1999-present
Major in law
Shanghai No.1 High School1996-1999
QUALIFICATIONS:University graduation certificate and bachelor
degree to be conferred upon graduation(2003)
CET6 College English Test level 6 0ct.2002
HONORS:First prize winner of Department speech contest Oct.2002
University scholarship for Excellent studeuts(2001,2002)
EXPERIENCE:President of Students’Union
2001-present
Editor of University Journal2000-2001
SPECIAL SKILLS:Good at public speech and debate
Proficient in English（fluent speaking and writing）
Expertise on commercial law
Good command of Word & Excel software
PERSONAL DATA:Date of Birth:8/21/1980
Sex:male
Marital Status:unmarried
Health:good
REFERENCES:Zhuang zhong
Dean of law dept
Fudan University
Law professor
*这份简历是仿照美式的，第一个项目就是“求职意向”(objective),开门见山，一目了然。请注意“学历”（Education）和“工作经历”（Experience）,英文必须先写近的，后写远的，与中文恰好相反。西方强调个人特长，所以简历中最好提一下自己的特长（special skills）简历末尾给出推荐人证明你的英文和专业水平。推荐人应有一定的身份。
例2
Directions:You are applying for a job.please writing a resume to HR to describe:
1)your objective
2)work experience
3)Educational Background
4)personal information
RESUME
204 APT 2 ALLEY 328 YONGJIA RE TEL：64308991
SHANGHAI 200020，PRCEMALL：kalunz@163.net
Career Objective:A position of management job potential in the banking department specializing in Foreign change
Work Experience:
July 2001 to×××Inc.Present Secretary to deputy manager of marketing
●draft business correspondence
●keep and update files
●Schedule deputy manager’s appointments
August 1999 to ×××Co., Ltd.June 2001Receptionist
●Telephone communication
●greeted clients
●manage correspondence
March 1998 to ×××Industrial Bank
May 1998 Intern
Educational Background:
Sept 1994 toShanghai×××University,Bachelor Degree in International Business Management
July 1998Major in International Business Management
●key courses including English, Japanese，Computer Operation, Business Management,Investment
International Commercial Law
Sept 1988 to Shanghai×××High School
July 1994
Personal Information:male, born in Shanghai, 11/12,1970, unmarried, healthy
References available upon request.* 这是一份中式求职简历。这种简历重点突出自己的工作经历（Work Experience）,同时对自己在每一项工作中的突出成绩进行详细描述，并用●标出，以引起对方注意，此简历较为详细地阐明了求职目标。
例3
Directions:You are hunting for a job.Please write a resume to describe your
1)job objective
2)education background
3)skills
Li Tao
P.O.Box 211,××University
6824××Road, Shanghai 200431
Tel:53688226 Email:Litao@sina.com.cn
Job Objective Seeking an office building architectural designer position in a small-to-middle sized architectural firm
×× University, shanghai
EducationB.S.in architecture, June 2002
Completed four-year course of architectural design.Counses included Urban Design，Architectural Planning, Structural Engineering，Interior Decoration, Office Facilities Management，Computer-aided
Architectural Design
Special Skills▲Familiar with MS Words, MS Excel，AutoCAD
▲Good command of building codes and standards knowledge
▲independent work ability
▲Proficient in English,(TOEFL 632, January 2001)
Summer Work job construction projects of ××
Company for the past three summers
Other InterestsSketching,painting, photography, developing films in
and hobbies references avail able upon request
*这是一份毕业生求职简历。它着重突出了自己已学课程（courses）和个人的技能（special skills）文中B.S.in architecture,是建筑学士学位缩写。值得指出的是对在校生来说，平时的实习工作经历能为你的简历增分不少。因此该学生也介绍了与所求职位有着相似工作要求的summer work.例4
Directions: You want to apply for a position as a manager of sale department.Write a simple resume to describe your working experience.It should be around 100 words.RESUME
Tony Brown
Center Street
Centerville, La.Telephone:(819)988-6163
Working Experience
2000 to present Western Regional Sales Manager
ABC Electronic Corp.Center, La.Supervised sales force of 35 men selling computer
and MP3 components.Responsible for train
ing, the establishment and fulfillment of sales
goals.During this period, region’s sales rose
an average of 40% anually, compared to
previous rise to 28%.Presently employed by
the firm, but famile ownership prevents rising
any higher in the foreseeable future
* 个人简历不要太繁琐，一般一张纸就够了，本范例着重介绍了自己的工作经历以及取得的成就。如果是应届毕业生的简历，就会相对简单一些，由于没有什么工作经历，因此强调一下自己的已学课程就可以了。不同的简历侧重点不同，要区别对待。
简历--概述
简历--概述
现代社会，人们在实现自我推销时，外语能力成了一项不容忽视的条件。因而，一份简洁，明了、富有说服力的英文简历会帮助你实现自我推销的目的。
在英语中，简历一般采用Resume 或 Curriculum Vitea 一词，偶尔也有Data Sheet或Vita，Vitae 的用法。
简历是就业时不可缺少的材料。它不是对自己的经历以及经验的一一列举，而是列出主要的且密切相关的材料。例如：经验、业绩、能力、性格等等，然后将这些相关信息用简洁有力的文字表达出来。写简历时，应身临其境地设想是推销员，并把自己当作产品推销。简历是人们寻求职业的重要手段，也是争取就业机会的第一关，因此，它必须写得出色，以便吸引雇主。通常一份成功的简历要遵循下列准则：
1）展现自己的优势和特长；
2）提供能吸引雇主的信息；
3）曾经取得过的成绩；
4）附上具有说服力的证明材料、证明人和推荐信。
5）格式美观，长度适中；
6）用词妥贴，语言简洁而不失重点。
摘要--常见句型
摘要--常见句型
常见的摘要句型有：
1）This paper deals with...2）This article focuses on the topics of(that,having,etc)...3）This eassy presents knowledge that...4）This thesis discusses...5）This thesis analyzes...6）This paper provides an overview of...7)This paper elaborates on...8）This article gives an overview of...9）This article compares...and summarizes key findings.10）This paper includes discussions concerning...11)This paper presents uptodate information on...12)This article covers the role of chemicals in...13)This paper addresses important topics including...14)This paper touches upon...15)This paper strongly emphasizes...16)This eassy represents the preceedings of...17)This article not only describes...but also suggests...18)This paper considers...19)This paper provides a method of...20)This paper introduces an applicable procedure to analyze...21)This paper offers the latest information regarding...22)This paper is devoted to examining the role of...23)This article explores...24)This paper expresses views on...25)This paper reflects the state of the art in...26)This paper explains the procedures for...27)This paper develops the theory of...28)This article reviews the techniques used in...29)This paper investigates the techniques and procedures to...30)This article is about...31)This eassy is related to...32)This paper concerns...33)This paper gives an account of...34)This article tells of...35)This paper tries to describe...36)This paper provides an analysis of...37)This paper reports the latest information on...38)The author of this article reviews...39)The writer of this paper discusses...40)The writer of this eassy tries to explore...41)The aim of this paper is to determine...42)The purpose of this article is to review...43)The objective of this paper is to explore...摘要--概述
摘要--概述
文章摘要是对所写文章主要内容的精炼概括。美国人称摘要为“Abstract”,而英国人则喜欢称其为“Summary”。
通常国际刊物要求所要刊登的文章字数，包括摘要部分不超过1万字。而对文章摘要部分的字数要求则更少。因此，写摘要时，应用最为简练的语言来表达论文之精华。论文摘要的重点应放在所研究的成果和结论上。
国际会议要求的论文摘要的字数不等，一般为200字-500字。而国际刊物要求所刊登的论文摘要的字数通常是100字-200字。摘要的位置一般放在一篇文章的最前面，内容上涵盖全文，并直接点明全旨。语言上要求尽量简炼。摘要通常多采用第三人称撰写。
科学书籍、论文和学术报告一般都附有内容摘要，这样可以节省读者的时间，使他们不必读完整个文章就能够了解它的主要内容。书籍摘要，一般放在封二或封三；论文和学术报告的摘要，一般放在正文前面。摘要应做到简明扼要，切题，能独立成文，使读者能准确地了解书籍的要义。写摘要时，最好用第三人称的完整的陈述句，文长一般不超过200个词。
摘要分陈述性的（Descriptive）和资料性的（Informational）两类。陈述性摘要只陈述书籍或文章的主题，不介绍内容。资料性的摘要除了介绍主题外，还应介绍文章的要点和各个要点的主要内容。
它可以包括三个组成部分
①点明主题，解析文章或书籍的目的或意图；
②介绍主要内容，使读者迅速了解文章或书籍的概貌；
③提出结论或建议，以供读者参考。
备忘录--举例
备忘录--举例
例1
Directions: Write a memorandum of about 100 words to the student service department and ask them to fix a telephone for each dormitory.MEMO
August 16,2004
To:The leader of student service department
From: Li Ming
Subject:Telephone
Dear Sir，I would like to remind you that we are in want of a telephone for each dormitory.As a university student, we need to cope with the daily increasing communications with teachers, friends and people outside the campus.We need a telephone to get and send message, which is important for us.Though most of us have mobile phones and e-mail address, a telephone in the dormitory is after all the most convenient and cheapest tool of communication.I hope that you will pay attention to this problem and solve it as soon as possible.Regards.Yours，Li Ming
*“remind”一词用法比较多，可以在后面直接接人或宾格，如“提醒我”译为please remind me.如果提醒某人某事则用remind somebody of something，也可以在后面加从句，即“remind sb that”,remind还有一个意思为“使想起”同样用remind…of…的结构，应注意与提醒某事区分。
例2
Directions:You are supposed to write a Memorandom of about 100 words to the leader of the supply section to borrow one more microscope for your biological experiment.It should include:
1)Why you need the microscope.2)When you need it.MEMO
August 12,2004
To: Mr.Gates, leader of the supply section
From:Li Ming of the biological laboratory
Subject:Microscope
Dear Sir，I’m a student of biology department and we are badly in need of an extra microscope in order to improve our experimental work.Our experiment will start on Friday, so please issue a microscope to us as soon as possible so that we can prepare better for the experiment.With kind regards.Yours sincerely，Li Ming
*这是一封备忘录，在写备忘录的时侯，一定要注意它的格式，尤其要在开头写清楚是谁写给谁来备忘的，用From: To：两个单词即可。文中的“badly”是“非常的，迫切的”意思。短语“in order to”同下句的“so that”意思是一样的即：为了，目的是。不同的是前者后接动词原型而后者常跟目的状语从句，类似的短语还有“in order that”,用法与“so that”相同。
例3
Directions: If you are the teacher of the students’ Counseloris office: P: steelpes, and you have received a letter for requesting for paid education leave from a student.Write him a memo to reply him including details:
1)The result of his requirement.2)The reason for rejecting.3)some suggestions
You should write about 100 words.To: Records Section
From: P/ Steelpes, Career Planning
Subject: Request for Paid Education Leave
Date: May 22, 2004
In response to your request for one year of paid education leave to take a degree in English literature, I have to inform you that we cannot authorize this leave.While we appreciate your desire to improve your knowledge, we feel that English literature is not directly related to your present position and to the goals of this organization.I am aware of your great interest in literature, and I would like to point out that you cou
ld gain advantage to apply for leave without pay.If you need another information on the above, do not hesitate to keep touch with me at any time.P.Steels
* 首先要注意本篇备忘录的格式很标准。然后注意这个备忘录的个别词的用法，譬如：be aware of 注意到、当心的意思，point out 指出,request for 要求，in response to 反馈。
例4
Directions: You are a supervisor of a big company.The chief of operations wants to adopt the“punch-in”system to increase productivity.Write a memo to talk about this:
1)Does the “punch-in”system benefit the company?
2)If the company doesn’t adopt it, what else can we do to increase productivity.You should write about 100 words.To.David Green, Chief of Operations
From: Tony.Party , Supervisor
Subject: Comments on the “Punch-in” System
Date: March.22, 2004
This is further to your memo dated March.20, 2004, in which you proposed that employees adopt the “punch-in” system.I fully agree with you that we must increase productivity.As far as your proposal that if the “punch-in” system is adopted, we would have a tighter control over the employees is concerned.However, I don’t think so.I personally think that, to accomplish this, we should give the employees more incentives to work faster.I feel that if we(the supervisors)could meet with you , we could discuss different possiblilities to create such incentiveness.Your consideration of this suggestion would be appreciated.Tony Party
* 此篇是对一篇备忘录的回复。生产主管认为实行打孔考勤制度（“punch-in”system），有利于增加生产效率。但督察却不这样认为。他认为“should give the employees more incentives to work faster”。
例5
Directions: You are a manager of administration office naming Vera.M.Bradford.The board of directors have decided to anew the Fitness Center.Write a memo to tell all the employees that:
1)How long will this project be last for?
2)Welcome the employees to provide suggestions.You should write about 100 words.To: Every Employees
From: Brian Aponte
Date: November 18, 2004
Subject: Fitness Center
The board of directors approved the idea for anew Fitness Center at its meeting yesterday.Work on the Fitness Center will begin right now and should be completed within 90 days.An employee representative from each division will be appointed to determine the type of equipment and programs that will be made available.We are happy to be able to provide a facility that will contribute to the physical fitness of all our employees.Your representative on the task force will contact you soon for your suggestions about activities and equipment.Brian Aponte
Administration Office, Manager
* 这是一篇关于公司修建健身中心的备忘录。备忘录中说健身中心工作马上开始而且“completed within 90 days”。而且希望各部门代表与主办部门联系，征求关于活动和设备的意见。
备忘录--概述
备忘录--概述
备忘录是一种录以备忘的公文。在公文函件中，它的等级是比较低的，主要用来提醒、督促对方，或就某个问题提出自己的意见或看法。在业务上，它一般用来补充正式文件的不足。它的内容可以分为以下几项：
书端（Heading）;
收文人的姓名、头衔、地址（Addressee’s Name, Title, Address）；
称呼(Salutation)；
事因(Subject)；
正文（Body）；
结束语（Complimentary Close）；
署名（Signature）。
备忘录--注意事项
书端部分包括发文机关的名称、地址、发文日期，有的还包括电报挂号、电传号、电话号码等。许多机关有自己特制的信笺，在写书端时，其格式和标点符号的使用与一般信件的相同。收文人（或收文单位）的姓名、头衔、地址一项写在左上角编号处的下面，其格式与书信的写法相同。
称呼从左边顶格写起，对一般机关、团体的负责人一般用 Dear Sir，对政府官员可用 Sir。
“事因”一项目前采用得较少。它可放在称呼语之前，也可放在其后，前面可加 Re或Docket, Subject。如果此项写在称呼语之前，多从左边的顶格写起；若放在称呼语之后，一般写在信笺正中。它多采用不完整的句子，只需很少几个词，甚至一个词，目的在于使收文人对文中的主要内容一目了然，便于及时处理。
正文、结束语和署名等项与一般信件的格式相同。
便笺(便条)和短信--分类举例--回复友人问侯
便笺(便条)和短信--分类举例--回复友人问侯
(Reply for Regards)
例
Directions:You have just had a operation, and received a note of regards from your friend Jenny.Now please write a reply to her to tell her your current situation.You should write about 100 words.Jan.8th.Dear Jenny，Thanks for your letter of sympthy I received the day before yesterday.The operation on my leg was a wonderful success.You know I had been suffering a lot from my leg since my childhood.The operation removed the cause of trouble.It is quite worth having the operation.I am daily recovering from my illness.I’m confident I will soon be in the office again after proper treatment.Thank you for kind wishes.My best wishes to all your family
×××
*这是对好友问侯便条的回复。形式简单，内容明了。过去完成进行时“I had been suffering…my childhood”表示动作从过去一直持续到现在。
便笺(便条)和短信--分类举例--借物
便笺(便条)和短信--分类举例--借物
(Borrowing)
例
Directions:You are going to write a note for borrowing sth.please deseribe these information clearly.1)the thing you ask
2)detailed what you are going to do with it.3)how long will you take it.Tuesday
Dear Xiao Wang:
I wonder if I could borrow your electronic dictionary for a few days.Now I am translating some important articles.There are many new words which I have to look up the dictionary usually.I just have a paper dictionary but of course it’s not as convenient as the electronic one, which has a bad effect upon my velocity of my translating.So I think your electonic dictionary is more suitable for me to complete my work.I promise that I must be very careful of your dictionary and make no damage done on it.Thank you very much!
Yours ever
×××
*字典是我们日常生活中常用的学习工具，但是千万不能直接从字面上认为“查字典”就是“check the dictionary”，而应该用“look up”这个固定短语来表达。
“影响……”有一个很地道的短语。“have effect upon/on”,后面接受影响的人或物，如果是积极影响就在have和effect之间加a good，反之，就加“a bad”其他的形容词例如great，remarkable也可以用来修饰effect，此词在这里是名词。
便笺(便条)和短信--分类举例--道歉
便笺(便条)和短信--分类举例--道歉
（Apology）
人非圣贤，孰能无过。在社会交往中，人们常常会出现一些疏忽、过失等。如果发生此类事情，就会给对方带来麻烦和不便。为了避免误解，不影响感情，在这种情况下，应写信给对方予以解释，以请求谅解。
此类信要写得及时，态度要诚恳，用词需谦逊。一般在信一开始就向对方表示歉意或内疚，然后说明原因并提出补救的办法。
例1
Directions: You have missed a date of your friend, now you have to write a letter for appologization in about 100 words.May 20th
Dear Lily，I am sorry I missed seeing you yesterday.I know that you must have been disappointed.I also feel worried and anxious in my heart.The fact is that my manager at the last moment asked me to prepare a urgent plan while I could not get to a phone to call you and yesterday I have worked late until about 8:30 p.m.I am terribly sorry.However, I would like to ask you out this weekend to make up for yesterday.Please give me a chance and I am waiting for your reply.×××
* 临时有事未能赴约，一定要把事情解释清楚并真诚的道歉，最好能有弥补（to make up），就像这封信里所说的那样，邀请对方周末再碰头（I would like to ask you out this weekend）注意英文句子you must have been disappointed中情态动词的用法：情态动词+完成时态，表示过去行为。这句话应该理解为“你当时一定感到很失望”。
例2
Directions: You have received a invitation from your friend, but you have already had some guests in your house.Please express the reason you can’t go clearly in about 100 words.6.April
Dear Lucy，I do appologize for having to send this letter about Saturday night.When I accepted your invitation, I simply forgot that Saturday was a holiday and that my own guests were not leaving until Sunday morning.It is difficult for me to make a choice.Though I also wonder to meet you very much.I could not very well go out by myself and leave the guests at my home.I hope you know how sorry I am not to be with you this Saturday.Should I make a visit to you in my other spare time?
Thank you very much.×××
* 自己家里有客人，自然不方便再接受别人邀请去做客所以可以明正言顺的表示拒绝或可另约时间。英文要强调谓语动词，可以加上助动词，例如：
I do apologize for being late.He did come yesterday.例3
Directions: You are already have a date with your friend but suddenly have another thing to do and you have to tell your friend that you can’t go.Express your reason clearly in about 100 words.Monday 9:00 a.m
Dear Jane，I am sorry to tell you that I won’t be able to come this afternoon because I have to go to the airport at 2:00 p.m.to meet an overseas visitor from Australia.I really have kept our datd in my mind all these days, however, I received my boss’ e-mail this morning, he asked me to go to the airport to meet one of his friends from abroad, it’s suddenly and urgent and I must go.Please forgive me.Would you please ring me up to make another time?
Many thanks.×××
* 因有事而不能赴约，只能另约时间（to make或to fix another time）。写信人Bluce很可能是英国人，因为他把“打电话”说成to ring somebody up，美国人通常说to call somebody。英国人打电话还可以说 to give somebody a ring，不要错以为别人要送你个戒指。与别人已经定好的约会却临时不能赴约时，应说明原因并诚恳地道歉，以期获得别人的谅解。
便笺(便条)和短信--分类举例--约请
便笺(便条)和短信--分类举例--约请
(Invitation)
例
Directions:You have a ticket to the Russian National Ballet Troupe, which is visiting and you want to give it to your friend Alice.Write a note to her and say:
1)the time of the show，2)the place where you will wait for her
You should write about 100 words.Sunday
Dear Alice，Here is a piece of good news for you.The Russian National Ballet Troupe, which is now on a visit in Beijing, will give a performance in the Beijing Grand Theater tomorrow evening.I am sure that you will be happy to watch it.Here I leave you an admission card.The performance will begin at seven o’clock sharp.I will wait for you at the theater entrance.Please let me know whether you are prevented from coming or not.×××
* 约朋友一起去看戏，可是朋友不在家，只好留下票子和一张便条，但又怕朋友来不了，所以在便条最后特地写上“如果你来不了，告诉我一声”（Please let me know whether you are prevented from coming）此文的wait for也可以用expect 代替。
便笺(便条)和短信--分类举例--请假
便笺(便条)和短信--分类举例--请假
（Asking for Leave）
例1
Directions:You are about to write a Business Leave Note of about 100 words.Please desc
ribe these information clearly.1)the reason you ask for the leave
2)the time and how long you will leave
Class 4, Grade 3
Aug.22nd
To Department Office
Secretary Li，I’m sorry to apply for ten day’s leave from the Aug.23rd to sept, 3rd instant.As I have to leave with the time is urgent.My father now in the hospital is badly ill.I have to go to see him and take care of him for a few days.You know I’m the only child in my family.Of course I will show you the telegram about my fathers illness which is recieved from my mother to support my application.As concern as the missed lessons during my absence, I promise I will do my best to catch them on after I come back to the campus.Wish for your allowance.Yours respectfully
×××
*本文是一封请假条，一般我们要向上级或老师请假，通常用的是ack for leave这个短语，请三天假可写作：ask for three days’ leave;因病请假则是ask for sick leave.leave在这里是名词用法，文中用的短语是apply for意为“申请”，含有更加郑重的意味，常用于下级对上级或晚辈对长辈的书面语中，“Only child”意为“独生子女”相应的，“独生女”译作“only daughter”而“独生子”译作“only son”.As concern as.后面跟名词性结构，意为“涉及到，至于”与Concerning同意，两者可以互换。
例2
Directions:Your father is seriously ill, and you want to go back home.Write a note to the secretary and it should include.1)the cause for leaving;
2)the days: from 16th to 21 st;
3)Catch on the lesson after returning school.July 5th
Dear Miss Huang，My sister called me last night, and she said that my father is dangerously ill.I beg to apply for seven days’ leave of absence from 16th to 21st instant, in order that I can see my beloved father.I should be much obliged if you would grant me my application.As regards the lessons to be missed during my absence, I will do my best to make up for them as soon as I get back from home.Sincerely yours，×××
*本格式采用The Semi-indented Form（半缩进式），以前比较流行，现在人们也继续采用。I should be much obliged if you would...是一种客套语，表示“结果……，我当不胜感激。”“补课”的英文是to make up for the lessons。as soon as意思是一……就。
便笺(便条)和短信--概述
便笺(便条)和短信--概述
便条也是书信的一种形式。它的特点是内容简短，主要有临时性的询问、留言、通知、要求等。跟正规书信相比，便条的语言比较口头化，比如要通知某事只需这样开头：Just a line to tell you that...而无须像正规书信那样This is to inform you that...开头。另外，在便条中常出现省略现象，例如：“key to back door is under mat.”或者“key to back door under mat.”(后门钥匙在垫子下面)代之以“The key to the back door is under the mat.”。
结束时也无需结尾礼词，只需写上写便条者姓名。如果是关系比较近的人，则只需写上姓或名。
便笺(便条)和短信--注意事项
1.词句简洁，尽量避免应酬语和各种敬词
2.切忌内容空洞、言不达意。
便条的日期通常写在右上角。一般只写上星期几或者星期几上午或下午，也可写上午、下午的具体时刻。日常应用中，写上几月几日的也很普遍。但一般不写年份，因为便条的内容多半是当日或近日内要办的事情。写便条时，不得事先准备，因此无固定格式，大多用手写。
私人和公务信函--分类举例--祝福信
私人和公务信函--分类举例--祝福信
（Letters of Regards）
例
Directions:You are going to send a letter to your friend for the new year.Please write it in about 100 words and do not need to write the address.Dear Mr.Carter，As a new year comes across the corner, it gives us great pleasure to say how much we have appreciated working with you over the past twelve months.It was a good memory for me which I always kept in my mind.Would you be the same with me? Last year was a wonderful year and we both got many benefits and progress from each other.I sincerely hope that our pleasant business relationship will continue for years to come.Our staff here join me in wishing you a very Merry Christmas and a Happy and Prosperous New Year.Yours sincerely，×××
* 生意人在新年来临之际相互祝愿，主要关心的当然是“继续保持业务关系”（to continue the pleasant business relationship），并且“在新的一年里生意兴隆”（a Happy and Prosperous New Year）。
私人和公务信函--分类举例--请求信
私人和公务信函--分类举例--请求信
(Letters of Request)
例
Directions: You are about to write an application for you want to get a rise of your salary.Please express your reasons clearly in about 100 words.September 10, 2002
Dear Manager，I make bold to write this letter to you.One year ago I joined your firm as an apprentice, receiving $ 500 per month during the period of training.Now I became a full-time clerk afterwards for a few days, but my salary has remained the same.As the cost of living is rising, would you consider an increase of my salary? I will not wonder too much but the same as other clerks in our firm.I pledge myself to continue to serve the firm to the best of my ability.Many thanks
Yours faithfully，×××
* make bold to表示冒昧（地做某事）一般请别人帮忙或者要求加薪时可以这样用。full-time表示全职，part-time表示兼职。
私人和公务信函--分类举例--求学信
私人和公务信函--分类举例--求学信
(Letters of Applying for Study Chance)
改革开放以来，出国留学的热潮一直有增无减。对于一个渴望出国深造的人来说，写封好的求学信，至关重要。
总的来说，第一封求学信不要过长，只需写明自己的姓名、职业、学历、专业、入学时间以及通讯地址即可。待所申请的学校复函后，再按要求寄去所需材料，例如：简历、成绩单、学位证明、推荐信、经济担保书、健康证明、外语考试成绩等。
例
Directions: If you are a student of Tianjin University and you want to apply to the Graduate School for pursuit of the International Business Program of the New York University.Write the applying letter like following:
1)Declare all your situations in Tianjin University.2)What do you want to apply for?
You should write about 100 words and don’t need to write address.Dear Mr Smiths，Thank you for your last letter.As your require, I have written a personal statement to give a detailed description of my academic and work experience in Tianjin University.I also wrote my reasons for my applying to your Graduate School for pursuit of the International Business Program.I have two letters of recommendation for me.One of them is from an English Professor, which proves that my English has reached an advanced level.The other is from an economics professor, which certificates that I am good in the field of economics and business management.Both of the letters will be mailed directly to you.My GMAT score is 2160.I haven’t received my TOFEL score yet.But I will send it to you as soon as I know.Best Wishes
Yours sincerely，×××
*申请出国的求学信应包括PS.推荐信和相关英语考试的成绩，诸如TOFEL、GRE以及GMAT等，一般来说GRE和GMAT有一个即可申请，而TOFEL成绩则是去英语国家留学的必要条件。
私人和公务信函--分类举例--感谢信
私人和公务信函--分类举例--感谢信
（Letters of Thankness）
例
Directions:Your friend Jenny gave you a hand when you were in depression because of your mother’s death.Write a letter to express your thankness.1)the reason for the letter
2)What you will do to overcome the sorrow.The address is not necessary and it should be no less than 100 words.Dear Jenny，I do not need to tell you how greatly I appreciate all you have done for me these days and how grateful I am for the comfort and understanding you gave me when I needed them so desperately.No one knows better than you how important my mother meant to me and what an aching void my life has become without her.But I am trying to take your advice and I hope that returning to my work next week will help heal the sorrow
I really do not know what I would have been without you.Thank you again for everything you have done for me!
Affectionately，×××
* 假如你失去亲人，你会感到“悲伤”（sorrow或aching void），“迫切需要别人的安慰和理解”（need comfort and understanding desperately）。这封信就是对于别人在此时此刻所给予的帮助表示由衷的感谢，写信人说：“要是没有你，我真不知道该怎么做”（I really do not know what I would have been without you.），请注意英语句子的虚拟语气。
私人和公务信函--分类举例--邀请信
私人和公务信函--分类举例--邀请信
(Letters of Invitation)
例1
Directions:You are planning to ask your friend to join an outing.Express your idea clearly as follows:
1)details about what you are going to do
2)when and where you will go out.You should write no less than 100 words and don’t need to write the address.Dear Li Ying，Haven’t seen you for a long time.How have you been? I am missing you all the time.As the weather is splendid now, Jack、Lucy and I have made a plan to go out to the countryside by bike.Each of us may take food for the picnic, which we will have at the hillside.The countryside must be very lovely, with grass and trees growing flourishingly, flowers full bloom and bright sunshine.We can enjoy the scenery to our hearts’ content, at the same time and take some pictures as a memory.It is possible for us to meet at the bus stop 8 a.m.I am sure we will have a good time.Do come and join us.Yours always，×××
*.邀友交游时的语言可以比较轻松、简单而不用太正式，例如一些简单的问候“How have you been?” 和邀请语句“Do come”
例2
Directions:You want to invite Mr.Wallace to give a speech on “American literature”.Write a letter to him and say.1)the purpose of the invitation.2)the time of the lecture
It should be less than 100 words.You don’t need write the address.Dear Mr.Wallace，We know that you are an expert on literature.As students in English major, we want to know some details about literature.We should be very grateful if you could give a talk on “American Literature” to students of the English Department on Saturday, April 19.If this subject does not suit you, any other similar topic would be welcome as well.We have already had several very interesting talks from distinguished visiors from various countries this semester and we look forward eagerly to the opportunity to benefit from your experience and wisdom.Sincerely yours，×××
* 本文是邀请外国专家做讲座的邀请函。信的言辞应表示诚意，如“我殷切期盼”（to look forward eagerly to the opportunity），还要表示尊重，如“从您的阅历和智慧中受益”（to benefit from your experience and wisdom）.例3
Directions: Write an invitation to Mr John Sze, inviting him to be the calligraphy competition judge.The number of the words is no less than 100 words and you don’t need to write the address.Dear Mr Sze，The 20th Taiwan Chinese Calligraphy Competition, organized by the Good Hope Association and Modern Trade Ltd., will accept entries from 3 March to 15 April 2004
As a renowned expert in Chinese calligraphy, you are cordially invited to present as a member of our panel of judges.We would also like to invite you to give away the prizes at the prize presentation ceremony, and to deliver a speech to the audience.Details of the Competition are as follows:
1.Aim:
To help raise the standard of Chinese calligraphy among primary and middle school students, and to arouse their interest in traditional Chinese culture.2.Contestants:
Primary Division:students of Primary 6 or below.Junior Middle School Division: students of 14 to 16.Senior Middle School Division: students of 16 or above
3.Selection procedures:
First-stage selection by respective schools, second-stage selection and final decisions by the Panel of Judges.4.Date of prize presentation ceremony: July 2004(tentative;details to follow)
I would appreciate it if you would give me a reply at your earliest convenience so that the necessary arrangements can be made soon without delay.In case of queries, please do not hesitate to contact me at 24088507 during office hours.Thank you.Yours sincerely.×××
Chairperson
Competition Planning Committee
* Calligraphy Competition 书法比赛，panel of judges.专家裁判，或专家仲裁组tentative adj.暂定的，in case of queries：如有置疑。
例4
Directions: write a letter to invite your colleagues to participate in a family party.The fol
lows should be included
1)the reasons of invitation
2)time and location of the party
It should be no less than 100 words and don’t need write the address.Fiona:
I will go to a food party at Karen Yius place together with colleagues of the Accounts Department at 4:00 p.m.this Sunday to celebrate the fourteenth anniversary of his marriage.Everybody is expected to bring a dish and a bottle of wine of his or her own.If you feel interested, please join us at the main entrance of Pioneer Plaza at 3:00 p.m.sharp that day, and don’t forget your dish and wine.We do hope you come and are expecting to see you then.With best wishes.Sincerely yours，×××
* 邀请信语言应简明真诚，形式通常有正式和非正式两种形式。本文是同事之间的邀请，并且参加的是家庭聚会，所以用非正式形式即可。
私人和公务信函--分类举例--求助信
人和公务信函--分类举例--求助信
(Letters of Asking for Help)
例1
Directions: You want to study further for a Master’s degree and you are preparing for the entrance exam.Since you have difficulty in English, you should write a letter around 100 words to ask for help from your good friend Fang.You do not need to write the address.Dear Fang，I am sorry that I have to ask a favour of you, with the hope that you will be kind to help me.I have been longing to apply for the entrance examination for MA candidates for a long time because I want to pursue advanced studies.Unfortunately I find myself far from the required standard, especially my very poor English.At this moment, the personal friendship leads me to approach you with the request, whether you can manage to give me some constructive guidance.I promise to be a diligent student.If you agree, I will come to your house once a week at a time most convenient to you.Thank you very much for your kind help on many occasions in the past.Your friend，×××
*Thank you very much for your kind help on many occasions in the past.多次承你帮忙，不胜感激！
例2
Directions: Suppose you are a senior majored in physics and plan to study further abroad.Please write a letter of about 100 words to professor Li and ask him to write a reference for you to a U.S.university.You do not need to write the address.Dear professor Li，I am a undergraduate from the Department of physics and I fortunately took a major course on which you lectured.Your lessons impressed me deeply.As a senior, I face the choice between hunting for a job and continuing to study.I prefer to apply for a chance to pursue a Master’s degree abroad.I have taken required English exams and got excellent scores.What’s more, I have finished my personal statement, which is attached to this letter.I’m now writing to ask if you can write a reference for me, which will greatly facilitate my admission into a U.S.university.Best wishes for your health.Your Student，×××
*在请求别人写推荐信时应写明自己的目的和打算，并为对方提供相关信息。
例3
Directions:You plan to apply for admission to Harvard University.You want Mr Black help you with money.Write a letter to him to tell him.1)The reason for your letter.2)The sum of money
3)How you make your living in the U.S.You do not need to write the address.Dear Mr.Black，I have applied for admission to Harvard University.As I have no relatives in the United States and I have no enough money for the tuition.I must find a financial guarantor.You know, in applying for a student visa, an affidavit to support must be submitted from an individual who will assure this opportunity.It plays an important role for my chance to enter the Harvard University.Could you do me a favor to be my financial guarantor.If I really have the chance of coming to the U.S., I will undertake part-time employment to cover all the living expenses.Please write to me soon.Yours sincerely，×××
* 出国留学需要有人经济担保。如果是到美国留学，那么你的美国友人要填写一份担保书（affidavit of support），保证你在美国学习期间的学费和生活费用。
例4
Directions:You are preparing to ask for some help from your teacher,write a letter that:
1)detail what you want he or she do for you.2)express your thanks to your teacher.You do not need to write the address.Dear Ms Wang，I make bold to write this letter to ask you to do me a favour.I have tried to translate several short chinese stories into English for a part-time job.As it is the first time for me to do a translation work, I think there must be many errors and awkward expressions of Chinese English for my lack of experiences.I sincerely hope that you would read over my manuscripts and correct my mistakes and sociolisms.Also could you please give me some other suggestions on my translation work.Thank you for your help with great respect!
Your faithful student，×××
*.请人帮忙除了通常所说的ask for help,也可以用do sb a favour来表达。表示很诚恳地希望什么时，可用句型“I sincerely hope that…”
私人和公务信函--分类举例--推荐信
私人和公务信函--分类举例--推荐信
(Letters of Recommendation)
例1
Directions:You are preparing to introduce your student to sb.Write a letter about 100 words and express your opinion clearly.1)what the referee want to obtain
2)the reason you want to introduce him or her.3)the opinion and suggestion of yourself.
第四篇：新闻写作指导手册
新 闻 写 作 指 导 手 册
湘潭大学校团委宣传部汇编
2010年9月
目 录
一、前言„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„3
二、新闻的“庐山真面目”„„„„„„„„„„„„„4
三、新闻的写作技巧„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„8
四、新闻实例解析„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„13
五、精彩文章分享„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„17
六、实用网站以及报刊推荐„„„„„„„„„„„„„21 附：湖南青年在线后台操作„„„„„„„„„„„„„22
一、前言
在湘潭大学校团委工作期间，新闻上传工作是一项基本的工作，学会新闻写作以及新闻编辑工作，会使自己比同龄人更具有工作能力，能得到更多的工作机会。多一个本领，多一些机会。
湘潭大学的陈建平教授曾告诫我们，在大学，需要学好两样东西，一是写作，而是口才。写作水平体现一个人的知识积累，价值观，口才展现实力、个人魅力、思维方式。写作和口才是自我展现的重要方面，需加强锻炼。
新闻稿件是一个非常普遍的写作题材，虽然它不像散文、小说、诗歌需要多么深厚的文学功底，但是要想写一篇令自己和别人都满意的稿件，也不是一件很容易的事情。
掌握好新闻写作，并非难事，新闻写作有基本的写作模式，有一些较为固定的写作风格，写作术语，所以在短时间内掌握好新闻的写作技巧是可能的。但是，学写新闻，除了了解基本的写作技巧，还需多去看报刊网站上刊登的新闻，多亲自写，多请教写作高手指导。只有勇于实践，大胆尝试，深入采访，勤奋笔耕，不断提高新闻采访写作的技巧，才能写出更多更好的新闻作品。
请教的时间，可以贯穿到新闻采访写作的全过程。如何培养新闻敏感，寻找新闻线索可以请教；如何拟订采访提纲、选好新闻题材、提炼和表现新闻主题可以请教；如何使写出来的新闻更加符合新闻写作的要求，更加精彩可以请教。
学习的过程中固然艰辛，但是只要用心，用心领悟，用心学习，任何事情都可以做得好！
二、新闻的“庐山真面目”
新闻，是指报纸、电台、电视台经常使用的记录社会、传播信息、反映时代的一种文体。它的种类很多，这里只介绍使用频率最高的消息和通讯。
消息，也叫新闻。新闻这一概念有狭义和广义之分。狭义的单指消息；广义的指消息、通讯、报告文学、特写、评论等等。消息是用概括的叙述方式，比较简明扼要的文字，迅速及时地报道国内外新近发生的、有价值的、群众最关心的事实。新闻写作，实际上就是客观地记叙事实、评述实事。
（一）新闻的要素是什么？
新闻要素也就是记叙要素，包括人物、时间、地点、事件发生的原因、经过、结果。
（二）新闻的结构是什么？
一篇完整的消息有五部分构成：标题、导语、主体、背景、结语。标题以凝炼的语言，概述全篇的要旨，醒目有力。
导语是消息开头的第一段或是第一句话，它扼要地提示消息的核心内容。主体是消息的主干，它用充足的事实表现主题，是对导语内容的进一步阐述和扩展。
背景往往是说明事件发生的原因、条件或环境的材料，有时是注释性的材料。结语则或是对消息内容作一小结，或是指出所报道事件的发展方向。
标题、导语、主体是一则新闻不可缺少的三个部分。一则新闻，往往由这三部分构成。
（三）新闻的特点是什么？
新闻的特点是立场、观点鲜明，内容真实、具体，反映迅速，语言简明准确。（四性：真实性、及时性、准确性、客观性。）
内容真实，事实准确。真实是消息的生命，是力量的所在。事实是它的本源，也是它令人信服的基础。真实，就是事实真实，所写的人物、时间、地点、事情发生发展的经过不能虚构。准确，就是每个事实，包括细节在内都准确无误。如果一条消息失真或有差误，不仅会减低其新闻价值，失信于民，而且还会损害党和人民的事业。
内容新鲜，有价值。新闻贵在新，而且有认识意义、启迪和指导意义。消息只有新，才能引起读者的注意，先睹为快。新，不仅要把新人物、新事件、新经验报道给读者。而且要选择有意义、有价值，给人以启迪，有指导性的事物。那种一味追求猎奇的“狗咬人不是新闻，人咬狗才是新闻”的观点，是我们所不取的。
要迅速及时，有时效性。迅速是消息的价值，消息报道速度迟缓便会降低消息的价值，“新闻”变成了“旧闻”。时效，就是速度要快，内容要新。对新人、新事、新情况、新问题，要敏锐地发现，尽快地了解，迅速及时地反映。
简明扼要，篇幅短小。简短是消息区别于其他文体的主要标志。所谓简短，就是“三言两语，记清事实，寥寥数笔，显出精神，概括而不流于抽象，简短而不陷于疏漏”，用笔要简洁利落，内容集中精炼。
（四）新闻的基本写法有什么？
以叙述为主，有时兼有议论、描写。
（五）消息的种类是什么？
1.动态消息
动态消息是迅速而准确地报道新近发生的国际、国内重大事件、重要的活动和各项建设中最新出现的新情况、新动态、新成就、新问题的一种文体。它是报纸上使用最多的一类。
重大新闻的简讯都属于动态消息。重大新闻，指事件重大，一意义深远，报道时在报纸上占显著位置的消息。
2.典型消息
典型消息也叫经验消息，它是对一些具体部门、单位、行业的典型经验、成功做法集中报道的一种文体。这种消息是在介绍经验、做法之后，总结经验，揭示规律，以达到以点带面，推动工作的目的。如《一切依靠群众自己的创造——首钢十年改革的一条基本经验》（《人民日报》）1988年12月26日）。
3.综合消息
综合消息是把发生在不同地点、不同单位、各具特色、性质相同的事实综合在一起，并体现一个主题的报道。它的特点是在综合、概括事实的基础上，进行分析，提出见解，揭示规律。如《滥砍树木南亚三国水灾仍频，亡羊补牢印北方帮助员植树》（《光明日报》1993年7月25日）。
4.述评消息
又称“记者述评”、“新闻述评”。是一种兼有消息与评论作用的新闻。它是在陈述事实的基础上，穿插评论或抒发感慨，从而分析说明所报道事实的本质和意义。它的特点是边叙边评，要求以国家的方针政策为依据，针对事实进行评说，要观点正确，评论得当。如《分清主流与支流，莫把“开头”当“过头”》（《辽宁日报》 1979年5月）。
★校园新闻主要是会议新闻、活动新闻、学术动态、获奖新闻、校园动态。1.会议新闻。会议新闻主要是突出会议主题，写明是哪一位重要领导参与，重要领导的讲话纲要、会议精神、会议流程，最终的会议结果等。
2.活动新闻。活动新闻主要是校园活动，写活动稿主要是简明扼要介绍活动基本情况以及活动目的，挖掘活动特色之处。并采访具有代表性人物的相关言论，最后写活动的基本结果，结果是重要的部分。大部分活动稿都是写某某活动举办成功为标题。《我校举办“5.25大学生心理健康日”主题活动》（湘大新闻网，5月27号）；《旅游文化节导游大赛决赛：解读神州印象》（湘大新闻网，5月18号）
3.学术动态。主要是相关课题、项目申报成功，论文发表情况等学术方面的新闻。如：《我校喜获一项中德合作研究项目》（湘大新闻网，9月4号）；《材 6 料与光电物理学院刘红荣博士的论文在science杂志上发表》（湘大新闻网，8月31号）
4.获奖新闻。顾名思义，即通报获奖情况。
5.校园动态。关于校园的一些新闻动态。《2010级新生入学》（湘大新闻网，9月2号）；《学校部署今年下半年工作》（湘大新闻网，8月31号）
三、新闻的写作技巧
（一）基本写作方法
学写新闻稿，至少要做到以下几点：
第一、基本掌握标题的制作技巧。
标题是很重要的一个方面，标题是文章的眼睛，一篇新闻稿若有一条新颖别致的标题，就能象磁石那样牢牢地吸引编辑和读者的注意力。标题一般要起概括全文的作用，下面所写的内容都是围绕着标题展开的。通常我们写标题可以采用投机的方法，即用活动的标题（一般活动都会用横幅写明活动内容的）来做新闻稿的标题。或者在活动标题的基础上适当修改一下就成了新闻标题。
消息的标题，分眉题（又称引题、肩题）、正题（又称主题、母题）和副题（又称辅题、子题）。有如下几种情况：
（1）多行标题。多行标题，一般有三行，即中间一行是正题，是标题的核心，用来揭示主题或提示重要事实；正题上面一行是眉题，用来引出正题，说明事实，交代背景，烘托气氛，揭示含义；正题的下面一行是副标题，用来补充说明情况或说明正题或依据。如：
经贸部负责人发表谈话（眉题）
希望海峡两岸实现直接贸易（正题）
愿与台经贸主管部门接触协商解决双方贸易中问题幅题）
双行标题。其一，出现正题和眉题。如：
真正幸福要靠自己劳动去创造（眉题）
杜芸芸将十万元遗产献国家（正题）。
其二，出现正题和副题。如：
成都电讯局花钱“买”批评（正题）
在报上登“公告”欢迎群众对通讯服务工作进行监督（副题）
（2）单行标题。单行标题只有正题。如：
***接受《朝日新闻》社长采访 消息的标题，力求言简意明，平易亲切，准确新颖，富有吸引力。采用哪种标题，要酌情而定。
第二、学会写导语。
导语是消息的开头，导语是写一个新闻事件中最有新闻价值的部分（新闻价值通俗来讲就是新闻中那些最突出，最新奇，最能吸引受众的部分），比如一场比赛刚刚结束，读者们最想知道的是结果，或者是某个冠军的发挥情况，就先从这里写起。国外新闻界有人称导语是“抓心的手”这就是极言导语吸引作用的。没有好的导语，就算不上成功的新闻稿。
导语常采用以下几种写法：
叙述式。简明扼要地写出主要事实、经验，或对全篇事实材料进行综合概括，揭示主要内容。如：“全国第一家由个体户与港商合资经营的企业——大连光彩实业（合资）有限公司，经国务院批准，1985年4月13日正式开业。”这是《经济日报》1985年4月18日发的消息导语。
提问式。把消息中要解决的问题或要介绍的经验、做法以设问的形式提出，然后再用事实作答。如“亲爱的读者，你知道灯心绒可以做夏天穿的裙子吗？上海绒布厂新生产的许多灯芯绒中，就有这样新奇的品种”。（新华社1980年7月16日新闻稿）
描写式。对富有特色的事实或有意义的一个侧面，用简练的笔墨进行形象描绘，给读者以鲜明的印象。如“一盆盆翠绿欲滴的麦冬、松柏、万年青和盛开的鲜花装点在人民大会堂的大厅里，全国妇联今天下午在这里举行联欢会。中外妇女1500多人欢聚一堂。相互握手问好，亲切交谈，共同庆祝„三八‟妇女劳动节”。（新华社北京1988年3月8日电）
评论式。是对所报道的事实先作出评论性结论，然后再用具体事实来阐明。如“今天，新中国颁布的第一部专利法正式生效了。从此，脑力劳动成果被无偿占用的历史在我国宣告结束”。（新华社北京1985年4月1日电）
引用式。引用消息中人物深刻而富有意义的语言作为导语。如“女青年杜芸芸到上海司法机关，要求将继承的十余万元遗产捐献给国家，她说：„我还年轻，9 应该靠自己的劳动来生活，我愿意将这笔钱来支援国家的四化建设‟”。（《文汇报》1981年9月29日）
第三、写好主体。
主体是消息的主要部分。它承接导语，阐述导语所揭示的主题，或回答导语中提出的问题，对消息事实作具体的叙述与展开。写主体要注意如下几点：
主干突出。消息的主体是主干，典型材料要用在主干上。要去头绪，减枝蔓，与主题无关的要舍弃，次要材料要简略。
内容充实。回答导语中提出的问题，其内容必须具体、充实，这样才有说服力。导语提出什么问题，主体就要回答什么问题，这样才能紧扣中心，突出重点。
结构严谨，层次分明。要恰当地划分段落，有条不紊地展开叙述，安排层次有以下几种顺序：一是时间顺序，按事情的发生、发展、结束的先后顺序安排层次；二是逻辑顺序，就是根据事物的内在联系来安排层次；三是时间顺序和逻辑顺序相结合，这样写严密而有条理，活泼而不紊乱。
第四、解释清楚背景。
背景是指事件发生的历史环境和原因，它说明事件发生的具体条件、性质和意义，是为充实内容，烘托和突出主题服务的背景既可在主体部分出现，也可在导语或结尾部分出现，位置不固定。
背景材料一般有三类：一是对比材料，即对事物进行前后、正反的比较对照，以突出事件的重要性；二是说明性材料，即介绍政治背景、地理位置、历史演变、生产面貌、物质条件等；三是诠释性材料，即人物生平的说明，专业术语的介绍，历史典故的解释等，以帮助读者理解消息的内容。
第五、写一个漂亮或意味深长的结语。
结语是消息的最后一段或一句话。阐明消息所述事实的意义，使读者对消息的理解、感受加深，从中得到更多的启示。
消息的结尾方式有小结式、评论式、希望式等。有的消息，事实写完，文章就止住了，结尾就在事实之中。
注意：
1.基本熟悉各种新闻体裁的写法和结构。不熟悉各种新闻体裁的基本写法，就无法比较得心应手地进行新闻写作。而谋篇布局的好坏在一定程度上决定新闻稿件在受众和编辑眼中的“身价”。
2.理解和掌握新闻写作的基本方法——用事实说话。摆事实，用事实说话，这是新闻独特魅力所在，也是新闻事业不可代替的价值所在。初学新闻的学生记者往往用自己的主观评价和臆断代替大量的重要的新闻事实，使写出的新闻或空洞无物，或言不及义。
3.凸显新闻主题。孕育新闻主题，则是提高新闻稿价值的应有之义。新闻主题是一篇报道的主旨，我们写任何东西，都要有一个明确的目的，到底要表现什么、反映什么。若是心中无数，势必信笔涂鸦，不知所云。如果要反映记者对生活现象和社会问题的基本态度和看法，使写出的新闻报道吸引人、鼓舞人、引导人、就必须注重提炼新闻主题。清代的袁枚对“主题思想”的问题讲的精彩。他把漂亮的句子比做一大堆铜钱，古代的铜钱外圆内方，可以用绳子穿起来，一串铜钱叫“一贯”，袁枚认为，文章的主题就好比是穿钱的绳子，要是没有一个明确的主题思想来统帅你的文字，那你写的东西就像撒满一地的铜钱，不能派上用场。
新闻主题是整篇报道的灵魂，它隐藏于新闻素材之中，一旦我们把它发掘出来，它就会统领全篇，成为整篇报道的中心内容。我们要站在时代和社会的高度，坚持实事求是、不落俗套、贴近生活、读者至上等原则，运用追根究底法、对比联系法、见微知著法等方法，提炼和深化新闻主题。
（二）写作角度
要写好一篇新闻稿，可以注重这样几个角度：
第一、思想角度。有启发性的思想常常能够吸引不少人的注意力，加强思想 上的力度是最重要的新角度。如一个班级开展的活动，单从范围来说，算不上大的新闻，但如果从加强某方面学习的角度来看，却又有报道的价值。
第二、特色角度。有些节日的庆祝活动每年都大同小异，但我们如果找准了该年活动的特色内容进行报道，就能写出有价值的新闻。
第三、读者角度。要注意研究同全校师生的物质生活和精神生活竟紧密相连、普遍关心的问题，选择发生在师生学习、生活中的“小事”，以小见大，才能增强新闻的吸引力。作为一个学生记者，只要经常深入到同学们的教室、寝室、图书馆、运动场，注意观察他们的学习和生活状况，了解他们的意见和要求，从他们的意见和要求，从他们最关心、最想知道的内容入手，才能写出有意义的新闻。
第四、时间和空间角度。有些新闻事实，在不同的时期、不同的空间其重要的程度也会发生一定的变化。有的事实发生在去年算不了新闻，但发生在今年却要算新闻了；有的事实发生在A班算不了新闻而发生在B班却又算新闻了；有的事件和话题，在一定时期内迫切需要解决，对实际工作能起推动作用；有的问题在一定时期内成为师生关注的焦点。
四、新闻实例解析
一、【会议稿】湘潭大学隆重召开2009共青团工作表彰大会
红网湘潭5月5日讯（通讯员 毛斌）5月4日下午，在五四青年节来临之际，湘潭大学2009共青团工作表彰大会在学生活动中心报告厅隆重举行。校党委书记肖国安、党委副书记李伯超、副校长戴飞军、高协平和校长助理谭援强出席大会，并为五四红旗团委、十佳志愿服务团支部、十佳学生社团、关心共青团工作育才奖、优秀专兼职团干部等获奖集体和个人代表颁奖。
肖国安代表学校党委、行政向全校团员青年致以节日的问候，向受到表彰的集体和个人表示热烈的祝贺。他指出，伟大的五四精神是广大团员青年取之不尽、受用终生的宝贵财富，面对新形势新任务，如何继承和发扬五四精神，是摆在每一位青年学生面前的重要人生课题。他希望，全校青年学生胸怀宽广，坚定信念，做理想远大的有志青年；积极思考，勤奋学习，做真才实学的有用青年；加强修养，锤炼品格，做德才兼备的有德青年；勇于实践，甘于奉献，做学以致用的有为青年，倍加珍惜难得的历史机遇，倍加珍惜宝贵的青春年华，认真学习，积极进取，让伟大的五四精神在全力推进研究教学型高水平大学进程的实践中放射出更加夺目的时代光芒，奋力开创学校又好又快发展新局面。
二、【获奖稿】欧定余获“2009全国高校辅导员人物”入围奖近日，教育部公布“2009全国高校辅导员人物”评选结果，我校商学院党委副书记欧定余获“2009全国高校辅导员人物”入围奖。
“2009全国高校辅导员人物”评选活动由教育部思想政治工作司指导，全国高校辅导员工作研究会、中国教育报、中国教育电视台共同举办，从全国近13 10万名高校辅导员中评选出“2009全国高校辅导员人物”10名、提名奖40名、入围奖150名。欧定余因创造性地开展大学生思想政治教育工作、工作业绩突出而获得“2009全国高校辅导员人物”入围奖。
三、【活动稿】高雅艺术进校园：中外歌剧及经典歌曲唱响湘大 6月29日晚，一场精彩纷呈的中外歌剧及经典歌曲音乐会在我校大礼堂激情上演。团省委副书记陈雪楚、校党委副书记李伯超、校纪委书记宁建民、副校长高协平、副校级督导员郑赤建与2000余名师生一起，共享了这场由中国歌剧舞剧院演绎的“高雅艺术进校园”音乐盛宴。
中国歌剧舞剧院党委副书记兼歌剧团团长孙毅担任音乐会的主持人。一曲欢快的合唱曲目《好日子》拉开此次音乐会的帷幕，诙谐幽默的通俗歌曲《回娘家》诠释了回娘家的喜悦，唯美的女高音独唱《一杯美酒》演绎了女主人公对爱情的渴望，《洁白的芦花》展现了千里万里梦相随的柔情，经典红色歌剧选段《珊瑚颂》和《洪湖水浪打浪》带领观众领略了奋进时代的激情。西部歌王凭《山丹丹花开红艳艳》以独特的原生态超高音震撼全场，由盲人歌手自创的歌曲《你是我的眼》更是带给观众许多感动，耳熟能详的国外经典歌舞剧《卡门》、《图兰朵》、《茶花女》选段也在舞台上各显其精彩。随着合唱《二十年后再相会》激情高昂的旋律响起，这场经典荟萃的音乐会在观众的意犹未尽中落下帷幕。
中国歌剧舞剧院是隶属文化部的国家级剧院，集多种艺术门类于一身，拥有歌剧团、舞剧团、民族乐团、管弦乐团、创作室及一个完整的舞台美术制作部。此次音乐会由教育部、文化部、财政部主办，湖南省教育厅和我校承办。
我校自2006年开展“高雅艺术进校园”系列活动以来，中国话剧院、中央芭蕾舞团、中央民族歌舞团、荷兰爵士乐团、湖南省交响乐团等纷纷登上了我校的舞台，让广大师生领略了高雅艺术的无穷魅力。
四、【学术动态】材料与光电物理学院刘红荣博士的论文在science杂志上发表
8月27日出版的Science杂志刊登了材料与光电物理学院教师刘红荣博士在冷冻电镜单颗粒技术领域具有突破性发现的研究成果：Atomic Structure of Human Adenovirus by Cryo-EM Reveals Interactions Among Protein Networks(Hongrong Liu et al., Science, Vol 329,1038，2010)，同期发表的还有一篇采用X-ray方法的文章，以及曾获得诺贝尔奖提名的结构生物学先驱、美国科学院院士、哈弗大学教授Stephen C.Harrison的评价。
Stephen C.Harrison教授对刘红荣博士的工作给予了很高评价，认为他的工作是当今冷冻电子显微学领域的代表作（The cryo-EM structure is a tour de force of contemporary electron microscopy），同时指出他的结构明显比X-ray的结构更好（Indeed, the cryo-EM density map of Liu et al.appears to be substantially clearer and more interpretable than the x-ray density map of Reddy et al）。这篇文章同时被选为本期的研究亮点（science highlight）。
人类腺病毒能引起呼吸道、消化道及眼睛等诸多严重的疾病，同时也是当前非常热门的医学领域“基因治疗”的主要载体，因此受到生物界和医学界的高度重视。刘红荣博士的研究成果最突出的亮点是用冷冻电镜单颗粒技术求解了人类腺病毒的原子分辨的三维结构，这是迄今为止国际上所解出的生物大分子原子结构中最大的一个，代表了当今冷冻电镜单颗粒技术领域的最高水平。
刘红荣是材料与光电物理学院青年教师，1973年出生，1997年参加工作，2000年在职攻读凝聚态物理硕士学位，2005年在职攻读凝聚态物理博士学位，师从杨奇斌教授。在导师指导下，刘红荣在冷冻电镜单颗粒技术领域开展了系列卓有成效的工作，所提出的新理论和算法得到广泛应用，其攻读博士学位期间发表的论文被Nature、Science、PNAS等国际顶级杂志多次引用。这次被Science刊登的工作涉及到巨大的计算量，正是得益于其读博期间提出的新算法和所编计算程序，才使得研究取得重要进展。2009年3月，刘红荣应邀去美国加州大学洛杉矶分校（UCLA）加州纳米技术研究所从事博士后研究。
刘红荣是继袁辉球于2003年在Science杂志发表有关超导研究的论文之后，以我校为第二完成单位在Science杂志发表的第二篇高水平论文。袁辉球、刘红荣均毕业于我校凝聚态物理专业。
我校物理学科近年来的一系列工作获得国际顶级学术刊物的高度重视。2010年，Nature发表了我校物理学科湖南省首批“百人计划”学者李爱根教授在星际尘埃研究方面的综述文章，Science的一篇综述文章则重点介绍了唐壁玉教授有关Mg-Al-Ca-X合金系统的工作；2009年，钟建新教授指导的在职博士生谢月娥有关石墨烯条带电子输运的研究工作被Nature专刊Nature China评选为每周亮点并重点介绍；2008年，Nature发表意大利科学家的研究文章，验证了钟建新教授等提出的量子扩散理论；2007年，Nature Nanotechnology的综述文章将钟建新教授提出的纳米线分区掺杂工作列为四大进展之一并重点介绍。这些成绩表明我校物理学研究已在多个方面具有国际领先水平。高水平的研究也获得国内同行的重视，我校物理学研究团队共获2010国家自然科学基金资助项目9项。
五、【校园动态】2010级新生入学
9月2日，秋风送爽，三道拱门前“热烈欢迎新同学”的大红横幅格外醒目，我校迎来了来自全国31个省（市、区）的2010级新生。校党委书记肖国安、副书记李伯超、副校级督导员郑赤建等来到迎新现场，看望2010级新生，检查指导迎新工作。
今年我校共招收本科一批新生4850人、本科二批280人、研究生1733人、专科680人、本科三批（兴湘学院）2335人。新生入学报到分两批进行，本科一批新生、能源工程学院职业技术学院新生和研究生新生于9月2日、3日入校报到注册，9月4日举行开学典礼；兴湘学院新生将于9月10日、11日入校报到注册，9月12日举行开学典礼。
五、精彩文章分享
【湘潭大学2009年“三下乡”社会实践活动纪实】
红网长沙8月27日讯（通讯员 毛斌）下基层、去乡村、入农家，在城市路边摊，在红色旅游景区，在四川地震灾区，普法宣传，课题调研，看望孤寡老人„„7月8日至8月24日，湖南湘潭大学三百多名下乡志愿者深入湖南长株潭地区、岳阳、永州及江西井冈山、四川绵阳等地，以“见证辉煌成就，推进科学发展”为主题，广泛开展社会热点深度调查、红色旅游文化调研、孝行下乡、资助灾区学子、义务支教等活动，结合自身专业与特长，根据当地实际和需求，扎实开展暑期社会实践活动。
孝行下乡，把爱送到老人的笑脸上
炎炎七月，在岳阳县，由全国道德模范、湘大商学院研究生杨怀保同学发起倡议的湖南省青少年发展基金会·孝基金在这里首次公开亮相，由学校26名志愿者“孝行下乡”服务团忙得不亦乐乎，“孝心拍摄全家福”、“孝心派送电话卡”、“孝心洗脚”、“笑脸计划”、农村养老与隔代教育的社会调研等等。所到之处，当地老人脸上绽放着灿烂的笑容，洋溢着幸福的喜悦，纷纷表示：“你们的孝行是我一辈子都不会忘记的！”得知学校在当地开展下乡活动时，岳阳市委副书记兼岳阳县委书记彭国甫在县委办、县民政局等部门负责人的陪同下亲切慰问我校下乡队员，嘱咐当地负责人要积极为我校下乡活动创造条件和给与大力支持，言语中处处体现着他对青年学子的殷切期望。全国政协原副主席毛致用闻讯后，亲切接见了杨怀保同学一行，高度肯定了孝基金事业，提出了很多高屋建瓴的指导和建议，对杨怀保这种“小孝为家，大孝为国”的行为高度赞赏，并亲笔题词：明德立业，养老育人。
老百姓长知识大学生受教育
“我活这么久，第一次看到博士和大学生把法律送进咱农村人的家门口，真难为你们了”。湖南永州珠山镇一位96岁高龄的老人拉着我校下乡队员的手感激地说，这是湘大法学院师生一行8人在永州开展“送法下乡，法律援助”活动 17 的一幕动人场景。半个月的时间里，志愿者们走进农家宣讲法律知识，深入监狱开展访谈调研，走街串巷与民众面对面交流，设计问卷调查了解民情实意，发放《法律基础知识宣传手册》，耐心为当地老百姓解答生活中常见法律问题。“农民渴望法律知识，渴望法制教育，还需要更多的帮助，他们一句句纯朴真诚的'谢谢'让我们感觉到辛苦是值得的，同时也深受教育，在以后的学习中要更加关注农村，关注民生。”实践队员郑进如是说。
追寻红色记忆，我爱我的祖国
红火的七月，冒着酷暑，顶着烈日，由湘潭大学、中国药科大学、河海大学三所高校学共同主办的“追逐伟人足迹，发扬红色精神——庆祝建国60华诞、五四90周年”主题活动在韶山青年毛泽东塑像广场正式启动。几百名青年学子在喜迎建国60周年之际，瞻仰伟人故居，缅怀革命先烈，追寻红色记忆，体验了一段非同寻常的“红色之旅”。7月下旬，旅游管理学院60多名师生对全国部分红色旅游经典景区的开发模式、思想政治教育功能的发挥等进行了调查研究。师生们与湖南省红色旅游研究基地专家一道，分赴北京、陕西、江苏、河南、江西、湖南等6省市红色旅游经典景区，通过走访、座谈、深度访谈、观察、发放问卷等方式，深入了解景区的管理体制、开发模式、发展环境、区位条件、思想政治教育功能等，撰写了20余万字的调研报告和学术论文。
关注国计民生温暖灾区学子
在省内长株潭地区和省外郑州、石家庄、重庆等地，该校化工学院的志愿者深入汽车站、步行街、沿江风光带等人口密集的地方，通过走访、座谈、实地调查等多种途径，与路边摊摊主、城管执法人员以及过往市民等各个群体零距离接触、交流，就城市路边摊存在的原因、城市路边摊的现状、城市路边摊的负面影响以及如何规范路边摊等问题进行深入细致的调研。在四川绵阳，商学院组织党员志愿者开展了主题为“学习科学发展，重建美好家园，商院学子在行动”的活动，给当地南山中学的贫困中学生带去了温暖和鼓励，并表示将在接下来的三年里，资助他们的学业，一直到他们考入大学。
肩负着重大责任与光荣使命，湘大三下乡队员带着真情实感，注重思考和细节，一丝不苟地开展各项工作，下乡活动取得了丰硕的成果：回校后许多调研报告将新鲜出炉，备战全国“挑战杯”竞赛，部分成果将直接报送给全国红色旅游工作协调小组办公室以及湖南省红色旅游研究基地提供决策和科研的参考依据；所到之处，队员们以优良的作风和扎实的行动赢得了当地党委政府和老百姓的一致好评与赞扬；社会媒体纷纷予以关注支持，人民日报、湖南日报、中国共青团网、红网等多家媒体对此进行了广泛而深入的报道。湘潭大学“三下乡”活动具有优良传统，连续十年获得“全国先进集体”称号，正确引导大学生在实践中受教育，长才干，做贡献，产生了良好的社会影响和人才培养效益。下乡队员安康表示：“有幸参加学校组织的三下乡活动，感触良多，受益匪浅，这是一次终身难忘的回忆，把所学所知和所需所能有机结合起来，敦促自己在以后的学习生活中更加努力，奋发成才”。
【2010年湖南省高校共青团工作联席会议在湘潭大学召开】 红网长沙7月1日讯（通讯员 毛斌）6月28日至30日，2010年湖南省高校共青团工作联席会议在湘潭大学召开，来自全省33所本科院校和10所高职高专院校的校团委负责人汇聚一堂，共同探讨高校团学工作的建设和发展。团省委副书记陈雪楚、团省委学校部部长廖良辉等领导参加会议。
为期三天的会议里，与会代表围绕高校共青团工作考核评价体系、大学生骨干培养工程、“挑战杯”大学生创业计划竞赛、“三下乡”社会实践活动等专题进行了深入细致的研讨。
28日上午，应湘潭大学团委的邀请，中共湖南省委党校教授、省团校校长作客湘潭大学“韶风·名家论坛”，作了《如何备战公开选拔党政领导干部》专题讲座。
团省委副书记陈雪楚在会上作了重要讲话，对今年下半年湖南省高校共青团重点工作作了部署安排。
【旅游文化节导游大赛决赛：解读神州印象】
气势宏伟、规划整齐的北京故宫，青山绿水、万像生辉的龙门石窟，山水秀丽、林壑幽深的杭州西湖。5月16日，我校第三届大学生旅游文化节“神州印象”导游大赛决赛在学生活动中心激烈上演，9名选手深刻解读祖国的名川河山和文化瑰宝，让我校师生领略了神州风景和文化的无穷魅力。副校级督导员郑赤建出席大赛并担任评委。
大赛在现代舞《Crazy》动感、青春的舞姿中徐徐启幕。比赛分为现场导游、知识问答、才艺展示等三个环节。来自各学院经过层层筛选脱颖而出的9名选手，分别对北京故宫、韶山毛泽东故居、龙门石窟、杭州西湖、平遥古城等景点进行现场导游，让在场的师生如同身临其境，感受和领略到了神州风景和文化的无穷魅力。知识问答主要考察选手在导游过程中处理突发事件的能力以及临场应变能力，在这一环节，选手们表现出广博的知识素养和良好的导游素质。在才艺展示环节，选手们更是各具特色，各显神通，既有幽默风趣的相声小品，又有热辣奔放的舞蹈；既有悠远凄婉的古筝独奏，又有深情舒缓的诗歌朗诵。
经过近三个小时的激烈对决，旅游管理学院3名选手吴一凡、姚珧、许志杰将前三甲收入囊中。旅游管理学院彭文琴获得最佳风采奖。
赛后，刘建平教授代表评委对此次导游大赛进行了精彩点评。刘建平认为整场比赛主题鲜明，内容丰富，颇具特色。同时，刘建平指出了选手在比赛中表现出的缺点与不足，并勉励选手加强学习与锻炼，不断扩充知识，提高综合素养。
本次比赛是我校第三届大学生旅游文化节的重头戏。大赛自3月中旬开始，历时二个月。共吸引了来自全校13个学院的216名同学参赛，经过预选赛、初赛、复赛、半决赛的层层选拔，最终确定了9名选手进入最后的决赛。导游大赛的成功举行标志着历时近三个月的旅游文化节落下了帷幕。
（《湘潭大学报》记者 蒋海文）
（来源：党委宣传部）
六、实用网站以及报刊推荐
（一）网站类：（毛老师推荐）
1.人民网 5.中华人民共和国教育部门户网站 2.新华网 6.中国共青团 3.新浪网 7.湖南青年在线 4.凤凰网 8.湘大新闻网。
（二）报刊类 1．《南方周末》
《南方周末》内容紧扣中国社会发展和国际时局的热点和关键点，完整、真实的记录中国社会迈向未来的脉络、趋势和图景。
2.《长沙晚报》
《长沙晚报》的导语是很不错的。3.《潇湘晨报》
除了关注报纸，还可以关注其的品牌推广方式。4．《三联生活周刊》 5.《新周刊》
附：湖南青年在线后台操作
基本步骤：
1.百度搜“湖南青年在线”，将页面往下拉，找到“信息上传”（如图1）四个字，点击。
（图1）
2.登陆页面（如图2）出现后，输入账号、密码以及验证码。
（图2）
3.在后台的左侧，找到“文章新闻管理”（如图3）并点击，在下拉的选项中，先点击“我添加的文章”，查看文章上传情况，以避免重复添加文
（图3）章。
4.点击添加文章。将编辑好的完整新闻标题分别黏贴在“简短标题”、“副标题”以及“完整标题”三栏中（如图4），三栏中的标题无需改变，全是同样的完整标题。
（图4）
5.在作者（如图5）一栏，填写“湘潭大学团委”，或是“湘潭大学 XX”。其他三栏不用填。
（图5）
6.将文章黏贴至“文章内容”（如图6）中，注意将文章中的“我校”改为“湘潭大学”，因为是发表在湖南青年在线上，很多高校会向其投稿，以我校为标题不能点明学校身份。黏贴文章时，注意检查文章的语句是否通顺，是否有错别字，是否有外人看来不清楚的地方。
（图6）
7.最后，直接点击“添加”（图7）即可。如需要添加图片，先把光标定位（一般是中间），然后点击一下形似小山的图标（图8）即可。
（图7）（图8）
第五篇：英语写作
• Einstein(1879-1955)was honored with the Nobel Prize in Physics in the year 1921 for his discovery of the law of the Photoelectric effect and his services for theoretical physics.Death: 18 April, 1955 at the age of 76 in Princeton, New Jersey, USA
Key Achievements: Special relativity, General relativity, Photoelectric effect, Brownian motion, Bose-Einstein Statistics.Notable Honors: Nobel Prize in Physics awarded in 1921, The Copley medal in 1925 for his contributions to quantum theory and for his theory of relativity, the Max Planck medal in 1929 for his achievements in Physics.• In 1905 he published the paper on mass-energy equivalence, which gave twentieth century’s most famous equation E=MC2.The equation means that small amounts of mass could be converted into huge amounts of energy.It was the basis of development of nuclear power.• In 1905, he published four research papers, the special theory of relativity, the Brownian motion theory, the photon theory of light, and the equivalence of mass and energy.The basis of special theory of relativity is that the velocity of light was absolute, albeit, all other velocities are relative.• Exactly ten years later in 1915, Einstein published a research paper called “general relativity”.This theory gives the current meaning of gravitation in modern physics.The research paper explained gravity as a property of space-time.The general theory of relativity unifies Newton’s law of gravity and special relativity.The theory produced some of the greatest and strangest results in modern astronomy. Einstein was half German and half Swiss, but when Hitler came to power in 1933, Einstein made his home in the USA.Einstein’s fame rests on his two theories of relativity(see Relativity). His theory of special relativity was published in 1905 while he worked in
A.You will make sure
1.that my clothes and laundry are kept in good order;
2.that I will receive my three meals regularly in my room;
3.that my bedroom and study are kept neat, and especially that my desk is left for my use only.B.You will renounce all personal relations with me insofar as they are not completely necessary for social reasons…
He is not a loyal manin all aspects.This is not accurate
He was notoriously unfaithful as a husband, prone to falling in love with somebody else directly after the exchanging of vows.
点击咨询 