大学英语3期末复习(2012-12)

第一篇：大学英语3期末复习(2012-12)

大学英语3期末复习

1.If either of you had been able to _______ your anger the fight would have been avoided.a.hold backb.hold onc.hold outd.hold up

2.Many students are taking part in extracurricular activities in their ______ to enhance their communicative skills.a.questb.strainc.temptationd.campaign a.scatterb.dedicatec.give offd.hand out a.hopefulb.definitec.productived.super

5.We can’t ________ her to be able to take responsibility just because she has been working for her boss for two years.a.interpretb.grantc.detachd.assume

6.He left the office, still ______ by the way she had spoken to him.a.annoyedb.been annoyed

c.being annoyedd.to be annoyed

7.__________ is the arbitrary circumstances both of my arrest and my subsequent fate in court.a.It is made rather disturbingb.what makes it rather disturbing

c.It makes rather disturbingd.It is rather disturbing

8.You ______ at the door before you come in.a.mean knockingb.are meant knocking

c.mean to knockd.are meant to knock

9.Mary has ____ a couple of hours on Saturdays to help her mother with her computer.a.put awayb.set asidec.get offd.take on a.likesb.realizesc.imaginesd.considers

11.The statistics show that those who prefer electronic dictionaries _________ 55 percent.a contributedb.amounted toc.headed ford.took in

12.Set your mind at ease.____ you get accustomed to the noise here.a.It will be soon afterb.It wouldn’t be long before

c.It is a short time whend.It is in a short time before

13.All the questions the police asked _____ where she had been on the night of the murder.a.brought upb.revolved around

c.built ond.singled out

14.Give them an inch, ________________.a.and they will make a mileb.they will make a mile

c.so they will make a miled.or they will make a mile

15.Let’s stop taking nonsense and _______ analyzing the tough situation.a.go onb.go offc.go intod.go about

Key

1-5 aadcd6-10 abdbc

11-15 bbbad

第二篇：第三册大学英语期末复习重点句子

1.我们的计算机系统出了毛病，但我觉得问题不大We have a problem with the computer system, but I think it’s fairly minor.2.父亲去逝的时候我还小,不能独立生活。就在那时，家乡的父老接过了教育我的责任。My father died when I was too young to live

on my own.The people of my hometown took over my upbringing at that point.3.这些玩具必须得达到严格的安全要求后才可出售给儿童The toys have to meet strict safety requirements before they can be sold to children.5.一些科学家坚信人们总有一天会喜欢转基 因农作物的，因为它们能够提高产量，帮助发展中国家战胜饥荒和疾病Some scientists hold to the firm conviction that people will come to like genetically modified crops someday since

they can increase yields and help combat hunger and disease in the developing world.1.无论是在城市还是农村，因特网正在改变人们的生活方式。The Internet is changing the way peopleEinstein spent many years trying to unify the theories of electromagnetism and gravity but failed.3.因其在激发学生创造性想象力方面的出色表现，王教授获得了校长奖Professor Wang received the Presidential Award for his

excellence in stimulating students' creative imagination.4.因存在一些设计上的重大缺陷，董事会没有同意那个经济刺激计划As there were some major design flaws, the board of directors didn't approve of the economic

4.作为新闻和舆论的载体，广播和电视补充了而不是替代了报纸。Radio and television have supplemented rather than replaced the newspaper as carriers of news and opinion.5.至于这本杂志，它刊载了世界各地许多报

纸杂志上文章的摘要When it comes to this magazine, it is/ carries a digest of articles

from

manynewspapers

and

magazines around the world.1.虽然受到全球金融危机后果的巨大影响，但是我们仍然相信我们能够面对挑战，克服

危机。Though greatly affected by the consequences of the global financial crisis, we are still confident that we can face up to the challenge and overcome the crisis.2.在持续不断的沙尘暴的威胁下，我们被迫

离开我们喜爱的村庄，搬迁到新的地方。Under threat of constant sand storms, we were compelled to leave our cherished village and move to the new settlement.3.根据最近的网上调查，许多消费者说他们也许会有兴趣考虑购买电视广告中播放的产

品。According to a recent online survey, a lot of consumers say they may be motivated to consider buying products shown in TV commercials.4.看到卡车司机把受污染的废弃物倒在河边，老人马上向警方报告

Having spotted a truck driver dumping contaminated waste alongside the river, the old man reported to the police at once.live, whether they are in urban or rural areas.2.和大公司相比，中小公司更容易受到金融危机的威胁。

Medium-sized and small companies are more vulnerable to the threat of the global

economic crisis than large ones.3.关于期末论文，教授要求我们先分析失业图表，然然后对过家的经济发展提供批评性的见解。

With regard to our term paper, the professor asked us to analyze the

unemployment chart first, and then provide critical reflections on the nations economic development.4.他从来也没有想到他们队会大比分赢得那场篮球赛。It never occurred to him that their team

would win the basketball match by a large margin.5.回顾二十年得中学教学，我把我的成功归结为耐心、才能和对知识的不断追求 Looking back on my twenty years' teaching in high school, I attribute my success to

patience, talent, and the constant pursuit of knowledge.1.红十字会派遣的志愿人员非常小心地对村里的饮用水进行消毒，以避免爆发瘟疫 The volunteers sent by the Red Cross disinfected, with great caution, the

drinking water in the village so as to avoid an outbreak of plague.2.爱因斯坦用了多年时间试图把电磁学理论和引力理论结合起来，但没有成功。

stimulus package.5.乔丹意识到没人能给他帮助，终于得出结论他必须面对现实，独自接受挑战Having realized that nobody could help him, Jordan finally came to the conclusion that he had to face reality and take up

the challenge by himself.1.奶奶想当然地认为粮价要涨，所以买了许多大米Grandma took it for granted that food prices would soar, so she bought a lot of rice.2.我可以给你引用几个例子来说明她献身科

学的精神I can quote you several instances of her dedication to science.3.20世纪80年代中国一些经济特区开始迅速发展起来The 1980s saw the start of the swift development of some special economic zones in China.4.两国关系的紧张部分是由最近的间谍事件引起的Tension between the two countries stemmed in part from the latest spy affair.5.彼得已在一家律师事务所当了多年律师。你可以考虑请他做你的律师，当你需要法律

援助时，由他代你行事Peter has worked in a law firm for many years.You can consider having him as your lawyer to act on your behalf when you need legal help.

第三篇：2018上半年大学英语期末复习题目

期末复习题目

不要死背答案，顺序不一样。

I.Multiple Choices: choose the best answer to complete every sentence.(20*1'=20')1.We believe it’s possible to _______ growth through the use of different kinds of energy that will allow for lower carbon emissions.A.sustain

B.run

C.come

D.go 2.The European Union is made up of 27 nations with _______ cultural, linguistic and economic roots.A.accuse

B.pay

C.distinct

D.offer 3.Now that we have approval we may _______ the scheme as previously agreed.A.throw

B.execute

C.popular

D.stress 4.The first mobile phones were heavy and ______ to use, but nowadays they are much easier to handle.A.clumsy

B.happy

C.fairy

D.glad 5.Charlie Chaplin was born in a poor area of South London, but in 1913 he left Britain ______ good.A.for

B.again

C.about

D.free 6.They’ll have to cut the film ______----it’s far too long.A.down

B.up

C.into

D.on 7.In many cases, optional subjects ______ science are available, such as business studies.A.more than

B.other than

C.less than

D.little than 8.The less you spend, the less you’ll owe, and the less likely you’ll ______ bankrupt.A.turn off

B.get into

C.reach for

D.end up 9.If ______ of the charge he would face a prison sentence of six years.A.convicted

B.taken

C.got

D.convict 10.Any claims for refund or ______ must be made in writing to our head office within 28 days.A.compensation

B.difficulty

C.problem

D.change 11.His role was to drum ______ contributions and donations from friends in big business.A.to

B.over

C.up

D.out 12.The chairman spoke so forcefully that the rest of the committee yielded ______ his opinion.A.down

B.for

C.to

D.of 13.If you want to donate a number of books to your organization, club, association or to your local school library for the children to read, please fill ______ the form below.A.over

B.after

C.out

D.side 14.The local government has given priority to the construction of infrastructure so as to attract more foreign ______.A.blood

B.attack

C.influence

D.investment 15.We had only two weeks to tour Malaysia, which was hardly enough to ______ the surface.A.patience

B.pain

C.appeal

D.scratch 16.It is ______ that terrorism is a great threat to world peace.A.widely accepted B.widely accepting

C.wide accepted D.wide accepting 17.The house built of stone lasts longer than ____ built of wood.A.the one

B.one

C.that

D.its 18.E-mail as well as telephones ____ more and more popular in daily communication.A.have become

B.become

C.are becoming

D.is becoming 19.This kind of cloth ____ well.A.washes

B.wash

C.is washed

D.is washing 20.What do you mean ____ saying that you've never heard of it before?

A.in

B.by

C.as

D.with

1.A 2.C 3.B 4.A 5.A 6.A 7.B 8.D 9.A 10.A

11.C 12.C 13.C 14.D 15.D 16.A 17.C 18.D 19.A 20.B

II.Reading Comprehension:(15*2=30')Passage One Passage Two

Passage Three It doesn’t matter when or how much a person sleeps, but everyone needs some rest to stay alive.That’s what all doctors thought, until they heard about AI Herpin.AI Herpin, it was said, never slept, Could this be true? The doctors decided to see this strange man themselves.AI Herpin was 90 years old when the doctors came to his home in New Jersey.They thought for sure that he got some sleep of some kind.So they stayed with him and watched every movement he made.But they were surprised.Though they watched him hour after hour and day after day, they never saw Herpin sleeping , In fact, he did not even own a bed.He never needed one.The only rest that Herpin sometimes got was sitting in a comfortable chair and reading newspapers.The doctors were puzzled by this strange continuous sleeplessness.They found only one answer that might explain his condition.Herpin remembered some talk about his mother having been injured(伤害)several days before he was born.But that was all.Was this the real reason? No one could be sure.Herpin died at the age of 94.11.The main idea of this passage is that _______.A.large numbers of people do not need sleep B.a person was found who actually didn’t need any sleep C.everyone needs some sleep to stay alive D.people can live longer by trying not to sleep 12.The doctors came to visit Herpin , expecting to ______.A.cure him of his sleeplessness B.find that his sleeplessness was not really true C.find a way to free people from the need of sleeping D.find out why some old people didn’t need any sleep

13.After watching him closely, the doctors came to believe that AL Herpin ________.A.was too old to need any sleep B.often slept in a chair C.needed no sleep at all

D.needed some kind of sleep 14.One reason that might explain Herpin’s sleeplessness was ________.A.that he hadn’t got a bed

B.that he had gradually got rid of the sleeping habit C.his mother’s injury before he was born

D.his magnificent physical condition 15.AI Herpin’s condition could be regarded as ______.A.a common one

B.one that could be cured C.very healthy

D.a rare one

11.B 12.B 13.C 14.C 15.D

III.Cloze:(20*1'=20')大学英语读写教程Section A 后面练习题的完型填空（重点看Unit1 ,Unit 2, Unit6的完型填空）

IV.Translation: from Chinese into English(2*3'=6')大学英语读写教程Section A 后面汉语翻译成英语练习题

V.Translation: from English into Chinese(3*3'=9')大学英语读写教程 SectionA 后面练习题英译汉的翻译。

VI.Composition:(15')

你是李华，申请到一家外资企业工作。对方要求你用英语写一篇短文，介绍自己的基本情况。短文应包括下表所列全部内容。

注意：1.情况介绍必须采用短文形式；

2.词数100个左右；

3.短文第一句已为你写好。生词：竞赛—competition My name is Li Hua.

第四篇：2015大学英语Ⅲ复习材料

1.Most cities in the country have introduced “Clean Air Zones”(whereby)factories and households are only allowed to burn smokeless fuel.2.He knows that the(pursuit)of social status can consume vast amounts of his time and effort.3.The doctors are at a loss because so far no medicine has been found to(inhibit)the spread of the disease.4.We see many special education directors trying to(maintain)the quality of their programs with much less money and much smaller staff.5.People there are told it is their(patriotic)duty to support the national economy by buying their own products.6.Darwin's thinking both drew upon and(transcended)the conventional ideas of his time.7.In spite of all your(endeavors), there may be times when you encounter difficulties in the training process.8.My advice to Mr.Stewart is to think carefully before entering into a career in medicine, as this is a field which requires a lot of(dedication)and long working hours.9.Most Chinese parents would prefer to choose some professions that are stable and could bring(prestige)and economic benefits.10.It is legally possible for an elderly person to(nominate)someone to act for them, should they become incapable of looking after themselves.1.When Francis got back after Easter, he was far behind his classmates and he was(removed from)the second into the third class at his own desire.2.The president acknowledged that he had somehow(failed in)his ability to communicate to the American people.3.Unfortunately, as history has shown, some of the companies are guilty of misconduct(in the pursuit of)profit.4.The ship(deviated from)the agreed voyage and arrived about 10 days late and in the meantime the price of sugar had fallen and the merchants lost over £4,000.5.Because the transcript is still under seal, the law(1)(precludes)them(2)(from)reading and discussing the evidence in detail.6.In carrying out the plan we are likely to come across difficulties, but we are determined to(triumph over)them all.7.Without increasing investment in education, it will be increasingly difficult for low-income people to(work their way into)the middle class.8.All the passengers in the plane that crashed in the middle of the Andes Mountains a week ago were(written off)as dead.1.Kids are more likely to(intervene)in a situation if they believe their parents expect them to help.2.The first lesson I learned as a newcomer for the company was never to(underestimate)the degree of difficulty I would face in career advancement.3.Just as I started to think that I was never going to get well, the illness began to(recede).4.Whatever the decision is, I would like you to know that your department is my first choice and I(deem)it a great honor if I could study in your department.5.During one particularly(bleak)moment in my career, a senior colleague of mine said to me, “If you follow your dreams, the money will come.Follow the money, and you'll lose your dreams.”

6.Unless we can find a way to(appraise)nature and then invest in protecting it, our basic life-support systems are going to collapse.7.The blizzard(暴风雪)moved south, turning into an icy rain that(paralyzed)the airports for three days.8.In this introduction we have diagnosed some of the causes of the illness and, in the following chapters, we will draw attention to its various unpleasant(symptoms).9.In those days, divorce under any circumstances was socially unacceptable and there was great(dismay)in the family who went through it.10.Every time she talked about being rejected in her hunt for a job, she seemed on the(brink)of tears, and I would quickly switch the conversation to another topic.1.When the bus(pulled to a stop)and I got off, I was relieved because I had finished school and I had the weekend ahead of me to enjoy myself.2.When my car crashed into the big tree, I could feel the blood draining from my face and I wondered whether I was about to(black out).3.All kinds of questions concerning the soaring housing price begin to(pop up)on cable television and the blogosphere(博客圈).4.The soldiers' rapid march was(stopped short)by the general's command;they were uncertain whether to go back or forward.5.A car crashed into the side of a house after the driver lost control and(plowed through)a hedge(树篱).6.Charles reappeared, after half an hour's absence, and(threw himself into)an armchair, where he lay back for some time with his eyes shut.7.You may be out of work but that is no reason to(let yourself go)by not washing, brushing your hair and wearing clean clothes.8.As her door began to open, she(grabbed for)the telephone, and then dropped the receiver as Luke walked in.1.As a number of authors point out, the urge to migrate is a(n)

(integral)part of human nature.2.Children should be allowed to(cherish)those few years of innocence before they have to learn the truth about the real world.3.He has been(afflicted)by a horrible disease, from which one of his best friends died two weeks ago.4.The results of the survey are(noteworthy)and useful despite being from a small sample.5.The director said that they needed a young actress who could(portray)someone who was both unbalanced and confident at the same time.6.Praise must be used wisely to(compliment)students who perform up to expectations and to encourage students to perform to maximum levels.7.In the(domain)of research, it is an accepted fact that scientific publications have to be written or translated into English to get published, acknowledged, and cited.8.He received a(n)

(anonymous)call threatening to disclose details of his affair if he didn't pay the money.9.The movie presents Lincoln as a strong-willed,(conscientious)man who led the US through a moral, constitutional and political crisis.10.It is understandable that the health and welfare of their family is a(n)

(perpetual)concern for this young couple.1.Clearly, most of the students there are full-time workers who would not otherwise have been able to(embark on)sustained further study.2.The court ruled that this man(be deprived of)his political rights for a further four years after he has served his 13-year sentence.3.I would love to have kids.I would(turn down)an Oscar to see my boy at a baseball game or my girl at a song recital.4.Richard was finally released on February 4, one year and six weeks after he'd been(taken captive).5.She hoped Vincent would understand that

her life had not been empty, because her love would(live on).6.All people, whether they be rich or poor, strong or weak, privileged or deprived, are interdependent, and(share in)the common task of seeking to achieve mankind's full potential.7.In September 1944 he was able to return to his academic duties, but soon after the war ended he(was stricken by)a serious illness and did relatively little research thereafter(从那以后).8.She retired from the company where she has(led by example)and been a source of encouragement to others.1.Although secondary education is(compulsory), parents are not required to send their children to state schools.2.The economic situation has been worsening, causing economists to(contemplate)whether the present policies are sustainable.3.He was found guilty and was(imprisoned)in the Tower of London, where he died very quickly, aged only 47.4.It is obvious that the future of the Internet is to(globalize)more and more areas of the world, and that e-commerce and e-entertainment are going to go for more and more markets.5.However, your current losses should soon be(offset)by gains;the fund will produce a positive return of 11.6 percent over a nine-month period.6.Because she was so tall and slim, all the clothes looked marvelous on her and the other girls would(groan)their envy.7.This can be a helpful approach in discussion — someone may regard you as(stubborn)since you never want to change your mind, whereas you see yourself as determined.8.At weekends, the school park is almost empty except that a few cars(cluster)near the entrance.9.In the photographer's finest pictures there is also a degree of(ambiguity), which allows them to be interpreted in a variety of ways.10.Tim stretched out a hand in apology for his thoughtless remarks and was(consoled)by a firm handshake from Mark.1.Virginia was a perfectionist.She was just not prepared to(settle for)anything that was second best.2.He could be quite casual in his attitude to his wife's anxiety, and(more often than not)failed to let her know when he would be back from a business trip.3.“You'll kill yourself with those things,” Arty said in a tone in which disappointment was(mingled with)disgust.4.Thanks to modern transportation, agricultural products in these remote mountainous regions can also be(traded for)other goods.5.As the market(was saturated with)a wide variety of goods, the economy became more balanced and the competition forced the prices down.6.Going with the flow doesn't mean that we don't know where we're going;it means that we(are open to)multiple ways of getting there.7.The athlete had been(endowed with)long legs and a persistent temperament so he was very successful.8.The wrongly accused man asked for extra compensation to(make up for)the stress he had suffered during the case.1.The general considered all the information that had been gathered and(gauged)what possible moves the enemy might make before issuing his orders.2.The new president said she would(dedicate)herself to protecting the rights of the old and the homeless, who are otherwise helpless and vulnerable.3.Cell phone conversations, which are fairly

(commonplace)on commuter trains, can be annoying to fellow commuters.4.Ask your doctor whether a low-fat diet and a daily walk will(suffice)to reduce your high blood pressure.5.The(revenue)from tourism is the biggest single contribution to GDP in the Maldives;every year many tourists from all corners of the world spend their holidays there.6.Since the beginning of this century, China has built many modern conference centers with underground parking, air-conditioning and(simultaneous)translation systems.7.While advertising offers a stimulus(刺激)to buy, sales promotion offers a(n)(incentive)to buy, but consumers must have their own reason to buy.8.In general, smokers living in cities are slightly more(prone)to lung cancer than smokers who are living in the country.9.A large proportion of important(innovations)are brought about by people who step outside of conventional categories or traditional assumptions.10.The habit of going to coffee houses was(fostered)by the city's relatively small size, safe streets, good public transportation, and moderate climate.1.The results of this experiment do not(correlate with)those of the studies that the team of scientists had conducted previously.2.It was a moment of overwhelming excitement when Steve was given the first prize;Tiffany couldn't(refrain from)hugging and kissing him.3.As we(count down)to tonight's presidential debate, it's time to go over the political agendas which the candidates are trying to promote.4.She spent the next 10 years taking in washing,(slaving away)to pay back the money they had borrowed from the bank.5.Indeed, it seems that the upward shift in the rate of economic growth in the mid-1990s(coincided with)a sudden, substantial and rapid decline in the prices of computers.6.As Crawford(contended with)heartbreak in his private life, his career soared to greater heights than he could have ever dreamed of.7.I am assuming that you have adequate health insurance, but someone should(be designated as)successor to take over your financial and domestic affairs if you become unable to cope with them yourself.8.Formal consent for this new type of treatment was obtained from each patient and the study(conformed to)our institution's guidelines concerning medical ethics(伦理).Where there is a will, there is a way.This proverb means that if you are really determined to do something, however difficult it might be, you will(1)(eventually)find a way to do it well.The(2)(premier)point is that you must have the will to achieve success.Ninety percent of the failures that occur are due to the fact that there is no strong will involved.Many people simply say that they want something, but they do not make any(3)(endeavor)to achieve it.So, instead of getting it, they use the poorest excuse to explain the situation away.On many occasions, people tend to(4)(bypass)every minute obstacle, making the objective impossible to attain.In reality, if they have the will to succeed, they can get rid of the(5)(handicaps)and achieve their goals.Only those with a(n)(6)(committed)and focused will and spirit can fight their way to final victory.Many a famous man has the same experience.They have(7)(attained)their prestige because they have had the will to(8)(transcend)apparently insuperable(无法克服的)obstacles.Many artists, statesmen, writers and inventors have managed to succeed because they possess a fierce will，which has helped them to accomplish major(9)(feats).Therefore, we can see that the main thing which one needs is a strong will.Weak-willed people never climb to the top.They collapse at the(10)(slightest)use of force against them.Strong-willed people, on the other hand, will stand up against all odds and will make it a point to succeed.Social anxiety symptoms often begin during adolescence.It's a developmental process that is(1)(characterized)by profound psychological changes, especially in terms of how we relate to others.One of the most frustrating(2)(aspects)of the adolescent years is the tendency for self-focus and a decrease in the(3)(amount)of focus we have for the feelings and needs of others.While these changes are fairly universal, those of us who were born with a shy temperament(性格)can carry the adolescent fears, which may never(4)(recede), into adulthood.An anxious temperament causes our brains to react forcibly when(5)(exposed)to the stress of sudden awareness of our peers and gradually we become more and more vulnerable.Our brains label the fear of exposure or embarrassment as highly dangerous.This may result in a(n)(6)(vicious)circle for many years: excessive self-consciousness and inhibition when you feel you are being observed.To cope with the problem, I would like to(7)(challenge)you to strive for increased focus on other people, in place of your(8)(excessive)focus on yourself.Yes, I know, this is easier said than done.The fear may cause you to feel that you will lose control or make a fool of yourself when you are in the spotlight(聚光灯).But if you begin to build a new response, in(9)(reaction)to your fears, you will gradually build up a stronger and more positive response.Remember, don't let self-consciousness(10)(paralyze)you!Be

courageous!

Unit 3

Audrey Hepburn was a beautiful actress and model, who became one of the most successful and well-known actresses in the film(1)(domain).She was a fashion icon and role model for women all over the world, helping to(2)(define)a particular type of fresh, vulnerable, elfin(小精灵似的)beauty.Today's(3)(popularity)of the slim fashion model is due to Audrey Hepburn's influence.Although she appeared frail(脆弱的), she was(4)(mentally)strong.At the end of her acting career when she entered a(n)(5)(diplomatic)career as a Goodwill Ambassador for UNICEF, she was so solidly(6)(committed)to her cause that she was held in highest esteem(尊重)by even the most hardened politicians.Audrey originally started working for UNICEF in 1954, doing radio presentations.She always said it was happy to(7)(devote)her life to helping impoverished(穷困的)children after her own good fortune in(8)(surviving)the hardship of the Nazi occupation of Holland.She began her permanent ambassadorship in 1988 and(9)(embarked)on trips to many countries.She was always positive: “People in these places don't know Audrey Hepburn, but they recognize the name UNICEF.When they see UNICEF their faces light up, because they know that something is happening.” In 1992, her(10)(humanitarian)work with those in need was recognized when she was awarded the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences for her contribution to humanity.Unit 4 “Why would you leave behind your comfortable bed, your home, your family and friends? Why do you want to go alone?” When you are living out of a backpack for a period of time, you may often get questioned why.I seldom get time to sit down and(1)(contemplate)the reason I travel, but I believe that you only begin to truly live once you step outside of your(2)(comfort)zone.My first overseas trip was at 14 years old, which(3)(sparked)my curiosity for the world.Since finishing high school I have(4)(ventured)through various countries and been amazed by all the(5)(diverse)cultures scattered around the globe.My eyes are my greatest asset as they have(6)(witnessed)the most beautiful scenes that replay in my mind every day:(7)(stunning)landscapes, friendly locals, breath-taking architecture, and food that makes your mouth water once your eyes catch a(n)(8)(glimpse).Traveling teaches you to be independent in the most(9)(positive)way.I know how to depend on myself, go out and meet people, and not let anyone else's expectations(10)(dictate)my life.Every day I see my dream and every day it's in a new place.I am 22 years young.I quite agree with Anthony Bourdain, “If you're 22, physically fit, hungry to learn and be better, I urge you to travel.Find out how other people live and eat and cook.Learn from them, wherever you go.”

Unit 5 In a study conducted in the UK, it was found that only four out of every five(1)(employees)were happy at work.Surprisingly, contrary to popular(2)(notion), friendly, supportive colleagues and a good manager, instead of the salary or the love for the work, have been found to be the(3)(primary)causes of happiness at work.So, how do you keep your spirits up and, at the same time,(4)(foster)a

sense of joy on the job? Here is one of the tips to help you on your way to finding happiness and complete job satisfaction in the workplace.Start with a positive outlook.Happiness is a state of mind;it(5)(reflects)an attitude, though not many people realize it.Staying happy at work is totally based on your(6)(motivations)and on a positive outlook toward your job, not on(7)(monetary)rewards or material gain.Dwelling on(老是想着)the good(8)(aspects)of the work rather than rattling on and on(对...喋喋不休)about what makes you unhappy is the basic key to happiness.Negativity and(9)(gossiping)about bad things may be easy, but it is looking at the bright side that makes for the challenging part of a job.As Francesca Reigler puts it, “Happiness is an attitude.We either make ourselves(10)(miserable), or happy and strong.The amount of work is the same.”

阅读理解

Unit 1 – Unit 5 Text B 其中一篇

翻译 Unit 1

英译汉

Global citizen is someone who identifies with being part of an emerging world community and whose actions contribute to building this community's values and practices.世界公民是指一个人承认自己是新兴的全球社区的一分子，而且其行动对全球社区的价值打造和实践活动有所贡献。Global citizenship believes that humankind is essentially one and each individual has the power to change things.世界公民相信人类从本质上来说是一个整体，每 个人都有改变事物的能力。In our interdependent world, global citizenship encourages us to recognize our responsibilities toward each other and learn from each other.在我们这样一个相互依赖的世界中，世界公民意识鼓励我们认识到对彼此的责任，并从对方身上学习。Global citizens care about education, disease，poverty，and environmental issues around the world.世界公民关心全球的教育、疾病、贫穷和环境问题。Today, the forces of global engagement are helping some people identify themselves as global citizens who have a sense of belonging to a world community.在当今，全球合作的力量在使一些人萌发世界公民的意识，让他们拥有对全球社区的归属感。This growing global identity in large part is made possible by the forces of modern information, communications and

transportation technologies.这种不断发展的世界公民意识在很大程度上来讲，要 归功于现代信息、通信和交通技术的力量。Global citizenship aims to empower people to lead their own action.世界公民意识致力于给予人们力量，让他们付诸行动。Along with the knowledge and values that they have gained from learning about global issues, people need to be equipped with the necessary skills to give themselves the ability and confidence to be

pro-active in making a positive difference in the world.世界公民除了要从世界问题中学习知识和价值观，还要拥有必需的 技能，使他们拥有能力和自信，积极推动世界的发展。

汉译英

如今，很多年轻人不再选择“稳定”的工作，他们更愿意自主创业，依靠自己的智慧和奋斗去实现自我价值。Nowadays, many young people no longer choose “stable” jobs.Instead, they prefer to start their own businesses and realize their self-value through their own wisdom and efforts.青年创业（young entrepreneurship）是未来国家经济活力的来源，创业者的成功不但会创造财富、增加就业机会、改善大家的生活，从长远来看，对于国家更是一 件好事，创业者正是让中国经济升级换代的力量。Young entrepreneurship is the source of national economic vitality in the future.The success of entrepreneurs not only creates fortune, increases job opportunities, improves people’s life, but it is also good for the country in the long term.Entrepreneurs are a driving force in upgrading China’s economy.尤其是在当前，国家鼓励大众创业、万众创新，在政策上给予中小企业支持，这更加激发了年轻人的创业热情。Especially for the time being, our country is encouraging people to start their own businesses and make innovations and giving policy support for medium and small businesses.This further arouses young people's enthusiasm to start their own businesses.Unit 2 英译汉

The American Dream is a national ethos(精神特质)of the United States.美国梦是美利坚合众国的民族精神。The term is used in many ways, but it essentially is an idea that suggests that anyone in the US can succeed through hard work and has the potential to lead a happy, successful life.该词有各种各样的用法，但其根本含义是，在美国任何人都可以通过努力获得成功，都有可能过上幸福而成功的生活。Many people have expanded upon or refined the definition to include things such as freedom, fulfillment and meaningful relationships.许多人对 美国梦的概念加以拓展和提炼，涵盖了像自由、自我实现和深厚的人际关系等方面的内容。The idea of an American Dream is older than the US, dating back to the 1600s, when people began to have all sorts of hopes and aspirations for what was a new and largely unexplored continent to European immigrants.美国梦的思想比美国本身更为久远，可以追溯到17世纪，当时的欧洲移 民面对这一新发现的、未经开发的广袤

大陆，开始纷纷怀揣希望，追逐梦想。And the meaning of the Dream has changed over the course of history, including both personal components and a global vision.随着历史的发展，美国梦的含义也已改变，既包含了个人

元素，也包含了全局视野。But not everybody thinks the American Dream is a positive thing.但 并不是每个人都对美国梦持肯定态度。Some people believe that the structure of society in the US prevents such an idealistic goal for everyone.一些人认为美国的社会结构决定了不是每个人都能拥有这样的理想目标。Critics often point to examples of inequality rooted in class, race, religion and ethnicity that suggest that the American Dream is not attainable for everyone.批评者常常举以实例，揭露植根于阶级、种族、宗教 和民族的不平等现象，指出美国梦并非每个人都可企及。

汉译英

实现中华民族伟大复兴（rejuvenation）是近代以来中国人民最伟大的梦想，我们称之为“中国梦”，其基本内涵是实现国家富强、民族振兴、人民幸 福。中国梦，是让每一个积极进取的中国人形成世世代代的信念：只要经过不懈的奋斗便能获得更好的生活。Realizing the great national rejuvenation, which we define as the Chinese Dream, has been the greatest Chinese expectation since modern times.It basically means achieving prosperity for the country, renewal of the nation and happiness for the people, thus ensuring that every enterprising Chinese carries, generation after generation, the firm conviction that a better life is accomplished through persistent effort.人们必须通过自己的勤奋、勇气、创意和决心迈向繁 荣，而不是依赖于社会和他人的援助。People should achieve their prosperity through diligence, courage, creativity and determination instead of aid from society or other people.每个中国人都是中国梦的参与者和创造者。中国梦是民族的梦，也是每个中国人的梦。Each individual is a participant and a designer in the cause of realizing the Chinese Dream, for it is a dream not only for the entire nation but also for every Chinese.Unit 3 英译汉

Leonardo da Vinci, one of the greatest minds of the Italian Renaissance, is perhaps the most diversely talented person ever to have lived.莱奥纳多•达•芬奇是意大利文艺复兴时期最伟大的思想家之一，也许也是迄今最多才多艺的人。A painter, sculptor, architect, mathematician, engineer, and inventor, he is

famous for a wide range of accomplishments.他是画家、雕刻家、建筑家、数学家、工程师和发明家，因成就广 泛而闻名。His natural genius, which crossed multiple disciplines, won him the title of “Renaissance Master”.他的天赋跨越多个领域，为其赢得了“文艺复兴大师”的称号。Leonardo is renowned primarily as a painter.莱奥纳多主要作为画家而著名。Among his works, the Mona Lisa is the best known and The Last Supper the most reproduced religious painting of all time.在其所有作品中，《蒙娜·丽莎》最为有名，而《最后的 晚餐》则是历来复制最多的宗教画作。What make Leonardo's drawings unique are mainly his innovative techniques and acute scientific mind.莱奥纳多作品的独特之处主要在于其创新性的技巧和敏锐的科学思维。Perhaps only 15 of his paintings have survived, partly because his constant

experimentation

with

new

techniques made his total output quite small.他的画作大约只有15幅流传了下来，其部分原因是他 不断试验新的技巧，所以作品总量很小。Although not a prolific(多产的)painter, Leonardo was a most productive draftsman, keeping journals full of sketches, drawings, and diagrams.莱奥纳多虽然不是多产画家，却是一位最高产的绘图家，他在日记中画满了各种草图、图画和图表。These notebooks, often referred to as da Vinci's manuscripts, recorded his inventions, observations, and theories about everything that captured his attention.这些笔记通常被称为达 •芬奇手稿，记录了他的各种发明、观察，以及他对自己感兴趣的事物提出的理论。Leonard's genius made him a pioneer in almost every field of study he undertook.莱奥纳多的天赋使他几乎在涉足的每一领域都成了先驱。His paintings, together with his notebooks, have contributed significantly to the history of art.他的画作，连同他的笔 记，在艺术史上贡献斐然。

汉译英

水墨画（ink and wash painting）是中国独具特色的传统艺术形式之一，是中国国画的代表。Ink and wash painting, one of the unique traditional art forms

of

China，is representative of Chinese painting.它大约始于唐代，兴盛于宋代和元代，距今已有一千多年的历史，其间经历了不断的 发展、提高和完善。It began around the time of the Tang Dynasty, and then prospered in the Song and Yuan dynasties.With a history of over one thousand years, it has experienced constant development, improvement and perfection.水墨画的创作工具和材料是具有浓厚中国特色的毛笔、宣纸和墨，其作品特点也与此紧密相关。The tools and materials used to create ink and wash painting, i.e.brushes, rice paper，and ink, are characteristic of Chinese culture and closely related to the features of the paintings.例如，水和墨相互调和，使作品具有干湿浓淡的 层次。For example, the mixing of water and ink creates different shades of dryness, wetness, thickness and thinness.水墨和宣纸的交融渗透也使画作善于表现丰富的意象，从而达到独特的审美效果。

The integration and infiltration of water, ink, and rice paper enables such paintings to convey rich images, and hence to achieve unique aesthetic effects.水墨画在中国绘画史上具有很高的地位，甚至被认为是衡量东方绘画艺术水平的标准。Ink and wash painting holds a high status in the history of Chinese painting, and it is even regarded as the criterion to evaluate the artistic level of Oriental paintings.Unit 4

英译汉

Venice is the world's famous island city in northern Italy.威尼斯是意大利北部一座世界闻名的岛城。Founded in the 5th century, Venice became a major maritime power in the 10th century.威尼斯建立于公元5世纪，在公元10世纪时成为一支重要的海上力量。In the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, Venice was a major center for commerce and trade, and became an extremely wealthy European city, a leader in political and economic affairs.在中世纪和文艺复兴时期，威尼斯曾是重要的商 贸中心，是当时欧洲极为富裕的城市，在政治和经济事务中居领导地位。After several hundred years in power, Venice began to decline in the 15th century.几百年的兴盛之后，威尼斯在15世纪开始衰落。Nowadays, it is regarded as one of the world's most beautiful cities and one of the most important tourist destinations in the world.如今，威尼斯被公认为是全世界最美的城 市之一，也是全世界最重要的旅游胜地之一。Venice has a rich and diverse architectural style, the most famous of which is the Gothic style.威尼斯的建筑风格丰富多样，其中最出名的是哥特式风格。Venice is also known for several important artistic movements in history, especially the Renaissance period.威尼斯还因历史上的几次重要的艺术运动而闻名，特别是文 艺复兴时期。The influence of Venice on the development of architecture and arts has been considerable.威尼斯对建筑和艺术的发展影响巨大。Today, it is still playing an important role in contemporary arts and popular cultures.至今，威尼斯仍对现代艺术和流行文化的发展起着重要作用。In 1987, Venice was listed as a World Heritage Site.1987年，威尼斯被列入《世界遗产名录》。In March 1980, Venice became a sister city of

China's Suzhou City.1980年3月，威尼斯与中国苏州结为“友好城市”。

汉译英

Lijiang is a mountainous city in northwest Yunnan Province.丽江地处云南省西北部，境内多山。The old town of Lijiang, located at the foot of Jade Dragon Snow Mountain, is a town of scenic beauty and known for its history and culture.It is also a well-preserved old town with features of ethnic minorities.丽江古城坐落在玉龙雪山脚下，是一座风景秀丽的历史文化名城，也是我国保存完好的少数民族古城之一。The construction work of the old town was started from the Southern Song Dynasty about 800 years from now.丽江古城始建于南 宋，距今约有800年的历史。Not only does Lijiang boast a long history, but also it boasts many ethnic minorities who make up over a half of the total population in the region.丽江不仅历史悠久，而且民族众多，少数民族人口占全区人口的半数以上。With the booming of Lijiang tourism, the old town of Lijiang is receiving a growing number of tourists from home and abroad.随着丽江旅游业的发展，到丽江古城观光游览的中外游客 日益增多。In December 1997, the old town succeeded in applying to be named a World Cultural Heritage Site, filling the gap of lacking a noted historical and cultural city in China on the World Cultural Heritage List.1997年12月，丽江古城申报世界文化遗产获得成功，填补了中国在世界文化遗产中无历史文化名城的空白。

Unit 5 英译汉

The English ceremony of afternoon tea dates back to the 1840s.The tradition evolved out of the rituals and routines that surrounded tea drinking in Britain before that time.英式下午茶的仪式可以追溯到19世纪40年代，该传统是由之前英国的茶饮仪式和习惯发展而来的。Tea was first introduced to England in the late 1650s, but for a long time, it was only consumed by the royal family and the aristocracy due to its high cost.茶最初在17世纪50年代晚期被引入英国，但由于价格昂 贵，所以很长一段时间里，只有皇家和贵族才能享用。The habit of having afternoon tea did not become established until almost 200 years later.直到将近200多年之后，英国人才养成吃下午茶的习惯。In those days, the British ate only two daily meals: a large breakfast late in the morning and a late dinner around 8 o'clock in the evening.在当时，英国人一日两餐：快接近中午时分的丰盛 早餐和晚上八点左右的晚餐。Anna, the 7th Duchess of Bedford, can be credited for creating the

tradition of afternoon tea to soothe hunger pangs before supper.据说第七代贝德福德公爵夫人安娜开创了下午茶的传统，以此来缓解晚餐前的饥饿感。She invited friends to join her for an additional afternoon meal at four to

five o'clock.她邀请朋友和她一起在下午四五点钟吃下午茶。The menu included tea and snacks such as dainty cakes and sandwiches.下午茶中包括茶和一些点心，比如精致的蛋糕及三明治。Fine porcelain(瓷器)was used to serve this minor feast.这些小巧的美食用精美的瓷器盛装。Afternoon tea soon became popular, and is now a symbol of the elegant British way of life.下午茶很快就流行开来，现在已经成为优雅英国生活方式的一个象征。As novelist Henry James wrote, “There are few hours in life more agreeable than the hour dedicated to the ceremony known as afternoon tea.”正如小说家亨利•詹姆斯写道的那样：“人生鲜有比全心全意享用下午茶这一仪式更惬意的时刻了。”

汉译英

China is the hometown of tea and the birthplace of tea culture.中国是茶的故乡，也是茶文化的发源地。Since ancient times, tea has been known as the “national drink” of China.自古以来，茶就被誉为中华民族的“国饮”。In both the Chinese scholars' seven daily necessities, namely music, chess, calligraphy, painting, poetry, wine and tea and common people's seven ones, namely firewood, rice, oil, salt, soy sauce, vinegar and tea, tea is listed as one of the necessities.无论是文人墨客生活中的“琴棋书画诗酒茶”，还是平民百姓生活中的“柴米 油盐酱醋茶”，茶都是必备品。Meanwhile, China is a country with ancient civilization and a land of courtesy.同时，中国又是文明古国，礼仪之邦。The practice of making and serving tea is essential whenever there are guests or friends.凡是来了客人或朋友，沏茶、敬茶的礼仪必不可少。With the development of cultural exchange, commerce and trade between China and other countries, Chinese tea and tea culture spread to the world.随着中外文化交流和商业贸易的发展，中 国茶及茶文化传向了全世界。Today, a number of countries across the five continents grow tea plants, and many countries import tea from China.现在五大洲有不少国家种茶，也有很多国家从中国进口茶。Chinese tea, like Chinese silk and chinaware, has become synonymous with China in the world.中国茶和中国的丝绸及瓷器一样，已经成为中国在全世界的代名词。

第五篇：集美大学期末复习材料

期末复习材料

试用世界的物质统一性原理论述一切从实际出发实事求是

是辩证唯物主义一元论的根本要求

从实际出发，实事求是之所以是辩证唯物主义一元论的根本要求，主要是因为它体现了辩证唯物主义的以下原理：⑴从实际出发，实事求是，就要按照客观事物的本来面貌去认识事物，这就是坚持物质第一性、意识第二性的辩证唯物主义一元论的原理。这正是“从物到感觉和思想”的认识路线所要求的。⑵从实际出发，实事求是，就要按照客观事物不断变化发展的实际去认识事物，这就是坚持运动是物质的根本属性和存在方式的原理。物质世界运动发展的普遍性原理，要求我们既要承认事物有相对稳定的一面，又必须坚持用运动、变化、发展的观点看问题，指导实际工作的方针、政策，要与时俱进，不能因循守旧，裹足不前。⑶从实际出发，实事求是，要求我们做任何工作，都要考虑时空条件，因时制宜，因地制宜，这就是坚持时间和空间是运动着的物质的存在形式的原理，坚持一切以时间、地点、条件为转移，反对超历史、超时空的“左”的倾向，也要反对落后于时空条件变化的右的倾向。⑷从实际出发，实事求是，就是按照客观事物运动变化的实际情况，揭示客观事物固有的规律性和发展的过程性、阶段性，按客观规律办事。这就是坚持物质运动具有客观规律性的原理。总之，从实际出发，实事求是，既坚持了世界的物质统一性原理，又坚持了物质世界运动、变化和发展具有客观规律性的原则，也坚持了辩证唯物主义的认识路线和工作路线。因此，它既体现了辩证唯物主义一元论的根本要求，也是我们认识世界和改造世界的根本出发点。我国当前的最大实际，就是我国正处于并将长期处于社会主义初级阶段。我们强调从实际出发，就是要坚持从我国社会主义初级阶段的实际出发。我们党的路线、方针、政策是否正确，就是要看它是否从这个实际出发，是否符合这个实际。

运用矛盾普遍性与特殊性辩证关系原理说明走有中国特色社会主义道路的必要性重要性

矛盾普遍性与特殊性的辩证关系原理是建设有中国特色社会主义的重要哲学依据。只有坚持马克思主义普遍真理同各国革命和建设的具体实践相结合，才能找到适合自己国情的革命和建设的正确道路。建设有中国特色社会主义理论鲜明地体现了矛盾普遍性与特殊性的辩证统一。

（1）矛盾的普遍性是指矛盾无处不在、无时不有；矛盾的特殊性是指每一事物、每一过程的矛盾及其各方面都有特点。矛盾的普遍性和特殊性是辩证的统一：第一，矛盾的普遍性和特殊性是相互联结的。一方面，普遍性存在于特殊性之中。另一方面，特殊性中包含着普遍性，特殊性与普遍性相联系而存在。第二，矛盾的普遍性和特殊性是相互区别的，共性只是包括个性中共同的、本质的东西，个性总有许多自己独有的特点，是共性包括不了的，个性比共性丰富得多。所以二者不能互相代替。第三，矛盾的普遍性和特殊性在一定条件下可以相互转化。

（2）矛盾的普遍性和特殊性辩证统一的原理，是坚持马克思主义普遍真理与中国具体实际相结合这一基本思想原则的理论基础。我国走建设有中国特色社会主义道路，是中国共产党把马克思主义普遍真理同中国的具体实际相结合的过程中的理论成果。

（3）走建设有中国特色社会主义道路，一方面，我们必须坚持社会主义的根本制度和基本原则；另一方面，我们又必须从中国的国情出发，注意中国的特点。中国是一个社会主义大国，又是一个穷国，人口多，底子薄，生产力水平低，即我国现在处于并将长期处于社会主义初级阶段。党在社会主义初级阶段的基本路线和各项方针政策，就是把社会主义基本

原则与中国实际相结合的结果。只有坚持党的基本路线不动摇，走自己的路，我们才能在建设有中国特色社会主义的道路上不断取得胜利。

试以上层建筑一定要适应经济基础要求的原理说明我国政治体制改革的必要性。

政治体制，从广义上是指一个国家的政体，也就是一个国家政权的组织制度和运行机制。狭义上是指一个国家的政治制度的基本框架，即政党、议会、政府、法院、中央和地方政府的组织形式和相互关系。我国的基本政治制度，就国体而言，是工人阶级(经过共产党)领导的，以工农联盟为基础的人民民主专政：就政体而言，是民主集中制的人民代表大会制度；就政党制度而言，是共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度；就国家结构形式而言，是民族区域自治制及“一国两制”。政治体制是与基本政治制度相适应的具体的领导制度、组织制度和工作制度，包括国家政权的组织形式以及权限划分，中央机关与地方机关的相互关系的结构形式，组织协调各种机构的管理原则和方法等。政治体制改革，顾名思义，是要改革具体的政治体制，而决不是改变基本政治制度。我国的基本政治制度，是历史形成的，是广大人民在长期的政治实践中进行选择的结果。它适合中国的国情，符合广大人民的根本利益，与旧政治制度比较，它有着无比的优越性，我们必须坚持这种基本制度。但在相当长的时间内，我国的政治体制存在着事实上的领导职务终身制、党政不分、权力过分集中于个人，以及官僚主义问题，这些弊端破坏了党的民主集中制和国家政治生活的民主化，与新时期经济文化的发展的要求很不适应。因此，党的十五大再次重申，我国经济体制改革的深入和社会主义现代化跨越世纪的发展，要求我们在坚持四项基本原则的前提下，继续推进政治体制改革。政治体制改革在当前不仅必要而且相当紧迫。具体来讲，有以下几点理由：第一，政治体制改革是经济体制：改革深入发展的客观要求，是实现社会主义现代化的需要。邓小平同志曾指出：“经济体制改革每前进一步，都深深感到政治体制改革的必要性。”“政治体制改革同经济体制应该相互依赖，相互配合，只搞经济体制改革，不搞政治体制改革，经济体制改革也搞不通，因为首先遇到人的障碍。”“不改革政治体制，就不能保障经济体制改革的成果，不能使经济体制改革继续前进，就会阻碍生产力的发展，阻碍四个现代化的实现”。可见，通过政治体制改革，可以消除政治体制中的弊端，为经济体制改革的深入发展扫清道路，并对经济体制改革的成果加以确认，我们所有的改革最后能不能成功，决定于政治体制的改革。第二，政治体制改革是推动社会主义民主政治建设的客观要求，也是社会主义民主政治建设自身发展的需要。我国原有体制的弊端集中表现为权力过分集中、官僚主义严重、家长制作风、形式主义等等。这些弊端严重阻碍了社会主义民主政治建设的发展。社会主义民主政治制度的本质和核心是人民当家作主。政治体制则是保障人民当家作主和享有各种民主权利的实现形式。如果不切实有效地进行政治体制改革，不认真解决政治体制存在的弊端，基本政治制度就会发生扭曲，人民当家作主就可能成为一句空话，当然就更谈不上国家和社会政治生活的民主化。因此，社会主义民主政治建设的发展必然要求改革原有的政治体制，逐步健全人民群众参加管理的形式和制度，以调动各方面的积极性，加强社会主义现代化建设。第三，政治体制改革也是保证国家长治久安和稳定发展的需要。我国原有的政治体制的弊端影响了党和国家政治生活的正常进行，曾导致了“文化大革命”这样的**。需要通过政治体制改革，使社会主义民主制度化、法律化，以保证国家的长治久安。第四，政治体制改革还是建设有中国特色社会主义文化的客观要求。政治上层建筑是在一定的思想观点和意识形态的指导下建设起来的，而一定的思想观点和意识形态，只有凭借一定的政治设施和制度才能得到贯彻和传播。通过政治体制改革，可以为社会主义文化建设创造一个宽松良好的政治环境。

与经济体制改革、建立和健全社会主义市场经济体制的要求相适应，我国的政治体制改革一直在积极稳妥地不断向前推进。主要进展包括以下各方面内容：

这就是：针对我国原有经济和政治体制的缺陷，并进而针对改革开放和发展市场经济条件下出现的新情况、新矛盾、新问题，包括市场机制自发作用固有弊端的负面影响，我们在坚持和完善人民代表大会制度，坚持和完善共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度，坚持和完善民族区域自治制度，改革和完善党和国家的领导制度，改革和完善党的领导方式和执政方式，改革和完善决策机制，推进干部人事制度改革，推进行政体制改革，推进司法体制改革，发展城乡基层民主，扩大公民有序的政治参与，保证人民依法实行民主选举、民主决策、民主管理和民主监督，尊重和保障人权，加强对权力的制约监督和反腐败斗争等各个方面，都出台了一系列新的法律和政策规定，推出并实施了一系列加强制度化、规范化、程序化建设、推进体制创新的重大举措。其中，有些已经取得了令党和人民满意的成效，有些还在继续探索、经受实践的检验。

深化政治体制改革，必须坚持正确政治方向，以保证人民当家作主为根本，以增强党和国家活力、调动人民积极性为目标，扩大社会主义民主，建设社会主义法治国家，发展社会主义政治文明。要坚持党总揽全局、协调各方的领导核心作用，提高党科学执政、民主执政、依法执政水平，保证党领导人民有效治理国家；坚持国家一切权力属于人民，从各个层次、各个领域扩大公民有序政治参与，最广泛地动员和组织人民依法管理国家事务和社会事务、管理经济和文化事业；坚持依法治国基本方略，树立社会主义法治理念，实现国家各项工作法治化，保障公民合法权益；坚持社会主义政治制度的特点和优势，推进社会主义民主政治制度化、规范化、程序化，为党和国家长治久安提供政治和法律制度保障。

必须肯定的是中国的政治体制是适合现阶段社会发展要求和人民的需要的。对这个制度不是抛弃，而是要坚持、完善和发展。这是一个非常重要的前提，永远不能动摇这个信念。中国的经济发展、社会发展、文化的历史性进步是有目共睹的。尽管可能每个人的感受不同，但千年以来的历史中曾经有过这样的大好局面吗?这一切发展都是在我们现有的政治体制下发生的，难道这种政治体制要不得吗?!难道制造了那么多危机的西方体制是好的吗?!他们都要改变了，我们还要搬过来么?!难道这是对人民负责?!难道这样才算是社会的“良心”?!

什么是中国政治体制改革的正确方向? 正确的方向就是坚持“三统一”。党的领导、人民群众当家作主、依法治国的有机统一。简单地说，就是在强调民主、发展、自由等的同时，不能离开中国共产党的领导。在今天的世界上，没有统一的意志就没有中国人民的一切。而共产党的宗旨是为人民服务，是为了推进人民的事业的，是为保障并不断扩大人民权益的。在这之外，就是依法治国。党的领导、人民当家作主，都要依法而行。“三统一”就是我们政治体制改革的底线和舞台，在这个舞台上，我们正在上演一场伟大的民族复兴的历史剧。离开了这当中任何一条，我们都会犯错误，人民都会遭殃。

中国政治体制改革的道路还要继续走下去，在今后的改革之路上要从以下几点入手： 首先是政权建设，这其中的核心是改革干部人事制度。要有更好的干部选拔任用机制、更好的考核和评价机制、更好的激励和保障机制，还要有更好的任期和退出机制。

其次是改革完善行政体制，使之更加有效，更好地为人民群众服务。一方面是提高行政的效率，主要是政府部门的配置，具体来说是大部制。不光是中央政府，地方政府也做了很多尝试。另一方面则是转变政府工作作风，调整政府工作的方式，推进服务型政府的建设。

再次是推进基层和地方的民主政治建设。这主要是指村、乡一级的基层群众自治制度，比如：在我们国家很多地区出现的基层公共事务的人民会商制度，这个制度创新开始于浙江台州温岭的“民主恳谈”，这是现阶段化解人民内部矛盾的有效方式。此外，很多地方人大在吸收人民群众的参与，广泛进行政治协商和民主监督方面创造了许多好的做法。比如：浙江温州乐清人大的人民听证制度等。这些都是中国的政治创造，是中国民主政治发展的成果，今后还要继续推广、继续探索。

现在我们国家发展的势头很好，中国已经确实进入了复兴模式，坚持我们经过长期探索、反复实践建立起来的经济体制、政治体制，并随着实践的发展继续探索完善，就一定能够在不远的将来实行中华民族的伟大复兴，对人类做出更大的贡献。

为什么说矛盾是事物发展的动力

矛盾在事物发展过程中的作用即指矛盾的同一性和斗争性各自在事物发展中的作用。矛盾的同一性使矛盾双方在一个统一体相互依存，相互吸取有利于自身的因素，并规定事物向自己对立面转化的发展方向；矛盾的斗争性则推动矛盾双方力量的变化，造成双方力量的不平衡，并最终使矛盾双方突破原有的限度，旧的矛盾统一体解体，新事物诞生。

比如国家之间的关系。世界上有诸多国家共同生存于同一个地球上，共同拥有着地球上的资源。在现代科学技术高度发达的今天，国家之间的联系更为紧密。它们进行贸易往来，共同促进全球经济的繁荣发展；它们也相互竞争，力图在各个方面获得相对多的利益。人类就是在这样一种相互合作和斗争中走到了今天的。首先，伴随国际分工，世界市场形成，各国之间出现了贸易往来，各国开始了交往，使得地球上的资源得到更充分的利用，各国之间的相互依赖性比以往更大。其次，随着各国，尤其是大国对现状的不满，相互之间又存在着对立、斗争。第一次世界大战和第二次世界大战以及许多局部性的战争都是这种斗争激化的结果。战争有极大的破坏作用，不过也推动了科技的发展，原子弹、氢弹都是在战争背景下诞生的。今天，国际间的相互合作和竞争同样共同推动着世界的经济、政治形势的发展。由此可见，矛盾的同一性和斗争性共同推动着事物的发展，矛盾是事物发展的动力。

(1)事物发展的动力是事物的内部矛盾，矛盾的同一性与斗争性在事物发展中都起着重要作用。

(2)矛盾的同一性在事物发展中的作用主要表现在:a.矛盾双方相互依存,使事物保持相对稳定性,为事物的存在和发展提供必要的前提。b.矛盾双方互相吸取有利于自身的因素而得到发展。c.矛盾的同一性规定了事物向着对立面转化的基本趋势。

(3)矛盾的斗争性在事物发展中的作用主要表现在:a.在事物量变过程中,斗争推动矛盾双方的力量对比和相互关系发生变化,为质变做准备。b.在事物质变过程中，斗争突破事物存在的限度，促成矛盾的转化，实现事物的质变。

(4)矛盾的同一性与斗争性在事物发展中都不能孤立地起作用，只有二者结合在一起才能成为事物发展的动力。有条件的、相对的同一性和无条件的、绝对的斗争性相结合，构成一切事物的矛盾运动。

所以说矛盾是事物发展的根本动力。

如何理解商品二因素与劳动二重性的关系？

劳动二重性矛盾决定商品二因素矛盾

举例说明：在商品生产中，人们为了生产具有一定使用价值的商品，就要进行一定形式的劳动。使用价值的不同属性，决定了劳动的特殊形式。如生产上衣需要裁缝的劳动，裁缝利用尺子、剪刀等缝纫工具，对布料进行加工生产出上衣。这种劳动是根据劳动的目的、加工对象、生产手段、操作方式、生产结果等来区分的。这种具有不同性质和不同具体形式的劳动就是具体劳动。具体劳动是创造商品使用价值的劳动，它体现着人和自然的关系，是人类生存和社会发展的永久条件，是不以社会形态的变化为转移的。但是，具体劳动的种类和操作方式，都随着生产力和生产专业化、社会分工的发展而不断扩展和变化。生产商品的劳动，不管其具体形式如何千差万别，都是人的脑、肌肉、神经、手等等的生产耗费。这种撇开了具体劳动特殊性质的一般人类劳动就是抽象劳动。抽象劳动创造商品价值的劳动，它体

现着人和社会的关系。

答：（1）商品的二因素的内涵：

使用价值：商品能够满足人们某种需要的自然属性，是指商品的使用价值；

价值：商品中凝结或物化了的一般人类劳动就是商品的价值。

商品是使用价值和价值的对立统一体：价值不能独立存在，使用价值是价值的物质承担者；离开了价值的使用价值就不是商品的使用价值。

（2）劳动二重性的内涵

具体劳动：是指具有特定的具体形式的劳动，它所体现的是人与自然界的关系；

抽象劳动：是指撇开了各种具体形式的、一般的或者无差别的人类劳动；

具体劳动和抽象劳动也是对立统一的。具体劳动和抽象劳动是同一劳动劳动过程的两个不同的方面，统一于同一劳动过程之中；具体劳动规定什么劳动、怎样劳动的问题，抽象劳动则讲的是劳动多少、劳动时间长短的问题，因而二者是相互排斥的。

（3）无论是商品的使用价值还是价值，都是劳动的产物，并且生产使用价值和价值的劳动是不一样的，即具体劳动创造了商品的使用价值，抽象劳动创造了商品的价值。商品之所以具有二因素，其原因在于生产商品的劳动具有二重性，它们之间是结果和原因之间的关系，劳动二重性为因，商品二因素为果。

使用价值和具体劳动：每一种具体劳动，都能够生产出一种特殊的产品，而每种特殊的产品又都能满足人们一定的、特殊的需要，即具有特殊的使用价值，因此，具体劳动生产商品的使用价值，但不能形成商品的价值；

价值和抽象劳动：商品的价值是由一般的或者无差别的人类劳动创造的，而一般的或者无差别的人类劳动正是抽象劳动，即抽象劳动创造商品价值。

简述价值量的决定

劳动生产率提高了，同一社会必要劳动时间里创造出来的商品的价值量：

a．增加 b．减少 c．不变 d．增减不定

价值是凝结在商品中的无差别人类劳动，是两种使用价值相互交换的基础，商品的价值量不是由个别劳动时间决定的，而是由凝结在商品中的社会必要劳动时间决定。劳动生产率与商品价值量之间有着密切的关系，商品价值量取决于社会必要劳动时间，同一社会必要劳动时间在相同时间内创造的商品的价值总量相等。劳动生产率提高可以增加单位时间内生产的商品数量，但不能增加单位时间内生产的价值量。因此，本题的正确答案是c选项。

不管社会劳动生产率如何变化，一定时间所创造的价值总量是不变的。这是因为，社会劳动生产率的提高虽表明一定时间内生产出来的商品数量增多，但单位商品的价值量却减少(商品的价值量与社会劳动生产率成反比)。所以把增多了的商品所含的相应减少的单位商品价值量加在一起，其总量与原先的总量一样。反之亦然。