第一篇:翻译对照稿
Consequent on the 2004 agreement, it was expected that negotiations would take place between authorities and unions to deliver ‘equal pay proofed structures’.At the time the report on equal pay blockages was released in November 2006(LGE, 2006b), only a third of authorities had implemented new ‘single status’ pay structures, a figure representing a quarter of the local government workforce.By 2009, this pattern had not changed very much.The slow progress has been attributed to two main blockages.因此在随后的2004年协议上,预计将在政府和工会间展开围绕着校对平等薪酬结构的谈判。当时对于薪酬平等障碍的报导被发布在2006年11月的LGE上,报导指出只有三分之一的当局实施了新的单一薪酬结构,而这指代表着四分之一的政府劳动力。这种模式直到2009年也没有太大的改变,进展缓慢,已被认定为它的两个主要障碍之一。
The first blockage has been with financing the agreement because of the high costs of providing back pay for those upgraded and future ‘pay protection’ issues for those down-graded as a result of the job evaluation exercises.A second major but related blockage has been the need for both employers and trade unions to mount defences against legal challenges from employees supported by ‘no win, no fee’ solicitors.第一个障碍因素与为支付拖欠工资而导致的高成本经济协议相关,这些高成本来源于一些升级问题和为因工作评估而导致下调的将来支付保护问题。第二个利益攸关的主要障碍已经成为对于雇主和工会来说都需要用来防御那些来自受不赢就不收费的律师支持的雇员的法律挑战。
The major issue is that, under equal pay legislation, employees in England and Wales found to have been discriminated against in terms of their pay levels may be entitled to up to six years’ back pay as compensation.While this can be ameliorated financially by reaching agreement with trade unions through a collective agreement, the problem was that, encouraged by solicitors,employees were increasingly challenging such agreements.在同工同酬的法规下,英国和威尔士的雇员们发现其主要问题是在他们的薪酬水平下如果受到歧视将有权享有长达六年的拖欠工资作为补偿。虽然通过一次集体协议与工会达成协议可以减轻财政,但问题是这样的协议会导致员工在律师的鼓励下越来越具有挑战性。
The pay bill expense(reportedly involving a permanent increase of up to 5% to achieve equality-proofed structures)had to be dealt with during 2007–2008, the final year of the 2004 settlement.This included combined back pay and implementation costs estimated at almost £3 billion.付账单费用(据报道,一个长久增长达到5%从而实现相对公平的结构)不得不在2007-2008年2004个结算的最后一年处理掉。这包括联合欠薪和实施费用总共估计在30亿英镑左右。
Adding to the unplanned financial burden, the central government department of HM Revenue and Customs told councils that employees and employers should expect to meet tax and National Insurance charges on any back pay.LGE estimated that this latter aspect would raise settlement costs by more than a quarter.加上考虑到计划外的财政负担,中央税务和海关部门的负责人告诉议会:雇员和雇主应该预料到支付在任何欠薪上的税和国家保险费用。LGE估计这后一方面的原因可能会提高结算费用的四分之一以上。
There was also a risk that ambitions to outsource certain services to secure
efficiency gains would also be impeded – in relation to staff transferred under the Transfer of Employment(Protection of Employment)regulations – if employers inheriting these staff were unwilling to accept the transferred liabilities.这里也有一个风险就是如果为了确保收益效率而外包某些服务那么自己的野心也会受阻,比如在涉及就业(就业保护)条例下转移员工那么雇主就不得不继承这些不愿接受转让责任的员工。
Employment Tribunal decisions have also undermined the collective bargaining process,whereby the trade unions find themselves with no alternative but to pursue deals regarded as unaffordable by the employers.Local government employers are therefore unable to enter negotiations.就业法庭的决定也削弱了集体议价过程,工会发现自己除了被雇主视为由于负担不起而寻求交易之外别无选择。因此地方政府雇主未能进入谈判。
While the details of successful, individual no-win-no-fee claims are case-specific,unions feel obliged to seek the maximum possible back pay consequent on these decisions and/or legal counsel’s opinions.Beyond employers, legal challenges are targeting unions on the ground that they have not paid sufficient attention to advancing the interests of affected members.虽然成功的详情,个别的不赢就不收费的要求是特殊情况,工会觉得有义务根据他们自己和/或法律顾问的决定来寻求最大可能的返薪。除了雇主外,由于雇主没有对受影响成员的利益给予足够的重视,法律挑战的矛头也指向了工会。
The case of Allen and others versus GMB(Court of Appeal, 2008);whereby, the union was found to be legally liable for not obtaining full backdating for its female members, has made unions extremely wary of negotiating ‘deals’ with employers.Despite possible appeals,a litigious culture has developed, effectively creating a stalemate in the collective arena, despite the national agreement that prepared the ground for equality cases to be resolved during 2007.艾伦和其他与GMB相对的(上诉法院,2008),由于被发现对他们的女性成员没有取得全面回溯是有法律责任的,这使得工会非常谨慎的与雇主交易谈判。尽管上诉文化发展后可能上诉,但为了有效的在集体主义环境上建立一种态势,在2007年全国性的协议还是准备双方站在平等的地位解决这一问题。
The employers have called on central government to legislate to make collective settlements legally inviolate in subsequent claims to the courts(LGE, 2006b).This needs to be accompanied, they say, by greater flexibility in how local authorities’ resources may be used and the character of the tribunal system.A role for the Advisory Conciliation and Arbitration Service(Acas)has been proposed in facilitating conciliation in pursuit of agreements made statutorily exempt from legal challenge.随后雇主在法庭上呼吁中央政府通过立法使集体定居点不可侵犯(LGE,2006b).他们说,这需要在怎样利用地方当局的资源和法庭系统的特点上伴随更大的灵活性。咨询调解和仲裁服务的一个作用是促成调解以追求法定协议而不是法律上的挑战。
LGE data tracking implementation of the grading and pay progression arrangements, as of April 2007, indicates that, on one hand, authorities are taking advantage of the flexibility under the devolved regime to acknowledge local labour markets.In the upper half of the pay scale, for example, authorities in the south of England are placing jobs evaluated at a given level,under the NJC job evaluation scheme,on higher scale points than northern authorities.截至LGE四月的数据跟踪实施分级和支付进展安排表明,一方面当局在承认当地劳动力市场上采取发达政权下的灵活性优势。比如在NLC的评估方案下,在薪级表的上半部分,英格兰南部当局比北部当局更大规模的放置了给定水平的评估工作。
On the other hand, among the one quarter of authorities that report having completed pay reviews,half have opted for quite narrow pay bands, with around 70% opting to retain annual seniority-based incremental progression within the scale for at least some workforce members.另一方面一半都选择比较窄的薪酬级别,在四分之一的当局报告已经完成的薪酬评论上,大约70%选择保留年度资历基础增量进程中至少包含有一些在职人员在内。
Shorter pay bands tend to be associated with a minimal equal pay risk, something that appears uppermost in the minds of some three-quarters of LGE respondents.There is concern that these priorities risk development of a reward strategy for local government employees that is ‘incoherent or tend[ing] toward the lowest common denominator’(LGE, 2007: 2).These anxieties are not altogether different from those expressed regarding the modernisation concept voiced by Peters and Pierre(2000).较短的薪酬级别往往是风险最小的同工同酬,一些最重要的东西出现在四分之三的LGE受访者大脑中。这些优先为当地政府雇员薪酬战略的风险开发相干或倾向于最小公分母(LGE,2007:2)。这些忧虑不完全与Peters和Pierre(2000)所表达的现代化概念相同。
2.NHS: an agenda for change?
The NHS ‘Agenda for Change’(AfC), has been described as ‘one of the most complex and lengthy pay negotiations in the world’(Bevan et al., 2004: 8).The agreement, involving 17 trade unions, was finally reached in late 2004 and most staff had been assimilated to the new structures by March 2006.The AfC agreement covers all non-clinical staff4 in the NHS, around 35% of which are qualified nurses who account for some 40% of the pay bill(National Audit Office(NAO), 2009).2、NHS(英国的国家卫生事业局):一个议程的改变?
NHS的“变更议程”(AFC),已被描述为“一个世界上最复杂、最漫长的薪酬谈判。”(Bevan等,2004:8)涉及17个工会的协议终于在2004年年底达成,并且大部分员工已经在2006年3月被新的机构所接纳。变更议程的协议涵盖了所有在NHS里非临床的人员,其中占用40%账单的是大约总人数35%的合格护士(国家审计署(NAO),2009).The key principle behind the agreement was ‘to introduce a system that would pay staff on a consistent basis by reference to the work they do and the skills and knowledge they apply’(NAO, 2009: 4).The rationale ‘was not just to pay staff more, but to secure changes in working patterns and productivity that would translate into benefits for patients’(King’s Fund, 2007: vi).协议背后的关键原则是“引进一个可以基于员工所完成的工作及所提供的技能和知识来支付员工工资的系统(国家审计署 2009,4)。理由是“并不只是为了付给员工的更多,而是为了确保在工作模式和生产力的改变下能变得对病人有好处”(国王基金,2007:vi)
The Department of Health’s stated aims were to ‘enable staff to give their best for patients,working in new ways and breaking down traditional barriers;pay fairly and equitably for work done, with career progression based on responsibility,competence and satisfactory performance;and simplify and modernise conditions of service, with national core conditions and considerable local flexibility’(cited in NAO, 2009: 4–5).卫生部门表示其目的是“让员工用新的、打破传统壁垒的工作方法将自己最好的一面展示给病人;基于称职和令人满意的表现基础上的公平公正的工作薪酬和事业发展;在国家的核心条件和相当的地域灵活性基础上简单化和现代化条件的服务。”(引国家审计署,2009:4-5)
The scope of the reforms included ‘simplified’ national pay spines covering different occupational groups, a national job evaluation scheme(unlike local government and HE where individual employers and unions could choose their job evaluation scheme), harmonised terms and conditions, and a competency-based career framework known as the ‘Knowledge and Skills Framework’.改革的范围包括“简化”国家支付以涵盖不同的职业群体及统一的条款和条件,一个国家的工作评价方案(当地政府及任何个别雇主和工会可以选择他们的工作评价方案)和一个被称为“知识与技能框架”能力本位的职业框架。
The arrangements that AfC replaced, with many separate agreements for different groups of staff, were judged ‘a mess’(King’s Fund, 2007: vi).Published research, however, indicates major shortfalls on central government expectations for health service transformation as a result of this agreement.In part, the issues uncovered relate to efficiency or value-for-money returns on the financial investments that have been made.这个协议被AFC的许多单独协定所代替,而这些被称为“一塌糊涂”单独协定是为了员工中不同群体(国王基金,2007:vi)。然而,公共的研究表明中央政府的主要不足在于对卫生服务转变成这个协议的结果预期不足。
The problems are, however, also more qualitative in the sense that a ‘rushed implementation...failure to embed personal development plans for all staff
[and] absence of an independent robust evaluation of the impact’ of the programme necessitated an inquiry ‘to address issues of accountability and to enable lessons to be learned’(King’s Fund, 2007: vii).然而,问题也比较定性在这个匆忙实施并不影响所有员工的个人发展计划。这个发展计划缺少为解决问题而需要的一个独立的查询方案并能够从中吸取教训的影响的强烈评价。
While significant pay increases(an average 10% for frontline professionals in the 3 years to 2007)were awarded to NHS employees under AfC, critics argue that there has been neither a productivity increase nor intended transformation in practice(King’s Fund, 2007).A recent evaluation of AfC by the NAO(2009)found that ‘staff were not working sufficiently differently from when they were on their old pay contracts and as a consequence staff initially received increased pay for doing their existing roles’(NAO, 2009: 7).虽然在AFC下NHS雇员被授予显著的加薪(的前线专业人员在三年内到2007年的平均10%),但批评者认为这里既没有生产率的提高也不会导致改造实践的提高(国王基金,2007)。国家审计署对AFC的一个最近评估发现:员工不能充分的工作有别于当他们处于旧有薪金合同并因初期做好现有角色获得的提薪时。Most importantly, the NAO argued that there has been no improvement in productivity and there was no evidence that the £1.3 billion in net savings over the first 5 years of the agreement promised to the Treasury had been achieved(NAO, 2009:
7).Finally, a report from the House of Commons Public Accounts Committee in June 2009 reported that the NHS pay bill for AfC staff had risen by 5.2% a year on average since 2004–2005 while productivity had fallen by 2.5% a year on average between 2001 and 2005(House of Commons, 2009: 3).最重要的是,审计署认为在生产率方面没有提高,没有证据表明第一个五年13亿英镑的净储蓄已经完成对财政部的协议承诺。
These criticisms are coupled with evidence that, despite the extra cost, the process has far from satisfied many staff members.The NAO could find no evidence that job satisfaction had improved and there had been no reduction in the proportion of staff unhappy with their career progression or promotion.这些批评进一步表明,尽管会产生额外的费用,但这个进程对于许多工作人员来说已经远远得不到满足。审计署找不到任何工作满意度得到改善的迹象,并且在员工比例减少的情况下并他们没有在事业规划或晋升上有什么不满。
Systemic performance management improvements, supported by the Knowledge and Skills Framework, have left much to be desired.Managers have complained that the current version of the Framework is inadequate on two counts: it is judged both cumbersome and costly to implement.Nonetheless, the NAO report did comment that it is now easier for managers to estimate labour costs and manage budgets.通过知识和技能框架的支持,系统性绩效管理的改进有许多的不足之处。管理者抱怨说当前版本的框架存在两方面的不足:它被认为是既繁琐又高昂的实施。尽管如此,国家审计署的报告还是评论它现在更容易为管理者评估劳动成本和管理预算。
There have also been improvements from the shift to the single pay and grading system in terms of pay administration.The NAO concluded, however, that AfC ‘cannot yet be shown to have enhanced value for money’, largely because the Department of Health did not put in place any robust method for measuring such improvements(NAO, 2009: 8).这也有从转变到单一薪酬和薪酬管理方面的分级制度的改善。不过国家审计署得出结论:AFC还不能被证明在金钱方面具有更大的价值,这主要是因为卫生部没有在此提出任何为测量这种改进的方法(NAO,2009:8)。
Despite these rather critical assessments, it might be argued that recent reviews have missed one of the major points of AfC – the avoidance of expensive equal pay cases through the introduction of a single, job-evaluated, grading structure.But even here, the benefit of AfC has been called into question.尽管这些不是关键的评估,但它可能会争辩说最近的评论已经错过了AFC的主要观点之一——通过引入单一的、工作评估的分级结构以避免昂贵的同工同酬案件。但即使在这里,AFC的利益也一直被质疑。
A recent employment tribunal case(Hartley et al.versus Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust et al.)argued that the agreement was innately sexist.The lengthy judgement produced in 2009, however, found in favour of the respondents.Most importantly, the AfC job evaluation scheme was found to be a valid analytical scheme which satisfied the Equal Pay Act.一个近期的就业法庭案件(Hartley 等人与诺亚比亚医疗保健NHS信托基金会等)认为该协议是固有的性别歧视。然而最重要的是,在2009年产生的冗长判决中受访者发现,AFC的工作评估方案被认为对“同工同酬”法案来说是一个有效的分析性方案。
This decision was important because, if the claimants had been successful, it
would have opened up the NHS to a potential 13,700 further equal pay cases which could have cost the NHS millions of pounds in back pay.这一决定是重要的,因为如果索赔人已成功,那将会让NHS打开一个潜能到13700以上。这种平等薪酬的情况可能会在拖欠工资上花费NHS数以百万英镑。
3.HE: end of the academic/support staff divide?
The ‘Framework Agreement’, negotiated between the HE employers and the(then)seven unions over a 2-year period in 2004, was the outcome of a new negotiating machinery following the merger of funding arrangements for institutions and the creation of a single employers’body, the Universities and Colleges Employers Association(UCEA), for the whole sector in 1994.HE:学术/支持员工分离的结果?
在1994年为了整个行业这个框架协议——大学和学院雇主协会——是新的伴随着机构合并后的筹资安排和一个单一雇主创造体的谈判机制的结果。HE的雇主和七个工会间的谈判在2004年超过了一个长达两年的时间。
The establishment of a new sector-wide joint negotiating committee – the Joint Negotiating Committee for HE Staffs(JNCHES)– in 2001 included the objective to create a new single pay spine for all staff below the level of Professor or equivalent.在2001年建立一个新的全部门谈判委员会——为其职员而联合的谈判委员会——包括目标为处于在教授或相当水平下的所有员工建立一个新的单一支付脊柱。
UCEA described the Framework Agreement as ‘the largest human resources initiative ever undertaken in the sector’, providing a framework ‘to modernise pay arrangements with the specific aim of promoting equality, transparency and harmonisation to ensure equal pay is delivered for work of equal value’(UCEA, 2008: 3).UCEA描述这个框架协议为“在部门内实施的最大人力资源倡议”,通过促进平等的特殊目标为现代化的支付安排提供一个透明度和谐和的为确保同工同酬的交付同等价值的工作(UCEA,2008:3)。
The agreement was only reached after lengthy negotiations and, while the support staff unions(Amicus, GMB, T & G and Unison)and the National Association of Teachers in Further and Higher Education(now UCU)signed up to the agreement in 2003, the Educational Institute of Scotland only signed in January 2004 after a separate agreement on pay protection for existing academic staff.协议只有经过漫长的谈判达到,最终员工工会和继续教育和高等教育中的全国教师协会在2003年签署协议,苏格兰教育研究所于2004年1月签署了一份旨在为现有教学人员提供薪酬保护单独的协议。
The Association of University Teachers(now UCU), however, declared a dispute over the proposed agreement and only finally signed the agreement in March 2004 after agreement on a Memorandum of Understanding that gave additional guarantees of pay protection for academic staff under any future arrangements.然而,大学教师协会宣布了对该协议一个的争论和最终在2004年3月签署该协议,然而签署协议的前提是达成一个无论在任何未来协议下都给予额外的教学人员提供薪酬保护保障的谅解备忘录。
第二篇:石材产业ppt对照稿
Part 国际石材现状
素有“石材王国”之称的意大利是世界上生产石材最多的国家,也是石材出口最多的国家,其出口成交额约占世界石材出口成交额的70%。
世界上石材的主要出口国还有西班牙、希腊、芬兰、南非、巴西、葡萄牙、印度、南朝鲜及中国(包括台湾省);石材的主要进口国有意大利(以进口荒料为主)、原联邦德国、美国、法国、日本、中近东、东南亚及港、澳、台地区。
世界石材市场按地区划分主要有四大地区:西欧地区、远东地区、北美地区、中东地区。
在国际石材贸易中,荒料交易占世界荒料总产量的六分之一.成品板材交易占世界成品产量的四分之一。
意大利不仅是世界上最大的石材生产国,而且是世界上最大的石材荒料进口国,也是世界上最大的或品板材出口国和最大的石材开采与加工机械产品的出口国。
西班牙是世界上第二大石材生产国和出口国(其板岩产量和出口量均居世界之首位),也是世界上主要的石材进口国之一。
德国是世界上第三大石材进口国。法国拥有较丰富的石材资源。石材开采和加工技术先进,现在年产量已超过100万吨,也是世界上五大石材进口国之一。
成品板材主要的出口国是意人利、葡萄牙和西班牙。意大利的成品板材出口量约占世界出口总量的54%。
成品板材的主要进口国是日本、原联邦德国、美国、沙特阿拉伯、法国和瑞士,这六个国家的进口量之和占世界进口总量的72%。
荒料的主要出口国有巴西、芬兰、印度、南非、西班牙、挪威、南斯拉夫和土耳其。
荒料的主要进口国是意大利、荷兰、德国、法国和日本等五国,这五国的荒料进口量占世界荒料贸易量的70%左右。
欧洲: 北欧指日德兰半岛、斯堪的纳维亚半岛一带。包括冰岛、法罗群岛(丹)、丹麦、挪威、瑞典和芬兰。南欧指阿尔卑斯山以南的巴尔干半岛、亚平宁半岛、伊比利亚半岛和附近岛屿,南面和东面临大西洋的属海地中海和黑海,西濒大西洋。包括塞尔维亚、科索沃(单方面宣布独立,未获国际社会广泛承认)、黑山、克罗地亚、斯洛文尼亚、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、马其顿、罗马尼亚、保加利亚、阿尔巴尼亚、希腊、意大利、梵蒂冈、圣马力诺、马耳他、西班牙、葡萄牙和安道尔。西欧狭义上指欧洲西部濒大西洋地区和附近岛屿,包括英国、爱尔兰、荷兰、比利时、卢森堡、法国和摩纳哥。中欧指波罗的海以南、阿尔卑斯山脉以北的欧洲中部地区。包括波兰、捷克、斯洛伐克、匈牙利、德国、奥地利、瑞士、列支敦士登。
Part 国际四大石材市场 欧洲:
远东:
远东地区的年石材进口量约占世界总贸易量的30%,年消费量占世界总消费量的30%左右,日本是世界上最大的成品石材进口国和第一大石材荒料进口国,日本国内的石材资源十分贫乏,其需求量的80%以上要依赖进口。香港本地无石材资源,所需的石材全都依赖进口,其中已加工好的成品石材占90%以上.其主要来源是意大利,约占进口总量的三分之二,香港还是中国石刻艺术品出口的主要市场。台湾没有花岗石资源,大理石的储量也不多.目前,台湾年产石材(大理石)30万吨,而石材加工业的需求量是70万吨,供需差距极大。北美:
德国、法国、英国、挪威、意大利和美国是世界主要石材消费国家,据权威机构估计,欧美的石材消费占全球消费量的一半以上。但我国的石材加工产品销售市场集中在日本、韩国、香港、台湾和东南亚地区,占出口额的88%以上,欧美市场的占有率极低,可以说我国石材产品基本上还没有进入欧美市场。
加拿大是号称世界上是适合人群居住的国家之一,对生活质量的要求是十分敏感。他们的需求,价格因素并不是第一因素。这就给我们产品的高附加值提供了十分可观的利润空间。
美国的人口是加拿大的十倍,两国的往来十分方便,在加拿大市场,目前中国大供应商寥寥无几,而美国可说是一片空白。所以只要先占领加拿大市场,然后渗入美国,而后逐渐南移至整个美洲,那么中国石材市场战略性转移也变成为现实。
在考察西欧北美市场后,得出一个新概念,在当今人类进入现代文明的时代,人们对生活质量的要求越来越高,绿色环保意识尤强,而产品的使用不令要体现产品自身的价值还得体现其文化的内涵及外延。为此,所开发的这种新型、特种石材产品必须具备以下创新点:造型新颖、具有加拿大、北美特色;具备世界先进一流的产品类型,以适应美、加市场的需要;突击绿色环保意识,使用新型石种,用料精工考究。中东:
中东地区一直是世界上主要的进口石材市场之一,目前总进口量约为65-70万吨,主要来自意大利,占其总进口量的90%以上。其中,沙特阿拉伯是世界十大石材进口国之一,年进口量约为25万吨。
劳动力严重不足。石材的需求量非常大,但是安装石材的技术工人和组织石材工程的工程技术人员严重匮乏,所以设计、生产、施工、售后服务一条龙的承接石材工程才是主要竞争力。
Part 国内石材市场
中国地大物博,矿产资源丰富,尤其是石材资源几乎遍布全国各个省区,石材工业就世界范围来说,是一个蓬勃发展的工业,拥有超过150亿美元的固定资本,年贸易额超过60亿美元,而且以每年10%的速度在增长。近十年来,我国石材工业发展迅速,不仅应用上更加广泛,而且在中国政策的拉动下,石材消费需求量加大,目前年产量已超过千万吨,成为全球最大的石材生产大国。
Part 石材产业分布
中国石材的生产主要分布在南部的福建省、广东省,东部的山东省三个石材生产大省,其中福建与山东为原料与加工生产大省,而广东主要从事进口石材的加工,上述三省占了中国石材生产85%的产量。此外,其他一些省,如四川省、山西省、河北省、内蒙古、云南省、广西、新疆、安徽等都有一定量的品种和生产。
曾几何时,云浮、水头、莱州,被行业内公认为中国的“石材三大产业集群”。石材吞吐量长期占据中国石材业的半壁江山!称之为石材行业的三国演义毫不为过。随着内地经济和国家城镇化建设的不断发展,“石材三国演义”,开始步入“群雄逐鹿”时代!已经呈现不可逆转的态势!但中国石材的主产地主要在福建、山东两省。尤其以福建的生产占到全国的80%以上。
中国石材的内消费主要分为3大部分
1、即建筑的内外装饰用板材,这是石材使用最大的一部分;
2、其次是建筑用石,包栝园林、工程用石;
3、再就是石雕刻、石艺术品、墓碑石产品等。
而以建筑装饰石材使用量为最多。在中国一般的家庭装修没有不用石材的。而公共建筑使用石材是相当普遍的,而且今年更是追求高档化和大批量使用,有的几万平米,甚至几十万平米。目前,从中国国内石材的年消费量的发展趋势看,年消费量2.6亿平方米的水平不会降低。据统计,中国的装饰装修业的产值,目前占到国家全部GPT的15%左右,由此可见,石材的消费市场将在中国以惊人的数字增长。
中国石材工业的发展,无论是国内消费,还是进出口贸易,目前是每年两位数字增长,这是由市场需求决定的。国内建筑业的发展带动石材消费的增长,预计,石材国内年消费今后几年还应当保持在2.5亿平米以上。Part 中国十三大石材基地
一、山东莱州
莱州石材资源丰富,占全国储存量的1/10,被中国石材协会正式命名为“中国石都”。依托资源优势,莱州的石材产业蓬勃发展,形成了矿山开采、板材加工、异型加工、工艺雕刻、石材交易等完善的产业体系和空前的产业规模。莱州石材曾在人民大会堂、天安门广场、中国军事博物馆、北京世纪坛和亚特兰大奥运会艺术钟塔等著名建筑中展现风采。
二、广东云浮
云浮市有“石材之乡”的称誉,云浮市矿产资源丰富,种类繁多,目前已找到矿产52种,素有“硫都”和“石都”之称。云浮硫铁矿储量、品位均居世界首位。
云浮开采、利用、加工石材已有近二百年的历史,目前是中国内地最大的石材加工流通集散地之一,拥有“中国石材基地中心”和“中国石材流通示范基地”称号。云浮人在国道324线云城区、云安县和罗定市路段,建成了“百里石料建材走廊”,其间连线分布着3,800多家石材企业,其中云城区占了近七成。投资500万元以上的有一百多家,三资企业近一百家,其中港、澳、台客商独资或合作的石材企业有31家。
三、广东深圳
深圳的花岗岩资源非常丰富,现有采石场80余处,大多生产碎石。
为了深圳建设的需要,1985年建成深圳市花岗石厂。发展至今,已形成了包括东莞、顺德等地区的石材加工贸易基地,并辐射到汕头一带,主要进口荒料和毛光板大板,经加工后销往内地。
四、福建南安水头镇
全镇拥有5个上百吨级的码头,可直达广州、上海、宁波等城市。有全国进出口量最大的厦门提供强劲的进出口保障。
“中国石材城”--闽南建材第一市场位于南安市水头镇,周边汇集了大型石材生产企业700多家(其中包括康利、东升、溪石等知名石材企业),年产石板材1亿多平方米,工艺石材5000万才,占据全国石材产量的40%以上。是目前国内最大的石材物流中心及最大的石材进出口基地,东南亚地区规模最大、规格最高的石材批发市场。
五、广西岑溪
岑溪市,是全国最大的花岗岩生产基地,被誉为“花岗岩之都”。
近年来,“岑溪红”销售到全国各地,北京钓鱼台国宾馆、北京亚运村、上海华夏宾馆、广州白天鹅宾馆等高档次建筑都用“岑溪红”装修。“岑溪红”产品还出口越南、泰国、日本、韩国、加拿大、美国等国家和地区。
岑溪市西冲花岗岩矿是岑溪市最大的花岗岩矿山,由于技术和资金实力雄厚,成为矿山系列生产开发的佼佼者。其荒料产品通过香港出口到越南、泰国、马来西亚、日本、印尼等国家以及台湾地区。六、四川雅安
四川省雅安地区的天然石材资源非常丰富,是我国重要的天然石材产区和出口基地,享有“石材王国”的美称。
目前雅安地区开发利用的花岗石可分为红、绿、黑等系列数十个品种,地质总储量约50亿立方米以上,其中高档花岗岩有以下3个系列。值得注意的是,雅安地区红色花岗石石材中有呈鸡爪纹的微型图案,成为我国出产石材的独特现象。
七、河南南阳
南阳石材产业以大理石的开采、加工为主。南阳市的大理石矿以其稀缺名贵花色品种多而享誉国内外,资源储量位居河南省前列,但批量小,加工能力相对较小,年产约35万平方米。另外,大理石雕刻工艺较为发达。
花岗岩饰面板材开发在南阳市起步较早,开发主要品种多达6种以上,产品已销至27个省市区,和美、加、亚欧及东南亚等国家和地区。
八、新疆鄯善
新疆石材基地包括南疆和北疆,是我国建立最晚(90年代初)、起点最高的(进口生产线)、发展最快的石材工贸基地。
新疆石材资源十分丰富,石材品质优、性能好、色差小、块度大、耐磨性强、储量大,矿山分布于戈壁上,大规模开采对环境影响小。
九、北京
北京板石分布于房山、门头沟一带,并包括河北保定地区的满城、易县。房山是石文化的故乡。房山是著名的石雕艺术文化之乡和优质石材的产地,为北京城的建设提供了大量的石材,堪称北京之基、故宫之基。房山大石窝以其独特物产——汉白玉名扬古今中外。
门头沟区山里蕴藏着大量丰富的矿产资源,主要有煤、石灰岩、耐火粘土、花岗岩、大理石等,称得上是“乌金遍地下、百宝满山川”。门头沟新型建材区建设快速发展,以煤矸石、优质石材等为主的新型建材产业初具规模。
十、河北赞皇
赞皇县目前已发现的矿产资源共有30种,主要有石英砂岩、石灰石、花岗岩、磁铁矿、陶土、大理石等,总储量约60亿吨。赞皇的石材种类较多,花岗质类石材和瓦板岩占主要地位,大理岩类次之。
十一、陕西紫阳
紫阳县矿产资源资源丰富,现已探明有开采价值的矿产23种。其中瓦板岩的质量与储量堪称世界之最,被公认为是当代建筑材料之瑰宝而享誉海内外,产品远销美、法、英、澳、日等国家,倍受外商青睐;玉石、石灰石、大理石、粘土岩为主的非金属矿储量也极为丰富。
十二、河北曲阳
曲阳县素有中国“雕刻之乡”美誉。曲阳资源丰富,境内有汉白玉、大理石、花岗岩、陶土、云母、煤炭、石灰石等二十多种矿产品。北京十大建筑,毛主席纪念堂等国家重大建筑,均有曲阳石雕艺人的杰作。
曲阳石雕产品远销80多个国家和地区,形成了开采、设计、加工、销售、运输、安装一体化。
东方雕刻城位于曲阳县县城南部,占地面积9000亩,总面积5.8平方公里,是一个以大理石雕刻和板材加工为主,融“工、贸、旅、展”为一体的综合性开发区。
十三、内蒙古的丰镇
从内蒙古的丰镇向东南延伸,经山西省的浑源到河北省的阜fu平,绵延几百公里,断续分布着黑色花岗石的矿山。这一带的黑色花岗石,是世界上品质最好的,是加工高档墓碑的原料。矿山规模最大的是浑源,其次为丰镇和阜平,荒料年产量约10万立方米,产品多远销海外。Part 未来石材发展方向
1、定制石材依然是一大主流
在个性张扬的年代,按需定制已经逐渐被现代人所接受,以80、90后为主的消费群体,也逐渐开始追求按照自己的个性偏好来定制石材。
随着消费者对个性化产品的需求不断加大,家居定制行业发展迅速,从石材,到整体家居产品,定制化产品和专业化的服务已渐渐得到消费者的认可。2014年的石材市场,能满足个性化设计的定制石材依然还是一大主流,经销商如能找到坚持走这条道路的企业品牌进行投资,售卖的产品无疑也将会得到消费者的青睐。
2、简约石材成为市场的新宠
在家庭装修中,舒适度与文化感逐渐成为人们越来越看重的要素。而简约风格的石材在更大程度上刚好符合了现代人的这些追求,特别是既时尚有奢华的简欧风格,美观又实用,正成为目前石材市场的新宠。
3、环保石材继续成流行趋势
现今,人们对家居健康越来越重视,消费者在装修时也越来越关注家居健康,尤其是老人和小孩居室的装修,对安全健康的要求更为严苛。因此,与装修最大关联的甲醛释放量已经成为人们衡量家居环保的一个重要指标。Part 石材行业的契机
1、受全球金融危机的影响,外贸出口石材表现低迷。但是中国国内的需求依然旺盛。国内城市建设规模的持续扩大、工程装修质量不断提升,也极大地刺激了国内石材市场的需求。
2、我国石材业布局南强北弱、东强西弱。环渤海经济区的开发、东北老工业基地的振兴、西部大开发战略的实施等已引起石材业界的关注,中西部丰富的石材资源、相对廉价的劳动力资源潜在的巨大市场空间。
中国石材行业由东南沿海向西、向北转移已成趋势。在中国石材产业转移的大环境下,北方石材产业发展将迎来一次大机遇。
中国石材很多资源过去主要依托国外进口,通过广东、福建进入中国,消费中心主要在东南沿海。而未来中西部地区将迎来快速发展机会,今后将会向西、北转移,从而大大降低石材行业的物流成本。
3、要转变营销理念,创新营销模式,变坐商为行商,贴近消费者;要调整产品结构,变材料为制品;要适应建筑产业化“标准化设计、工业化生产、装配化施工”的要求,实现石材产品的规格化、标准化,方便消费者;要改造石材生产线,适应营销的需要;要实施品牌战略,打造我国石材业的知名品牌。
4、现在的家居装修越来越崇尚自然,因此天然石材大批量地进入建筑装饰装修业,不仅用于豪华的公共建筑物,也进入了家居装修,且用量越来越大,在人们生活中起着重要作用。Part 装饰石材应用存在的问题
1、是企业数量多,产量高,但是质量差、效率低、效益差,整体表现为大而不强。
我国石材企业多数是以乡镇经济、个体作坊为基础,规模较小、前店后厂式的石材企业在整个行业中占有较大比重;加上我国石材行业整体规范性差,对人才、技术、资金的需要程度相对较低,因此整个石材行业呈现“小、土、散、乱”的特点。长期以来,我国石材工业的发展一直遵循传统经济增长模式,即“资源—产品—废弃物”的单向式直线增长模式,这种发展模式主要是解决石材量的矛盾。在市场的强劲拉动下,简单的锯、磨、切等落后传统生产模式不断扩张,导致产业结构层次低、产品深加工程度低、质量差、消耗高、效率低、集约化程度低、科技含量低、经济效益低。
2、是石材业粗放型的发展破坏社会生态环境,严重影响我国石材产品的可持续发展。
由于企业缺乏有效的规划与管理,造成矿山无序开采,在破坏森林植被的同时,加工石材产生的粉尘、废水(灰泥)和噪声,加剧了自然生态环境恶化。如果按照我国年开采650万m3石材原料、成材率以较高的30%计算,将产生70%的废石,即每年我国石材矿山将产生约450 万m3 的开采废石,另外还有因石材加工时产生的较为严重的噪声污染和水污染等。随着我国城市化进程的加快,石材产量在现有基础上还将持续增加,对我国环境造成的污染将更加严重。
3、是石材行业整体规范性差,滥采乱挖现象严重,石材资源开采过度。中国的石材资源储量是世界第一,但石材原料消耗量也是世界第一。至今我国已发现和利用的石材品种为1492种,其中花岗石为829种,大理石为663种。我国已经探明的花岗石资源地质储量约360887 m3,大理石资源地质储量约39792 m3。2004 年全国花岗石荒料开采量约500万m3,大理石荒料开采量约100万m3。由于各种开采、加工企业无节制的滥采乱挖,破坏性甚至毁灭性地掠夺石材资源,导致作为不可再生资源的石材被大量浪费,目前我国部分优秀的石材资源已经濒临枯竭。由此可见我国石材资源消耗十分惊人 Part 中国家具行业在发展中的问题(1)对产品开发的轻视与无奈
企业在开发战略上的目光短浅,开发人才上的青黄不接,产品的反复抄袭和想当然的“老板式”设计,无不是将会从根本上扼杀家具市场前途的最大敌人。如果没有了强有力的产品,我们的销售人员纵然有回天之术也是巧妇难为无米之炊,一切努力都将是无源之水,无本之木。只有在市场机制的作用下,通过优胜劣汰,使生产和开发相对集中,行业才会具有生命力,才会形成气候和规模。家具业的最后格局将是:设计、制造、销售的完全分离。(2)在品种上缺少兼容性和继承性
不同厂家的产品乃至于同一厂家不同时期的产品都存在着或大或小的差异,不能互相搭配,缺少兼容性;同一厂家前后生产的产品,以及整个市场不同时期的产品之间,缺少一定的继承性。产品细节上毫无实际意义的频频变化,给客户和营销者带来很大的压力,有时,一套餐椅中的一张出了问题,或者要增加几张的时候,往往寻遍市场也无法如愿。这种情况,使得各厂家之间,产品之间,各自为政、孤立无援。
(3)粗放式生产 消费品牌缺失 中国家具产业主要分布在珠三角、长三角、环渤海、四川省。据侯克鹏介绍,其中广东占据了中国家具行业总产能的50%,浙江15%,环渤海8%~10%,东北不到15%,四川将近10%。这些地区主要是以自然集聚的方式形成的家具产业链,大多以粗放生产经营,产业聚集程低,致使产业链上下游链接不紧密,提高了家具整个行业的成本。比如,深圳是家具制造业中心,但不是物流中心,配货只能去蛇口,采购原材料要去东莞。这种粗放型的生产模式,导致现阶段整个行业没有形成一个消费品牌,国际竞争力弱。虽然历史上我国的木工工艺就处于世界领先地位,改革开放后经过几十年的发展,成为世界第一家具制造国,但是在世界家具行业中依然没有很强竞争力。(4)产品维修与服务欠缺
若大规模的家具市场,每年数百亿的销售量,在全国竟没有一家像样的维修点,连几百元、几十元一件的西服都随处可以找到干洗店和缝补店,动辙成千上万元一套的家具竟无处维修。家具配套服务的不健全,令广大的客户感到困惑。(5)二手交易不健全,阻碍消费
家具毕竟是一种体积庞大的物品,占据着很大的空间;家具又是一种价值较高的东西,即使不用了,如果功能不是完全丧失,也觉得弃之可惜。而家具的款式、风格又变化很快,令得越来越多的家庭喜新厌旧。在这种情况下,如何处臵自己的旧家具,成为一些打算对家具更新换代的家庭的一大难题。如果找不到合适的解决办法,惰性将会延缓他们的家具更新计划。(6)对人力资源严峻形势认识不足
中国家具行业属劳动密集型行业,受着人力资源供给状况的影响,劳动价值低是中国企业的竞争优势。但随着国力增强,这种优势即使存在,人力资源短缺已成为一个不容忽视的课题。在家具行业的表现尤为突出,其主要原因:更多的新型行业崛起,家具企业由于劳动强度大,噪音、污染严重、危险性大等原因,逐渐不被选择;本行业从业人员因年龄、生育、个人创业等种种原因而减少;实行计划生育之后的影响开始显现;农民的生活和劳作状况的改善;行业对从业人员总量的需求增加。由于许多企业对这一点认识不足,没有及时采取增加机械作业比重的办法来解决,反而高薪去“挖人”,提高了制造成本,又难以长久维持。
(7)企业背景各异,难以整合
一个行业要得以迅速发展,首先是自身的整合。中国的通讯、金融行业之所以发展的快,就是由于仅有几家。中国的家具厂的数量如此之多是很不正常的。早日整合对企业、对国家、对消费者都是有益的。但是这些企业的背景不同,整合进程将会放慢,依靠市场规律去自然选择还得需要一段时间。(8)从业者素质低下制约发展
中国的家具制造行业,上至企业的所有者,下至管理人员、技术人员到一般员工,和其它行业相比,其素质普遍偏低,这必然会在企业决策、大政方针、经营管理、市场战略等各个方面导致行业的整体臵后。开了几十年厂,木材从来没有盘点过的人大有人在。
第三篇:奥巴马北京演讲中英文对照稿
奥巴马(欧巴马)和胡锦涛于11月17日在北京举行联合新闻记者会,分别发表讲话。奥巴马总统的讲话全文,英语演讲稿+翻译。
PRESIDENT OBAMA: Good afternoon.I want to start by thanking President Hu and the Chinese people for the warmth and hospitality that they have shown myself and our delegation since we arrived.We had a wonderful day in Shanghai yesterday, a wonderful discussion with China’s young men and
women, and I’m looking forward to the conversations we’ll have and the sights that we’ll see here in Beijing over the next two days.奥巴马总统:下午好。首先我要感谢胡主席和中国人民从我们到来后给予我和代表团的热情款待。昨天,我们在上海度过了非常愉快的一天,同中国男女青年进行了一次十分愉快的讨论。我期待着我们今明两天将在北京进行的会谈和景点参观。
We meet here at a time when the relationship between the United States and China has never been more important to our collective future.The major
challenges of the 21st century, from climate change to nuclear proliferation to economic recovery, are challenges that touch both our nations, and challenges that neither of our nations can solve by acting alone.我们是在美中关系对我们的共同未来具有前所未有的重要性的时刻在这里举行会晤。21世纪的各项重大挑战,无论是气候变化、核扩散还是经济复苏,都与我们两个国家相关,而且哪个国家都不能通过单独行动来对付这些挑战。
That’s why the United States welcomes China’s efforts in playing a greater role on the world stage--a role in which a growing economy is joined by growing responsibilities.And that’s why President Hu and I talked about continuing to build a positive, cooperative, and comprehensive relationship between our nations.这就是为什么美国欢迎中国努力在世界舞台上发挥更大的作用——这个作用意味着伴随经济发展而增长的责任。这也就是为什么胡主席和我都谈到要继续建立积极合作全面的美中关系。
As President Hu indicated, we discussed what’s required to sustain this
economic recovery so that economic growth is followed by the creation of new jobs and lasting prosperity.So far China’s partnership has proved critical in our effort to pull ourselves out of the worst recession in generations.如胡主席所说,我们讨论了要使经济复苏持续所必须采取的措施,以便使经济增长带来新的就业机会,实现持久繁荣。迄今,与中国的伙伴关系被证明在我们为摆脱几代人以来最严重的衰退所作的努力中至关重要。
Going forward, we agreed to advance the pledge made at the G20 summit in
Pittsburgh and pursue a strategy of more balanced economic growth--a
strategy where America saves more, spends less, reduces our long-term debt, and where China makes adjustments across a broad range of policies to
rebalance its economy and spur domestic demand.This will lead to increased U.S.exports and jobs, on the one hand, and higher living standards in China on the other.展望未来,我们同意推进我们在匹兹堡20国集团峰会上所作的保证,实施经济更平衡增长的策略。根据这一策略,美国要增加储蓄,降低消费,减少长期债务,而中国则要进行各项政策调整以平衡经济,刺激内需。这样,将一方面增加美国的出口和就业机会,另一方面提高中国的生活水平。
As President Hu indicated, we also agreed that maintaining open market and free flows of commerce in both our nations will contribute to our shared
prosperity.And I was pleased to note the Chinese commitment, made in past statements, to move toward a more market-oriented exchange rate over time.I emphasized in our discussions, and have others in the region, that doing so based on economic fundamentals would make an essential contribution to the global rebalancing effort.如胡主席所说,我们还一致认为,保持我们两国市场的开放和商贸的自由流通将能增进我们的共同繁荣。我很高兴地注意到,中国多次表示了对逐步实现在更大程度上由市场决定汇率的承诺。我在双方以及在与地区其他各方的讨论中强调,这样按照基本经济原理行事将是对全球经济的重新平衡的重大贡献。
President Hu and I also made progress on the issue of climate change.As the two largest consumers and producers of energy, there can be no solution to this challenge without the efforts of both China and the United States.That’s why we’ve agreed to a series of important new initiatives in this area.As President Hu indicated, we are creating a joint clean energy research center, and have achieved agreements on energy efficiency, renewable energy, cleaner uses of coal, electric vehicles, and shale gas.胡主席和我在气候变化问题上也取得了进展。作为能源的最大消费国和生产国,没有中美两国的共同努力就无法成功地应对这一挑战。因此我们同意在这一领域采取一系列新的重要行动。胡主席已说明,我们将设立一个清洁能源联合研究中心,我们还就能效、可再生能源、清洁使用煤炭、电动车辆和页岩气等问题达成一致。
We also agreed to work toward a successful outcome in Copenhagen.Our aim there, in support of what Prime Minister Rasmussen of Denmark is trying to achieve, is not a partial accord or a political declaration, but rather an accord that covers all of the issues in the negotiations, and one that has immediate operational effect.This kind of comprehensive agreement would be an
important step forward in the effort to rally the world around a solution to our
climate challenge.And we agreed that each of us would take significant mitigation actions and stand behind these commitments.我们还同意为哥本哈根会议取得成果而努力。为支持丹麦首相拉斯穆森
(Rasmussen)所争取实现的目标,我们将不是致力于一项局部性的协议,也不是一份政治宣言,而是一项包含谈判涉及的所有问题的协议,一项可立即运作的协议。这样的全面协议将使动员全世界共同应对气候挑战的努力向前跨出重要一步。我们同意,双方都将采取重大的减缓行动,坚定地履行这些承诺。On the issue of nonproliferation, President Hu and I discussed our shared commitment to stop the spread of nuclear weapons, and I told him how
appreciative I am of China’s support for the global nonproliferation regime as well as the verifiable elimination of North Korea’s nuclear weapons program.在防扩散问题上,胡主席和我讨论了制止核武器扩散的共同承诺,我向胡主席表示了我对中国支持全球防扩散制度和可验证地消除北韩核武器项目的极大赞赏。We agreed on the importance of resuming the six-party talks as soon as
possible.As I said in Tokyo, North Korea has a choice: It can continue down the path of confrontation and provocation that has led to less security, less
prosperity, and more isolation from the global community, or it can choose to become a full member of the international community, which will give a better life to its people by living up to international obligations and foregoing nuclear weapons.我们一致认为尽快恢复六方会谈是重要的。正如我在东京说过的,北韩面临一个选择:它可以继续沿着对峙挑衅的道路走下去,结果只会是安全更少,繁荣更小,在全球社会中更加孤立;它也可以选择成为国际社会的正式成员,恪守国际义务,放弃核武器,让自己的人民过上更好的生活。
In the same way, we agreed that the Islamic Republic of Iran must provide assurances to the international community that its nuclear program is peaceful and transparent.On this point, our two nations and the rest of our P5-plus-1 partners are unified.Iran has an opportunity to present and demonstrate its peaceful intentions, but if it fails to take this opportunity there will be consequences.同样地,我们也一致认为伊朗伊斯兰共和国必须向国际社会提供保证,保证其核项目是和平而且透明的。在这一点上,我们两国和五常加一的其他伙伴国意见一致。伊朗有此机会展示和表明其和平的目的,但如果它没能利用这次机会,则将面临后果。
President Hu and I also discussed our mutual interest in security and stability of Afghanistan and Pakistan.And neither country can or should be used as a base for terrorism, and we agreed to cooperate more on meeting this goal, including
bringing about more stable, peaceful relations in all of South Asia.胡锦涛主席和我还讨论了我们对阿富汗和巴基斯坦的安全和稳定的共同利益。这两个国家都不能也不应该成为恐怖分子的基地。我们同意为达到这个目标加深合作,包括在整个南亚建设更稳定、和平的关系。
Finally, as I did yesterday in Shanghai, I spoke to President Hu about America’s bedrock beliefs that all men and women possess certain fundamental human rights.We do not believe these principles are unique to America, but rather they are universal rights and that they should be available to all peoples, to all ethnic and religious minorities.And our two countries agreed to continue to move this discussion forward in a human rights dialogue that is scheduled for early next year.最后,如同我昨天在上海时一样,我向胡锦涛主席谈了美国的基本信念,即人人都有某些最基本的人权。我们不认为这些原则是美国特有的,它们是普遍的权利。各国人民,各个少数民族和宗教少数派都应该享有。我们两国同意在定于明年年初举行的人权对话中继续推动这种讨论。
As President Hu indicated, the United States respects the sovereignty and territorial integrity of China.And once again, we have reaffirmed our strong commitment to a one-China policy.正如胡锦涛主席指出的那样,美国尊重中国的主权和领土完整。我们再次重申对一个中国政策的承诺。
We did note that while we recognize that Tibet is part of the People’s Republic of China, the United States supports the early resumption of dialogue between the Chinese government and representatives of the Dalai Lama to resolve any concerns and differences that the two sides may have.We also applauded the steps that the People’s Republic of China and Taiwan have already taken to relax tensions and build ties across the Taiwan Strait.我们的确指出,尽管我们承认西藏是中华人民共和国的一部分,但美国支持中国政府与**喇嘛的代表早日恢复对话,以解决双方存在的担忧和分歧。我们也对中华人民共和国和台湾已经采取的缓和紧张局势和建立海峡两岸联系的步骤表示赞赏。
Our own policy, based on the three U.S.-China communiqués and the Taiwan Relations Act, supports the further development of these ties--ties that are in the interest of both sides, as well as the broader region and the United States.基于美中三个联合公报和《台湾关系法》,我们自身的政策是支持继续发展这些关系——这些关系有利于双方,有利于更广大的地区和美国。
These are just some of the issues that President Hu and I discussed.But we also know that the relationship between our two nations goes far beyond any single issue.In this young century, the jobs we do, the prosperity we build, the environment we protect, the security that we seek, all these things are shared.这些只是胡锦涛主席和我讨论的问题的一部分。但是,我们也知道,我们两国的关系远远超出任何单一问题。置身这个世纪的初期,我们所做的工作,所创建的繁荣,所保护的环境,所寻求的安全——所有这一切都是共同分享的。
Given that interconnection, I do not believe that one country’s success must come at the expense of another.That’s why the United States welcomes China as a strong, prosperous and successful member of the community of nations.鉴于这种相互关联,我不认为一个国家的成功必须以牺牲另一个国家的利益为代价。这就是为什么美国欢迎中国成为国际社会中一个强大、繁荣和成功的成员。Our relationship going forward will not be without disagreement or difficulty.But because of our cooperation, both the United States and China are more prosperous and secure.We’ve seen what’s possible when we build upon our mutual interests and engage on the basis of equality and mutual respect.And I very much look forward to deepening that engagement and understanding during this trip and in the months and years to come.我们未来的关系不会没有分歧和困难。但由于我们的合作,美国和中国都更繁荣、更安全。我们已经看到,当我们在互利的基础上发展、在平等和相互尊重的基础上往来时能够取得什么样的成果。我非常期待在这次访问中和在未来的岁月里,加深这种交往和理解。
第四篇:乔布斯在斯坦福大学2005年演讲中英文对照稿
史蒂夫 乔布斯(Steve Jobs)在斯坦福大学2005年毕业典礼上的演讲
This is the text of the Commencement address by Steve Jobs, CEO of Apple Computer and of Pixar Animation Studios, delivered on June 12, 2005.I am honored to be with you today at your commencement from one of the finest universities in the world.I never graduated from college.Truth be told, this is the closest I've ever gotten to a college graduation.Today I want to tell you three stories from my life.That's it.No big deal.Just three stories.The first story is about connecting the dots.I dropped out of Reed College after the first 6 months, but then stayed around as a drop-in for another 18 months or so before I really quit.So why did I drop out?
It started before I was born.My biological mother was a young, unwed college graduate student, and she decided to put me up for adoption.She felt very strongly that I should be adopted by college graduates, so everything was all set for me to be adopted at birth by a lawyer and his wife.Except that when I popped out they decided at the last minute that they really wanted a girl.So my parents, who were on a waiting list, got a call in the middle of the night asking: “We have an unexpected baby boy;do you want him?” They said: “Of course.” My biological mother later found out that my mother had never graduated from college and that my father had never graduated from high school.She refused to sign the final adoption papers.She only relented a few months later when my parents promised that I would someday go to college.And 17 years later I did go to college.But I naively chose a college that was almost as expensive as Stanford, and all of my working-class parents' savings were being spent on my college tuition.After six months, I couldn't see the value in it.I had no idea what I wanted to do with my life and no idea how college was going to help me figure it out.And here I was spending all of the money my parents had saved their entire life.So I decided to drop out and trust that it would all work out OK.It was pretty scary at the time, but looking back it was one of the best decisions I ever made.The minute I dropped out I could stop taking the required classes that didn't interest me, and begin dropping in on the ones that looked interesting.It wasn't all romantic.I didn't have a dorm room, so I slept on the floor in friends' rooms, I returned coke bottles for the 5¢ deposits to buy food with, and I would walk the 7 miles across town every Sunday night to get one good meal a week at the Hare Krishna temple.I loved it.And much of what I stumbled into by following my curiosity and intuition turned out to be priceless later on.Let me give you one example:
Reed College at that time offered perhaps the best calligraphy instruction in the country.Throughout the campus every poster, every label on every drawer, was beautifully hand calligraphed.Because I had dropped out and didn't have to take the normal classes, I decided to take a calligraphy class to learn how to do this.I learned about serif and san serif typefaces, about varying the amount of space between different letter combinations, about what makes great typography great.It was beautiful, historical, artistically subtle in a way that science can't capture, and I found it fascinating.None of this had even a hope of any practical application in my life.But ten years later, when we were designing the first Macintosh computer, it all came back to me.And we designed it all into the Mac.It was the first computer with beautiful typography.If I had never dropped in on that single course in college, the Mac would have never had multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts.And since Windows just copied the Mac, its likely that no personal computer would have them.If I had never dropped out, I would have never dropped in on this calligraphy class, and personal computers might not have the wonderful typography that they do.Of course it was impossible to connect the dots looking forward when I was in college.But it was very, very clear looking backwards ten years later.Again, you can't connect the dots looking forward;you can only connect them looking backwards.So you have to trust that the dots will somehow connect in your future.You have to trust in something — your gut, destiny, life, karma, whatever.This approach has never let me down, and it has made all the difference in my life.My second story is about love and loss.I was lucky — I found what I loved to do early in life.Woz and I started Apple in my parents garage when I was 20.We worked hard, and in 10 years Apple had grown from just the two of us in a garage into a $2 billion company with over 4000 employees.We had just released our finest creation — the Macintosh — a year earlier, and I had just turned 30.And then I got fired.How can you get fired from a company you started? Well, as Apple grew we hired someone who I thought was very talented to run the company with me, and for the first year or so things went well.But then our visions of the future began to diverge and eventually we had a falling out.When we did, our Board of Directors sided with him.So at 30 I was out.And very publicly out.What had been the focus of my entire adult life was gone, and it was devastating.I really didn't know what to do for a few months.I felt that I had let the previous generation of entrepreneurs downthese things just fall away in the face of death, leaving only what is truly important.Remembering that you are going to die is the best way I know to avoid the trap of thinking you have something to lose.You are already naked.There is no reason not to follow your heart.6
About a year ago I was diagnosed with cancer.I had a scan at 7:30 in the morning, and it clearly showed a tumor on my pancreas.I didn't even know what a pancreas was.The doctors told me this was almost certainly a type of cancer that is incurable, and that I should expect to live no longer than three to six months.My doctor advised me to go home and get my affairs in order, which is doctor's code for prepare to die.It means to try to tell your kids everything you thought you'd have the next 10 years to tell them in just a few months.It means to make sure everything is buttoned up so that it will be as easy as possible for your family.It means to say your goodbyes.I lived with that diagnosis all day.Later that evening I had a biopsy, where they stuck an endoscope down my throat, through my stomach and into my intestines, put a needle into my pancreas and got a few cells from the tumor.I was sedated, but my wife, who was there, told me that when they viewed the cells under a microscope the doctors started crying because it turned out to be a very rare form of pancreatic cancer that is curable with surgery.I had the surgery and I'm fine now.This was the closest I've been to facing death, and I hope its the closest I get for a few more decades.Having lived through it, I can now say this to you with a bit more certainty than when death was a useful but purely intellectual concept: 7
No one wants to die.Even people who want to go to heaven don't want to die to get there.And yet death is the destination we all share.No one has ever escaped it.And that is as it should be, because Death is very likely the single best invention of Life.It is Life's change agent.It clears out the old to make way for the new.Right now the new is you, but someday not too long from now, you will gradually become the old and be cleared away.Sorry to be so dramatic, but it is quite true.Your time is limited, so don't waste it living someone else's life.Don't be trapped by dogma — which is living with the results of other people's thinking.Don't let the noise of others' opinions drown out your own inner voice.And most important, have the courage to follow your heart and intuition.They somehow already know what you truly want to become.Everything else is secondary.When I was young, there was an amazing publication called The Whole Earth Catalog, which was one of the bibles of my generation.It was created by a fellow named Stewart Brand not far from here in Menlo Park, and he brought it to life with his poetic touch.This was in the late 1960's, before personal computers and desktop publishing, so it was all made with typewriters, scissors, and polaroid cameras.It was sort of like Google in paperback form, 35 years before Google came along: it was idealistic, and overflowing with neat tools and great notions.8
Stewart and his team put out several issues of The Whole Earth Catalog, and then when it had run its course, they put out a final issue.It was the mid-1970s, and I was your age.On the back cover of their final issue was a photograph of an early morning country road, the kind you might find yourself hitchhiking on if you were so adventurous.Beneath it were the words: “Stay Hungry.Stay Foolish.” It was their farewell message as they signed off.Stay Hungry.Stay Foolish.And I have always wished that for myself.And now, as you graduate to begin anew, I wish that for you.Stay Hungry.Stay Foolish.Thank you all very much
http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2005/june15/jobs-061505.html
翻译:
史蒂夫 乔布斯(Steve Jobs)在斯坦福大学2005年毕业典礼上的演讲
我今天很荣幸能和你们一起参加毕业典礼,斯坦福大学是世界上最好的大学之一。我从来没有从大学中毕业。说实话,今天也许是在我的生命中离大学毕业最近的一天了。今天我想向你们讲述我生活中的三个故事。不是什么大不了的事情,只是三个故事而已。
第一个故事是关于如何把生命中的点点滴滴串连起来。
我在Reed大学读了六个月之后就退学了,但是在十八个月以后——我真正的作出退学决定之前,我还经常去学校。我为什么要退学呢?
故事从我出生的时候讲起。我的亲生母亲是一个年轻的,没有结婚的大学毕业生。她决定让别人收养我, 她十分想让我被大学毕业生收养。所以在我出生的时候,她已经做好了一切的准备工作,能使得我被一个律师和他的妻子所收养。但是她没有料到,当我出生之后, 律师夫妇突然决定他们想要一个女孩。所以我的生养父母(他们在待选名单上)突然在半夜接到了一个电话:“我们现在这儿有一个不小心生出来的男婴,你们想要他吗?”他们回答道: “当然!”但是我亲生母亲随后发现,我的养母从来没有上过大学,我的养父 甚至从没有读过高中。她拒绝签这个收养合同。只是在几个月以后,我的父母答应她一定要让我上大学,那个时候她才软化同意。
在十七岁那年,我真的上了大学。但是我很愚蠢的选择了一个几乎和你们斯坦福大学一样贵的学校, 我父母还处于蓝领阶层,他们几乎把所有积蓄都花在了我的学费上面。在六个 月后, 我已经看不到其中的价值所在。我不知道我真正想要做什么,我也不知道大学能怎样帮助我找到答案。但是在这里,我几乎花光了我父母这一辈子的 全部积蓄。所以我决定要退学,我觉得这是个正确的决定。不能否认,我当时确实非常的害怕, 但是现在回头看看,那的确是我这一生中最棒的一个决定。在我做出退学决定的那一刻, 我终于可以不必去读那些令我提不起丝毫兴趣的课程了。然后我可以开始去修那些看起来有点意思的课程。
但是这并不是那么罗曼蒂克。我失去了我的宿舍,所以我只能在朋友房间的地板上面睡觉,我去捡可以换5美分的可乐罐,仅仅为了填饱肚子, 在星期天的晚上,我需要走七英里的路程,穿过这个城市到Hare Krishna神庙(注:位于纽约Brooklyn下城),只是为了能吃上好饭——这个星期唯一一顿好一点的饭,我喜欢那里的饭菜。
我跟着我的直觉和好奇心走, 遇到的很多东西,此后被证明是无价之宝。让我给你们举一个例子吧:
Reed大学在那时提供也许是全美最好的美术字课程。在这个大学里面的每个海报, 每个抽屉的标签上面全都是漂亮的美术字。因为我退学了, 不必去上正规的课程, 所以我决定去参加这个课程,去学学怎样写出漂亮的美术字。我学到了san serif 和serif字体, 我学会了怎么样在不同的字母组合之中改变空白间距, 还有怎么样才能作出最棒的印刷式样。那种美好、历史感和艺术精妙,是科学永远不能捕捉到的, 我发现那实在是太迷人了。
当时看起来这些东西在我的生命中,好像都没有什么实际应用的可能。但是十年之后,当我们在设计第一台Macintosh电脑的时候,就不是那样了。我把当时我学的那些 东西全都设计进了Mac。那是第一台使用了漂亮的印刷字体的电脑。如果我当时没有退学, 就不会有机会去参加这个我感兴趣的美术字课程, Mac就不会有这么多丰富的字体,以及赏心悦目的字体间距。因为Windows只是抄袭了Mac,所以现在个人电脑就不会有现在这么美妙的字型了。
当然我在大学的时候,还不可能把从前的点点滴滴串连起来,但是当我十年后回顾这一切的时候,真的豁然开朗了。
再次说明的是,你在向前展望的时候不可能将这些片断串连起来;你只能在回顾的时候将点点滴滴串连起来。所以你必须相信这些片断会在你未来的某一天串连起来。你必须要相信某些东西:你的勇气、目的、生命、因缘......这个过程从来没有令我失望,只是让我的生命更加地与众不同。
我的第二个故事是关于爱和失去。
我非常幸运, 因为我在很早的时候就找到了我钟爱的东西。Woz和我在二十岁的时候就在父母的车库里面开创了苹果公司。我们工作得很努力, 十年之后, 这个公司从那两个车库中的穷小子发展到了超过四千名的雇员、价值超过二十亿的大公司。在公司成立的第九年,我们刚刚发布了最好的产品,那就是Macintosh。我也快要到三十岁了。在那一年, 我被炒了鱿鱼。你怎么可能被你自己创立的公司炒了鱿鱼呢? 嗯,在苹果快速成长的时候,我们雇用了一个很有天分的家伙和我一起管理这个公司, 在最初的几年,公司运转的很好。但是后来我们对未来的看法发生了分歧, 最终我们吵了起来。当争吵不可开交的时候, 董事会站在了他的那一边。所以在三十岁的时候, 我被炒了。在这么多人目光下我被炒了。在而立之年,我生命的全部支柱离自己远去, 这真是毁灭性的打击。
在最初的几个月里,我真是不知道该做些什么。我觉得我很令上一代的创业家们很失望,我把他们交给我的接力棒弄丢了。我和创办惠普的David Pack、创办Intel的Bob Noyce见面,并试图向他们道歉。我把事情弄得糟糕透顶了。但是我渐渐发现了曙光, 我仍然喜爱我从事的这些东西。苹果公司发生的这些事情丝毫的没有改变这些, 一点也没有。我被驱逐了,但是我仍然钟爱我所做的事情。所以我决定从头再来。
我当时没有觉察, 但是事后证明, 从苹果公司被炒是我这辈子发生的最棒的事情。因为,作为一个成功者的负重感被作为一个创业者的轻松感觉所重新代替, 没有比这更确定的事情了。这让我觉得如此自由, 进入了我生命中最有创造力的一个阶段。
在接下来的五年里, 我创立了一个名叫NeXT的公司, 还有一个叫Pixar的公司, 然后和一个后来成为我妻子的优雅女人相识。Pixar 制作了世界上第一个用电脑制作的动画电影——“玩具总动员”,Pixar现在也是世界上最成功的电脑制作工作室。在后来的一系列运转中,Apple收购了NeXT, 然后我又回到了Apple公司。我们在NeXT发展的技术在Apple的今天的复兴之中发挥了关键的作用。而且,我还和Laurence 一起建立了一个幸福完美的家庭。
我可以非常肯定,如果我不被Apple开除的话, 这其中一件事情也不会发生的。这个良药的味道实在是太苦了,但是我想病人需要这个药。有些时候, 生活会拿起一块砖头向你的脑袋上猛拍一下。不要失去信仰。我很清楚唯一使我一直走下去的,就是我做的事情令我无比钟爱。你需要去找到你所爱的东西。对于工作是如此, 对于你的爱人也是如此。你的工作将会占据生活中很大的一部分。你只有相信自己所做的是伟大的工作, 你才能怡然自得。如果你现在还没有找到, 那么继续找、不要停下来,只要全心全意的去找, 在你找到的时候,你的心会告诉你的。就像任何真诚的关系, 随着岁月的流逝只会越来越紧密。所以继续找,直到你找到它,不要停下来!
我的第三个故事是关于死亡的。
当我十七岁的时候, 我读到了一句话:“如果你把每一天都当作生命中最后一天去生活的话,那么有一天你会发现你是正确的。”这句话给我留下了一个印象。从那时开始,过了33 年,我在每天早晨都会对着镜子问自己:“如果今天是我生命中的最后一天, 你会不会完成你今天想做的事情呢?”当答案连续多天是“No”的时候, 我知道自己需要改变某些事情了。
“记住你即将死去”是我一生中遇到的最重要箴言。它帮我指明了生命中重要的选择。因为几乎所有的事情, 包括所有的荣誉、所有的骄傲、所有对难堪和失败的恐惧,这些在死亡面前都会消失。我看到的是留下的真正重要的东西。你有时候会思考你将会失去某些东西, “记住你即将死去”是我知道的避免这些想法的最好办法。你已经赤身裸体了, 你没有理由不去跟随自己内心的声音。
大概一年以前, 我被诊断出癌症。我在早晨七点半做了一个检查, 检查清楚的显示在我的胰腺有一个肿瘤。我当时都不知道胰腺是什么东西。医生告诉我那很可能是一种无法治愈的癌症, 我还有三到六个月的时间活在这个世界上。我的医生叫我回家, 然后整理好我的一切, 那是医生对临终病人的标准程序。那意味着你将要把未来十年对你小孩说的话在几个月里面说完.;那意味着把每件事情都安排好, 让你的家人会尽可能轻松的生活;那意味着你要说“再见了”。
我拿着那个诊断书过了一整天,那天晚上我作了一个活切片检查,医生将一个内窥镜从我的喉咙伸进去,通过我的胃, 然后进入我的肠子, 用一根针在我的胰腺上的肿瘤上取了几个细胞。我当时是被麻醉的,但是我的妻子在那里, 后来告诉我,当医生在显微镜下观察这些细胞的时候他们开始尖叫, 因为这些细胞最后竟然是一种非常罕见的可以用手术治愈的胰腺癌症细胞。我做了这个手术, 现在我痊愈了。
那是我最接近死亡的时候, 我希望这也是以后的几十年最接近的一次。从死亡线上又活了过来, 我可以比以前把死亡只当成一 种想象中的概念的时候,更肯定一点地对你们说:
没有人愿意死, 即使人们想上天堂, 也不会为了去那里而死。但是死亡是我们每个人共同的终点。从来没有人能够逃脱它。也应该如此。因为死亡就是生命中最好的一个发明。它将旧的清除以便给新的让路。你们现在是新的, 但是从现在开始不久以后, 你们将会逐渐的变成旧的然后被送离人生舞台。我很抱歉这很戏剧性, 但是这十分的真实。
你们的时间很有限, 所以不要将他们浪费在重复其他人的生活上。不要被教条束缚,那意味着你和其他人思考的结果一起生活。不要被其他人喧嚣的观点掩盖你真正的内心的声音。还有最重要的是, 你要有勇气去听从你直觉和心灵的指示——它们在某种程度上知道你想要成为什么样子,所有其他的事情都是次要的。
当我年轻的时候, 有一本叫做“整个地球的目录”振聋发聩的杂志,它是我们那一代人的圣经之一。它是一个叫Stewart Brand的家伙在离这里不远的Menlo Park编辑的, 他象诗一般神奇地将这本书带到了这个世界。那是六十年代后期, 在个人电脑出现之前, 所以这本书全部是用打字机,、剪刀还有偏光镜制造的。有点像用软皮包装的google, 在google出现三十五年之前:这是理想主义的,其中有许多灵巧的工具和伟大的想法。
Stewart和他的伙伴出版了几期的“整个地球的目录”,当它完成了自己使命的时候, 他们做出了最后一期的目录。那是在七十年代的中期, 我正是你们的年纪。在最后一期的封底上是清晨乡村公路的照片(如果你有冒险精神的话,你可以自己找到这条路的),在照片之下有这样一段话:“求知若饥,虚心若愚。”这是他们停止了发刊的告别语。“求知若饥,虚心若愚。”我总是希望自己能够那样,现在, 在你们即将毕业,开始新的旅程的时候, 我也希望你们能这样:
求知若饥,虚心若愚。
非常感谢你们
第五篇:旧城改造项目投资意向书(参照稿1)
城中村改造项目投资意向书
甲方:XXXXXXX政府
乙方: XXXXXXX达房地产开发有限公司
为改善群众居住条件,提升城市品位,推动义县经济发展,义县人民政府(以下简称甲方)根据城市发展总体规划,通过和锦州贵达房地产开发有限公司(以下共简称乙方)友好协商,本着平等自愿、相互促进、共同发展的原则,就乙方投资实施城中村改造项目达成如下合作意向:
一、项目基本情况
1、项目地址:
拟在东至(锦阜路),北至(南环城路)路,南至(建设东路)路,西至(寺东街)实施(城中村)改造工程,占地总面积约(8)万平方米。
2、项目内容
(1)打通规划中(锦阜路,南环城路,建设东路,寺东街)路。
(2)分期实施本项目的(城中村)改造工程。占地面积(8)万平方米,建筑面积达到(14.4)万平方米。全部工程争取
(二)年内完成。
二、房屋拆迁及安置
1、开发区域内的地上建筑物由甲方按照《义县人民政府旧城区改造拆迁安置办法》,组织专门机构和人员负责拆迁,1
并在双方达成协议的期限内负责拆迁完毕。
2、乙方需向甲方交付回迁保证金。
3、在乙方开发的规划面积内(含本区域内规划的道路)的房屋收购费、拆迁费、搬迁费、及国有土地划拨出让前的变更费用均由乙方负责先行分期垫付,以上费用首先从乙方先期缴纳的回迁保证金中扣除,不足部分再由乙方分期垫付。
4、规划的城区道路建设和小区以外的城镇基础设施配套均由甲方负责于约定内建设完毕。
三、土地出让
1、开发部分土地实行挂牌出让。
2、回迁部分分摊的土地面积实行划拨。划拨土地费用按实际支付的房屋收购费、拆迁费、搬迁费收取。
四、工程期限
1、回迁安置房在乙方施工后一年内交付使用。
2、房地产开发部分的首期工程,乙方在施工后一年内开发完成。
3、首期工程主体完工后,方可实施二期工程建设。
五、双方权利义务
(一)甲方的权力义务
1、甲方依据《义县人民政府旧城区改造拆迁安置办法》的有关规定,分阶段组织拆迁。
2、甲方依据房屋收购费、搬迁费、拆迁费、安置费、国
有土地划拨出让前的变更费、公共设施配套费,合理确定土地出让底价,并挂牌出让。
3、甲方承诺在接到乙方垫付的回迁保证金后,四个月内组织人员将项目区内的地上建筑物拆迁完毕。
4、甲方承诺按照中共义县委、义县人民政府《关于鼓励域外客商投资优惠政策的若干规定》给予乙方如下优惠政策。
(1)该项目为老城区拆迁改造由义县财政给予乙方行政事业性收费免除30%的支持。
(2)乙方为老城区拆迁改造企业,甲方按销售不动产营业税的15%返还给乙方。
5、甲方承诺土地出让价高于底价的收益,作为乙方前期投入的利息及费用等全部返还乙方。
6、甲方承诺依据乙方的工程进度,同步进行本项目范围内规划的城区道路的铺设工作。
7、甲方承诺在乙方如约完成首期工程主体后,一个月内批准乙方实施本项目的后续建设工程。
8、经双方同意可根据房地产市场形势等综合因素的变化情况,适时调整完善拆迁安置办法,并做为实施本项目后续工程的依据。
9、甲方协助乙方协调与消防、电业、自来水、市政、煤气、供暖等相关单位的关系。
(二)乙方的权利义务
1、乙方承诺依照义县城区发展规划进行(城中村)改造工程。
2、乙方承诺建筑容积率小于等于1.8。在规划地块内不小于20%的土地面积上建设高层住宅。
3、乙方承诺在双方确定土地出让底价后,十天内向甲方交付分期垫付的收购搬迁拆迁资金。
4、乙方承诺在办理完所有开发手续及取得完全净地后一年内完成安置房建设和房地产开发。
5、乙方如约完成首期城中村改造,甲方批准乙方进行后续工程建设。
六、具体事宜待双方协商后,签定正式合作协议。
七、因乙方原因三个月内本项目无实质性进展,本投资意向自动失效。
八、本意向书一式二份,甲乙双方各一份,甲方:
乙方:XXXXXXXX地产开发有限公司
二O一一年()月()日