新编英语CHABEN的哦~

第一篇：新编英语CHABEN的哦~

Language structures

Samples:

1.A: What was Tony doing at 4:00 last Saturday?

B: He was painting the fence.A: Was Tim painting the fence then too?

B: No, by 4:00 he’d already painted the fence.He was watering the flowers then.2.A: What was Tim doing at 4:00 last Saturday?

B: He was watering the flowers.A: Was Betty watering the flowers then too?

B: No, by 4:00 she’d already watered the flowers.She was mowing the lawn then.3.A: What was Betty doing at 4:00 last Saturday?

B: She was mowing the lawn.A: Was Don mowing the lawn then too?

B: No, by 4:00 he’d already mown the lawn.He was trimming the hedge then.Dialogue I

Sample dialogue:

Paul: Thanks for a most enjoyable game.Tang: The pleasure is mine.Thank you, paul.Paul: I hope we can play tennis again next Saturday.Tang: So do I.By the way, is this the first time you’ve been in China?

Paul: No, this is already my second visit.Tang: When did you come here last？

Paul: In 1997.I came here on a package tour with my parents.Tang: On a package tour with your parents? That was nice.Did you enjoy yourselves?

Paul: oh, yes, we had a wonderful time.My parents were deeply impressed by the beautiful places and friendly people here.Tang: Had you learned some Chinese before you came to China?

Paul: No, I was an absolute beginner of Chinese when I came to this university.Tang: How long have you been here?

Paul: About ten months.By the way, are you a native of this city?

Tang: No, I’m from Nanjing.This is my first visit to this city.Paul: So you’re a newcomer.Dialogue II

Sample dialogue:

1.A: Excuse me, are you(Mr.Smith)?

B: Yes, that’s right, and you must be(Miss Brown).2.A: Oh, how do you do,(Mr.Coe)? I’m Wang.B: How do you do?

A: Welcome to Shanghai.3.A:(Jane), this is my classmate, Zhang Ping.B: Hello!

C: Hello!

4.A: May I introduce Mr Chen, the director of our school?

B: How do you do?

C: How do you do?

5.A: Did you have a good flight?

B: Mmm…yes.It was exciting.6.A: Did you have a good trip?

B: Well, the train was delayed unfortunately, and, at night, of course, it was rather boring.Reading I

1.F(He had not expected that)

2.F(He had to walk home because the last bus had gone before midnight)

3.T

4.F(He did not seem to be afraid.He answered the policemen’s questions calmly and tried to

explain that he lived there.)

5.T

6.F(He phoned the police because he saw a light and he knew that Herbert’s family had all

gone away to the seaside.)

7.F(They were disappointed)

8.T

Reading II

Sample passage:

Andrew was going to be away from home for three days.Before he left, he locked all the windows.He told his wife to bolt the front door when he drove away and he told one of his neighbours to keep an eye on the house.On his way, he had a flat tyre.As he could do nothing about it, he thumbed a ride home.When he reached home, he remembered that the windows had been locked and that the front door had been bolted.He tried to wake up his wife by pounding on the front door but his wife was a sound sleeper.Then he began to break one of the windows with his briefcase.Just then the police came.His neighbour had telephoned the police because he couldn’t recognize Andrew in the dark.As the police didn’t believe that Andrew lived in the house, Andrew told the police to wake up his wife and check his story.But no one answered when they knocked at the door.So they concluded that there was no one in the house.Guided writing

A.1.in fact2.well3.just4.besides5.and

6.as7.furthermore

B.Dear Mr.Keller,This is to introduce Ms.Ruby Hermann.Ms.Hermann is a well-trained, experienced and conscientious secretary.Her former employers have all found her competent.She left her former post because it took her too long to get to the office.You told me last Saturday that your secretary had left you.You may interview Ms.Hermann and see if she can fill the vacancy.I can vouch for her honesty.Henry Monroe

Comprehensive exercise

spelling

1.marvelous2.search3.disappear4.hike 5.aircraft6.sergeant

7.neighbour8.programme9.project10.shirt11.scenic site12.natural scientist II.Dictation

A.Edward and Ann sat down at a table outside one of the cafes.After they had been there

enjoying the sunshine for a few minutes, a young waiter, not much more than a boy, came to take their order.He spoke no English, but after a lot of laughter and pointing at the menu, they thought they had managed to make him understand that all they wanted was ice-cream.There were several flavours, lemon, chocolate, coffee, orange and vanilla and they both chose coffee.“ I love coffee ice-cream,” said Ann.After a little while the waiter returned.He was carrying a big tray which he set down very carefully on the table in front of Edward and Ann.There were two cups of coffee and two plain ice-creams on the tray.“We didn’t order coffee, “ said Edward crossly, “we ordered coffee ice-cream.He ought to be able to understand simple English.”

The waiter smiled and looked pleased.B.“No,” said Ann laughing, “it’s his country.We ought to be able to speak his language.” One day when I went back home from the outside, I couldn’t get in.I had left my key at

home.My wife was out of town staying with her parents, so it was no use knocking.I had to break a window, and I found a big stone.There was a tremendous crash when I broke the glass, and I had to be careful when I reached through to turn the handle.I was just climbing in when a deep voice said, “What do you think you’re doing?” It was a policeman.My neighbour heard the glass breaking and phoned the police.It took quite a long time to explain that I wasn’t a burglar.In future I think I’ll leave a spare key under the door-mat.III.Listening Comprehension

A.1.D2.C

B.(omitted)

IV.Translation

A.1.By the time I got to the meeting room on the top floor, they had already left.1.This programme caters for many different types of interest and taste among the public.2.The old song has brought back memories of those good old days.3.They finished the project one week earlier than they had expected to.4.At last the jury was convinced that the middle-aged man had nothing to do with the murder.5.This is the third time I have been in shanghai, and I’ve noticed that shanghai has taken on a

new look.B.1.one day when Ma Ming came home from school, he found that everything had been turned upside down in the living room.His mother was searching the drawers, his father was searching the bookcase, his younger brother was crying.He wondered what had happened.As soon as his mother saw him, she asked, “Have you seen Xiaoqing’s maths textbook?” Ma Ming went to the bedside and took out a textbook from under the pillow.He explained, “Last night when I came into the room, Xiaoqing had gone to bed and his textbook way lying on the floor.I picked it up and put it under there.”

2.Last Friday, I met a former classmate of mine in shanghai Museum.We had not seen each other for about four years.After leaving school, he went to college and I joined the PLA.He said

he had graduated from the English Department at Pujiang University, and was now working as an interpreter for the international Travel Agency.We were both overjoyed at the unexpected meeting.V.Blank filling

A.1.was 2.lived 3.had…been 4.made/took 5.could 6.saw 7.saw 8.had…seen 9.did 10.had…done11.took 12.went 13.had…ridden14.found 15.got 16.had 17.was 18.saw 19.was 20.dared 21.had…seen 22.had 23.were

B.1.The 2.the 3./ 4./ 5.the 6.a 7.the 8./ 9.a 10.the 11.the 12.the 13.the 14.the 15.the 16.the

17.the 18.an 19.The 20.the 21.the 22.the 23.The 24.a 25.the 26.the 27.the 28.a 29.the 30.the

VI.Vocabulary

A.1.a boy who has red hair2.a man who has a bad temper

3.a pair of shoes that are of a medium size

4.a cake that is baked at home5.a chair that is covered with leather

6.a pullover that is knitted by hand7.a street that is lined with trees

8.a footballer who is trained well

B.1.taking in 2.has taken up 3.take after 4.take over 5.take down 6.took to 7.taken off 8.take …for

C.1.B 2.C 3.A 4.A 5.D 6.B 7.C 8.D

第二篇：英语演讲稿哦

小学生英语演讲稿默认分类 2010-09-27 09:30:03 阅读156 评论0字号：大中小 订阅.Ourhobbies

我们的爱好

Hello, Everyone!Today, the topic of my speech is “Our hobbies.”

My name is Shi Hanrui.I’m ten years old.I’m in Class One, Grade Six.I’m in Sizhaoyuan Primary school.I have many friends.We often go home together.Do you know what my hobby is? Now let me tell you.I have many hobbies.Such as riding a bike, singing, listening to music, swimming, playing chess and reading books.I like reading books best.Because it can help me leaning.And I also like playing badminton with my parents.I think it’s good for my health.I’ m good at math and English.So I want to be a math or English teacher in the future.My mom is a housewife.She likes singing and reading newspapers.My dad is a policeman.He likes watching TV and playing chess.I love them very much.I have a sister.Her name is Chen Yan.She likes drawing pictures and cleaning her room.And she likes making kites, too.I like sports, but she likes art.We look the same, but we don’t like the same things.And my brother Zhang Xing likes playing computer games.I think he wants to be a computer expert one day.You know, I like math, but my friends don’t like it.However, we all like English best.They also like making kites, dancing and drawing pictures.We always play together every day.I think we are good friends, and we often help each other in study.My pen pal Lucy lives in England.I think England must be fun!She likes playing the violin, doing an experiment and collecting stamps.She likes writing letters and emails, too.We often send the e-mails with each other.What about you? Cam you tell me what’s your hobby?

学生姓名：王蕾性别：女出生年月：1998年1月3日

参赛题目：What I Am Going to Do In the Summer Holidays

暑假我将做些什么

所在学校：安庆市四照园小学六（1）班

指导老师：李云

What I Am Going to

Do In the Summer Holidays

暑假我将做些什么

The new summer holidays are coming.As everybody knows, summer is a beautiful season.The sky is blue and the sun is shining.The flowers are blossoming and the birds are singing.The trees are green and the rice is golden.I like it very much.During the coming summer holidays, I am going to go on with my study.In the morning, I’ll study English.I have many, many English books.I like to read them.Then I’ll do my homework.I am going to borrow some science books from the library, too.Besides, I’m going to discuss problems with my classmates.I’ll do something good for my family and others.I’ll cook and do some washing.I’ll clean the room.I’ll learn from Uncle Lei Feng and try to help the old and the young.My brother and I have a very small garden in front of my house.There are many kinds of flowers in it.I’ll water them every day.I’m going to have some sports.I’ll play basketball, volleyball and badminton with my neighbors in the afternoon.What＇s more, I’m going to learn to swim with the help of my father.If my parents have time, I’ll go out sightseeing with them.There is a large, beautiful park in the middle of the city.There we can go boating and take photos.My summer holidays will be happy holidays.I’ll have a good time!

学生姓名：胡新性别：女出生年月：1998年12月18日

参赛题目：How a Farmer Saved the Snake

一民农夫怎样条救蛇

所在学校：安庆市四照园小学六（1）班

指导老师：李云

Farmer and Snake

农夫与蛇

One day, it was snowing heavily.It was white everywhere.A farmer had cut some wood and was returning home when he saw a rattlesnake on the road, numb with cold.“Oh, little snake.Whyaren’tyouathomeinsuchcoldweather ? Look, you’re freezing.Poor you!’’

The farmer thought some more to himself: “What can I do for you? Make a fire to warm you? No, it’s snowing so hard, and I have only a small bundle of wood.Besides, my family is waiting for the wood to cook.”

The farmer turned round and round anxiously and then said: “I know!I’ll put you under my clothes, it’s warm there.”He uncut---toned his clothes and put the snake inside, against his chest.Some time later, the snake came to life gradually.The warmth of the old farmer had not changed its cruel nature.It opened its mouth and bit right in to the farmer’s chest.“Oh, my god!How cruel you are!I saved you, but you bit me.Why?” As he was saying this, he took out the snake and threw it on the ground.But the farmer was already poisoned and was dying.Only at this time did he realize that he had done something wrong.“I took pity on him, but he bit me in return.”

Tiger’s lunch（老虎的午餐）人物 扮演者

tiger老虎 马凯文

deer小鹿 韩晴 贾俊俊

goats小羊 王迪 崔成男

rabbits小兔 杨媛媛 姜梦雅

rats老鼠 张露 易珍珍

解说员 门天宇

辅导老师 李春燕

画外音：Good morning ,everone.I will tall a story to you.Long long ago.There lived some animals in the forest.Look , They are coming.(在美丽的大森林里，有一群可爱的动物。看，他们来了。)

动物随着音乐，蹦蹦跳跳地上场。:We are coming.Together : hello ,teachers.Hello , students.（一起说：你们好，老师，你们好，同学们。）Deer : We are deer.（小鹿：我们是鹿。）

Goats : We are goats.（小羊：我们是山羊。）

Rabbits : We are rabbits.（小兔：我们是兔子。）

Rats : We are rats.（小老鼠：我们是老鼠。）

Deer : We are beautiful.（小鹿：我们是漂亮的。）

Together: Yes.（一起说：是的。）

Goats : We are friendly.（小羊：我们是友善的。）

Together:Yes.（一起说：是的。）

Rabbits : We are smart.（小兔：我们是聪明的。）

Together:Yes.（一起说：是的。）

Rats : We are happy.（小老鼠：我们是快乐的。）

Together:Yes , very very happy.（一起说：是的，非常非常快乐）

于是大家跳起了舞蹈

突然，传来了老虎的叫声，把小动物们吓得四散奔逃。

:tiger!Hurry up.在音乐声中，老虎上场：I am a tiger.I am hungry.I want something to eat.(我是老虎。我饿了，我想吃东西。)

老虎在场上走，看见两只小老鼠：Oh, two rats are over there.This is my lunch.(噢，两只小老鼠在那儿，这是我的午餐。)

老虎上前抓住了老鼠。

Tiger : Haha ,You are my lunch.（老虎：哈哈，你是我的午餐。）

Rat: Don’t eat me , please.（老鼠：请不要吃我！）

Tiger : Why?（老虎：为什么？）

Rat :Can you see some rabbits over there.（老鼠：你看到几只兔子在那边了吗？）Tiger : Yes.（老虎：是的。）

Ret : I am small.Those rabbits are big.You can get a big

one.（老鼠：我是小的，那些兔子是大的，你能得到一个大的呀。）

Tiger : OK, Go away.（老虎：好，你走吧。）

老虎又抓住了兔子。

Tiger : Haha , You are my lunch.（老虎：哈哈，你是我的午餐。）

Rabbit : Don’t eat me , Mr tiger.（兔子：请不要吃我！虎先生）

Tiger : Why?（老虎：为什么？）

Rabbit : Can you see some goats over there.（兔子：你看到几只山羊在那边了吗？）Tiger : Yes.（老虎：是的。）

Rabbit : I am small.Those goats are big.You can have a big one.（兔子： 我是小的，那些山羊

是大的，你能得到一个大的呀。）

Tiger : OK, Go away.（老虎：好，你走吧。）

老虎又抓住了小羊。

Tiger : Haha ,You are my lunch.（老虎：哈哈，你是我的午餐。）

Goat: Don’t eat me , please.（山羊：请不要吃我！）

Tiger : Why?（老虎：为什么？）

Goat :Can you see some deer over there.（山羊：你看到几只鹿在那边了吗？）

Tiger : Yes.（老虎：是的。）

goat : I am small.Those deer are big.You can catch a big

one.（山羊：我是小的，那些兔子是大的，你能得到一个大的呀。）

Tiger : OK, Go away.（老虎：好，你走吧。）

老虎又向小鹿扑去。

Tiger : You are my lunch.my lunch.Oh , I can’t catch him.（老虎：你是我的午餐，我的午餐！噢，我捉不着它了。）

Deer : Haha ,I ’m fast.You can’t canch me.（哈哈，我跑得快，你捉不到我。）小鹿跑掉了。

老虎累坏了，它愣愣坐在地上。

Tiger : Oh, I’m hungry.Where is my lunch.。（噢，我饿了。我的午餐在哪里？）

画外音：Let’s think it over, Why didn’t the tiger have his lunch？（让我们想一想，为什么老虎吃不到它的午餐呢

第三篇：新编英语教程5(第三版)

1)The reason why little girl like Barbie very much is that she looks like real people and can be dressed up in a perfect way.2)Man-made objects, though out-numbered by natural objects, play a more and more important role in people’s life.3)The number of man-made object is increasing steeply, compared with the number of natural objects as well as its actual number.4)The little girl of today would gladly use their old Barbie to exchange the new version of Barbie whereas their mother or grandmother would be reluctant to throw away their dolls until they fall-apart simply, because they are too old nothing could be more obvious than the difference between them.5)The societies and people that are used to poverty reject the practice of using one product only for once or a short time and then replace it by a new one.6)It is meaning that less for a man who is fairy old to say that he wants to develop a hobby in this or that form.7)It is sensible that you further develop the hobby;you already have instead of trying to cultivate a new one.8)Taking up a hobby and living a more regularized way of life are the most effective way to save them from their boredom.9)The long hour’s work in the office or factory provides these people with the money so they can live their lives and gives them a strong desire for the simplest pleasure.10)In fact, it is highly likely that those people who take their work as their pleasure are need to divert their effort from work from time to time urgently.11)The ability to do the right thing at the right time is essential to a good leader.12)A leader must be good at exercising his authority(this is a quality that a leader must have)and be able to demonstrate to the people that he does.13)A leader should find out what the people want to do or have, and guide them to achieve it.14)If we are not powerful, determined and brave, we can’t except to find a good leader, no matter how skilled we are in shopping images, we can’t make him to be what he is not, he is only a representative of all of us.15)John Dewey has said seriously that the degree that someone’s behavior can influence the custom is the same as the degree that his body talk can influence his mother tongue.16)The result from a serious study of the custom which is not influence by the outside shows that what Dewey said is just an objective description of the fact.17)If we still think that our culture is superior to those of the people who we regard as uncivilized, underdeveloped or irreligious, the study anthropology must be meaningless.18)We must realized that all the beliefs are based on the same thing, the intangible and should be treated equally along with our own.19)I believe that people in the society high above me are selfless, pure, noble and very intelligent.20)But it is difficult for a man of the working class to improve his social status, especially when he was full of objectives and imaginations 21)It is physically strong, and they profited a lot by exploiting my strength, but I only lived a poor life.22)He was no longer strong enough to make money by selling his strength and had nothing left to him, he had no other choice, but to slide down to the bottom of the society and die there in misery.23)After 100 years, the black people is still suffering in the isolated part of American society, and he feels like an outcast in his own country.24)We can see very clearly that as far as the black people are concerned, America didn’t fulfill its promise.25)We are here to demand the fulfillment of the promises which can guarantee us our freedom and justice.26)This is not the right time to calm down and adopt gradualism, waiting patiently for a solution.

第四篇：新编大学英语4翻译

新编大学英语4课文翻译及课后答案

Unit 1

享受幽默—什么东西令人开怀？ 听了一个有趣的故事会发笑、很开心，古今中外都一样。这一现象或许同语言本身一样悠久。那么，到底是什么东西会使一个故事或笑话让人感到滑稽可笑的呢？ 我是第一次辨识出幽默便喜欢上它的人，因此我曾试图跟学生议论和探讨幽默。这些学生文化差异很大，有来自拉丁美洲的，也有来自中国的。我还认真地思考过一些滑稽有趣的故事。这么做完全是出于自己的喜好。为什么听我讲完一个笑话后，班上有些学生会笑得前仰后合，而其他学生看上去就像刚听我读了天气预报一样呢？显然，有些人对幽默比别人更敏感。而且，我们也发现有的人很善于讲笑话，而有的人要想说一点有趣的事却要费好大的劲。我们都听人说过这样的话：“我喜欢笑话，但我讲不好，也总是记不住。”有些人比别人更有幽默感，就像有些人更具有音乐、数学之类的才能一样。一个真正风趣的人在任何场合都有笑话可讲，而且讲了一个笑话，就会从他记忆里引出一连串的笑话。一个缺乏幽默感的人不可能成为一群人中最受欢迎的人。一个真正有幽默感的人不仅受人喜爱，而且在任何聚会上也往往是人们注意的焦点。这么说是有道理的。甚至有些动物也具有幽默感。我岳母从前经常来我们家，并能住上很长一段时间。通常她不喜欢狗，但却很喜欢布利茨恩—我们养过的一条拉布拉多母猎犬。而且，她们的这种喜欢是相互的。布利茨恩在很小的时候就常常戏弄外祖母，当外祖母坐在起居室里她最喜欢的那张舒适的椅子上时，布利茨恩就故意把她卧室里的一只拖鞋叼到起居室，并在外祖母刚好够不到的地方蹦来跳去，一直逗到外祖母忍不住站起来去拿那只拖鞋。外祖母从椅子上一起来，布利茨恩就迅速跳上那椅子，从它那闪亮的棕色眼睛里掠过一丝拉布拉多式的微笑，无疑是在说：“啊哈，你又上了我的当。” 典型的笑话或幽默故事由明显的三部分构成。第一部分是铺垫（即背景），接下来是主干部分（即故事情节），随后便是妙语（即一个出人意料或令人惊讶的结尾）。如果这个妙语含有一定的幽默成分，这个笑话便会很有趣。通常笑话都包含这三部分，而且每部分都必须交代清楚。如果讲故事或说笑话的人使用听众都熟悉的手势和语言，则有助于增强效果。我们可以对幽默这种娱乐形式，进行分析，从而发现究竟是什么使一个有趣的故事或笑话令人发笑。举例来说，最常见的幽默有以下几种，包括了从最显而易见的幽默到比较微妙含蓄的幽默。“滑稽剧”是最明显的幽默。它语言简单、直截了当，常常以取笑他人为乐。说笑打闹这种形式过去是、现在仍然是滑稽说笑演员和小丑的惯用技巧。它为不同年龄、不同文化背景的人们所喜爱。几乎本世纪的每个讲英语的滑稽说笑演员都曾以这样或那样的方式说过下面这则笑话。一位男士问另一位男士：“昨晚我看到的那位和你在一起的贵妇是谁？”那位男士回答道：“那可不是什么贵妇，那是我老婆。”这个笑话的幽默之处在于第二位男士说他的妻子不是一位贵妇，也就是说她不是一个高雅的女人。这个笑话并没有因为经常讲而变得不再那么好笑。由于这是一个经典笑话，观众都知道要说什么，而且因为大家对这个笑话很熟悉而更加珍爱它。中国的相声是一种特殊的滑稽剧。相声中两名中国喜剧演员幽默地谈论诸如官僚主义者、家庭问题或其他一些有关个人的话题。相声随处都能听到，无论是在乡村的小舞台上，还是在北京最大的剧院里，抑或在广播、电视上。它显然是中国人家喻户晓的一种传统的幽默形式。“俏皮话”不像滑稽剧那样浅显，它是因语言的误用或误解而引人发笑。我特别喜欢的一个例子是三位年长的绅士在英国乘火车旅行的故事。当火车慢慢停下来时，第一位绅士问道：“这是Wembley(温布利)吗？”“不，”第二位绅士说：“是Thursday(星期四)。”“我也是，”第三位说道，“让我们下车喝杯啤酒吧。”我们知道上了年纪的人往往耳背，因此会把Wembley（温布利）听成了Wednesday（星期三），把Thursday（星期四）听成了thirsty（渴了），这样一来就为第三位老人的妙语做好了铺垫。著名的中国漫画家和幽默家丁聪便是一位俏皮话大师。在他的一幅幽默漫画中，一位老师说：“你为什么一字不改地抄别人的作业？”那位年轻的学生回答道：“我没有一字不改地抄。我把作业上的名字改成自己的了。”在丁聪的另一幅经典漫画里，一位生气的父亲问道：“告诉我，1加2等于几？”儿子说：“我不知道。”这位不耐烦的父亲接着说道：“比方说，你、你妈妈和我，我们加起来一共是几个，傻瓜？”儿子得意地回答道：“是三个傻瓜。” 这些故事无论是漫画还是笑话，是由演滑稽剧的喜剧演员说还是由搭档的相声演员讲，都为各地人们所喜爱。人们喜爱这些有趣的故事，因为它们贴近现实生活，而且里面那些出人意料的妙语十分有趣。双关语是一种更微妙的俏皮话。它使用的技巧是利用发音相似的词或同一个词的不同意思。有些批评家认为双

关语是最低级的幽默，但我不同意这种观点。双关语与其他形式的幽默相比需要更细微、更巧妙的语言技巧；然而，简单的双关语甚至很小的孩子也能利用。例如，谜语或脑筋急转弯问题常使用双关语做铺垫、制造故事情节，而且更多地是用在妙语部分。双关语是我最早懂得的幽默。记得大约在五岁时我听到了下面这个谜语。一个人问：“什么东西整个儿是黑的、白的和红的？”另外一个人通常猜不出来，于是问道：“我不猜了。是什么呀？”出谜语的人回答：“是报纸。”如果你知道在英语中“red（红色）”和“read（读）”的读音一样但意思完全不同，答案就很明显了。12 DOUBLE ENTENDRES（法语中的“一语双关”）是双关语的特殊形式, 其中的词或短语有双重意思。两个意思往往很不相同，一个比较恰当，另一个往往比较粗俗—但并不总是这样。我喜欢那个关于一位中学教师和校长因看见学生在学校操场上接吻而感到担心的故事。故事并不过火。那位教师对学生们说；“我和校长已经决定停止在学校操场上接吻。”听到笑声，她意识到她没有把意思表达清楚，于是补充说：“我的意思是不能再在我们的鼻子下面发生接吻这样的事了。”当然，这个解释并没有纠正她的第一句话，反而使这个笑话的双重含义变得更加好笑。一些专业的幽默家认为如今的幽默大多缺乏智慧，不够巧妙。他们不喜欢在幽默中过多使用有色情意味或粗俗的语言，而且觉得大多数幽默家缺乏创造性。的确，现在有些幽默令人震惊，但我认为这不是幽默的过错。幽默本身是活泼健康的，它还会继续生存下去，只因为每天都有有趣的事情发生。一些有幽默感的人会看到听到这些有趣的事情，并把它们编成妙趣横生、令人开心的笑话和故事。

Unit 2

便笺的力量 我当体育编辑，最早是为蒙比利埃（俄亥俄州）的《企业导报》工作，当时我很少收到体育迷的来信。因此，一天早晨放在我桌上的一封来信把我吸引住了。打开来信，我看到了下面的话：“关于老虎队的述评很不错，再接再厉。”签名的是体育编辑堂?沃尔夫。当时我只是一个十几岁的小伙子（为每一竖栏写一英寸文字，稿酬总计达15美分），因此他的话最鼓舞人心了。我把这封信一直放在书桌的抽屉里，后来它的边角都卷起来了。每当我怀疑自己不是当作家的料时，重温一下堂的便笺，就又会树起信心来。后来，我逐渐对堂有所了解，知道给各行各业的人写快捷而鼓舞人心的便笺是他养成的习惯。他告诉我说：“当我使别人充满信心时，我也感觉好极了。” 因此毫不奇怪，他的朋友圈子就像附近的伊利湖那么大。去年他去世了，享年75岁。电话与悼函像潮水般涌向报社，都来自于曾经得到过他激励（文字）的人们。多年来，我努力效仿堂以及我的其他朋友，他们关心别人，常写一些鼓舞人心的话语，因为我觉得，他们这样做是很有意义的。在这样一个惯于冷漠、无动于衷的世界上，这种便笺给人们带来了温暖和安慰。我们都时不时地需要鼓励，大家知道几行赞扬的话会改变一个人的一天，甚至一生。那么，这些激励人心的便笺的作者为什么寥若晨星呢？我猜想很多人回避写，是因为他们太看重人们的看法。他们担心会被误解，怕别人觉得他们自作多情或者言不由衷。还有，写也要花时间，远不如打电话方便。当然打电话的缺点是：说过的话留不住。而一张便笺使我们的良好意愿显得更加珍贵。便笺是白纸黑字记录在案的东西，而且我们写下的字可以反复阅读，细细品味并珍藏起来。尽管写便笺会多花一些时间，但一些非常忙的人也在这么做，其中包括乔治?布什。有人说，他政治上的成功在很大程度上归功于他那枝随时准备写字的笔。这是怎么回事呢？在他整个职业生涯中，每次与人们接触之后，他几乎都随后写封信，内容亲切——一句赞美之辞，一行表扬的话，或一段感谢语。他不仅写给朋友和同事，还写给萍水相逢的人以及完全陌生的人——比如那位借伞给他的人，后来收到他热情的赞扬信，感到很惊讶。那些通常做作的公司高层经理们，其领导作风只能被形容为强硬、冷漠、脱离群众。甚至这些人也开始学习写便笺去鼓舞人心，且从中获益匪浅。唐纳德?彼得森，福特公司的前主席，把每天写便笺鼓励同事当作一件日常工作。该公司在80年代时走出低谷取得成功主要是他的功劳。“我只不过匆匆地在备忘录或信的角上写一些鼓舞人心的话，然后传递出去，”他说道。“每天最重要的一段时间，就是鼓舞那些为你工作的人的那10分钟。” “太多的时候，”他发表自己的看法说，“那些我们真正喜欢的人并不知道我们是怎么看待他们的。太多的时候，我们会以为，我并没有说过什么批评的话，为什么非得去说好话呢？我们忘了，人类需要正面的肯定或鼓励——事实上，我们靠这个取得进步，获得成功！” 怎样才能写出振奋精神、温暖人心的信呢？只要我们怀有要表示感激之情的心愿。写这种便笺的高手都具有我所谓的 “４S”技巧。１）真诚(sincere)。没人要听虚假的赞美。２）简短(short)。如果不能用三句话表达出你的意思，你很可能过火了，写得太长。３）具体(specific)。赞扬一位业务伙伴 “演讲精彩”太笼统含糊；告诉他“关于沃伦?巴菲特的投资策略讲得很精彩”才是一语中的。４）自然(spontaneous)。这使得便笺充满了生气，洋溢着热情，并使读者的心灵长久地感受这种生气和热情。16 当你非得到处找写信用品时，写出来的东西就难以自然，因此我总是把纸、信封和邮票放在手边，甚至在旅行时也是如此。信封信笺不需要很花哨，重要的是要表达的思想。17 那么，你周围又有谁值得你写便笺表示感谢或鼓励呢？一位邻居？为你服务的那位图书馆管理员？一位亲戚？你的市长？你的伙伴？一位教师？你的医生？你不必富有诗意。如果你需要一个写的理由，就找一个生活中的重要事件，例如你们共同参加的某个特殊事件的周年纪念日、生日或者节日。例如，过去的25年里，我总是为远方的朋友每年准备一张圣诞卡，而且常常在上面亲笔写上一句感谢或祝贺的话。鉴于圣诞节的氛围，就一年来所取得的成功与得到的好运特意表示谢忱似乎是最恰到好处的。不要吝啬你的赞美之言。像“最了不起的”、“最聪明的”、“最漂亮的”这种最高级的表达法——使大家都感到高兴。即使你的赞美之词稍稍超前了一点也没关系，记住，梦想的实现往往孕育于期望之中。今天，我收到了以前的老板和精神导师诺曼?文森特?皮尔的一封温暖的赞扬信。这张小小的便笺上满是鼓舞人心的词句，这促使我坐到了打字机前来完成几封我早就该写的信。我不知道这些信会不会使别人的一天别有意义，但是，对我自己确实如此。正如我的朋友堂?沃尔夫所说的：使别人充满信心，也就使我自己感觉很好。

Unit 3

从文化角度看性别角色 在过去的几十年里，已经无数次地证实了这样一个事实：构成男子阳刚之气和女子阴柔之气的各种不同类型的行为、情感、和兴趣都既是遗传又是文化熏陶的结果。在成长的过程中，每个孩子学会了细微的行为举止，数量之多数以百计，这一切都带有文化的烙印，成了他们性别特征的一部分。有些行为举止是直接学到的。也就是说，别人教孩子如何恰如其分地行事, 男有男的规矩, 女有女的标准。另一些跟性别有关的具体举止是无意识地或间接地学会的，因为文化为女孩子和男孩子提供的形象、向往的目标以及成人的榜样各不相同。例如，最近对美国公立学校的一项研究显示，在教育中存在一种男孩比女孩更受偏爱的文化偏见。据研究人员反映，这种偏爱是无意的、不知不觉的，但它确实存在，并每年都在影响着数百万计学生的生活。为了研究在教育中存在的性别偏爱，戴维?赛德克博士和迈拉?赛德克博士夫妇录制了教师在课堂上课的情形。他们的研究显示，许多自认为无性别偏爱的教师惊奇地发现，从录像带上看他们竟是那么偏心。从幼儿园到研究生课程，都可以看到教师们请男生回答问题的次数远比女生多。这对学习过程有着巨大的影响，因为总的来说，那些积极的课堂活动参与者对学习更加乐观有信心，并能在今后取得更大的成就。事实上，在20世纪60年代末期，当美国东北部多所最好的女子学院向男生开放之后，教授们和女学生们都发现男孩们正在“接管”课堂讨论，而女生积极参与的程度则明显下降。近年来，在法学院和医学院的课堂上也发现了类似的情况：与男生相比女生处于次要的地位。赛德克夫妇所做的研究显示，教师有时候会按照固有的性别模式给女孩子和男孩子不同布置的任务，这样便不知不觉地使女孩子不能像男孩子一样积极地参与。例如，有位教师在给幼儿园的孩子上自然科学课时，不断地让小男孩去操作科学“实验”，而让女孩子只是做一些安放材料的工作。既然使用课堂材料动手操作是早期教育的一个重要方面，这些女孩子就这样被剥夺了重要的学习经历，这会影响到她们今后的整个人生。美国教师中一个具有代表性的想法是，男孩擅长数学和自然科学，这些学科都是“难懂的”、“适合于男性的”，而女孩会在语言和阅读技能上比男孩强。这是教育中性别偏见的另一种表现。结果美国的男孩们确实在阅读上出了问题，而在数学方面女孩尽管在九岁以前一直比男孩强，但此后却落在了他们后面。这成了预言自我应验的一个例子。然而这些特征是文化造成的，而非遗传的原因。例如，在德国，读书学习都被看作是“适合于男性的”，于是在阅读上有问题的便是女孩子了。而在日本，由于早期教育似乎不分性别，女孩和男孩在阅读上就旗鼓相当。在教育过程中对女孩和男孩的不同态度始于家庭。例如，有一项研究显示了这样一种情况：让学龄前儿童看一幢房子的图片，然后要他们说出家里允许他们走开多远，这时男孩所指的范围要比女孩大得多，女孩指出的范围很有限，而且离家很近。女孩们不像男孩那样受到鼓励去发展求知欲和动手能力，尽管这些正是与外部世界打交道时有用的；对女孩灌输的结果是：对自己家外面的世界充满了恐惧，且期望别人对自己的优良品格和循规蹈矩的服从精神加以认可。这类教诲从家庭一直延续到课堂。于是，在课堂里我们常常可以看到女孩们更依赖教师，更注重作业的形式和整

洁而非内容，更在乎她们所给的答案是否“正确”而不在乎智力方面的独立自主以及分析能力和创造能力的提高。教育过程占据了孩子除睡眠以外的大部分时间，社会则通过这一过程加强了它固有的价值观，并按其传统的、期望的模式造就了不同性别的人。

Unit 4

关于创造力的培养——鼓励孩子思考 教育界和商业界的专家们说, 具有创造性是通向光明前程的关键。本文将介绍一下学校和家长如何才能鼓励孩子发展这一至关重要的能力。如果1925年迪克?德鲁听从了他老板的意见，也许我们就不会有遮护胶带这种用品 了。现在我们几乎离不开它。德鲁当时就职于“明尼苏达制造和矿业公司”，通常称为3M公司。在工作中，他研制了一种用于胶带有黏性那面的物质，黏性很强，能使物体粘在一起。但是老板却不让他做进一步的研究。最后德鲁只好利用自己的时间改进了这种胶带。这种胶带现已被人们广泛使用。而他原来工作过的3M公司也从自己的失误中吸取了教训：现在该公司鼓励员工抽出15%的工作时间专门用来开动脑筋搞创新。现在这种策略已被越来越多的公司所采用，而且全国各地的专家认为，对待孩子也应仿效这种做法，无论是在家里还是在学校。他们认为，如果我们教育孩子进行创造性思维，他们就能在明天的社会中更好地发挥作用。受益于创造性的不只限于音乐和艺术领域。能取得成功的学生和成人都是那些会寻求各种办法解决问题的人。5 创造性并非与生俱来，也不一定就是高智慧的特征。一个人智力高并不意味着他必然能创造性地发挥才智。创造性是指能利用已有的资源想出新点子，而这些点子有助于解决某方面的问题。遗憾的是，学校还没有想到要促使学生发挥创造性。许多教育者十分看重考试分数，强调阅读、写作和数学能力，往往因追求正确的答案而牺牲了对创造性的培养。其结果是，孩子们能够反馈所学的知识，却不知道如何灵活地应用知识。比如，他们可能熟记乘法表，却不会用它来解决数学应用题。然而，在有些学校里，教育者们正逐渐认识到这一问题，并致力于研究能启发学生创造性的新的教学方法。一些教师把基础知识和要求学生发挥想象力的活动结合起来。比如，教师不再简单地问学生哥伦布何时发现了新大陆，他们可能让学生思考如果哥伦布首先到达的不是加勒比地区而是纽约，情况会是如何。要回答这一问题，学生必须应用自己掌握的关于哥伦布、纽约和加勒比地区的知识。教师们认为即便学生的回答会很可笑，也毫无关系，这也许是通向创造性的重要一步。专家认为，在课堂以及在家里，必须允许孩子们有些荒唐的念头。家长和教师们则有责任和孩子共同努力，使那些念头成为切实可行的建议。最好的办法是通过提问来鼓励孩子，同时对他们的想法和新点子表示赞赏。专家认为必须创造一个可以自由发挥创造力的氛围，一个尊重和赞赏而不是鄙视或不理会荒诞想法的环境。8 在家里，家长可以做一些鼓励孩子发挥创造力的事情。如果遇到合适的问题，家长可以就该问题征求孩子的意见，让他们参与决策。家长可以帮助孩子了解不同的决策将会带来的各种后果。家长还应鼓励孩子大声谈论他们正在做的事情。思维能力和语言能力是紧密相关的。大声地谈论有助于提高语言能力和思维能力。具有幽默感对于开发孩子的创造力也非常重要。当家长表现出幽默时，孩子们就看到了最地道的创造性。从本质上看，幽默跨越了常规界限，打破了固有模式。要创造往往也得如此。给孩子一些选择的余地也很重要。应该允许孩子自己做决定并清楚其后果，要让孩子从尽可能早的年龄开始这样做。做决定有助于培养思维能力，即便只是在午餐的两种食物的选择上做决定也行。随着孩子慢慢长大，家长应让孩子自己做主支配时间或金钱；当他们作出错误的决定时，不要不假思索地给予过多的帮助。这种做法可能会使孩子迷惑不解，但这没有关系。因为富有创造力的人有很强的动力，使他们能够从混乱中创造秩序。这是他们的一个最重要的特点。

Unit 6

风险与你 在说不定的某个时候，我们大家都曾充当过疑病症患者的角色,只凭一些轻微的症状便怀疑自己得了某种可怕的病。有的人只要一听说一种新的疾病，就会去检查，看自己是否可能患了这种病。然而，对疾病的恐惧并非我们唯一的恐惧。同样，患病的危险也并非我们唯一会遇上的危险。现代生活中充满了各种各样的威胁，诸如对我们生命的威胁，对我们平和心境的威胁，对我们家人的威胁，对我们未来的威胁。从而产生了好些问题，我们不得不问自己：我买的食品安全吗？给孩子们的玩具会伤害他们吗？我们家的人是不是不该吃熏肉？我度假时会不会遭抢劫？我们的疑

虑就无休止地增加。对生活中风险的担忧与疑病症有相似之处；二者的恐惧或忧虑皆起因于信息不全面。但二者之间也存在一个明显的差别。疑病症患者通常可以求助于医生，以便澄清疑虑——要么你得了你所怀疑的疾病，要么你没得。但当涉及到其它形式的风险时，事情就要困难得多，因为对许多风险来说，情况并不那么简单。风险几乎总是一个可能性的问题而无确定性可言。你也许会问：“我该不该系安全带？”如果你坐的车要与其它车正面相撞，那当然该系安全带。倘若你的车侧面被撞，结果你被困在车里，又因安全带装置遭破坏而无法挣脱，那怎么办呢？这是否意味着你该再花些钱在车内安一个保险气袋呢？同样，在正面相撞的情况下，保险气袋完全可以救你一命。但是，万一正当你在高速公路上开车时，保险气袋突然意外充气膨胀，从而导致了本来绝不会发生的事故，那又该如何是好？ 上面说的这一切，只是从另一角度说明我们所做的事没有一件是百分之百安全的。有些风险——常常是潜在的重大风险——与我们的每个业余爱好、所做的每项工作、所吃的每种食物有关，换句话说，与所进行的任何活动有关。但我们又不能，也不该因危险存在于我们将要做的每件事，而变成战战兢兢的神经症患者。有些活动是比其它活动更危险。关键在于要让自己了解相应的风险，然后相机行事。例如，两车相撞时，大车总的说来要比小车安全些。可究竟能安全多少呢？答案是这样：在一起严重的车祸中坐小车丧生的可能性是坐大车的两倍左右。然而，大车通常比小车贵（并且消耗更多的汽油，由此给环境带来了更大的风险！）。那么我们该怎样确定什么时候值得为降低风险增加花费呢？例如，避免风险最保险的做法也许是去买一辆坦克或装甲车，从而把撞车时死亡或受伤的风险降到最小。然而，即便你买得起，这笔额外的费用以及忍受坦克或装甲车所带来的不便是否值得呢？ 在我们尚不知所涉及的风险程度之前，我们还无法回答这些问题。那么，我们该如何去衡量风险程度呢？有些人似乎认为答案只不过是一个简单的数字。例如，我们知道每年大约有25,000 人死于车祸。相比之下，每年只有大约300人死于矿山事故和灾难。这难道就意味着乘坐汽车要比采矿危险得多吗？未必。事实是，在美国每年大约有两亿人经常性地以车代步；而大概只有70万人从事采矿作业。我们评估一种风险时，所需要的有关数字是一个比率或分数。该分数的分子告诉我们在某个特定时期由于从事某种特定活动而丧生或受伤的人数；其分母告诉我们在这一时期从事这种活动的总人数。这样，所有的风险程度都是由比率或分数表示，其大小介于0（无风险）到1（完全风险）之间。7 通过把所有风险都简化为这种比率或分数，我们便可以开始比较不同种类的风险，如比较采矿与乘坐汽车。这个比率越大，也就是说它越接近1，那么有关活动的风险就越大。在刚才讨论的例子中，我们可以用每一活动中死亡的人数除以参与该活动的总人数，从而找出汽车旅行与采煤的相对安全性。此处，我们可以很清楚地看到，乘坐汽车旅行的风险是每一万人中大约有一人丧生；而就采矿而言，其危险程度是每一万矿工中大约有四人死亡。所以，尽管在车祸中丧生的人远比采矿要多，其实后者的风险是前者的四倍。这些比率使我们能够对毫不相干的活动或情形的危险性加以比较，即便差别如苹果与橘子那样大也能比较。如果你反对冒险，你就会选择风险比率较小的活动。如果你无所畏惧，那么你往往会对高比率不太在乎，除非它们大得令人难以承受。我们一旦明白了风险是永远无法从任何情况中完全去除的，因而就没有绝对安全的事，我们也就会明白问题的关键不是要彻底避免风险，而是要理智地管理风险。风险管理需要两大要素：常识以及与我们可能要承担的风险的性质和程度相关的信息。

第五篇：新编大学英语第一册汉译英练习

新编大学英语第一册汉译英练习1)我累了，昨晚我不该那么晚睡觉

I’m tired.I shouldn’t have gone to bed so late last night.2)我和鲍勃不是很熟，不过我们偶尔一起出去喝一杯

I don’t/didn’t know Bob very well ,but we go/went out for an occasional drinking together

3)我们应该到火车站接她We are supposed to meet her at the railway/train station4)你可以清楚地看到有人快要淹死，而你却没有采取行动救他们

You could clearly see(some)people drowning,but/and you didn’t take any action/took no action to save them.5)包括周末在内仅仅还有12天时间可以用来买圣诞礼物

Including weekends,they are only 12 more days to buy Christmas’gifes.6)如果不立即采取行动，许多种野生动物就会因饥饿而死亡。

Without immediate action ,many kinds of wild animals would did from hunger.1)那首歌总是使她回想想在芝加哥过的那个夜晚

That/The song always reminds/reminded her of the night spent in Chicago 街角处有一位警察，我便向他问路。

2)There happened to be a policeman on the corner, so I asked him the way.3)由于天气恶劣，今天所有去纽约的航班都延误了。

All flights to New York today have been delayed because of the bad weather.4)谁有责任谁就必须赔偿。

Whoever is responsible must/will have to pay for the damage.5)我找不到我的支票簿，我准是把它留在家里了。I can`t find my check book;/.I must have left it at home.6)到足球比赛快开始时，暴风雨已经停了。

By the time the football match was going to start ,the storm had already stopped.1)除非你有经验，否则你得不到这份工作。

You won`t get the job unless you have/have gotthe experience.2)我把大部分时间花在研究中美文化的差异上了。

I spend most of my time on the differences between Chinese and American cultures./ Most of my time spent studying the differences between Chinese and American cultures.3)这句话意思极清楚，决不会引起误解。

The stentence/statement is so clear that it can`t cause any misunderstanding.4)他希望能够给与她比现在更多的帮助。

He hopes to give her more help than he does./ He wishes he could give her more help than he does.5)穿上外套，否则你会感冒。Put on your coat or you will catch cold.6)她的手藏品中增加了一张毕加索的画。She has added a Piasso to her collection.7)我没意识到以前曾来过这儿。I am not aware of ever having been here before.8)如果你继续对每个人这么粗鲁，你很快机会发现自己什么朋友都没有了。

You will soon find yourself without any friends at all if you keep on being so rude to everday.1)房间里热极了，请把窗户打开。It’s far too hot in the room.Open the window, please!2)半夜里拿嘈杂声把我们弄醒了。

The noise woke us up in the middle of the night/ at the midnight.3)他不应该对我说的话表示生气，那仅仅是玩笑而以。

He shouldn’t have been angry at what I said(my words).It was nothing more than(just,only)a joke.4)我们邀请了所有的朋友去野餐，但是由于下雨之来了一位。

We invited all our friends to the picnic,but only five of them showed up(arrived)because of the rain.=but it rained and only five of them showed up(arrived).5)她视婚姻为严肃的事。She views marriage as a serious thing(matter).6)令我失望的是，这部电影并不像我期望的那么好。

To my disappointment,the movie(film)didn’t live up to my expectations.1)我过去常去看电影，但现在再也没时间了。

er have the time.2)两个工人互相合作修理破裂的管子。

The two workers cooperated with each other to repair/fix the broken pipe.3)这是一种残忍的做法，应该马上停止。

This is a cruel practice which should be stopped immediately.4)你的工作的那一方面最困难，那一方面最有益。

Which aspect of your work/job is the most difficult,and which aspect(of your work/job)is the most rewarding?

5)有些人认为他很粗野，但情况并非如此。

Some people think he is rude,but that is not the case=true.6)我会尽我的所能帮忙，但我所能做的也有限。

I will help as much as I can,but there is a limit to what I can do.1)她的努力工作，使她得到了一大笔奖金Her hard work resulted in a big bonus for her.2)孩子们正在观看飞机起飞和着

陆。The children are/were watching the plane(s)take off and land.3)我总是一上船就晕。As soon as I am on board a ship,I always feel sick.、4)博物馆的公众开放的第一天，总共有20,000人参观。

On the first day when it was open to the public, a total number of 20,000 people visited the museum.5)委员会由科学家和工程师组成。

The committee consists of(is made up of)scientists and engineers.6)工作没有完成我不刚回家。

With the job/work unfinished,I dare not go home /I did not dare to go home.1）我们正在考虑卖房子。We are considering selling the house.2）我建议先把它等一会儿，然后再作决定。

I suggest(that)he(should)wait a while(moment)before he makes the decision.3）明天约翰很可能来参加聚会。John is very likely to come to the party tomorrow.4）我们想知道她不接受这份工作的原因。

We’d like to know the reason why she didn’t accept the job(work)

5）你本不应该再回到那栋还在燃烧的大楼，你有可能会被严重烧伤的..You shouldn’t have gone to the burning building,for you might have been seriously(badly)burnt.6)我从来没有想过会有问题。

The thought/It never crossed my mind that there might be a problem.1)第二次世界大战发生于1945World War II took place in 1945.2)我爷爷喝酒喝得厉害My grandfather drinks a great deal.3)到65岁的时候，他仍在工作He was still working by the age of 65.4)这个老师知道他所有学生的名字The teacher knows all his students by name.5)警察最终成功破解了这个疑案

The police have finally succeeded in solving the mystery.6)他喜欢各种体育运动，特别是篮球

He like all kinds of sports,but most of all, baskeball.7)打电话和面对面说话不一样

Talking on the phone is different from talking face to face/.8)他们因为有共同的兴趣爱好而相爱

They fell in love with each other because they had common interests.1)The topic of the speech is announced a week in advance,but the name of the speaker is not.2)It seemed incredible that some students still played football before the exams.3)Mr.Auden is a happy man who derives pleasure from helping others.4)Two Americans shared last year’s Nobel Prize for Medicine.5)First of all I’d like to welcome you to the meeting.6)I’m not accustomed/used to such luxury.It’s a waste of money.7)The results of the exam will be put up on Friday afternoon.8)Some cruel experiments on animals are carried out in the name of science.1)The best way to lose weight is to avoid eating fatty foots.2)One of the main causes of hunger used to be lack of transportation.3)Wasterful packaging will add to the price of food/food price.4)Economic reform would not have been successful without the development of agriculture.5)The farmers will grow more cash crops next year instead of grains.6)At present,there are still places in the world where farmers make use of animal labour.