第一篇：新编大学英语第三册作文大全
Unit 10Reflections on Life
The Virtues of Being Young and Being Old
Being young is a wonderful thing.We are always trying to find ways to keep ourselves young for as long as possible.When we compliment someone on their young appearance, they will feel proud and happy.Why is youth so preferred or favored? It's because youth is the bright and colorful scenery of life.Young people have glorious ideas and are full of dreams.They have energy, time and optimism.Youth is a time for realizing dreams.Looking back on one's youth will bring the finest memories.Being old is also wonderful.The aged are respected by society.They have experience so people turn to them when they are in trouble or when they need advice.Old people are a source of knowledge and experience for the young.Although they dream less than before, they're more confident about themselves thanks to their knowledge and experience.Those who worked hard when young will be able to appreciate their achievements and keep good memories of their past.Being young, we must take every opportunity to improve ourselves so that when we are old, we will have no regrets about our youth.Unit 9 Music
The Power of Music
Music is the universal language of mankind.Music is everywhere.We can hear it in restaurants, airports, railway stations, supermarkets, department stores, banks, hospitals, and many other public places.Music of all kinds is now available, and tapes and CDs are not very expensive.Music plays an important role in our everyday lives.Music can express emotions that are beyond speech and give us a better feeling about ourselves and about everything around us.It can change our attitudes towards many things.When we feel sad, music is moonlight in the gloomy night of life which can cheer us up;when we are tired and bored, music can make us relaxed, it has charms to soothe the savage breast, to soften rocks, or bend a knotted oak.When we are working or studying, music can provide us with a pleasant environment so that we can work or study more efficiently.Music can make people work faster and with more energy.The best, most beautiful, and most perfect way that we have of expressing a sweet concord of mind to each other is by music.Music can also lull the babies to sleep and can even make cows produce more milk.In a word, music is irresistible and life without music would be boring and monotonous.Unit 8Nature or Nurture
“Which Has Had More Influence on You, Heredity or Environment?”
I both benefit and suffer much from heredity.A short stout figure, an introverted personality, and unimaginative but rational mind: all of these traits come from the genes passed on to me from my parents.But family, schools, and society work together to shape what I am today.My parents are both sport lovers, which makes me fond of physical exercises and turns my frame into a strong body.My honest parents punish me severely whenever I lie or make empty promises, thus I've learned the importance of personal integrity.At school I've learned to help others, to care for others and also to improve my reasoning and understanding skills.Learning about various positive and negative examples of behavior from the media and other sources of information, I have set my own moral standards regarding what to do and what not to do, what to like and what to hate.Environment can change a person completely no matter where he was born and what he genetically inherited from his parents.Unit 7 The Joy of Travel
Traveling Is Wonderful
In school we always study hard and rarely have time for play and relaxation.During our vacation, we can do what we like.Some students go swimming, watch TV, go to the cinema, etc.But all I want to do is to travel.Traveling is interesting.You can see a lot of fascinating things and you can learn about history.Three years ago, I went to Beijing.When I was in the Summer Palace, I walked through the famous Long Corridor, admiring the beautiful pictures drawn on it.In the Imperial Palace, I saw a lot of rare treasures I had never seen before.I went to the Great Wall as well as the Ming Tombs.After visiting these famous places, I can’t help feeling proud of my great motherland.I think it is important to travel to different countries, if possible, so that you can learn about different cultures and customs.It can widen your knowledge of the world.In addition to learning new things, you can also discover the beauty of nature by yourself.When you are on the top of a mountain, you can breathe fresh air, you can see green scenery below and you can hear the sounds of nature.It is a very wonderful feeling.Now I’d like to invite you to go on a trip with me.Can you refuse?
Unit 6 Animals
Animals Should Be Trained
There are a wide variety of animals in the world.And many of them are highly intelligent.So if we train some animals to work for human beings, we can save a lot of money and manpower.First, some kinds of animals can be trained based on their capacity to do certain types of jobs better than humans.For example, since dogs have a superior ability to track down odors, we can train them to find illegal drugs, earthquake victims, or even ancient tombs.Second, some animals can even lend us their hands.The monkey is a good example.Monkeys can be trained to learn to open doors, fetch tools, bring books, etc.So they can help those who cannot move about freely because of some physical problems.Monkeys make the lives of these people happier and more comfortable.Finally, in some cases, using animals not only saves money but also trouble.Using dolphins as underwater guards can be better and cheaper than any man-made tracking devices.In a word, animals should be trained to help humans.If we train animals in the proper way, both humans and animals can get along very well.Unit 5 Language
Should Learners Aim to Speak English with a Native-Speaker Pronunciation?
In my opinion, there is no point in aiming to speak English with a native-speaker pronunciation.For most people, it is a waste of time.First, language is a tool for communication among human beings.If people we meet understand what we are saying, that is all that is necessary.We do not need to imitate native speaker's pronunciation.In any case, there are many types of accents, so which one should we choose to imitate?
Second, the most important thing is how well we organize what we want to
express.Our ideas should be clear and easy to understand.To do so, we should be able to use right words and correct grammar.Third, given the fact that we live in China, it seems a little bit pointless for us to try desperately hard to get rid of our national accent in order to speak BBC English.Finally, each of us has our own style when we speak.If we can give free rein to personal style, the English-speaking world will become more colorful and more interesting.In a word, I prefer to speak with my characteristic and recognizable pronunciation, so long as listeners can understand me.Unit 4 Career Planning
Application Letter
Sample One
May 5, _____
Apartment 2E
3465 Boulevard East
Dallas, TX 75221
Fidelity National Bank
P.O.Box 42B
Dallas, TX 75221
Dear Sir or Madam:
I would like to be considered as an applicant for the teller trainee position listed in today's Dallas Tribune.I am 18 years old.I will graduate from North High School in June.Since my sophomore year, I have been taking business courses.I have taken Accounting 1 and 2, Business Law, Economics, and Word Processing.During my junior year, I participated in the Co-op Program in which I attended school one week and worked the alternate week.My work placement was at the Western Insurance Company, where I learned basic accounting procedures.I am currently employed part-time as acashier at a Pathway Supermarket.These positions helped me to develop skills and confidence for handling large sums of money.I would be glad to come for an interview at your convenience.My telephone number is 775-2684.I look forward to hearing from you.Sincerely,Thomas Gupton
Unit One Personality
“My Advice to Pessimists”
It is believed that pessimism often leads to hopelessness, sickness and failure, while optimism usually brings happiness, good health and success.Pessimists also make those around them very miserable.Therefore, pessimists should change their way of thinking and overcome the negative aspects of their personalities.Here are a few tips for them:
1.Try to smile more often.A smile has great power.It can chase sadness away.It will make you and other people feel happy.And it may even make things easier and better.Smiling in the morning makes a good beginning for the day.A smile is the most important sign of optimism.2.Build up your self-confidence.Try to discover as many of your personal strengths as you can.Then write them all down.Read them several times when you are getting ready to do something or when you are facing difficulties.Your list will help you see your abilities.3.Change your way of thinking.Don't always think that things will go wrong or that if they do there will be terrible results.Instead, convince yourself that things will improve and that you can work hard to help improve them.If you fail, think about what you have learned from the failure.If you succeed, praise yourself.Don't be too modest!There is nothing more encouraging than self-praise.Try your best to become an optimist.
第二篇：新编大学英语3课后作文
9The Power of Music
Music is the universal language of mankind.Music is everywhere.We can hear it in restaurants, airports, railway stations, supermarkets, department stores, banks, hospitals, and many other public places.Music of all kinds is now available, and tapes and CDs are not very expensive.Music plays an important role in our everyday lives.Music can express emotions that are beyond speech and give us a better feeling about ourselves and about everything around us.It can change our attitudes towards many things.When we feel sad, music is moonlight in the gloomy night of life which can cheer us up;when we are tired and bored, music can make us relaxed, it has charms to soothe the savage breast, to soften rocks, or bend a knotted oak.When we are working or studying, music can provide us with a pleasant environment so that we can work or study more efficiently.Music can make people work faster and with more energy.The best, most beautiful, and most perfect way that we have of expressing a sweet concord of mind to each other is by music.Music can also lull the babies to sleep and can even make cows produce more milk.In a word, music is irresistible and life without music would be boring and monotonous.Unit 8 Nature or Nurture “Which Has Had More Influence on You, Heredity or Environment?”
I always believe that a person can succeed in doing anything he feels interested in.Your environment provides all sorts of opportunities and the things necessary for your personal
pursuit and achievement.Which has had more influence on you, heredity or environment? This is a difficult question to answer.First, let us examine the influence of heredity.All my classmates call me “Fat Yu” because I am fat.My father is also fat, so I can't help connecting my fatness with his!Although I can't be absolutely sure that it comes from my father, I do think that I probably have a gene which he passed on to me and which determines my body build or shape.Aside from that gene, my father gave me many excellent qualities.For example, I think I am good at abstract thinking.My father is an engineer and he often tells me that he was very good at Math and Physics at middle school and college.So thanks to these genes of his I got into this university.However, I have many other characteristics, which may come from the environment I grew up in.For example, my father and mother are conservative and traditional.They lack a spirit of adventure and they have a hard time understanding many of the new things in China today.I, on the contrary, have the desire to explore and I hope I can become a pioneer of reform.I often have many original thoughts and ideas.All changes taking
place around me whet my appetite for exploration.In conclusion, I think both heredity and environment have influenced me greatly.Heredity created me, but environment has improved me.Unit 7 The Joy of Travel Traveling Is Wonderful
In school we always study hard and rarely have time for play and relaxation.During our vacation, we can do what we like.Some students go swimming, watch TV, go to the cinema, etc.But all I want to do is to travel.Traveling is interesting.You can see a lot of fascinating things and you can learn about history.Three years ago, I went to Beijing.When I was in the Summer Palace, I walked through the famous Long Corridor, admiring the beautiful pictures drawn on it.In the Imperial Palace, I saw a lot of rare treasures I had never seen before.I went to the Great Wall as well as the Ming Tombs.After visiting these famous places, I can’t help feeling proud of my great motherland.I think it is important to travel to different countries, if possible, so that you can learn about different cultures and customs.It can widen your knowledge of the world.In addition to learning new things, you can also discover the beauty of nature by yourself.When you are on the top of a mountain, you can breathe fresh air, you can see green scenery below and you can hear the sounds of nature.It is a very wonderful feeling.Now I’d like to invite you to go on a trip with me.Can you refuse?
Unit 6 Animals
Animals Should Be Trained
There are a wide variety of animals in the world.And many of them are highly intelligent.So if we train some animals to work for human beings, we can save a lot of money and manpower.First, some kinds of animals can be trained based on their capacity to do certain types of jobs better than humans.For example, since dogs have a superior ability to track down odors, we can train them to find illegal drugs, earthquake victims, or even ancient tombs.Second, some animals can even lend us their hands.The monkey is a good example.Monkeys can be trained to learn to open doors, fetch tools, bring books, etc.So they can help those who cannot move about freely because of some physical problems.Monkeys make the lives of these people happier and more comfortable.Finally, in some cases, using animals not only saves money but also trouble.Using dolphins as underwater guards can be better and cheaper than any man-made tracking devices.In a word, animals should be trained to help humans.If we train animals in the proper way, both humans and animals can get along very well.Unit 4 Career Planning Application Letter May 5, _____ Apartment 2E 3465 Boulevard East Dallas, TX 75221 Fidelity National Bank P.O.Box 42B Dallas, TX 75221 Dear Sir or Madam:
I would like to be considered as an applicant for the teller trainee position listed in today's Dallas Tribune.I am 18 years old.I will graduate from North High School in June.Since my sophomore year, I have been taking business courses.I have taken Accounting 1 and 2, Business Law, Economics, and Word Processing.During my junior year, I participated in the Co-op Program in which I attended school one week and worked the alternate week.My work placement was at the Western Insurance Company, where I learned basic accounting procedures.I am currently employed part-time as a cashier at a Pathway Supermarket.These positions helped me to develop skills and confidence for handling large sums of money.I would be glad to come for an interview at your convenience.My telephone number is 775-2684.I look forward to hearing from you.Sincerely, Thomas Gupton
Directions: Write an article entitled “My Advice to Pessimists”.Your writing must cover the following two points:
1）disadvantages of pessimism
2）way(s)of overcoming pessimism It is believed that pessimism often leads to hopelessness, sickness and failure, while optimism usually brings happiness, good health and success.Pessimists also make those around them very miserable.Therefore, pessimists should change their way of thinking and overcome the negative aspects of their personalities.Here are a few tips for them:
1.Try to smile more often.A smile has great power.It can chase sadness away.It will make you and other people feel happy.And it may even make things easier and better.Smiling in the morning makes a good beginning for the day.A smile is the most important sign of optimism.2.Build up your self-confidence.Try to discover as many of your personal strengths as you can.Then write them all down.Read them several times when you are getting ready to do something or when you are facing difficulties.Your list will help you see your abilities.3.Change your way of thinking.Don't always think that things will go wrong or that if they do there will be terrible results.Instead, convince yourself that things will improve and that you can work hard to help improve them.If you fail, think about what you have learned from the failure.If you succeed, praise yourself.Don't be too modest!There is nothing more encouraging than self-praise.Try your best to become an optimist.
第三篇：大学英语第三册翻译答案
Unit1
1.发言人明确表示总统在任何情况下都不会取消这次旅行。
The spokesman made it clear that the President would not cancle the trip under any circumstances..杰克对书架上那些书一本也不了解，所以他的选择是很随意的。
Jack didn't know anything about any of the books on the bookshelf, so his choice was quite arbitrary.3.随后发生的那些事件再次证明了我的猜疑是对的。
The subsequent events once again confirmed that my suspicions were right.4.我认为我们应该鼓励中学生在暑假找临时工作。
I think we should encourage high school students to find temporary jobs / employment during their summer holidays.5.令我们吃惊的是，这位常被赞为十分正直的州长竟然是个贪官。
To our surprise ,the governor, who had often been praised for his honesty ,turned out to be a corrupt official.6.只有少数工人工人得到提升，在这同时却有数百名工人被解雇。
A few workers were promoted ,but meanwhile hundreds of workers were dismissed.7.如果有机会，约翰也许成为一位杰出的画家了。
Given the chance, John might have been an excellent painter.8.数小时后，有人看见那个男孩在林子里瞎转。
Several hours later, the boy was found wandering around in the woods.Unit3
1.许多美国大学生申请政府贷款交付学费。
Many American students apply for government loans to pay for their tuition.2.除阅读教材外，使用电影和录像会激发学生学习的兴趣。
In addition to reading materials ,the application of films and videotapes can stimulate students’ interest in their study.3.这位律师试图?服陪审团他的当事人是无辜的。
The attorney tired to convince the jury that his client is innocent.4.提问常常会引发创造的火花。
Asking questions often generates the spark of creativity.5.我已经把我的简历寄往几家公司，但尚未收到回复。
I have sent off my resume to a few companies, but haven’t received a reply yet.6她的结论是建立在对当前国际情况进行了认真的分析的基础上的。
Her conclusion is built / based on a careful analysis of current international affairs.7.我们满怀希望地来参加会议，离开时却大失所望。
We came to the meeting with great expectation, but we left very disappointed.8.暂时他只得接受了一份给一家化妆品公司发促销传单的活儿。
At the moment he has to take the job of distributing leaflets to promote products for a cosmetic company.0920123班英语复习材料
Unit 5
1.就能力而言,我肯定他能胜任这件工作。
As far as ability is concerned, I am sure he will qualify for the job.2.认为约翰会因为他的失礼而向他们正式道歉，那就错了。
It is wrong to assume that John will formally apologize to them for the impoliteness.3.这一丑闻对正在力争赢得大选的工党来?，无疑是一件尴尬的事。
The scandal is certainly an embarrassment to the Labour Party aiming at winning the election.4.我正在认真地写学期论文的时候，我的小妹妹连蹦带跳地上了楼。
I was working carefully on my term paper when my little sister bounded upstairs and rushed into my room.5.我问她数次，可她拒绝回答我的问题。
I asked her several times ,but she refused to respond to my questions.6.在西方，人们常常邮购商品，这可以节省许多时间。
In the west,people often send away for goods, which can save them a lot of time.7.抱歉, 时间不多了，我建议我们跳到最后一章。
Sorry time is running out;I suggest we skip to the last chapter.8.既然你决定尽快完成硕士课程，那就别让你的社交生活妨碍你的学习。
Don’t let your social life stand in the way of your studies, since you’ve set your mind to finishing the master’s program as soon as possible.Unit 6
1.装了假肢，他起初走路走不稳，但经过锻炼他的步子稳了。
Fitted with the artificial leg, he walked unsteadily at first,but with practice his steos became steady.2.医生说我得了重感冒，她给我开了四种药，三种是药片，饭后服，另一种药水，睡前服。
The doctor said I had caught a bad cold and she prescribed me four kinds of medicine.Three of them are pills to be taken aftermeal, and theother is liquid tobe taken before bedtime.3.我妹妹的爱犬被人偷走后，她心里难受了好几个星期。
My sister felt miserable for weeks after she had her pet dog stolen.4.汽车早已开走看不见了，珍妮还站在大门口凝视著路的尽头。
The car long being out of sight ,Jenny was still standing at the door ,gazing toward the end of the road.5.就我所知，他们相互感情上已有一些时间。
As far as I know, they have been emotionally detached from each other for quite some time.0920123班英语复习材料
6.一般地说，通过增加供给或减少需求可以减低物价。
Generally speaking, increasing supply or decreasing demand can bring down prices.Unit7
1.就像平常一样，他在开始洗漱前，将收音机调至早晨7点的新闻广播。
As usual, he tuned his radio for the 7 a.m news broadcast before he began to get washed.2.有许多文件要签，但紧急的只有这份合同。
There are a lot of papers to sign, but the only urgent one is this contract.3.在该市，因吸毒和赌博而引发的罪行在发展，当地政府似乎找不出对付这一问题的办法。
In that city,crime born of drug abuse and gambling is on the rise and the local government seems unable to figure out a way to cope with it.4.在那些日子里，我能弄到什麽就看什麽，只要是有英文写的。
In those days , I would read everything I could get my hands on so long as it was weitten in English.5.我敢肯定那座楼在空袭中一定被完全炸毁了。
I bet that building must have been completely destroyed in the air raid.6.她被这突如其来的打击吓得好几分钟讲不出一句话来。
She was so scared by the unexpected blow that she could not speak a word for several minutes.Unit8
1.我们不赞成他认为自己应得到特殊待遇的态度。
We didn't like his attitude that he deserved special treatment.2.即使你是班上最好的学生之一，要保住成绩也得常常温习功课才行。
Even if you are one of the best students in the class, in order to maintain your grades you must review your lessons often.3.过去有关太空时代的某些幻想已经成为现实。
Some of the old fantasies about the space age have come true.4.情况确实如此，有些人一生中很早就获得成功，而另一些人则要工作很长时间方能实现自己的目标。
It is true that some people achieve success very early in life, while others must work a long time before attaining their goals.5.他坚持认?这次实验的失败主要是由於准备不足。
He maintained that the failure of the experiment wsa largely due to inadequate preparations.6.如今研究人员提倡我们应该每天花些时间将自己想要达到的目标投射到心灵的屏幕上。
0920123班英语复习材料
Researchers now recommend that we take time off every day to project our desired goals onto the screen in our minds.Unit10 1.事实上，对于这次海难（shipwreck）报纸上的说法不一。
In fact, there are different accounts of the shipwreck in the newspapers.2.据说这一地区早在两千年前农业就很先进。
It is said that the area was well advanced in agriculture as early as 2,000 years ago.3.瞧他是如何操作这机器的，然后就照着做。
Watch how he operates the machine and then do likewise.4.孔繁森体现了一位共产党人的全部优秀品质。
Kong Fansen embodies all the fine qualities of a communist.5.在那些国家的职业妇女中，有三十多岁才生育的趋势。
Among the professional women in these countries, there is a trend towards having children in their thirties.6.圣诞节和元旦相隔一周时间。
There is an interval of a week between Christmas and New Year's Day.Appenix 1
1.一位刚从前线回来的下级军官证实了该边界城镇失陷及许多卫戌部队被俘的传闻.A junior officer who had just returned from the front confirmed the rumor that the border town had been captured by the enemy and that many garrison troops were taken prisoner.2.即使在最有利的条件下,公司也很难改产较为适销的产品而不冒暂时损失一些利润的风险.Even under the most favorable circumstances, it won't be easy for the firm to switch to a more marketable line of products without risking some temporary losses in profits.3.一定要争辩说你的解决办法胜过我的或是她的是没有意义的.事实上,各种解决办法都有其优点和缺点,现在就说我的解决办法没有成功的希望未免武断.there is no piont arguing that your solution is better than mine or hers.As a matter of fact , each has its strengths and weaknesses and at this piont it is arbitrary to say that mine does not stand a chance of success.4.汤姆自己承担了全部责任.从为抱怨过别人.他把过去的不愉快抛在一边.现已团结了周围所有的人,勉力使公司渡过危机.Tom took all the blame on himself and never complained about others.And brushing aside past unpleasantness , he has now united all those around him in an effort to bring the company through the crisis.5.我们家的房子年久失修.需要马上修缮.与此同时,我们还得积起总够的钱,偿还明年底到期的贷款.0920123班英语复习材料
Our house has fallen into disrepair and needs immediate renovating.Meanwhile we have to save up enough money to repay the loan that is due by the end of next year.6.他一心扑在他的改革计划上.不久他就成为了一个婆负盛名的充满活力的社会改革家.He worked hard at his reform programs and before long he established his reputation as an energetic social reformer.Appenix 2
1.老人恳求红卫兵不要砸塑像,它是一件塑雕杰作.The old man pleaded with the Red Guards not to destory the statue, which was a masterpiece of sculpture.2.路灯亮起时,我看见一个男人摇摇晃晃地向市政厅方向走去.When the street lights went on, I saw a man walking unsteadily in the direction of the City Hall.3.是希腊人塑造了西方人的思想模式.It was the Greeks who shaped the thinking of Western man.4.你能够想象2050年的生活是个什么样儿吗? Can you picture to youself what life will be like in the year 2050? 5.玛丽一定是发疯了.她不时无缘无故地哈哈大笑.Marry must have gone crazy.She burst into laughter now and then for no reason at all.6.尽管她的膝盖严重擦伤,她还是赶上了大多数其他长跑者.Despite the fact that she had her knee severely bruised.she still managed to overtake most of the other long distance runners.7.我知道在我们抽签时我显得很沉着,但骨子里却是紧张急了.I knew I seemed calm when we drew the lots , but underneath it all I was terribly nervous.8.聚会午夜散场.彼得和我又喝了几杯,而后回到宿舍.The party broke up at midnight.Peter and I had a few more drinks and returned to our dorm afterwards.0920123班英语复习材料
第四篇：大学英语精读第三册
Passage One A couple of years ago I spent the day at an elementary school in New Jersey.It was a nice average school, a square and solid building, full of reasonably well-behaved kids from middle-class families.I handled three classes, and by the time I staggered out the door I wanted to lie down for the rest of the day.Teaching's the toughest job there is.In his new memoir, “Teacher Man,” Frank McCourt recalls telling his students, “Teaching is harder than working on docks and warehouses.” Not to mention writing a column.I can stare off into the middle distance with my chin(下巴)in my hand any time.But you go mentally south for five minutes in front of a class of fifth graders, and you are sunk.The average new teacher today makes just under $30,000 a year, which may not look too bad for a twenty-something with no mortgage(抵押贷款)and no kids.But soon enough the new teachers realize that they can make more money and not work anywhere near as hard elsewhere.After a lifetime of hearing the old legends about cushy(舒适安逸的)hours and summer vacations, they figure out that early mornings are for students who need extra help, evenings are for test corrections and lesson plans, and weekends and summers are for second and even third jobs to try to pay the bills.According to the Department of Education, one in every five teachers leaves after the first year, and almost twice as many leave within three.If any business had that rate of turnover, someone would do something smart and strategic to fix it.This isn't any business.It's the most important business around, the gardeners of the landscape of the human race.Unfortunately, the current way of dealing with problems in education is taken directly from business practice, and it's a terrible fit.Instead of simply acknowledging that starting salaries are woefully low and committing to increasing them and finding the money for reasonable recurring raises, politicians have wasted decades talking about something called merit pay(奖励工资).It's a concept that works fine if you're making toys, but kids aren't toys, and good teaching isn't an assembly line.26.What can we infer from the first paragraph about teachers? 1“>They have to teach three classes at a time.2”>They have a very rewarding job.3“>They prefer to teach children from middle-class families.4”>They have a very hard job to do.27.Why does the author say teaching is tougher than writing a column? 1“>Teaching is like working on docks and warehouses.2”>Teaching demands full attention.3“>Teachers have to work with children.4”>Teachers have no chance to go traveling.28.What do new teachers find out after some practice? 1“>Their starting salary is lower than offered by other occupations.2”>They have to work during vacations to make ends meet.3“>They have to plan their time well to get everything done.4”>They can take a second or even a third job besides teaching.29.We can infer from the fourth paragraph that the author thinks __________.1“>measures should be taken to keep teachers in their jobs 2”>the rate of turnover in teaching is low compared to other occupations 3“>it's natural for a number of teachers to quit in three to five years 4”>it's fair to call teachers the gardeners of the landscape of the human race 30.What does the author think of merit pay? 1“>It will make up for teachers' low starting salaries.2”>It will bring down the turnover rate of teachers.3“>It is a good fix for current educational problems.4”>It is not suitable for the teaching profession.几年前,我花了一整天在新泽西的一所小学。这是一个很好的学校,平均一个正方形和坚实的建筑,充满了合理行为端正的来自中产阶级家庭的孩子。我处理了三个类,我交错的时候出了门我想躺下休息的一天。教学是最艰难的工作。在他新出版的回忆录中写道,“老师的人,”弗兰克•麦考特回忆说告诉他的学生,“教学是比在码头和仓库工作。“更不用说写一个专栏。我可以用我的下巴凝视到中间的距离(下巴)在我的手。但你精神上南走五分钟前的五年级学生,你沉没了。新老师今天让平均每年不到30000美元,这可能不是太糟糕了寻找一个二十来岁,没有抵押贷款(抵押贷款),也没有孩子。但很快新教师意识到他们可以赚更多的钱,而不是工作接近其他地方一样硬。一生的听证会后老传说轻松(舒适安逸的)时间和暑假,他们指出,早期的早晨是学生需要额外的帮助,晚上为测试修正和教案,周末和暑假是第二个,甚至第三个工作来支付账单。根据教育部,每五个老师离开后第一年,几乎两倍在三个之内离开。如果任何业务,周转率,有人会做一些聪明的和战略来解决它。这不是任何业务。这是最重要的业务,人类的景观的园丁。不幸的是,当前的处理问题方式在教育是直接取自商业实践,这是一个可怕的健康。而不是简单地承认,可悲的是起薪低且致力于增加他们,找到钱合理的重复提出,政客们已经浪费了几十年谈论所谓绩效工资(奖励工资)。这是一个概念,如果你制作玩具没问题,但是孩子不是玩具,良好的教学并不是一个生产线。
26岁。第一段,我们能从中推断出什么老师? 1 “ >他们教三个类。” >他们有一个很有成就感的工作。3 >他们喜欢教来自中产阶级家庭的孩子。4 “ >他们有一个非常困难的工作要做。27。为什么作者说教学是比写专栏吗? 1 ” >教学是在码头和仓库工作。2 “ >教学要求充分重视。3 >老师和孩子们工作。4 ” >教师没有机会去旅行。28。新教师一些练习后发现什么? 1 “ >他们的起薪低于其他职业提供的。2 ” >他们必须工作在假期来维持生计。3 >他们必须计划时间完成一切。“ >他们可以接受第二个甚至第三个工作除了教学。29。我们可以推断出从第四段作者认为__________。1 ” >应采取措施使教师在他们的工作 2 “ >教学周转率低比其他职业 ” >很自然的教师在三到五年内辞职 4 “ >公平打电话给老师的园丁的人类 30。作者认为绩效工资什么? 1 ” >将弥补教师低起薪。2 “ >会降低教师的流动率。” >这是一个很好的解决当前教育问题。4 “ >它是不适合教学工作。
Passage Two Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage: I was born with a disability that affects my sense of balance, causing me to walk with a limp.Not only does it affect the function of the legs, but it also has an impact on the kidneys.The disability has had its ups and downs.As a young child, I can remember the way other children would stare at me because of the way that I walked.There were many times that my schoolmates would laugh at me and call me names simply because of their lack of understanding, especially back in the mid 70s and early 80s.Children then were just unwilling to take the time to learn why one of their classmates might walk, speak or seem noticeably different from themselves.Now that I am an adult, I have noticed that the stares and names have begun to fade, and judgments that once were negative have begun to turn toward acceptance.The signing of the Americans with Disabilities Act(ADA)has played a great part in breaking down some of those barriers(障碍)that, as a child, left me to fight a war that seemed to have no end.Now I look beyond what I can't do and focus on what I can.I have learned that limitations open doors that have been closed, showing other ways to meet our needs.I have always looked at life as a challenge, grasping each obstacle with open arms.There is nothing in this world that comes easy.I must stand tall and look forward, to be ever so ready for what still lies ahead.People often feel sorry for those who were born with some type of disability.But their compassion(怜悯)is misplaced.Yes, I may not be able to run as fast or perform certain tasks, but my disability gives me a better look at life and all that's around me.I want to be seen not as a disability but as a person who has, and will continue to, bloom(成长).So I decided to become an advocate(倡导者)on behalf of disabled Americans, to fight for our rights that for so long have been ignored.I feel that it only takes one powerful voice to change the minds of many nations, and as long as I have a mouth to use and a mind to think I will continue to work to bring peace upon the disabled community.31.Why did children stare at the author when he was young? 1”>He walked in an uneven way.2“>He often lost his balance and fell to the ground.3”>He had an appearance quite different from others.4“>He spoke in a different way from others.32.It can be inferred from the passage that in the 1970s, disabled children ________.1”>were not accepted by their peers 2“>received different treatment at school 3”>had frequent fights with their classmates 4“>had ups and downs in their life 33.Being disabled, the author ________.1”>has lost many a battle in his life 2“>looks at life as a challenge 3”>focuses on the limitations he has to suffer 4“>is angry for the many opportunities he has lost 34.According to the author, his disability ________.1”>has given him a better understanding of life 2“>aroused sympathy from people around him 3”>is a constant barrier between him and the community 4“>has prevented him from growing up to a full person 35.Why did the author decide to become an advocate for the disabled? 1”>He still has a mouth to use and a mind to think.2“>He has got a powerful voice to change people's minds.3”>The signing of the ADA has failed to change a thing in their life.4“>Their rights are still being ignored.我出生与一个残疾,影响我的平衡感,让我走路一瘸一拐。它不仅影响腿的功能,但它也有一个对肾脏的影响。残疾人都有其跌宕起伏。作为一个年轻的孩子,我记得别的孩子会盯着我,因为我走的方式。有很多次,我的同学们会嘲笑我,说我的名字只是因为缺乏了解,尤其是在70年代中期和80年代早期。孩子只是不愿意花时间去学习他们的一个同学为什么会走路,说话或看起来明显不同于自己。现在,我是一个成年人,我已经注意到,凝视着,名字已经开始褪色,和判断,一旦被负已经开始转向接受。签署《美国残疾人法案》(ADA)发挥了很大一部分在打破这些障碍(障碍),作为一个孩子,让我打一场战争,似乎没有尽头。现在我超越我不能做什么,关注什么。我知道限制打开大门已经关闭,显示其他方法来满足我们的需求。我一直看着的生活挑战,把握每个障碍张开双臂。在这个世界上没有什么是容易的。我必须忍受高和向前看,所以准备过的日子还在前头。人们常常感到抱歉对于那些天生就有某种类型的残疾。但是他们的同情心(怜悯)是错误的。是的,我可能无法或执行某些任务跑得一样快,但我的残疾使我的生活变得更好看,我周围的所有。我想被视为一种残疾,但作为一个人,并将继续,布鲁姆(成长)。所以我决定成为一个倡导者(倡导者)代表残疾人的美国人来说,争取我们的权利,长久以来被忽视了。我觉得只需要一个强有力的声音改变许多国家的想法,只要我有一个口使用和心灵思考我将继续工作在残疾人社区带来和平。31日。为什么孩子盯着作者年轻时? 1 ” >他走以不均匀的方式。“ >他经常失去平衡,摔倒在地。3 ” >他出现完全不同于其他人。4 “ >他说别人的方式不同。
32。从文章中可以推断,在1970年代,残疾儿童________。1 ” >没有同龄人所接受 2 “ >在学校接受不同的治疗 3“>经常与同学打架 ” >在他们的生活跌宕起伏 33。被禁用,作者________。“ >已经失去了很多在他的生活中 2 ” >看着生活的挑战 3 >关注他遭受的局限性 “ >愤怒的他已经失去了很多机会 34。根据作者,他的残疾________。1 ” >给了他一个更好的理解生活 2 “ >引起了周围人的同情 ” >是一个常数他和社区之间的障碍 4 “ >已经阻止了他成长为一个完整的人 35。为什么作者决定成为一个倡导残疾人? 1 ” >他仍然有一个口使用和思维去思考。2 “ >他有一个强大的声音,改变人们的想法。>签署《美国残疾人法》未能改变生活中的一件事。4 ” >他们的权利仍然被忽视。
Passage Three Questions 36-40 are based on the following passage: I'm coming off this plane, and landing at London airport.I'm looking around for a middle-aged woman, my Aunt Penn, who I've seen in pictures.The photographs are out of date, but she looked like the type who would wear a big necklace(项链)and flat shoes, and maybe some kind of narrow dress in black or gray.But I'm just guessing since the pictures only showed her face.Anyway, I'm looking and looking and everyone's leaving and there's no signal on my phone and I'm thinking, “Oh great, I'm going to be abandoned at the airport so that's two countries they don't want me in,” when I notice everyone's gone except this kid who comes up to me and says, “You must be Daisy.” And when I look relieved he does too and says, “I'm Edmond.” “Hello Edmond,” I say, “nice to meet you.” I look at him hard to try to get a feel for what my new life with my cousins might be like.Now let me tell you what he looks like before I forget because it's not exactly what you'd expect from your average fourteen-year-old what with the cigarette and hair that looked like he cut it himself with a knife in the dead of night, but aside from that he's exactly like some kind of mutt, you know the ones you see at the dog shelter who are kind of hopeful and sweet and put their nose straight into your hand when they meet you with a certain kind of dignity and you know from that second that you're going to take him home? Well that's him.Only he took me home.I'll take your bag, he said, and even though he's about half a mile shorter than me and has arms about as thick as a dog leg, he grabs my bag, and I grab it back and say “Where's your mom, is she in the car?” And he smiles and takes a drag on his cigarette, which, even though I know smoking kills and all that, I think is a little bit cool, but maybe all the kids in England smoke cigarettes? I don't say anything in case it's a well-known fact that the smoking age in England is something like twelve and by making a big thing about it I'll end up looking like an idiot when I've barely been here five minutes.Anyway, he says,“ Mum couldn't come to the airport because she's working, and everyone else seemed to be somewhere else, so I drove here myself.” 36.Daisy flew to London to ________.1“>see England 2”>live with her aunt 3“>meet Edmond 4”>visit a friend 37.Before Edmond greeted her, Daisy felt ________.1“>anxious 2”>curious 3“>relieved 4”>excited 38.Edmond waited till everyone was gone before greeting Daisy because _______.1“>he did not want to talk to a girl before others 2”>he did not get Daisy's phone call 3“>he had never seen Daisy before 4”>he was looking for a middle-aged woman 39.What did Edmond look like in Daisy's eyes? 1“>An average 14-year-old.2”>A lost dog.3“>An old friend.4”>A man with dignity.40.Daisy did not make any comment about Edmond smoking because _______.1“>she knew all children in England smoke cigarettes 2”>she thought smoking did harm to one's health 3“>the smoking age in England is about twelve 4”>she did not want to make a fool of herself
51.Large-scale studies are needed to ________ the encouraging results we have obtained so far.1“>conduct 2”>confirm 3“>contract 4”>commit 52.Dr.Smith is starting the first training program himself, and his methods of teaching will be used in all ________ training programs.1“>subsequent 2”>temporary 3“>fruitful 4”>energetic 53.Whoever disobeys the company's safety regulations shall be ________ on the spot.1“>dismissed 2”>switched 3“>interrupted 4”>revealed 54.This is a very formal occasion.It is not appropriate to wear ________ pants or skirts.1“>messy 2”>frantic 3“>casual 4”>jealous 55.All the questions the police asked ________ what she had been doing on the night of the robbery.1“>brought up 2”>revolved around 3“>built on 4”>singled out 56.The noise ________ to be just the dogs fighting for a bone in the courtyard.1“>made out 2”>worked out 3“>rang out 4”>turned out 57.Our system has been designed to give the user quick and easy ________ to the required information.1“>accent 2”>access 3“>response 4”>approach 58.So far only a dozen people who had direct contact with live chickens have ________ the bird flu.1“>distributed 2”>displayed 3“>contracted 4”>constituted 59.Many young women do aerobics(增氧健美操)every day in their ________ to achieve the perfect body.1“>quest 2”>strain 3“>temptation 4”>campaign 60.The official ________ of the events is that the police were attacked and were just trying to defend themselves.1“>issue 2”>illusion 3“>version 4”>perspective 61.________ the warning that smoking kills, the number of smokers does not seem to drop in our country.1“>With 2”>For 3“>As 4”>Despite 62.Why did you have to ________ the subject of religion since you know the guests are sharply divided on it? 1“>bring up 2”>leave out 3“>turn against 4”>call up 63.If schoolchildren are allowed to work at their own ________, their performance will generally improve.1“>version 2”>pace 3“>evolution 4”>system 64.Clara was ________ to sell her late husband's paintings to pay her debts.1“>qualified 2”>assumed 3“>compelled 4”>racked 65.To attract foreign investors, you have to ________ them that their investment will have profitable returns.1“>confirm 2”>stimulate 3“>grab 4”>convince 66.I don't think I can ever ________ my teachers for their devoted work, but I can in my turn do my best for my students.1“>repay 2”>interrupt 3“>respond 4”>witness 67.The conference was an attempt to ________ discussion of the problem of widening gaps between the rich and the poor.1“>stimulate 2”>conduct 3“>intend 4”>uncover 68.The lawyer outlined the case to him, being careful not to ________ anything important.1“>save up 2”>cut through 3“>leave out 4”>take out 69.The clerk held my passport four inches from his face and ________ to read it.1“>affected 2”>flipped 3“>strained 4”>giggled 70.The wounded woman got to her feet and made a ________ at the kitchen knife at the sink.1“>grab 2”>click 3“>comment 4”>pat 71.The designers made the most ________ water gardens to match the houses, with canals, fountains and cascades(小瀑布).1“>casual 2”>elaborate 3“>fruitful 4”>frantic 72.Suggesting something which he or she can do ________ the child's sense of achievement.1“>makes up 2”>pass on 3“>brings up 4”>adds to 73.If these problems are not ________ early in their training, they can be a real danger to themselves and to their instructors.1“>skipped 2”>contracted 3“>spotted 4”>responded 74.In order to reach ________ physical fitness for the coming match, he cut out all social activities and concentrated on his training.1“>maximum 2”>temporary 3“>extensive 4”>detached 75.We can't ________ the suspects to be guilty simply because they've decided to remain silent.1“>interpret 2”>assume 3“>grant 4”>arrest 76.The professor ________ the whole chapter, saying it was not difficult for us to study it by ourselves.1“>dismissed 2”>covered 3“>skipped 4”>explored 77.Tourism authorities ________ quickly to reports of the attack, claiming that it was accidental and that crime against tourists was quite rare in the scenic areas.1“>added 2”>fastened 3“>skipped 4”>responded 78.It is rarely useful to try and adjust fully to the time-zone transition(转变)before the journey, since this will ________ your life-style too much.1“>interrupt 2”>flip 3“>renovate 4”>decay 79.To ________ for the position, applicants would need to have a PhD degree and 3 years' working experience.1“>strain 2”>qualify 3“>register 4”>campaign 80.We must come to a decision and take action quickly, for time is ________ faster than we think.1“>catching on 2”>running out 3“>stepping up 4”>revolving around
我从这架飞机,降落在伦敦机场。我找了一位中年妇女,我姑姑潘,我看过照片。照片是过时了,但她看起来像谁会穿一个大类型的项链(项链),平底鞋,也许一些狭窄的穿黑色或灰色。但我只是猜测因为图片只显示了她的脸。不管怎样,我想,和每个人的离开,我的电话没有信号,我想,“哦,太好了,我要放弃在机场这是两国在,他们不希望我”当我注意到每个人都去除了这孩子过来对我说,“你一定是黛西。“当我看他做太松了一口气说,“我是爱德蒙。”“你好,爱德蒙,”我说,“很高兴见到你。“我看着他努力尝试了解我和我的表亲们可能会喜欢的新生活。现在让我告诉你他是什么样子在我忘记之前,因为它不是你希望从你的平均14岁的香烟和头发的样子他自己切了用刀在夜深人静的时候,但是除了他就像某种杂种狗,你知道的你看到狗庇护所的希望和甜,把他们的鼻子直接进入你的手当他们见到你的某种尊严和你知道,第二,你要带他回家?这就是他。只有他带我回家。我接受你的包,他说,尽管他的大约半英里比我短,手臂一样粗的狗腿,他抓住我的包,我抓住它,说:“你的妈妈,她在车里吗?”,他笑着将拖累他的香烟,即使我知道因吸烟而死亡,我觉得有点凉,但也许在英国所有的孩子抽烟吗?我不会说任何情况下这是一个众所周知的事实是英国吸烟年龄之类的十二个,通过做一件大事,我看起来像个白痴当我几乎在这里五分钟。不管怎样,他说,“妈妈不能来机场,因为她的工作,而其他人似乎在别的地方,所以我开车我自己。” 36。黛西飞往伦敦________。1 “ >看到英格兰 2 ” >姑姑住在一起 3 >满足爱德蒙 4 “ >拜访一位朋友
37岁。爱德蒙前迎接她,黛西感到________。1 ” >焦虑 2 “ >好奇 >松了一口气 4 ” >兴奋
38。爱德蒙等到所有人都走了之前问候黛西因为_________。1 “ >他不想跟一个女孩在别人 2 ” >他没有得到黛西的电话 3 >他从来没有见过黛西 4“>他寻找一位中年妇女
39岁。爱德蒙在黛西的眼睛看起来像什么? 1 “ >平均14岁。2 ” >一个走失的狗。3 >一个老朋友。“ >一个有尊严的人。
40。黛西并没有做出任何评论爱德蒙吸烟因为_________。1 ” >她知道在英国所有的孩子抽烟 2 “ >她认为吸烟危害健康 3 ” >英国吸烟年龄大约是十二 4 “ >她不想欺骗自己
51。大规模研究需要________迄今为止我们取得的令人鼓舞的结果。1 ” >行为 2 “ >确认 3 >合同 4 ” >提交
52岁。史密斯博士开始第一个培训计划,和他的教学方法将用于所有培训项目。1 “ >后续 2 ” >临时 3 >富有成果 4 “ >精力充沛
53岁。谁不服从公司的安全条例应当______。1 ” >了 2 “ >切换 3 >打断 4 ” >透露
54。这是一个非常正式的场合。不适合穿在裤子或裙子。1 “ >混乱 2 ” >疯狂 3 >休闲 4 “ >嫉妒
55。警察问的所有问题——她一直做什么晚上的抢劫。1 ” >长大 2 “ >围绕 3 ” >建立在 4 “ >挑出
56。噪声在只是骨头在院子里的狗打架。1 ” >了 2 “ > 3 ” >响起 4 “ > 57。我们的系统被设计给用户快速和容易________到所需的信息。1 ” >口音 2 “ >访问 3 ” >响应 4“>的方法 58岁。到目前为止,只有十几个人活着的鸡有直接接触禽流感。1 “ >分布式 2 ” >显示 3 >合同 4 “ >构成
59。许多年轻女性做有氧运动(增氧健美操)每天________来达到完美的身体。1 ” >追求 2 “ >应变 3 >诱惑 4 ” >活动
60。官方在警察遭到袭击的事件,只是想保护自己。1 >问题 2 “ >错觉 3 ” >版本 “ >的角度来看
61年。________因吸烟而死亡的警告,吸烟者的数量似乎并没有下降。1 ” > 2 “ > 3 ” > 4 “ >尽管
62年。你为什么要从宗教的主题因为你知道客人是严重分歧吗? 1 ” >弹出 2 “ > 3 ” >反对 4 “ >打电话
63年。如果学生被允许在自己的工作______,他们通常会提高性能。1 ” >版本 2 “ >速度 3 >进化 4 ” >系统
64年。克拉拉是________出售她已故丈夫的作品支付债务。1 “ >合格 2 ” >假定 3 >强迫 4 “ >折磨
65年。吸引外国投资者,你必须立刻停止他们的投资会有丰厚的回报。1 ” >确认 2 “ >刺激 3 >抓住 4 ” >说服
66年。我不认为我能______老师对他们的投入工作,但我可以在我将为我的学生做我最好的。1 “ >偿还 2 ” >中断 3 >回应 4 “ >见证
67年。会议是企图在讨论问题的富人和穷人之间的差距不断扩大。1 ” >刺激 2 “ >行为 3“>意愿 4 ” >发现
68年。列出的律师对他而言,小心不要在什么重要。1 “ >保存 2 ” >穿过 3 >离开 4 “ >取出
69年。店员举行我的护照4英寸从他的脸,在阅读它。1 ” >的影响 2 “ >翻 3“>紧张 ” >咯咯直笑
70年。受伤的女人有她的脚,________在水槽的菜刀。1 “ >抓住 2 ” >点击 3“>评论 4 “ >帕特
71年。设计师作出了最______的水花园与房屋、运河、喷泉和瀑布(小瀑布)。1 ” >休闲 “ >精心制作的 3 >富有成果 4 ” >疯狂
72年。表明他或她可以做的事情在孩子的成就感。1 “ >组成 2 ” >转嫁 3 “ >提出 4 ” >增加了
73年。如果这些问题不从早在他们的训练,他们可以是一个真正的危险,自己和他们的教练。1 “ >跳过 2 ” >合同 3 >发现 4 “ >回应
74年。以达到______身体健康为即将到来的比赛,他把所有的社会活动和集中培训。1 ” >最大 2 “ >临时 3 >广泛 4 ” >分离
75年。我们不能从嫌疑人有罪,因为他们已经决定保持沉默。1 “ >解读 2 ” >假设 3 >格兰特 4 “ >逮捕
76年。教授在整个一章,说对我们来说并不难自己研究。1 ” >了 2 “ >覆盖 3 >跳过 4 ” >探索
77年。旅游部门______迅速袭击的报道,声称这是偶然的,犯罪对游客在风景区是相当罕见的。1 >说: 2 “ >系 3 >跳过 4 ” >回应
78年。很少有用的尝试和调整充分的时区转换(转变)在旅程之前,因为这将在你的生活太多。1 “ >中断 2 ” >翻转 3 >更新 4 “ >衰变
79年。________的位置,申请者需要有一个博士学位,3年的工作经验。1 ” >应变 2 “ >资格 3 >注册 4 ” >活动
80年。我们必须作出决定和采取行动迅速,时间是在比我们想象的更快。1 “ > 2 ” >耗尽 3 “ >加大 4 ” >围绕
81．不打算努力工作的人就没有可能取得成功。
No one who does not intend to work hard stands a chance of success.82．看来你从因特网上下载的这个故事是原文的简写本。
It seems the story you downloaded from the Internet is a simplified version of the original.83．我相信如果财富以更为合理的方式分配，世界上就没有人会挨冻受饿。
I am convinced that if wealth is distributed in a more reasonable manner, no one will suffer from cold and hunger in the world.84．玛丽加到她网站上的图片确实吸引一些访客的注意。
The pictures Mary added to her website did catch the eye of a number of visitors.85．萨拉没有让她身体的残疾挡住她想当棒球评论作家的路。
Sarah did not allow her physical disability to stand in her way to becoming a baseball editorialist.Passage One Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage: I don't know why we are here.Ever since we came here, we have been treated very badly, and all I have heard since we have been here are people yelling in a language I don't understand, or people screaming as they were separated from loved ones.I have been made to lie on this hard, cold table, while strange men have taken away my crutches(拐杖).When I don't come when they call, they beat me repeatedly with a thick stick, and they laugh when I cry out for help.On bare skin it hurts so horribly, and I am so covered with bruises(瘀伤)and cuts it's a wonder I have any skin left!They call me an “undesirable”, and they keep telling me that they have “plans” for me.Whenever I ask what they are going to do, they just laugh and tell me to shut up and to mind my own business.I have had to have my hair shaved off, and I wear ill-fitting clothes;and I also have had to go around naked;and with other people looking at me, it makes me very unhappy.It is very cold here in these camps, and people have gotten sick;and disease has run rampant(猖獗).There is typhus about, and I am scared that I will get it next!I have eaten but very little, and what I ate tasted nasty.Life has been very hard for all of us, and every day, I see more and more bodies piling up.It is during these times when I wish I could see my mama or papa again, and I wish I were still at home in Warsaw!I wish I were still at home in my little bed or safe in mama's arms;I still can remember her telling me that she loved me so much, and that I was her angel(天使)!I also remember papa's strong arms and his big, booming laugh;but then the War came, and it changed everything;and now I am here, and I don't know what I may have done to deserve being here at Auschwitz!I am only a little boy who can't walk, and I didn't ask to be captured by the Germans or taken to this awful place!I didn't ask to be born a Jew, and I certainly didn't ask to be born handicapped!Now it seems that is exactly why I am here at this camp, and I am so scared！26．We can learn from the first two paragraphs that the author of this passage was ________.1“>an unpleasant person 2”>an intelligent child 3“>a disabled person 4”>a German citizen 27.The author was scared because ________.1“>he had little to eat and might be starved to death 2”>he didn't know the language used in the place 3“>he had to walk around naked before others 4”>he was afraid of catching typhus 28.According to the author, at Auschwitz ________.1“>children were taken care of by their parents 2”>death was a daily occurrence 3“>children were treated like angels 4”>people laughed at the Germans 29.The author thought he was taken to Auschwitz because ________.1“>he was a handicapped Jew 2”>his parents no longer cared for him 3“>he had said something that annoyed the Germans 4”>his home in Warsaw had been destroyed by the war 30.It can be inferred from the passage that ________.1“>anyone who dared to cry in Auschwitz would be beaten up by the Germans 2”>many children were left without a family after the war in Warsaw 3“>members of a family were separated from each other at Auschwitz 4”>Auschwitz was only one of the many camps where the Germans tortured the Jews 我不知道为什么我们在这里。自从我们来到这里,我们一直非常糟糕,我们一直以来我听到这里有人们叫喊的语言我不懂,或者人们尖叫当他们与所爱的人分离。我已经躺在这,冷表,而陌生男人已经拿走了我的拐杖(拐杖)。当我不他们叫的时候,他们打我反复用杠子,笑当我哭出来帮忙。在裸露的皮肤疼得这么惨,我满伤痕(瘀伤)和削减怀疑我有任何皮肤了!他们叫我“不良”,他们告诉我,他们对我有“计划”。每当我问他们要做什么,他们只是笑,告诉我闭嘴,管好我自己的事。我不得不把头发剃掉,我穿不合身的衣服,我也不得不去裸体;和别人看着我,这让我很不高兴。在这些营地,这里很冷,人生病了,和疾病已泛滥成灾(猖獗)。有斑疹伤寒,我害怕我接下来会得到它!我吃过但很少,我吃的味道的。我们所有人的生活非常艰难,每一天,我看到越来越多的尸体堆积如山。正是在这些时候,我希望我能再次见到我的妈妈或爸爸,和我希望我仍在华沙在家!我希望我仍在家里在我的小床或安全在妈妈的怀里,我还能记得她告诉我,她非常爱我,我是她的天使(天使)!我还记得爸爸的胳膊和他的大强,蓬勃发展的笑,但战争来了,它改变了一切,现在我在这里,我不知道我可能做的应该是在奥斯维辛集中营!我只是一个小男孩不能走路,我不要求被德国人或被这个可怕的地方!我没有问出生一个犹太人,我当然没有问出生残疾!现在看来,就是为什么我在这里在这个营地,和我很害怕！26.我们可以借鉴前两个段落,这篇文章的作者是________。1 “ >一个不愉快的人 2 ” >一个聪明的孩子 3 “ >一个残疾人 4 ” >德国公民
27。作者很害怕因为________。1 “ >他几乎没有吃会饿死 2 ” >他不知道所使用的语言 3 >他不得不在别人面前裸体走动 4 “ >他怕感染斑疹伤寒
28。根据作者在奥斯维辛________。1“>的孩子被他们的父母照顾 2 ” >死亡是家常便饭 >孩子们像天使一样对待 4 >人嘲笑德国
29。作者认为他被送往奥斯维辛集中营,因为________。1 “ >他是一个残疾人犹太人 2 ” >他的父母不再照顾他 >他说的话惹恼了德国人的东西 4 “ >在华沙被战争摧毁了
30。从文章中可以推断出来,________。1 ” >谁敢哭在奥斯维辛集中营被德国人 “ >后,许多孩子都没有一个家庭战争在华沙 3”>的家人分开在奥斯维辛 ” >奥斯维辛集中营的只有一个营的德国人虐待犹太人
Passage Two Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage: One of the first productive daydreamers may have been Archimedes.In the third century BC, the Greek scientist and inventor was taking a bath when he suddenly grasped a method for determining whether a gold crown was mixed with a cheaper metal.More recently, Sigmund Freud wrote extensively about the psychological importance of dreams, including daydreams.Scientists began investigating daydreaming as an invention and problem-solving tool about 40 years ago after they noticed famous inventors often reported making key discoveries while their minds wandered in relaxed states.Daydreaming is appreciated as a valuable tool in other areas as well.Visualization, for instance, in which athletes essentially daydream their own top performances, is widely used by athletes before important contests.Despite its history, however, daydreaming is in poor reputation today.They are often seen by many as a waste of time.Yet many of us daydream, and productively, too.A lot of people say they have their best ideas at night, when they get up in the morning, or during a long taxi ride.Basically when people are in a semi-trance(半催眠)state, their mind is free to wander and come up with new ideas.You can also daydream successfully while exercising, walking or bathing.In fact, it's a good idea to occupy at least part of your mind with something else while letting your daydreams spin(旋转).A typical exercise of the daydreamer is to imagine he or she is in various settings such as a tropical beach or preparing to dive into a pool of water.The idea is to provide the daydreamer with an experience that will help his or her real-world performance.For example, if a salesman has been rejected 20 times and is afraid of cold-calling(向素不相识的人打电话或上门推销商品), he can use daydreaming to help himself relax, so that he will experience a call with less stress and become open to learning new skills.Writing down or otherwise recording a dream session is vital.One of the problems is that you have a great idea and it pops out of your head before you can record it.You also must carefully evaluate the real value of your ideas.At some point, you have to step back from the daydream and figure out what's reality.Daydreams aren't going to show you what's practical.That's not their job.Daydreams can even be dangerous if you fail to distinguish fantasy from reality.The risk is expecting too much and taking your daydreams too seriously.31.According to the author, Archimedes was the first man in history ________.1“>to appreciate daydreaming as a problem-solving tool 2”>to make a gold crown mixed with a cheaper metal 3“>to study the role of daydreaming in solving problems 4”>to solve a scientific problem while daydreaming 32.According to some scientists, many discoveries were made when the inventors ________.1“>worked at night 2”>dreamed a lot 3“>concentrated their attention on their work 4”>were in a relaxed state of mind 33.According to the passage, daydreaming is viewed by many today as ________.1“>dangerous to a driver's safety 2”>a waste of time 3“>an athlete's way to top performance 4”>valuable to success 34.To benefit from daydreaming, the most important thing is ________.1“>to take daydreams seriously 2”>to imagine oneself in various beautiful settings 3“>to be open to learning new techniques and skills 4”>to write down the ideas that pop up in your mind 35.Daydreams can be dangerous if __________.1“>you can't tell what is practical and what is not 2”>you step back and try to figure out what is reality 3“>you let them spin during a long drive 4”>you let them pop out of your mind Passage Three Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage: We live in an era when modern technology has relieved us of almost every task our grandparents once performed – from chopping wood to carrying water.Technology is not the only reason for this, however: attitudes to children and work have changed dramatically in the last hundred years, and to many children physical work is a wholly foreign idea.In many homes, parents simply do not expect their children to work, even to make their own beds, wash the dishes, or mow the lawn.A friend recently wrote to me: I'm not sure my generation ever really grew up.We don't know what it is to make sacrifices, to give unselfishly in ways that won't ever be recognized.Many of us are still seeking the perfect partner, the perfect car, or some other kind of elusive(难以捉摸的)happiness.While no one in his right mind could desire a return to the days of child labor, sometimes it seems that the pendulum(钟摆)has swung too far the other way, that we have forgotten the value of work as an important tool of education.Physical work will not harm children;in fact, it usually does wonders for them.When you give a child a chore to do, you develop his or her ability to follow instructions.In helping to see it through to completion, you help the child build initiative and perseverance.Afterwards, you can praise him or her and instill(灌输)pride in a job well done.Where I grew up, hard physical work was part of daily life.I used to complain about the never-ending work, but my parents had no pity: “Good, hard work makes a man,” they always said.On looking back, I am grateful for every chore I did.I see now how work taught me self-discipline and concentration and prepared me for the responsibilities of fatherhood.Learning to work hard means far more than learning to sweat: it means building character.Our children need to grow up loving work, not avoiding it.Let us teach them to find inspiration in the face of challenges and difficulties, not frustration.And let us instill in them the desire to carry out everything they do with joy.36．By saying “to many children physical work is a wholly foreign idea”, the author means ________.1“>physical work is often assigned to children 2”>many children do not like physical work at all 3“>physical work is too hard for many children 4”>many children are not familiar with physical work 37.What does the author's friend mean by saying “I'm not sure my generation ever really grew up”? 1“>The younger generation wants everything perfect.2”>The younger generation does not know what happiness is.3“>The younger generation grew up quite selfish.4”>The younger generation is idealistic about life.38.What does the author mean by saying “the pendulum has swung too far the other way”? 1“>Too many children today find physical work boring.2”>Physical work has gained importance as a tool of education.3“>Children do too little physical work nowadays.4”>Too little physical work is now needed in our daily lives.39.How did the author's parents react to his complaints about never-ending work? 1“>They disciplined him.2”>They showed sympathy for him.3“>They said it could not be helped.4”>They took no pity on him.40.What does the author think of children doing physical work? 1“>It helps children build up their character.2”>It is becoming unnecessary as technology develops.3“>It is too great a challenge for children growing up today.4”>It means nothing but sweat and brings back memories of child labor.第一批生产的空想家可能是阿基米德。在公元前三世纪,希腊科学家和发明家正在洗澡时,他突然抓住一个方法判断一个金冠和更便宜的金属。最近,西格蒙德·弗洛伊德写了大量有关心理的梦想的重要性,包括白日梦。科学家开始调查白日梦作为一项发明和解决问题的工具后约40年前他们注意到著名的发明家通常报道做出关键发现虽然他们的思想在放松状态。白日做梦是欣赏作为一个有价值的工具在其他领域。可视化,例如,运动员基本上遐想自己的表演,被广泛使用之前,运动员重要的比赛。然而,尽管其历史白日做梦是当今声誉不佳。他们通常被视为浪费时间。然而,许多人遐想,也有效。很多人说他们晚上最好的想法,早晨起床时,或在长时间乘坐出租车。基本上是当人们semi-trance(半催眠)状态,他们的思想是自由漫步,想出新点子。你也可以做白日梦成功运动时,走路或洗澡。事实上,它是一个好主意至少占据你的大脑的一部分与其他东西而让你的白日梦旋转(旋转)。空想家的典型运动想象他或她是在各种设置如热带海滩或准备跳进一个水池。这个想法是提供的空想家经验会帮助他或她的真实性能。例如,如果一个推销员已经拒绝了20倍,害怕不请自来的(向素不相识的人打电话或上门推销商品),他可以用白日梦来帮助自己放松,所以,他将经历一个电话更少的压力,成为学习新技能。写下或记录一个梦想会话是至关重要的。其中一个问题是,你有一个伟大的想法,你的头,你可以记录它。你也必须仔细评估你的想法的真正价值。在某种程度上,你必须退一步从白日梦和算出的现实。白日梦不会告诉你什么是实用。这不是他们的工作。白日梦甚至可以是危险的,如果你不能区分幻想与现实。风险是期待太多,认真对待你的白日梦。
31日。根据作者,阿基米德在历史上是第一个男人________。1”>欣赏白日梦作为一个解决问题的工具 2 “ >金冠和更便宜的金属 >研究白日梦在解决问题中的作用 4 ” >解决一个科学问题,做白日梦
32。一些科学家表示,许多发明家________时发现的。1 “ >晚上工作 2 >梦想很多 >集中注意力集中在他们的工作 4 ” >是一个放松的心态
33。根据短文,白日做梦是今天被很多________。1 “ >危险驾驶安全 2 ” >浪费时间 “ >一个运动员的最高性能的方法 4 ” >有价值的成功
34。受益于白日梦,最重要的是________。1 “ >认真对待白日梦 ” >想象自己在各种美丽的设置 3 >开放学习新技术和技能 4 “ >写下的想法出现在脑海中
35。如果__________白日梦可能是危险的。1 ” >你不能告诉什么是实用的,什么不是 2 “ >你退后一步,试图找出什么是现实 3 ” >你让他们自旋在长期开车 4 “ >你让他们从你的头脑
我们生活在一个时代,现代技术缓解我们几乎每个任务的执行我们的祖父母一次——从劈柴携带水。技术并不是唯一的原因,但是对孩子的态度和工作有了显著的变化在过去的几百年里,和许多孩子体力劳动是一个外商的主意。在许多家庭,父母不希望他们的孩子工作,甚至自己铺床、洗盘子,或者割草坪。一个朋友最近写信给我:我不确定我这一代真的长大了。我们不知道它是什么做出牺牲,给无私的方式不会被认出来。我们中的许多人仍在寻找完美的伴侣、实现完美的汽车,或其他类型的难以捉摸(难以捉摸的)幸福。虽然没有人就想要回到过去的童工,有时似乎摆(钟摆)摇摆得太远了,我们忘记了工作的价值教育的一个重要工具。物理工作不会伤害孩子;事实上,它通常是奇迹。当你给一个孩子一件苦差事,您开发遵循指示他或她的能力。在帮助将它完成,帮助孩子建立计划和毅力。之后,你可以赞美他或她和灌输(灌输)骄傲的工作做得很好。我长大的地方,重体力工作是日常生活的一部分。我曾经抱怨永无止境的工作,但是我的父母没有遗憾:“好,努力工作使人,”他们总是说。回首过去,我感激每一个苦差事。我现在看到的工作教会了我如何自律、浓度和准备我做父亲的责任。学习努力工作意味着远远超过学习汗:这意味着建筑性格。我们的孩子需要爱成长的工作,而不是避开它。让我们教他们面对挑战和困难的找到灵感,而不是沮丧。让我们灌输他们的欲望进行他们所做的一切快乐。
36.说“许多孩子体力劳动是外商的主意”,作者指的是________。1 ” >体力劳动通常是分配给孩子 2 “ >很多孩子不喜欢体力劳动 3 >体力劳动为许多孩子太硬 4 ” >很多孩子不熟悉体力劳动
37岁。作者的朋友是什么意思,说“我不确定我这一代真的长大了”? 1 “ >年轻一代希望一切完美。2 ” >年轻一代不知道什么是幸福。3 “ >年轻一代长大很自私。” >年轻一代对生活是理想主义的。38。作者是什么意思,说“钟摆转到另一个极端”? 1 “ >太多孩子今天在物理工作很无聊。” >体力劳动获得了教育的重要性作为一种工具。3“>孩子做体力劳动太少了。“ >太少现在需要体力劳动在我们的日常生活中。39岁。作者的父母怎么对他无休止的抱怨工作吗? 1 ” >他们处罚他。“ >他们显示同情他。3 >他们说它不能帮助。4 ” >他们不同情他。
40。作者认为孩子做什么体力劳动吗? 1 “ >它帮助孩子建立他们的个性。2 ” >它变得不必要的随着科技的发展。3 “ >它是太大的挑战今天对孩子成长。4 ” >这意味着除了汗水和带回童工的记忆。
101.如果我们将这些奇妙的主意付诸实施，我们就会在工作中取得给人以深刻印象的进步。
If we put these fantastic ideas to work, we will make impressive progress in our work.102．如果你作此让步，你不久就会为此付出代价。
If you make the concession, you'll soon have to pay for it.103．他视力不好，致使他没有能看到远处的小孩。His poor vision contributed to his failure to spot the child in the distance.104．我们正在设法想出解决这些紧迫问题的办法。
We are trying to figure out a solution to these urgent problems.105．政府正在采取这些措施，希望将飞涨的房价降下来。
The government is taking these measures in hopes of bringing down the soaring price of houses.
第五篇：新编大学英语4翻译
新编大学英语4课文翻译及课后答案
Unit 1
享受幽默—什么东西令人开怀？ 听了一个有趣的故事会发笑、很开心，古今中外都一样。这一现象或许同语言本身一样悠久。那么，到底是什么东西会使一个故事或笑话让人感到滑稽可笑的呢？ 我是第一次辨识出幽默便喜欢上它的人，因此我曾试图跟学生议论和探讨幽默。这些学生文化差异很大，有来自拉丁美洲的，也有来自中国的。我还认真地思考过一些滑稽有趣的故事。这么做完全是出于自己的喜好。为什么听我讲完一个笑话后，班上有些学生会笑得前仰后合，而其他学生看上去就像刚听我读了天气预报一样呢？显然，有些人对幽默比别人更敏感。而且，我们也发现有的人很善于讲笑话，而有的人要想说一点有趣的事却要费好大的劲。我们都听人说过这样的话：“我喜欢笑话，但我讲不好，也总是记不住。”有些人比别人更有幽默感，就像有些人更具有音乐、数学之类的才能一样。一个真正风趣的人在任何场合都有笑话可讲，而且讲了一个笑话，就会从他记忆里引出一连串的笑话。一个缺乏幽默感的人不可能成为一群人中最受欢迎的人。一个真正有幽默感的人不仅受人喜爱，而且在任何聚会上也往往是人们注意的焦点。这么说是有道理的。甚至有些动物也具有幽默感。我岳母从前经常来我们家，并能住上很长一段时间。通常她不喜欢狗，但却很喜欢布利茨恩—我们养过的一条拉布拉多母猎犬。而且，她们的这种喜欢是相互的。布利茨恩在很小的时候就常常戏弄外祖母，当外祖母坐在起居室里她最喜欢的那张舒适的椅子上时，布利茨恩就故意把她卧室里的一只拖鞋叼到起居室，并在外祖母刚好够不到的地方蹦来跳去，一直逗到外祖母忍不住站起来去拿那只拖鞋。外祖母从椅子上一起来，布利茨恩就迅速跳上那椅子，从它那闪亮的棕色眼睛里掠过一丝拉布拉多式的微笑，无疑是在说：“啊哈，你又上了我的当。” 典型的笑话或幽默故事由明显的三部分构成。第一部分是铺垫（即背景），接下来是主干部分（即故事情节），随后便是妙语（即一个出人意料或令人惊讶的结尾）。如果这个妙语含有一定的幽默成分，这个笑话便会很有趣。通常笑话都包含这三部分，而且每部分都必须交代清楚。如果讲故事或说笑话的人使用听众都熟悉的手势和语言，则有助于增强效果。我们可以对幽默这种娱乐形式，进行分析，从而发现究竟是什么使一个有趣的故事或笑话令人发笑。举例来说，最常见的幽默有以下几种，包括了从最显而易见的幽默到比较微妙含蓄的幽默。“滑稽剧”是最明显的幽默。它语言简单、直截了当，常常以取笑他人为乐。说笑打闹这种形式过去是、现在仍然是滑稽说笑演员和小丑的惯用技巧。它为不同年龄、不同文化背景的人们所喜爱。几乎本世纪的每个讲英语的滑稽说笑演员都曾以这样或那样的方式说过下面这则笑话。一位男士问另一位男士：“昨晚我看到的那位和你在一起的贵妇是谁？”那位男士回答道：“那可不是什么贵妇，那是我老婆。”这个笑话的幽默之处在于第二位男士说他的妻子不是一位贵妇，也就是说她不是一个高雅的女人。这个笑话并没有因为经常讲而变得不再那么好笑。由于这是一个经典笑话，观众都知道要说什么，而且因为大家对这个笑话很熟悉而更加珍爱它。中国的相声是一种特殊的滑稽剧。相声中两名中国喜剧演员幽默地谈论诸如官僚主义者、家庭问题或其他一些有关个人的话题。相声随处都能听到，无论是在乡村的小舞台上，还是在北京最大的剧院里，抑或在广播、电视上。它显然是中国人家喻户晓的一种传统的幽默形式。“俏皮话”不像滑稽剧那样浅显，它是因语言的误用或误解而引人发笑。我特别喜欢的一个例子是三位年长的绅士在英国乘火车旅行的故事。当火车慢慢停下来时，第一位绅士问道：“这是Wembley(温布利)吗？”“不，”第二位绅士说：“是Thursday(星期四)。”“我也是，”第三位说道，“让我们下车喝杯啤酒吧。”我们知道上了年纪的人往往耳背，因此会把Wembley（温布利）听成了Wednesday（星期三），把Thursday（星期四）听成了thirsty（渴了），这样一来就为第三位老人的妙语做好了铺垫。著名的中国漫画家和幽默家丁聪便是一位俏皮话大师。在他的一幅幽默漫画中，一位老师说：“你为什么一字不改地抄别人的作业？”那位年轻的学生回答道：“我没有一字不改地抄。我把作业上的名字改成自己的了。”在丁聪的另一幅经典漫画里，一位生气的父亲问道：“告诉我，1加2等于几？”儿子说：“我不知道。”这位不耐烦的父亲接着说道：“比方说，你、你妈妈和我，我们加起来一共是几个，傻瓜？”儿子得意地回答道：“是三个傻瓜。” 这些故事无论是漫画还是笑话，是由演滑稽剧的喜剧演员说还是由搭档的相声演员讲，都为各地人们所喜爱。人们喜爱这些有趣的故事，因为它们贴近现实生活，而且里面那些出人意料的妙语十分有趣。双关语是一种更微妙的俏皮话。它使用的技巧是利用发音相似的词或同一个词的不同意思。有些批评家认为双
关语是最低级的幽默，但我不同意这种观点。双关语与其他形式的幽默相比需要更细微、更巧妙的语言技巧；然而，简单的双关语甚至很小的孩子也能利用。例如，谜语或脑筋急转弯问题常使用双关语做铺垫、制造故事情节，而且更多地是用在妙语部分。双关语是我最早懂得的幽默。记得大约在五岁时我听到了下面这个谜语。一个人问：“什么东西整个儿是黑的、白的和红的？”另外一个人通常猜不出来，于是问道：“我不猜了。是什么呀？”出谜语的人回答：“是报纸。”如果你知道在英语中“red（红色）”和“read（读）”的读音一样但意思完全不同，答案就很明显了。12 DOUBLE ENTENDRES（法语中的“一语双关”）是双关语的特殊形式, 其中的词或短语有双重意思。两个意思往往很不相同，一个比较恰当，另一个往往比较粗俗—但并不总是这样。我喜欢那个关于一位中学教师和校长因看见学生在学校操场上接吻而感到担心的故事。故事并不过火。那位教师对学生们说；“我和校长已经决定停止在学校操场上接吻。”听到笑声，她意识到她没有把意思表达清楚，于是补充说：“我的意思是不能再在我们的鼻子下面发生接吻这样的事了。”当然，这个解释并没有纠正她的第一句话，反而使这个笑话的双重含义变得更加好笑。一些专业的幽默家认为如今的幽默大多缺乏智慧，不够巧妙。他们不喜欢在幽默中过多使用有色情意味或粗俗的语言，而且觉得大多数幽默家缺乏创造性。的确，现在有些幽默令人震惊，但我认为这不是幽默的过错。幽默本身是活泼健康的，它还会继续生存下去，只因为每天都有有趣的事情发生。一些有幽默感的人会看到听到这些有趣的事情，并把它们编成妙趣横生、令人开心的笑话和故事。
Unit 2
便笺的力量 我当体育编辑，最早是为蒙比利埃（俄亥俄州）的《企业导报》工作，当时我很少收到体育迷的来信。因此，一天早晨放在我桌上的一封来信把我吸引住了。打开来信，我看到了下面的话：“关于老虎队的述评很不错，再接再厉。”签名的是体育编辑堂?沃尔夫。当时我只是一个十几岁的小伙子（为每一竖栏写一英寸文字，稿酬总计达15美分），因此他的话最鼓舞人心了。我把这封信一直放在书桌的抽屉里，后来它的边角都卷起来了。每当我怀疑自己不是当作家的料时，重温一下堂的便笺，就又会树起信心来。后来，我逐渐对堂有所了解，知道给各行各业的人写快捷而鼓舞人心的便笺是他养成的习惯。他告诉我说：“当我使别人充满信心时，我也感觉好极了。” 因此毫不奇怪，他的朋友圈子就像附近的伊利湖那么大。去年他去世了，享年75岁。电话与悼函像潮水般涌向报社，都来自于曾经得到过他激励（文字）的人们。多年来，我努力效仿堂以及我的其他朋友，他们关心别人，常写一些鼓舞人心的话语，因为我觉得，他们这样做是很有意义的。在这样一个惯于冷漠、无动于衷的世界上，这种便笺给人们带来了温暖和安慰。我们都时不时地需要鼓励，大家知道几行赞扬的话会改变一个人的一天，甚至一生。那么，这些激励人心的便笺的作者为什么寥若晨星呢？我猜想很多人回避写，是因为他们太看重人们的看法。他们担心会被误解，怕别人觉得他们自作多情或者言不由衷。还有，写也要花时间，远不如打电话方便。当然打电话的缺点是：说过的话留不住。而一张便笺使我们的良好意愿显得更加珍贵。便笺是白纸黑字记录在案的东西，而且我们写下的字可以反复阅读，细细品味并珍藏起来。尽管写便笺会多花一些时间，但一些非常忙的人也在这么做，其中包括乔治?布什。有人说，他政治上的成功在很大程度上归功于他那枝随时准备写字的笔。这是怎么回事呢？在他整个职业生涯中，每次与人们接触之后，他几乎都随后写封信，内容亲切——一句赞美之辞，一行表扬的话，或一段感谢语。他不仅写给朋友和同事，还写给萍水相逢的人以及完全陌生的人——比如那位借伞给他的人，后来收到他热情的赞扬信，感到很惊讶。那些通常做作的公司高层经理们，其领导作风只能被形容为强硬、冷漠、脱离群众。甚至这些人也开始学习写便笺去鼓舞人心，且从中获益匪浅。唐纳德?彼得森，福特公司的前主席，把每天写便笺鼓励同事当作一件日常工作。该公司在80年代时走出低谷取得成功主要是他的功劳。“我只不过匆匆地在备忘录或信的角上写一些鼓舞人心的话，然后传递出去，”他说道。“每天最重要的一段时间，就是鼓舞那些为你工作的人的那10分钟。” “太多的时候，”他发表自己的看法说，“那些我们真正喜欢的人并不知道我们是怎么看待他们的。太多的时候，我们会以为，我并没有说过什么批评的话，为什么非得去说好话呢？我们忘了，人类需要正面的肯定或鼓励——事实上，我们靠这个取得进步，获得成功！” 怎样才能写出振奋精神、温暖人心的信呢？只要我们怀有要表示感激之情的心愿。写这种便笺的高手都具有我所谓的 “４S”技巧。１）真诚(sincere)。没人要听虚假的赞美。２）简短(short)。如果不能用三句话表达出你的意思，你很可能过火了，写得太长。３）具体(specific)。赞扬一位业务伙伴 “演讲精彩”太笼统含糊；告诉他“关于沃伦?巴菲特的投资策略讲得很精彩”才是一语中的。４）自然(spontaneous)。这使得便笺充满了生气，洋溢着热情，并使读者的心灵长久地感受这种生气和热情。16 当你非得到处找写信用品时，写出来的东西就难以自然，因此我总是把纸、信封和邮票放在手边，甚至在旅行时也是如此。信封信笺不需要很花哨，重要的是要表达的思想。17 那么，你周围又有谁值得你写便笺表示感谢或鼓励呢？一位邻居？为你服务的那位图书馆管理员？一位亲戚？你的市长？你的伙伴？一位教师？你的医生？你不必富有诗意。如果你需要一个写的理由，就找一个生活中的重要事件，例如你们共同参加的某个特殊事件的周年纪念日、生日或者节日。例如，过去的25年里，我总是为远方的朋友每年准备一张圣诞卡，而且常常在上面亲笔写上一句感谢或祝贺的话。鉴于圣诞节的氛围，就一年来所取得的成功与得到的好运特意表示谢忱似乎是最恰到好处的。不要吝啬你的赞美之言。像“最了不起的”、“最聪明的”、“最漂亮的”这种最高级的表达法——使大家都感到高兴。即使你的赞美之词稍稍超前了一点也没关系，记住，梦想的实现往往孕育于期望之中。今天，我收到了以前的老板和精神导师诺曼?文森特?皮尔的一封温暖的赞扬信。这张小小的便笺上满是鼓舞人心的词句，这促使我坐到了打字机前来完成几封我早就该写的信。我不知道这些信会不会使别人的一天别有意义，但是，对我自己确实如此。正如我的朋友堂?沃尔夫所说的：使别人充满信心，也就使我自己感觉很好。
Unit 3
从文化角度看性别角色 在过去的几十年里，已经无数次地证实了这样一个事实：构成男子阳刚之气和女子阴柔之气的各种不同类型的行为、情感、和兴趣都既是遗传又是文化熏陶的结果。在成长的过程中，每个孩子学会了细微的行为举止，数量之多数以百计，这一切都带有文化的烙印，成了他们性别特征的一部分。有些行为举止是直接学到的。也就是说，别人教孩子如何恰如其分地行事, 男有男的规矩, 女有女的标准。另一些跟性别有关的具体举止是无意识地或间接地学会的，因为文化为女孩子和男孩子提供的形象、向往的目标以及成人的榜样各不相同。例如，最近对美国公立学校的一项研究显示，在教育中存在一种男孩比女孩更受偏爱的文化偏见。据研究人员反映，这种偏爱是无意的、不知不觉的，但它确实存在，并每年都在影响着数百万计学生的生活。为了研究在教育中存在的性别偏爱，戴维?赛德克博士和迈拉?赛德克博士夫妇录制了教师在课堂上课的情形。他们的研究显示，许多自认为无性别偏爱的教师惊奇地发现，从录像带上看他们竟是那么偏心。从幼儿园到研究生课程，都可以看到教师们请男生回答问题的次数远比女生多。这对学习过程有着巨大的影响，因为总的来说，那些积极的课堂活动参与者对学习更加乐观有信心，并能在今后取得更大的成就。事实上，在20世纪60年代末期，当美国东北部多所最好的女子学院向男生开放之后，教授们和女学生们都发现男孩们正在“接管”课堂讨论，而女生积极参与的程度则明显下降。近年来，在法学院和医学院的课堂上也发现了类似的情况：与男生相比女生处于次要的地位。赛德克夫妇所做的研究显示，教师有时候会按照固有的性别模式给女孩子和男孩子不同布置的任务，这样便不知不觉地使女孩子不能像男孩子一样积极地参与。例如，有位教师在给幼儿园的孩子上自然科学课时，不断地让小男孩去操作科学“实验”，而让女孩子只是做一些安放材料的工作。既然使用课堂材料动手操作是早期教育的一个重要方面，这些女孩子就这样被剥夺了重要的学习经历，这会影响到她们今后的整个人生。美国教师中一个具有代表性的想法是，男孩擅长数学和自然科学，这些学科都是“难懂的”、“适合于男性的”，而女孩会在语言和阅读技能上比男孩强。这是教育中性别偏见的另一种表现。结果美国的男孩们确实在阅读上出了问题，而在数学方面女孩尽管在九岁以前一直比男孩强，但此后却落在了他们后面。这成了预言自我应验的一个例子。然而这些特征是文化造成的，而非遗传的原因。例如，在德国，读书学习都被看作是“适合于男性的”，于是在阅读上有问题的便是女孩子了。而在日本，由于早期教育似乎不分性别，女孩和男孩在阅读上就旗鼓相当。在教育过程中对女孩和男孩的不同态度始于家庭。例如，有一项研究显示了这样一种情况：让学龄前儿童看一幢房子的图片，然后要他们说出家里允许他们走开多远，这时男孩所指的范围要比女孩大得多，女孩指出的范围很有限，而且离家很近。女孩们不像男孩那样受到鼓励去发展求知欲和动手能力，尽管这些正是与外部世界打交道时有用的；对女孩灌输的结果是：对自己家外面的世界充满了恐惧，且期望别人对自己的优良品格和循规蹈矩的服从精神加以认可。这类教诲从家庭一直延续到课堂。于是，在课堂里我们常常可以看到女孩们更依赖教师，更注重作业的形式和整
洁而非内容，更在乎她们所给的答案是否“正确”而不在乎智力方面的独立自主以及分析能力和创造能力的提高。教育过程占据了孩子除睡眠以外的大部分时间，社会则通过这一过程加强了它固有的价值观，并按其传统的、期望的模式造就了不同性别的人。
Unit 4
关于创造力的培养——鼓励孩子思考 教育界和商业界的专家们说, 具有创造性是通向光明前程的关键。本文将介绍一下学校和家长如何才能鼓励孩子发展这一至关重要的能力。如果1925年迪克?德鲁听从了他老板的意见，也许我们就不会有遮护胶带这种用品 了。现在我们几乎离不开它。德鲁当时就职于“明尼苏达制造和矿业公司”，通常称为3M公司。在工作中，他研制了一种用于胶带有黏性那面的物质，黏性很强，能使物体粘在一起。但是老板却不让他做进一步的研究。最后德鲁只好利用自己的时间改进了这种胶带。这种胶带现已被人们广泛使用。而他原来工作过的3M公司也从自己的失误中吸取了教训：现在该公司鼓励员工抽出15%的工作时间专门用来开动脑筋搞创新。现在这种策略已被越来越多的公司所采用，而且全国各地的专家认为，对待孩子也应仿效这种做法，无论是在家里还是在学校。他们认为，如果我们教育孩子进行创造性思维，他们就能在明天的社会中更好地发挥作用。受益于创造性的不只限于音乐和艺术领域。能取得成功的学生和成人都是那些会寻求各种办法解决问题的人。5 创造性并非与生俱来，也不一定就是高智慧的特征。一个人智力高并不意味着他必然能创造性地发挥才智。创造性是指能利用已有的资源想出新点子，而这些点子有助于解决某方面的问题。遗憾的是，学校还没有想到要促使学生发挥创造性。许多教育者十分看重考试分数，强调阅读、写作和数学能力，往往因追求正确的答案而牺牲了对创造性的培养。其结果是，孩子们能够反馈所学的知识，却不知道如何灵活地应用知识。比如，他们可能熟记乘法表，却不会用它来解决数学应用题。然而，在有些学校里，教育者们正逐渐认识到这一问题，并致力于研究能启发学生创造性的新的教学方法。一些教师把基础知识和要求学生发挥想象力的活动结合起来。比如，教师不再简单地问学生哥伦布何时发现了新大陆，他们可能让学生思考如果哥伦布首先到达的不是加勒比地区而是纽约，情况会是如何。要回答这一问题，学生必须应用自己掌握的关于哥伦布、纽约和加勒比地区的知识。教师们认为即便学生的回答会很可笑，也毫无关系，这也许是通向创造性的重要一步。专家认为，在课堂以及在家里，必须允许孩子们有些荒唐的念头。家长和教师们则有责任和孩子共同努力，使那些念头成为切实可行的建议。最好的办法是通过提问来鼓励孩子，同时对他们的想法和新点子表示赞赏。专家认为必须创造一个可以自由发挥创造力的氛围，一个尊重和赞赏而不是鄙视或不理会荒诞想法的环境。8 在家里，家长可以做一些鼓励孩子发挥创造力的事情。如果遇到合适的问题，家长可以就该问题征求孩子的意见，让他们参与决策。家长可以帮助孩子了解不同的决策将会带来的各种后果。家长还应鼓励孩子大声谈论他们正在做的事情。思维能力和语言能力是紧密相关的。大声地谈论有助于提高语言能力和思维能力。具有幽默感对于开发孩子的创造力也非常重要。当家长表现出幽默时，孩子们就看到了最地道的创造性。从本质上看，幽默跨越了常规界限，打破了固有模式。要创造往往也得如此。给孩子一些选择的余地也很重要。应该允许孩子自己做决定并清楚其后果，要让孩子从尽可能早的年龄开始这样做。做决定有助于培养思维能力，即便只是在午餐的两种食物的选择上做决定也行。随着孩子慢慢长大，家长应让孩子自己做主支配时间或金钱；当他们作出错误的决定时，不要不假思索地给予过多的帮助。这种做法可能会使孩子迷惑不解，但这没有关系。因为富有创造力的人有很强的动力，使他们能够从混乱中创造秩序。这是他们的一个最重要的特点。
Unit 6
风险与你 在说不定的某个时候，我们大家都曾充当过疑病症患者的角色,只凭一些轻微的症状便怀疑自己得了某种可怕的病。有的人只要一听说一种新的疾病，就会去检查，看自己是否可能患了这种病。然而，对疾病的恐惧并非我们唯一的恐惧。同样，患病的危险也并非我们唯一会遇上的危险。现代生活中充满了各种各样的威胁，诸如对我们生命的威胁，对我们平和心境的威胁，对我们家人的威胁，对我们未来的威胁。从而产生了好些问题，我们不得不问自己：我买的食品安全吗？给孩子们的玩具会伤害他们吗？我们家的人是不是不该吃熏肉？我度假时会不会遭抢劫？我们的疑
虑就无休止地增加。对生活中风险的担忧与疑病症有相似之处；二者的恐惧或忧虑皆起因于信息不全面。但二者之间也存在一个明显的差别。疑病症患者通常可以求助于医生，以便澄清疑虑——要么你得了你所怀疑的疾病，要么你没得。但当涉及到其它形式的风险时，事情就要困难得多，因为对许多风险来说，情况并不那么简单。风险几乎总是一个可能性的问题而无确定性可言。你也许会问：“我该不该系安全带？”如果你坐的车要与其它车正面相撞，那当然该系安全带。倘若你的车侧面被撞，结果你被困在车里，又因安全带装置遭破坏而无法挣脱，那怎么办呢？这是否意味着你该再花些钱在车内安一个保险气袋呢？同样，在正面相撞的情况下，保险气袋完全可以救你一命。但是，万一正当你在高速公路上开车时，保险气袋突然意外充气膨胀，从而导致了本来绝不会发生的事故，那又该如何是好？ 上面说的这一切，只是从另一角度说明我们所做的事没有一件是百分之百安全的。有些风险——常常是潜在的重大风险——与我们的每个业余爱好、所做的每项工作、所吃的每种食物有关，换句话说，与所进行的任何活动有关。但我们又不能，也不该因危险存在于我们将要做的每件事，而变成战战兢兢的神经症患者。有些活动是比其它活动更危险。关键在于要让自己了解相应的风险，然后相机行事。例如，两车相撞时，大车总的说来要比小车安全些。可究竟能安全多少呢？答案是这样：在一起严重的车祸中坐小车丧生的可能性是坐大车的两倍左右。然而，大车通常比小车贵（并且消耗更多的汽油，由此给环境带来了更大的风险！）。那么我们该怎样确定什么时候值得为降低风险增加花费呢？例如，避免风险最保险的做法也许是去买一辆坦克或装甲车，从而把撞车时死亡或受伤的风险降到最小。然而，即便你买得起，这笔额外的费用以及忍受坦克或装甲车所带来的不便是否值得呢？ 在我们尚不知所涉及的风险程度之前，我们还无法回答这些问题。那么，我们该如何去衡量风险程度呢？有些人似乎认为答案只不过是一个简单的数字。例如，我们知道每年大约有25,000 人死于车祸。相比之下，每年只有大约300人死于矿山事故和灾难。这难道就意味着乘坐汽车要比采矿危险得多吗？未必。事实是，在美国每年大约有两亿人经常性地以车代步；而大概只有70万人从事采矿作业。我们评估一种风险时，所需要的有关数字是一个比率或分数。该分数的分子告诉我们在某个特定时期由于从事某种特定活动而丧生或受伤的人数；其分母告诉我们在这一时期从事这种活动的总人数。这样，所有的风险程度都是由比率或分数表示，其大小介于0（无风险）到1（完全风险）之间。7 通过把所有风险都简化为这种比率或分数，我们便可以开始比较不同种类的风险，如比较采矿与乘坐汽车。这个比率越大，也就是说它越接近1，那么有关活动的风险就越大。在刚才讨论的例子中，我们可以用每一活动中死亡的人数除以参与该活动的总人数，从而找出汽车旅行与采煤的相对安全性。此处，我们可以很清楚地看到，乘坐汽车旅行的风险是每一万人中大约有一人丧生；而就采矿而言，其危险程度是每一万矿工中大约有四人死亡。所以，尽管在车祸中丧生的人远比采矿要多，其实后者的风险是前者的四倍。这些比率使我们能够对毫不相干的活动或情形的危险性加以比较，即便差别如苹果与橘子那样大也能比较。如果你反对冒险，你就会选择风险比率较小的活动。如果你无所畏惧，那么你往往会对高比率不太在乎，除非它们大得令人难以承受。我们一旦明白了风险是永远无法从任何情况中完全去除的，因而就没有绝对安全的事，我们也就会明白问题的关键不是要彻底避免风险，而是要理智地管理风险。风险管理需要两大要素：常识以及与我们可能要承担的风险的性质和程度相关的信息。
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