第一篇：新世纪大学英语3期末考试句子翻译by vivian
1.According to the classical views, virtuous friends are bound together, as they recognize each other’s moral excellence.这些传统的友谊观告诉我们,两个品德高尚的朋友是永不分离的,因为彼此认同对方的高尚品德
2.That is why they fall in and out of friendship quickly, changing their attitude often, even within the same day.他们的情趣随着自己日渐成长也会变化无常，甚至一日数变,难怪他们的友谊总是迅速地开始,又匆匆地结束, 3.Perfect friendship is based on goodness, only the friendship of those who are good, and similar in their goodness, is perfect.完美的友谊立足于美德.只有那些品德高尚而且拥有相似美德的人之间的友谊才是完美的,4.They take pleasure in each other’s company only in so far as they have hopes of advantage from it.只有当他们认为彼此有希望相互利用的时候,才会乐于呆在一起.5.Through networks of such virtuous friends, we can develop a shared idea of the good and pursue it together.Friendship of this kind is permanent, because in it are united all the attributes that friends ought to possess..置身于品德高尚的朋友之中,我们会对美德达成共识,共同为之不遗余力.这样的友谊是永恒的,因为朋友应该具备的一切品质都凝结在这种友谊关系中.6.In one sense, what people most want is respect, they seek economic status because it brings respect.But we can increase or decrease the weight we give to status.在某种意义上，人们最渴望的是尊重。他们追求经济地位因为它可以赢来尊重。但是，我们可以重视也可以轻视经济地位
7.What is the smallest amount of money a family of four needs to get along in this
community? 一个四口之家至少需要多少钱才能在这个国家生活下去？
8.The danger is that we sacrifice relationships too much in pursuit of higher income.9.The balance between leisure and work has been shifted “inefficiently” towards work.当休闲与工作的天平偏向工作时，工作是“没有效率”的.10.It is a zero-sum game: private life sacrificed in order to increase status is a waste
from the point of view of society as a whole.这是一种得失平衡的游戏：从整个社会看，为了提高地位而牺牲个人的生活，是一种浪费。
11.A peculiarly honest answer came out of my mouth before I could think.我不假思
索
12.They cannot sit passively in the back row twiddling their mental thumbs as the clock
ticks away.他们不能坐在后排座位上，无所事事地打发时光。13.I am in favor of less learning taking place on a campus and more that happens in the
minds of the participants.我也认为教育应该比较少地在校园里开展，而更多地应该在参与者的脑子里进行。
14.The virtual university: Oddly enough, it’s just what a classical philosopher like Plato would have practiced — had there been an Internet way back then.说也奇怪，虚拟大学兴许正是柏拉图这样的古典哲学家喜欢授课的地方——假如他那个时期有因特网的话。你问我本人的意见？我也认为教育应该
比较少地在校园里开展，而更多地应该在参与者的脑子里进行。
15.Maybe teaching a liberal arts curriculum via a virtual environment makes more sense
to me because it brings me back to what I learned to be a true liberal arts education.或许，在虚拟环境下教大学文科课程对我来说特别有意义，因为它可以追溯到我当年所了解到的真正的大学文科教育。
16.Being able to dream is the first step on every road to success, he was driven not only
to be the best but always to do his best---always.但是，梦想是通向成功的第一步，他有强大的动力，不仅要成为最优秀的，还要永远全力
hape, both young women clung to it courageously and worked to make it come true.这
两个年轻的女子，一旦拥有梦想，就锲而不舍勇敢的追求，为实现梦想不遗余力 18.In the Olympics — in everything — luck strikes those prepared to capitalize on it.在奥运会上----在任何情况下---好运只会光顾那些做好准备迎接好运的人
19.Month after month, year after year, Olympians I know go through a grind of pointing
toward their big moment.我所了解的运动选手，为了那个辉煌的时刻，日复一日，年复一年的埋头苦干
20.I’ve seen dozens of young men and women like Kristi who reached deep into
themselves at a critical moment and found something that brought out their best.They mounted the winners’ stand not simply because of athletic talent but because of firm inner fiber.我目睹了许多像克里斯蒂这样的年轻男女运动员：他们在关键的时候能够挖掘自身，找到发挥潜能的力量，他们登上领奖台，不但是因为运动才能，还因为他们内在的不屈不挠的意志
第二篇：期末考试新世纪高职高专英语完形填空及翻译（精选）
高职高专英语1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、1、2、3、4、5、every month6、7、8、9、翻译：Unit 1.1，我极想知道他去过哪些地方。（be dying to）I amdying to know where he has been to.2,存货鸡蛋都卖完了。（sell out）The eggs in stock are sold out。
3.在走红之前，他大约在20部影片中露过面。（land the big break）He had appeared in about 20 films beforelanding thebig break.4.上大学是我人生重要的转折点。（turning point）Going to college is becoming a turning point in my life。5，那艘被遗弃的的船在海上漫无目的地漂流。（abandon）The ship abandonedfloated aimlessly on the sea、6.Jane和David一起去了购物广场。（along with）Jane went along with David to the shopping mall.7.除了Tom之外，大家都通过了数学考试。（exception）All of us passed the math exam with theexception ofTom。8，把你所想的确切说出来.(definitely)
Speak out definitely what you are thinkingabout.Unit 2
1,企图损人利己的人不会有好下场。（at the expense of）
Thosewho try to profit at the expense of others will come to no good end。
2，她总是一心想着自己的幸福。（be preoccupied with）She is always preoccupied with her personal well——being 3,请不要把你的意志强加给我。（impose。。On）Please don't try to impose your wishes on us。
4,这位母亲有5个幼小的小孩需要照管.(on one's hands)The mother has five young children on her hands,5,这所学校注重学生独立解决问题的能力。（put emphasis on）
This school puts emphasis on students' ability to solve problems independently。Unit 3
1，他们在地里干了一整天的活，累得疲惫不堪。（wear out）They were worn out after a long day working in the field。2你认为这位新经理怎么样？（make of）What do you make of the new manager ？
3政府的首要任务是着手解决经济问题。（come to grips with）The governments’first task is to come to grips with the economy。4，他们的婚姻终于破裂了。（fall apart）Their marriage finally fall apart。
5，我记得我见过他，可就是想不起他的样子了。（visualize）I
6，这家公司打算挖开两座山的山坡采煤。（envision）Unit 4
1，该系列讲座可自然分为三部分。（fall into）The lecture series falls naturally into three parts。2，这幅画无疑是真品。（undoubtedly）The painting is undoubtedly genuine。3，该公路与铁路平行。（in parallel with）The roads runs in parallel with the railway。4，这种建筑风格起源于古希腊。（originate）
This style of architecture originated with the ancient greek。5，在装修房间时，我们保留了原有的壁炉。（retain）We retained the original fireplace when we decorate。6，这些建筑物和周围的自然景物相融合。（integrate）The building are well integrated with the landscape。Unit 5
1，汽车销售是份艰辛的工作，但那是我的生机，（bread and butter）Selling cars is hard work but it is my bread and butter。2，这几天地毯供不应求。（fall short of）
The supply of carpets fall short of demand these days。3，导游叫我们过去看看那幅画。（beckon sb to）The tour guide beckon us over to look at the painting。4.Mary 错误的认为她会获得那份工作。（assume）Mary mistakenlyassumed that she would get that job。5.Mike 从父母那里继承了一大笔钱。（considerable）
Mike inherited a considerable amount of money from his parents。6，在这关键时刻，他却保持沉默。（crucial）He kept silence at this crucial moment。
7，这份文件授权我的律师处理我的一切法律事宜。（entitle）This paper entitles my lawyer to handle all my legal。8，该囚犯刑满释放出狱。（release）
The prisoner was released from jail when his sentence was up。
第三篇：新世纪大学英语二全文翻译
新世纪大学英语综合教程2UNIT1、2、4翻译
我原谅你
并非只有婚姻关系才需要宽恕。我们与子女、朋友、同事、邻居。甚至陌生人相处时同样需要宽恕。事实上，没有宽恕的氧气。任何人际关系都无从维系。宽恕并不是脾气好的人们才拥有的特质，它是所有关系的必要条件，也是自己身心健康不可缺少的。、有些人可能认为自己受伤太深、次数太多，无法宽恕、可耐人寻味的是，恰恰是被伤得最深的人，才真正需要宽恕别人。原因很简单：仇恨就像癌症。会毁掉宿主。如果不尽快铲除。它就会生根发芽，是那些执意仇恨无法释怀的人受伤甚至死亡。
因为事实是。除非我们能宽恕他人，否则就永远无法恢复。伤口会继续溃烂，永不愈合。中国有句古谚，“复仇者必自绝”
对有些人来说。宽恕他人似乎是不可能的，因为他们根本不知从何做起，首先你要接受一个非常重要的事实：他人并不是件容易的事。事实上，对于我们大多数人来说。这也许是最难做到的。
被伤害的是我们，却还要宽恕他人，这似乎毫无公平可言。然而这正是宽恕的关键所在。看见东西的三天
大家都读过一些令人激动的故事，这些故事里的主人公仅仅活在有限并且特定的时间内，有时长达一年，有时短到24小时。但我们总是有兴趣发现。那命中注定要死的是那些有选择自由的人，而不是那些活动范围被严格限定了的判了刑的犯人。
这样的故事让我们思考，在相似的情况下，我们该怎么办，作为终有一死的人。在那最终的几个小时内安排什么事件，什么经历，什么交往？在回顾往事时，我们该找到什么快乐？什么悔恨？
有时我想到。过好每一天是个非常好的习惯。似乎我们明天就会死去。这种态度鲜明地强调了生命的价值。我们应该以优雅、精力充沛、善知乐趣的方式过好每一天。而当岁月推移，在经常瞻观未来之时日，未来之年月中，这些又常常失去。当然也有人愿按伊壁鸠鲁的信条“吃、喝和欢乐”去生活，但绝大多数人还是被即将面临死亡的必然性所折磨。
但是我们大多数人把生活认为是理所当然的。我们知道，某一天我们一定会死，但通常我们把那天想象在遥远的将来。当我们心宽体健时，死亡几乎是不可想象的，我们很少想到它、时日在无穷的展望中延展着。于是我们干着琐碎的事情，几乎意识不到我们对生活的倦怠态度。
恐怕，同倦的懒散也成为利用我们所有的感觉和本能的特点，只有聋子才珍惜听力，唯有瞎子才体会到能看见事物的种种幸福、这种结论特别适合于那些在成年阶段失去视力和听力的人们。而那些从没有遭受视觉或听觉损伤之苦的人却很少充分利用这些天赐的官能。他们模模糊糊的眼观八方，耳听各音，毫无重点，不会鉴赏，还是那相同的老话，对我们的健康意识不到，直至生病时。
我常常想。如果每个人在他成年的早期有一段致瞎致聋，那会是一种幸事，黑暗会使他更珍惜视力，寂静会教导他享受声音。
我不时的询问过我的能看见东西的朋友们，以了解他们看到什么。最近，我的一个很好的朋友来看我。她刚从一片森林里散步许久回来，我问她看到了什么，她答道：“没什么特别的”。如果我不是习惯了听到这种回答。我都可能不相信，因为很久以来我已确信这种情况：能看到的人却看不到什么。我独自一人，在林子里散步一小时之久而没有看到任何值得注意的东西。那怎么可能呢？我自己、一个不能看见东西的人，仅仅通过触觉，都发现许许多多令我有兴趣的东西。我感触到一片树叶完美的对称性。我用手喜爱的抚摸过一株白桦那光潮的树皮，或一棵松树的粗糙树皮。春天，我摸着树干的枝条满怀希望地搜索着嫩芽，那是严冬的沉睡后，大自然苏醒的
第一个迹象。我抚摸过花朵那令人愉快的天鹅绒般的质地，感觉到他那奇妙的卷绕，一些大自然奇迹向我展现了。有时，如果我很幸运，我把手轻轻地放在一棵小树上，还能感受到一只高声歌唱的小鸟的愉快呢颤抖、我十分快乐的让小溪涧的凉水穿过我张开的手指流淌过去、对我来说，一片茂密的地毯式的松针叶或松软而富弹性的草地比最豪华的波斯地毯更受欢迎、对我来说四季的壮观而华丽的展示是一部令人激动的、无穷尽的戏剧。这部戏剧的表演，通过我的手指尖端涌淌出来。
有时，由于渴望能看见这一切东西。我的内心在哭泣。如果说仅凭我的触觉我就能感受到这么多的愉快。那么凭视觉该有多少美丽的东西显露出来。然而，那些能看见的人明显的看得很少，充满世间的色彩和动作的景象被当成理所当然、或许。这是人性共有的特点。对我们具有的不怎么欣赏。而对我们不具有的却渴望得到，然而，这是一个极大地遗憾，在光明的世界里，视力的天赋仅仅作为一种方便之用，而没有作为增添生活美满的手段。啊，如果我要有哪怕3天的视力。多少事我该看啊！
选择乐观
作者：里奇·德沃斯
①假如你预料某事结局不妙，结果可能真会如此。悲观的想法很少落空。不过这个法则反过来也成立。假如你觉得会有好事发生，通常就会交上好运！乐观与成功之间似乎有一种天然的因果关系。
②乐观和悲观都具有强大的力量，我们每个人必须选择其一，来塑造自己的前途和理想。每个人的生命中都有足够的幸运与不幸——丰富的哀伤和喜悦、充足的欢欣与痛苦——令我们找到或乐观或悲观的理由。我们可以选择哭或是笑、祝福或是诅咒。这完全取决于我们自己：用什么样的眼光去看待生活？是积极向上，还是垂头丧气？
③我信守积极向上的态度。对积极的东西我浓墨重彩，对消极的东西则一笔带过。我是乐天派，既是天生如此，也因后天选择所致。诚然，我知道生命中会有伤痛。我已经七十多岁了，经历过不止一次的危机。但是，当一切尘埃落定，我发现生命中的美好远比丑恶多。
④乐观的态度不是奢侈品，它是我们生活的必需品。你看待生活的方式将决定你的感受、你的表现，以及你与他人相处得怎样。反过来，悲观的想法、态度和期待也会自成因 果：它们是能自我实现的预言。
悲观会制造出无人愿往的黑暗之地。
⑤多年前，我驱车去一个加油站加油。那天天气很好，我的心情也不错。当我走进加油站付油钱时，服务员问我： “你感觉怎样？”这问题有点古怪，不过，我感觉很好，于是便照实回答了他。“你脸色不好，”他回答。这话让我大吃一惊。我告诉他我的感觉从未像现在这么好，但已不像开始那么底气十足了，而他则毫无顾忌地继续大讲我的气色如何 差，还说我肤色发黄。
⑥在离开加油站的时候，我觉得有点心神不宁。驶出一个街区之后，我把车停在路旁，对着镜子看着自己的脸。我感觉如何？我的脸色那么差吗？一切都正常吗？等我回到家里，我已经开始觉得有点想吐。我的肝脏出了毛病吗？是不是染上了什么怪病？
⑦再次光顾那个加油站时，我还是感觉很好，我弄明白了个中蹊跷。这个地方不久前把墙漆上了一种抢眼但又难看的黄色，墙面反射的光线使里面的每一个人看起来都像得了肝炎。不知道有多少人有过与我类似的反应。和一个根本不认识的人的一次短短对话竟然改变了我整整一天的心情。他说我面带病容，没过多久，我就真的觉得不舒服。那一句消极的话就大大影响了我的感觉和行为。
⑧唯一比否定态度更有力量的是积极的肯定，充满乐观与希望的话语。最让我心存感激的一件事情，就是我生长的这个国度有着伟大的乐观主义传统。如果一种文化从整体上采取积极向上的态度，不可思议的事情也能变成现实。人们若把世界看作光明与希望之地，他们将被赋予努力进取和成就功业的力量。
⑨乐观不意味着幼稚。在保持乐观的同时，你仍然能意识到问题的存在，意识到有些问题非常棘手。乐观带来的改变在于面对问题的态度。比方说，这些年我总是听到有人抱怨用于太空计划的钱是被白白浪费了。他们会说：“与其花4亿5千5百万美元把一个人送上月球，为什么不把这些钱用来解决地球上的贫穷问题呢？”但当你追问他们打算如何用这些钱来消除贫困时，大多数人又会无言以对。我对他们说： “告诉我一个解决办法，我会为你们筹到钱。”以积极的方式思考如何解决问题，而不是对花在别的项目上的金钱妄加挑剔。实际上，美国的太空计划带来了许多有价值的发现，全人类都从中受益。
⑩乐观精神使我们的注意力从消极的否定态度转向积极 的、建设性的思考。乐观主义者更关心如何解决问题，而不是毫无意义地怨天尤人。事实上，如果没有乐观精神，像贫穷这样严重而且现正存在的问题是无望解决的。解决这样的问题需要一个梦想家——一个拥有九死不悔的乐观、矢志不移的坚韧和无限信心的人。何去何从，由你决定。
2-2
Three Days to See
All of us have read thrilling stories in which the hero had only a limited and specified time to live.Sometimes it was as long as a year;sometimes as short as twenty-four hours.But always we were interested in discovering just how the doomed man chose to spend his last days or his last hours.I speak, of course, of free men who have a choice, not condemned criminals whose sphere of activities is strictly delimited.Such stories set us thinking, wondering what we should do under similar circumstances.What events, what experiences, what associations should we crowd into those last hours as mortal beings? What happiness should we find in reviewing the past, what regrets?
Sometimes I have thought it would be an excellent rule to live each day as if we should die tomorrow.Such an attitude would emphasize sharply the values of life.We should live each day with a gentleness, a vigor, and a keenness of appreciation which are often lost when time stretches before us in the constant panorama of more days and months and years to come.There are those, of course, who would adopt the Epicurean motto of “Eat, drink, and be merry,” but most people would be chastened by the certainty of impending death
Most of us, however, take life for granted.We know that one day we must die, but usually we picture that day as far in the future.When we are in buoyant health, death is all but unimaginable.We seldom think of it.The days stretch out in an endless vista.So we go about our petty tasks, hardly aware of our listless attitude toward life.The same lethargy, I am afraid, characterizes the use of all our faculties and senses.Only the deaf appreciate hearing, only the blind realize the manifold blessings that lie in sight.Particularly does this observation apply to those who have lost sight and hearing in adult life.But those who have never suffered impairment of sight or hearing seldom make
the fullest use of these blessed faculties.Their eyes and ears take in all sights and sounds hazily, without concentration and with little appreciation.It is the same old story of not being grateful for what we have until we lose it, of not being conscious of health until we are ill.I have often thought it would be a blessing if each human being were stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life.Darkness would make him more appreciative of sight;silence would tech him the joys of sound.Now and them I have tested my seeing friends to discover what they see.Recently I was visited by a very good friends who had just returned from a long walk in the woods, and I asked her what she had observed..“Nothing in particular, ” she replied.I might have been incredulous had I not been accustomed to such reposes, for long ago I became convinced
that the seeing see little.How was it possible, I asked myself, to walk for an hour through the woods and see nothing worthy of note? I who cannot see find hundreds of things to interest me
through mere touch.I feel the delicate symmetry of a leaf.I pass my hands lovingly about the smooth skin of a silver birch, or the rough, shaggy bark of a pine.In the spring I touch the
branches of trees hopefully in search of a bud the first sign of awakening Nature after her winter's sleep.I feel the delightful, velvety texture of a flower, and discover its remarkable convolutions;and something of the miracle of Nature is revealed to me.Occasionally, if I am very fortunate, I place my hand gently on a small tree and feel the happy
quiver of a bird in full song.I am delighted to have the cool waters of a brook rush thought my open finger.To me a lush carpet of pine needles or spongy grass is more welcome than the most luxurious Persian rug.To me the page ant of seasons is a thrilling and unending drama, the action of which streams through my finger tips.At times my heart cries out with longing to see all these things.If I can get so much pleasure from mere touch, how much more beauty must be revealed by sight.Yet, those who have eyes apparently see little.the panorama of color and action which fills the world is taken for granted.It is human, perhaps, to appreciate little that which we have and to long for that which we have not, but it is a great pity that in the world of light the gift of sight is used only as a mere conveniences rather than as a means of adding fullness to life.Oh, the things that I should see if I had the power of sight for three days.看见东西的三天
海伦•凯勒
------------------
我们大家都读过一些令人激动的故事，这些故事里的主人公仅仅活在有限并且特定的时间内，有时长达一年，有时短到２４小时。但我们总是有兴趣发现，那命中注定要死的是那些有选择自由的人，而不是那些活动范围被严格限定了的判了刑的犯人。
这样的故事让我们思考，在相似的情况下，我们该怎么办，作为终有一死的人，在那最
终的几个小时内安排什么事件，什么经历，什么交往？在回顾往事时，我们该找到什么快乐？什么悔恨？
有时我想到，过好每一天是个非常好的习惯，似乎我们明天就会死去。这种态度鲜明地强调了生命的价值。我们应该以优雅、精力充沛、善知乐趣的方式过好每一天。而当岁月推移，在经常瞻观未来之时日、未来之年月中，这些又常常失去。当然，也有人愿按伊壁鸠鲁的信条“吃、喝和欢乐”去生活。（译注：伊壁鸠鲁是古希腊哲学家，他认为生活的主题目的是享乐，而最高的享受唯通过合理的生活，如自我控制才能得到。因为生活享受的目的被过分强调，而达此目的之手段被忽视，所以伊壁鸠鲁的信徒现今变为追求享乐的人。他们的信条是：“让我们吃喝，因为明天我们就死亡”），但绝大多数人还是被即将面临死亡的必然性所折磨。
但是，我们大多数人把生活认为是理所当然的。我们知道，某一天我们一定会死，但通常我们把那天想象在遥远的将来。当我们心宽体健时，死亡几乎是不可想象的，我们很少想到它。时日在无穷的展望中延展着，于是我们干着琐碎的事情，几乎意识不到我们对生活的倦怠态度。
恐怕，同倦的懒散也成为利用我们所有的本能和感觉的特点。只有聋子才珍惜听力，唯有瞎子才体会到能看见事物的种种幸福，这种结论特别适合于那些在成年阶段失去视力和听力的人们，而那些从没有遭受视觉或听觉损伤之苦的人却很少充分利用这些天赐的官能。他们模模糊糊地眼观八方，耳听各音，毫无重点，不会鉴赏，还是那相同的老话，对我们所有的官能不知珍惜，直至失去它，对我们的健康意识不到，直至生病时。
我常常想，如果每个人在他成年的早期有一段时间致瞎致聋，那会是一种幸事，黑暗会使他更珍惜视力，寂静会教导他享受声音。
我不时地询问过我的能看见东西的朋友们，以了解他们看到什么。最近，我的一个很好的朋友来看我，她刚从一片森林里散步许久回来，我问她看到了什么，她答道：“没什么特别的。”如果我不是习惯了听到这种回答，我都可能不相信，因为很久以来我已确信这个情况：能看得见的人却看不到什么。
我独自一人，在林子里散步一小时之久而没有看到任何值得注意的东西，那怎么可能呢？我自己，一个不能看见东西的人，仅仅通过触觉，都发现许许多多令我有兴趣的东西。我感触到一片树叶的完美的对称性。我用手喜爱地抚摸过一株白桦那光潮的树皮，或一棵松
树的粗糙树皮。春天，我摸着树干的枝条满怀希望地搜索着嫩芽，那是严冬的沉睡后，大自然苏醒的第一个迹象。我抚摸过花朵那令人愉快的天鹅绒般的质地，感觉到它那奇妙的卷绕，一些大自然奇迹向我展现了。有时，如果我很幸运，我把手轻轻地放在一棵小树上，还能感受到一只高声歌唱的小鸟的愉快颤抖，我十分快乐地让小溪涧的凉水穿过我张开的手指流淌过去。对我来说，一片茂密的地毯式的松针叶或松软而富弹性的草地比最豪华的波斯地毯更受欢迎。对我来说四季的壮观而华丽的展示是一部令人激动的、无穷尽的戏剧。这部戏剧的表演，通过我的手指尖端涌淌出来。
有时，由于渴望能看到这一切东西，我的内心在哭泣。如果说仅凭我的触觉我就能感受到这么多的愉快，那么凭视觉该有多少美丽的东西显露出来。然而，那些能看见的人明显地看得很少，充满世间的色彩和动作的景象被当成理所当然，或许，这是人性共有的特点；对我们具有的不怎么欣赏，而对我们不具有的却渴望得到。然而，这是一个极大的遗憾，在光明的世界里，视力的天赋仅仅作为一种方便之用，而没有作为增添生活美满的手段。
啊，如果我要有哪怕３天的视力，多少事我该看啊！
2-5 Why Character Counts Stephen R.Covey
close1 Some time ago I was asked to consult for a bank that was having a problem with employee morale.“I don't know what's wrong,” complained their young president sadly.Bright and attractively capable, he'd risen through the ranks only to see his institution faltering.Productivity and profits were down.He blamed his employees.“No matter what incentives I provide,” he said, “they won't shake off this gloom and doom.”
品德为什么重要
斯蒂芬·R·科维
前一段时间，我应邀去一家银行做咨询，因为那里员工士气不振。“我不知道问题出在哪里，”年轻的总裁伤心地抱怨道。他聪明而且特别能干，一步一步爬到现在的位置，却发现银行步履维艰，效率和收益都很
低。他觉得问题出在员工身上。他说：“不论我采用什么样的激励措施，他们总是死气沉沉，提不起精神。”close
2RT He was right.The atmosphere seemed poisoned with suspicion
and lack of trust.For two months I ran workshops, but nothing helped.I was stumped.他说得不假，空气中似乎充满了怀疑和不信任的毒气。我花了两个月的时间举办各种研讨会，但全都无济于事。我无计可施了。close 3RT Finally, in more casual conversations, the truth emerged.The boss, who was married, was having an affair with an employee.And everyone knew it.最后，在闲谈中真相浮现了。老板已经结婚，却与一名员工有染，这件事公司上下尽人皆知。close 4RT It was obvious now that the company's poor performance was caused by his conduct.But the greatest damage this man was doing was to himself.He was thinking only of his own pleasure and satisfaction disregarding long-term consequences.Moreover, he had violated a sacred trust with his wife.如此看来，公司业绩欠佳，显然是他的行为所造成的。但这个人所造成的最大损害，是对他自己。他只顾自己一时的享乐和满足，不管长远的后果，而且，他也亵渎了与妻子之间神圣的信任。close 5RT In a word, his failing was one of character.简而言之，他错在品行不端。close 6RT What Really Matters
Character is made up of those principles and values that give your life direction, meaning and depth.These constitute your inner sense of what's right and wrong based not on laws or rules of conduct but on who you are.品德是由原则和价值观组成，能够为你的生活指引方向，赋予你的生活以意义和深度。这些构成了你内心判断正误的标准，不是基于法律或行为准则，而是基于你个人。close 7RT They include such traits as integrity, honesty, courage, fairness
and generosity which arise from the hard choices we have to make in life.So, wrong is simply in doing wrong, not in getting caught.它们包括了正直、诚实、勇气、公平、慷慨等特点，来自于我们在生活中必须做出的艰难抉择。所以做错了就是做错了，而不在于有没有被人发现。close 8RT Yet some people wonder if our inner values matter anymore.After all, hasn't our noted bank executive succeeded in every visible way, despite his moral failing?
然而，有些人会怀疑，我们的内在价值还重要吗？毕竟，我们这位有名的银行主管尽管品行不端，还不是照样在各方面很成功？close 9RT This question demonstrates a dilemma of our modern life.Many have come to believe that the only things we need for success are talent, energy and personality.But history has taught us that who we are is more important than who we appear to be.这个问题反映了现代生活的一个困境。很多人已经开始相信：要成功，只要有天分、精力和个性就够了。然而，回顾历史，我们会发现，内在品质比外在特征更加重要。close 10RT During the nation's first century and a half, almost everything in the literature of success and self-help focused on what could be called the character ethic.Such eminent figures as Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson made clear their belief that we can only experience true success and happiness by making character the guideline of our lives.在我国历史最初的150多年中，几乎所有关于成功与自励的文献都聚焦在可称为品德标准方面。本杰明·富兰克林和托马斯·杰斐逊等杰出人物很清楚地表明了他们的看法：只有让品德成为我们的指南，才能体验真正的成功与幸福。close 11RT After we moved into the industrial age and after World War I, the basic view of success shifted to what we could call the personality ethic.Success became more a function of charm, skills and techniques that lubricate the process of human interaction.Rather than struggle with difficult issues of right and wrong, we turned to making things run smoothly.close12RT Some of that philosophy expressed itself with harmless but superficial mottoes, such as “smiling wins more friends than frowning”.Other ideas were even deceptive, faking interest in others' hobbies so they will like you, for instance.这种哲学可以从一些无害然而浅薄的说法中看出端倪，比如，“微笑能比皱眉赢得更多朋友。”其他的想法甚至带有欺骗性质，例如假装对别人的爱好感兴趣好让他们喜欢你。close 13RT With a value system based solely on skill and personality, we find heroes in athletes, musicians and in powerful business executives.But despite the admiration we feel for these achievers, we shouldn't necessarily look upon them as role models.While skill is certainly needed for success, it can never guarantee happiness and fulfillment.These come from developing character.在这种完全基于技能与个性的价值体系指导下，我们视运动员、音乐家或有权有势的商界主管为偶像。不过，尽管我们钦羡这些成功人士，我们倒也未必要奉他们为楷模。技巧固然是成功所必需的，但技能从来无法保证一个人的幸福和满足感。这二者有赖于品德的塑造。close
14RT Start at Home
You can begin to build character at any age.The key is learning how to look within to work inside out.品德的塑造是可以从任何年龄段开始的，关键是要学会如何内省，然后由内而外，推己及人。close 15RT With the inside-out approach, private victories precede public victories.These private victories are simply promises you make to yourself and others and then keep.由内而外，个人生活中的成就便能引发公共生活的成就，而个人生活的成就无非是坚守你对自己和他人的承诺而已。close 16RT Day by day, as you make and keep increasingly challenging
promises, you will be making deposits in your “character account”.What begins as great effort will eventually become a habit.And as you get into the habit of building character in the smaller areas of your life, your ability to develop character strength in more important spheres will grow.日复一日，你许下并恪守越来越有挑战性的诺言，你也同时在往你的“道德账户”上存“钱”。一开始需要很努力去做的事情，最终将成为习惯。逐步养成了在生活中一些较次要的方面塑造品德的习惯之后，你在更重要的领域培养品德力量的能力也会随之增强。close 17RT Private victories therefore lead to your larger public victories.For instance, to gain more freedom to think and act in your job, you must first be a more responsible employee.To create a happy marriage, first be the kind of person who generates love, generosity, dependability and trust.个人生活的成功因此能造就更大的公众生活的成功。比如说，要在工作中获得更高的职位，你首先得是一个责任心更强的员工。要缔造幸福的婚姻，自己首先就要做一个有爱心、慷慨、可靠而又诚实的人。close 18RT There's no more essential ingredient for character growth than trust.Whether it is trust we earn from colleagues or a spouse, it is built slowly over time in an infinite variety of circumstances.在品德成熟的过程中，没有哪一种因素会比信任更加关键的了。不管是同事的信任还是配偶的信任，都是在无穷变化的环境中日积月累而沉淀下来的。close 19RT Another way to build character is to admit your mistakes.Character is revealed in how we handle things that go wrong.另一个塑造品德的方法就是承认自己的错误。处理错误的方式也能体现我们的品德。close 20RT The best opportunities to build character, however, are within our families, where we are constantly tested and most vulnerable to lapses.True character begins at home.然而，塑造品德的最佳机会是在家庭内部，在家里我们时时经受考验，也最容易犯错。真正的品德始于家庭。close 21RT Often we sense that we can get away with things around those who know us best, who will love us regardless of our conduct.This can end up destroying our character and our relationships.How often have we heard of someone who is an excellent employee but treats his or her spouse like a piece of furniture? 我们常常会觉得，跟最了解我们、不管我们做了什么都会依然爱我们的人在一起，总是能免受惩罚。结果呢，我们的品德受损，关系也遭到了破坏。我们会不会经常听说这样的人，比如一个很出色的员工，却把自己的配偶当作一件家具那样对待？close 22RT All our relationships follow the patterns of life;they have ups and downs.This is why our families provide a critical measure of our character and the opportunity, again and again, to nurture it.我们所有的关系都遵循着生活的规律；都是有起有落的。这就是为什么我们的家庭能为我们的品德提供一个重要的量度，而且不断提供机会滋养它。close 23RT What became of the bank president who was involved sexually with an employee? When I confided to him what I knew of his affair and the effect it was having on his staff, he ran his fingers through his hair.“I don't know where to begin,” he said.那个与员工有染的银行总裁后来怎么样了呢？我向他透露，我已经知道他的外遇，以及这件事对员工的影响，他用手指挠着头发。“我不知道从何说起，”他说。close 24RT “Is it over?” “结束了吗？”close
25RT He looked me directly in the eye.“Yes.Absolutely.” 他直视着我的眼睛。“结束了。绝对结束了。”close
26RT “Then begin by talking with your wife,” I answered.“那就先跟你妻子谈谈，”我说。close 27RT He told his wife, who forgave him.Then he called a meeting of his staff and addressed their morale problem.“I have found the cause of the problem,” he said.“It is me.I am asking you to give me another chance.” 他跟妻子说了，妻子原谅了他。接着，他召开了员工会议，讨论士气问题。他说：“我已经找到问题的根源了，问题就出在我自己身上。我现在请求大家再给我一个机会。”close
28RT It took time, but eventually the employees' morale, a sense of openness, optimism and trust improved.In the end, however, the
executive was doing himself the greatest favor.He was finding his own path to character.慢慢地，员工的士气、开诚布公的气氛、乐观的情绪还有相互的信任最终都有了改观。不过，说到底，这位主管自己是最大的受益者。他找到了修炼自己品德的道路。close
2-6 The Creative Personality Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi close1RT I have devoted 30 years of research to how creative people live and work.If I had to express in one word what makes their personalities different from others, it's complexity.They contain contradictory extremes;instead of being an “individual”, each of them is a “multitude”.创意性格
米哈伊•奇克森特米海伊
我花了30年的时间研究富有创意的人是如何生活和工作的。如果要用一个词来概括他们的性格与常人的差别所在，那就是“复杂”。他们身上有着极其矛盾的特征，他们不是 “个体”，每个有创意的人都是“复合体”。close 2RT Here are some traits that are often found in creative people.These traits are integrated with each other in a dialectical
manner.下面就是富有创意的人身上常会具备的一些特征。这些特征有机组合、辩证统一。
close 3RT 1.Creative people have a great deal of physical energy, but they are also often quiet and at rest.They can work long hours with great concentration while
remaining fresh and enthusiastic all the time.This does not mean that creative people are always active.In fact, they rest often and sleep a lot.The important thing is that they know how to control their energy, which is not ruled by the calendar, the clock or an external schedule.When necessary, they can focus it like a laser beam;when not, creative types immediately recharge their batteries.This is not a biorhythm inherited with their genes;it was learned by trial and error as a strategy for achieving their goals.1.富有创意的人精力充沛，但也经常安静地休息。他们可以注意力高度集中地工作很长时间，而始终神采奕奕、兴致勃勃。这并不是说富有创意的人超级亢奋。事实上，他们经常休息，睡得也很多。重要的是，他们知道如何掌控自己的精力，而人 的精力并不是由日历、时钟或外在的日程安排来控制的。有必要时，他们就能像激光一样专注；没必要时，富有创意的人就会立刻开始充电。这不是得自遗传基因的生物节奏；而是为达到目标而通过反复尝试掌握的一种策略。close 4RT 2.Creative people tend to be smart yet naive at the same time.Another way of expressing this dialectic is the contrasting poles of wisdom and childishness.As Howard Gardner reveals in his study of the major creative geniuses of the 20th century, a certain immaturity, both emotional and mental, can go hand in hand with deepest
insights.2.富有创意的人往往精明而又天真。换句话说，这个矛盾体就是智慧和幼稚这两个极端。霍华德•加德纳对二十世纪的重
要创意天才进行了研究，结果表明，最深邃的洞察力可能与某种程度的不成熟（包括情感和思维方面的）共生共存。close 5RT Earlier studies on superior mental abilities show that children with very high IQs do well in life, but after a certain point, IQ does not seem to be correlated any longer with superior performance in real life.Later studies suggest that it might be difficult to do creative work with a lower IQ, but an IQ beyond 120 does not necessarily imply
higher creativity.以前对于卓越的思维能力的研究也表明，高智商儿童生活很成功，但过了一定的数值，智商似乎不再与卓越的现实生活表现成正比。后来的研究也说明，智商太低的人要做富有创意的工作可能比较困难，但
拥有120以上的智商未必就更有创造力。
close 6RT Furthermore, creative people seem able to use well two opposite ways of thinking: the convergent and the divergent.Convergent thinking is measured by IQ tests, and it involves solving well-defined, rational problems that have one correct answer.Divergent thinking leads to no agreed-upon solution.It involves the ability to generate a great quantity of ideas;flexibility, or the ability to switch from one perspective to another;and originality in picking unusual associations of ideas.Yet divergent thinking is not much use without the ability to tell a good idea from a bad one, and for
this, we must rely on convergent
thinking.此外，富有创意的人似乎能很好地使用两种互为对立的思维方式：趋同和求异。趋同思维由智商测试来衡量，涉及的是解决定义清楚、有唯一正确答案的理性问题。求异思维能产生另类的解决之道，它涉及的是产生大量想法的能力；灵活性，或者说是从一个角度转换到另一个角度的能力；以及能独辟蹊径地产生非凡联想的能力。但求异思维本身是没有多大用处的，除非有能力判断一个想法是好是坏，要做到这一点，我们必须依赖于趋同思维。
close 7RT 3.Creative people alternate between imagination and a deeply-rooted sense of reality.Great art and great science involve a leap of imagination into a world that is different from the present.In fact, the whole point
of art and science is to go beyond what we now consider real and create a new reality.3.富有创意的人既有丰富的想象力，也有根深蒂固的现实感。伟大的艺术和伟大的科学都是借助想象，跃进与现实迥异的世界中去。事实上，艺术与科学的核心所在，便是超越我们目前所认识的现实而创造出一个新的现实。close 8RT 4.Creative people tend to be both extroverted and introverted.We're usually one or the other, either preferring to be in the thick of crowds or sitting on the sidelines and observing the passing show.In fact, in current psychological research, extroversion and introversion are considered to be the most stable personality traits that distinguish people from each other.Creative
individuals seem to exhibit both traits at the same time.4.富有创意的人往往既外向又内向。我们一般都二者居其一，要么偏爱呆在人群之中，要么独坐一旁，冷眼看戏。事实上，在目前的心理研究中，外向和内向被视为能区分彼此的最稳定的性格特点，但富有创意的个体似乎同时显示这两种特点。
close 9RT 5.Creative people are humble and proud at the same time.These individuals stand “on the shoulders of giants”.Their respect for the area in which they work makes them aware of the long line of previous contributions to it.And they're usually so focused on future projects and current challenges that past accomplishments, no
matter how outstanding, are no longer very interesting to them.5.他们既谦虚又傲气。这些个体站在“巨人的肩膀上”。他们尊重自己工作的领域，因而能意识到前人的大量贡献。他们通常如此专注于未来的工程和当前的挑战，过往的成就，不论多么出色，都无法再引起他们太多的兴趣。close 10RT 6.Creative people are both rebellious and conservative.Being only traditional leaves an area unchanged;constantly taking chances without regard to tradition rarely leads to novelty.But the willingness to take risks is absolutely necessary.The economist George Stigler is very emphatic in this regard, “I'd say one of the most common failures of able people is a lack of nerve.They just play safe games.In
innovation, you have to play a less safe game, if it's going to be interesting.It's not predictable
that it'll go well.” 6.富有创意的人既叛逆又保守。一味传统，会令一个领域殊无变化，而时时冒险、罔顾传统亦鲜有创新，但冒险精神是绝对必要的。经济学家乔治•施蒂格勒特别强调这个方面：“我会说，有能力的人之所以失败，大多都是由于缺少冒险精神，凡事四平八稳。要创新，你就不能太求稳，结果才可能有意思。结果是否会顺利是无
法预测的。”close 11RT 7.Most creative people are very passionate about their work, yet they can be extremely objective about it as well.Without the passion, we soon lose interest in a difficult task.Yet without being objective about it, our work
is not very good and lacks
credibility.7.绝大多数富有创意的人对工作激情如火，同时也极为冷静客观。没有激情，我们很快就会对困难任务失去兴趣。但如果不够客观，我们的工作就难以出色，缺乏
可信度。close 12RT 8.Creative people's openness and sensitivity often exposes them to suffering and pain, yet also to a great deal of enjoyment.Inventors have a low threshold of pain.Things bother them.A badly designed machine causes pain to an inventive engineer, just as the creative writer is hurt when reading bad
prose.8.富有创意的人胸无城府而敏感，这往往令他们痛苦，但同时也令他们体会到很多乐趣。发明家们对痛苦的容忍度很低，身边的事物会让他们看不顺眼。设计拙劣的机器会令富有创意的工程师痛苦，而富有创意的作者看到蹩脚的文字同样也会
感觉受伤。close 13RT Being alone at the forefront of a discipline also leaves you exposed and vulnerable.Eminence invites criticism and often vicious attacks.When an artist has invested years in making a sculpture, or a scientist in developing a theory, it is devastating if nobody cares.居于学科前沿，也会令你暴露于众人视线中，易受攻击。卓越会招致批评，甚至往往是恶毒攻击。艺术家倾注多年心血终于完成一件雕塑作品，科学家皓首穷年提出一种理论，到头来若是无人问津，这种打击无疑是灾难性的。close 14RT Perhaps the most difficult thing for creative individuals to
bear is the sense of loss and emptiness they experience when, for some reason, they cannot work.This is especially painful when a person feels his or her creativity drying out.对于富有创意的个体而言，最难以忍受的事情莫过于由于某种原因而无法工作的那种失落感和空虚感。如果一个人自觉创意枯竭，或许就更加痛苦不堪了。close 15RT Yet when a person is working in the area of his or her expertise, worries and cares fall away, replaced by a sense of happiness.Perhaps the most important quality, the one that is most consistently present in all creative individuals, is the ability to enjoy the process of creation for its own sake.Without this trait, poets would give up striving for
perfection and would write commercial jingles;economists would work for banks where they would earn at least twice as much as they do at universities;and physicists would stop doing basic research and join industrial laboratories where the conditions are better and the expectations
more predictable.而当一个人在自己擅长的领域里工作时，他的一切担心和忧虑都会消失，取而代之的是一种愉悦感。也许最重要的品质，在一切富有创意的人身上最常见的一种品质，就是能够享受创造过程本身。没有这种品质，诗人将不再追求完美而写些商业性的喧嚣之作；经济学家将会去银行任职，收入至少会是大学里的两倍；物理学家也会停止基础研究而加入工业实验室，那里条件优越而且结果也容易预测。
close
7-What Does Teamwork Really
Mean?
Sharon Saw
close1RT In many job interviews, a common question is whether the interviewee is a “team player”.More often than not(unless the interviewee is particularly stupid, or maybe particularly honest but doesn't want the job), he or she will say “yes”.But what does being a team player really mean?
团队精神的真正含义
沙伦·索
面试中常会问到的一个问题就是，接受面试者是否具有团队精神。通常情况下，回答是肯定的，除非接受面试者特别愚蠢，或者特别诚实而且不想要这份工作。但团队精神的真正含义是什么呢？close 2RT On the most basic level, a team player is someone who can work within a group of people.This group is a number of people greater than one.Even if there are only two people in the group, they can be called
a “team”.Therefore it is an essential requirement of any employment that any potential employee is a team player.在最基本的层面上，有团队精神的人就是能够与群体合作的人。只要有两个或两个以上的个体在一起就可以称为 “团队”。因此，未来的员工是否具备团队精神，对任何工作而言都是一个至关重要的必备条件。close 3RT On a deeper level, a team player is someone who can play a role in the team, to achieve and support the goals set and agreed upon by the team.The simplest analogy to the corporate team would be a sports team.There are two main aims of the football team.One is to score goals and the other is to prevent the opposition team from scoring.In football, there are eleven players per side, and almost the same number of players in reserve.There are also other vital members of the team in the background, such as the coach, the doctor, etc.从较深层次而言，具备团队精神的人能够在团队中扮演特定的角色，能支持和达成团队协定的目标。打个最简单的比方，一个企业团队就好比一个运动队。足球队有两个主要目标，一是进球，一是阻止对手进球。足球运动中，每一方有十一名队员，还有差不多相同数量的替补队员。场外还有其他不可或缺的成员，如教练和队医等。close 4RT Every member of the team has a very specific role — as a captain, goalkeeper, striker, midfielder or defender.Every member of the team is vital to the success of the team.If there is one player missing, the team is handicapped.If one player does not perform to the best of his or her ability, the team is handicapped.球队的每一个成员都扮演着特定的角色，如队长、守门员、前锋和中场防守球员。每一个队员对整个球队的成功都有至关重要的意义。任何一名队员缺阵，全队表现都会受到影响。任何一名队员不全力以赴，全队也会受到拖累。close 5RT The captain is there to give direction to the team, in strategy, motivation and inspiration.But he or she also has to play as part of the team.Egos do not play any part in teamwork.If one's ego gets in the way, such as if one player wants to score a goal and be a hero, he or she may take rash actions instead of maybe letting another person score or helping to create the opportunity to score.队长的作用是给全队提供方向，包括战略、动力和灵感方面的，但他/她同时也应该是整队的一分子。自我主义在团队合作中没有立足之地。如果一个人的自我意识干扰了他她的思维，比如某个队员想要进球、出风头，他她可能会鲁莽行动，而不是助攻或让队友射门。close 6RT Similarly in the corporate world, each company has its clearly defined goals.Usually these are not as easily specified as in a football match.And it is the job of every employee to ensure that these goals are met.Every member of the corporate team should have specific roles and responsibilities in view of achieving these goals.企业界的情况也类似，每一个公司都应该有清晰界定的目标，不过这些目标通常不会像足球比赛中那么清楚具体。每个员工都有责任去确保实现这些目标，公司团队的每个成员应该相应地有具体的目标和责任范围。close 7RT There can only be one captain of the company, and he or she should be responsible for giving leadership and guidance to the team members.The leader should also continuously communicate the overall business strategy, as well as providing motivation and inspiration to the team.The leader has to have the loyalty of the team.If the team is not loyal or has no respect for the leader, the members of the team will not listen to the captain and the objectives of the company would not be achieved.公司里只能有一个“队长”，其责任就是领导和指挥团队成员，不断地与团队就整体策略进行沟通，并为成员提供动力与灵感。领导应该能令整个团队忠实于他。如果团队不忠心或不尊重领导，团队成员就不会听从“队长”指挥，公司的目标也就无从实现。close 8RT In every action of the team, the objectives of the company, and / or, business strategy, MUST be first and foremost.The success of the team relies completely on every member of the team carrying out their roles and responsibilities in line with the direction of the leader.There has to be a “oneness” of the corporate culture.There is no room in the company for anyone who does not share the same corporate goals or objectives.在团队的每个行动中，务必将公司的目标或商业策略放在首要位置。团队能否成功，完全取决于团队每个成员是否能完成自己的角色任务和责任，能否与领导的指挥保持一致。企业文化中必须有“一致性”，公司中绝不允许某个人的目标或目的与公司的共同目标不一致。close 9RT Being a team player does not mean that you do not have any ideas of your own.It does not mean you should always agree with the rest of the team.It does not mean that you should merely follow the herd.There are times when your vision may differ from the vision of the company, the leader or the rest of the team.It may be a valid vision and if you believe in it strongly enough, you should share it with the rest of the team.Your idea may complement the corporate objectives and goals.Or it may not.If the leader is a competent one, he or she will assess it on its merits and not let ego get in the way.However, should the team not agree with your vision, don't take it personally.具有团队精神并不意味着你不可以有自己的想法，也不意味着你应该总是附和其他队员或者只是随大流。有时，你的想法也许与公司、领导或是团队的其他成员的看法不一致。也许是一个值得一试的想法，如果你很有信心，就应该与团队其他成员分享。你的想法也许可以补充公司的目的与目标，也许不可以。如果领导称职的话，他/她就会客观评价这个想法，而不会令自我意识在那里作祟。不过，要是团队不赞同你的想法，也不要觉得是人身攻击。close
10RT They may find the idea inappropriate, not YOU personally.Don't take it as a sign of personal rejection.A good leader should be able to communicate this to a team member, but if he or she doesn't, and it turns out as appearing to be a rebuff, don't lose heart.If the team found YOU inappropriate, you would be the first to know.If your leader or team members see that you can handle rejection of your ideas in a mature manner, it is only to your own credit.他们也许觉得这个想法不合适，而不是觉得你这个人不行，所以你不要觉得这是针对个人的。一个优秀的领导应该能够将这种情况与队员沟通，但就算他/她没有这么做，让你感觉受到了冷落，也不要灰心。如果团队觉得你不行，那你自己肯定会最先察觉。要是领导或团队成员看到你能成熟地应对自己的想法被拒绝，那只能对你有好处。close 11RT Don't be afraid to offer new ideas even seemingly crazy ones.Everyone in the team should feel free to offer ideas and not worry about them being dismissed.Usually when ideas are not taken up, people may take it as a personal rejection.Don't.Just accept it, and move on.There is work to be done.不要害怕提出新的想法，哪怕是表面看来有些疯狂的也不要紧。团队的每一个成员都应该无拘无束地提出想法而不担心是否会被拒绝。通常情况下如果想法没有被采纳，人们会认为是针对个人的。不要这么想。接受事实，然后继续前进。工作总是要做的。close 12RT The pleasure of working in an environment where every member of the team is a team player is unparalleled.If you are not enjoying your working environment, chances are high that your team is also not working well.Ask yourself this: 在每个成员都有团队协作精神的环境里工作，那种愉悦是无与伦比的。如果你不喜欢现在的工作环境，多半是因为你的团队运作不好，问问你自己：close 13RT Are you a team player?
你有团队合作精神吗？close 14RT Are your own objectives in line with those of the team?
你与团队的目标一致吗？close 15RT Are your team objectives in line with those of the company? If not, why not? 你的团队与公司的目标一致吗？如果不一致，原因在哪里？close
2-8 Did You Have a Tough Childhood? Jill Ammon-Wexler close1RT Many claim unhappy and terrible childhood experiences “damage” people in their adult years.But is this necessarily true? Actually, just the opposite seems to be true.Intense difficulties, hardships and major obstacles are actually often major contributors to success.It's true that difficult childhoods do leave some people wounded and disadvantaged.But for others, a tough childhood actually drives them to remarkable achievement and success!你经历了不幸的童年吗？
吉尔•安蒙-韦克斯勒
很多人声称，童年时代的严重创伤，会对成年生活造成灾难性影响。果真如此吗？其实，事实刚好相反！重大的困难、艰辛和障碍，往往能造就成功。的确，不幸的童年会使一些人伤痕累累，处于不利的位置。但对另外一些人而言，不幸的童年反而会促使他们取得异乎寻常的成就！close 2RT In a classic book entitled Cradles of Eminence, researchers reviewed the childhood family life of 700 of the world's most successful people.Their goal was to identify the early experiences that contributed to the remarkable achievements of these successful people.All of their “research subjects” are widely known for their personal accomplishments.Their names are easily recognizable: Franklin D.Roosevelt, Helen Keller, Winston Churchill, Albert Einstein, Sigmund Freud, etc.在经典作品《伟人的摇篮》一书中，研究者们考查了全球最为突出的700名成功人士的童年生活。他们的目标是要找出哪些早期经历有助于这些成功人士取得非凡成就。他们所有的“研究对象”都是因个人成就而蜚声全球的。这些名字都广为人知：富兰克林•D•罗斯福，海伦•凯勒，温斯顿•丘吉尔，阿尔伯特•爱因斯坦，西格蒙德•弗洛伊德，等等。close 3RT What they discovered is truly fascinating!Three-quarters of these successful people(525 of the 700)came from deeply troubled childhoods.They had endured extreme poverty, broken homes, and even parental abuse.Over one-fourth(199 of the 700)had to deal with very serious physical handicaps such as deafness, blindness or crippled limbs.And over 80% of those who became successful writers and playwrights had watched their own parents struggle with intense psychological dramas.研究结果真的非常有意思！700名成功人士中，有四分之三（525名）有过极其不幸的童年。他们经历过极端的贫困，破碎的家庭，甚至父母的虐待。超过四分之一的人（700人当中有199名）有严重的生理残障如失聪、失明或肢体残障。成功的作家及剧作家中，有80％曾目睹了自己的父母经历失和的一些戏剧性场面。close 4RT Anna Eleanor Roosevelt, a former US “First Lady” provides an excellent example.Anna lost her parents at the age of 10, and had a very unpleasant childhood.As a young girl she was painfully aware of being very homely.And her childhood writings reveal she never had a sense of “belonging” anywhere, or to anyone.But as she matured, Anna Eleanor Roosevelt
refused to remain “disadvantaged”.She hauled herself up by her own bootstraps and began to strive for a higher, more powerful consciousness.安娜•埃莉诺•罗斯福，前美国“第一夫人”，就是一个极好的例子。安娜10岁时失去了双亲，童年痛苦不堪。少女时，她就痛苦地意识到自己长相平庸。她童年的习作表明，她从来没有“归属感”，觉得自己不属于任何地方或任何人。但随着她慢慢成熟，安娜•埃莉诺•罗斯福拒绝一直“处于劣势”。她依靠自己的努力，着手提高自身的觉悟。close 5RT After marrying Franklin D.Roosevelt, she ended up courageously nursing her husband through crippling polio.Then when he was elected to the US Presidency in the depth of the Great Depression, Mrs.Roosevelt quickly transformed the position of First Lady.As First Lady, she became an outspoken supporter for the disadvantaged people of all races, religions and countries.At the same time, she helped her husband manage the White House and raised six children.嫁给富兰克林•罗斯福后，她需要照料小儿麻痹性后遗症的丈夫，她一直坚强地面对。后来，他临危受命，在经济大萧条最严重时当选美国总统，罗斯福夫人迅速完成了“第一夫人”的角色转换。作为第一夫人，她公开发言支持所有被践踏的种族、宗教和国家，同时还打理着白宫，并抚育六个子女。close 6RT After her husband's death, she spent the remainder of her life as a highly respected American spokesperson to the United Nations.At her death, this shy, disadvantaged, homely and withdrawn young woman had become one of the most loved and respected women of her entire generation.丈夫去世后，她就一直作为美国在联合国的发言人，极其受人尊重，直到生命结束。她辞世时，这位年轻时一度腼腆羞涩、身处困境、长相平平、性格内向的女性，已成为她那一代人中最受爱戴的女性之一。close 7RT Why did this happen? Eleanor Roosevelt made a personal choice to lift herself beyond her perceived “limitations”.She displayed a tough, unyielding courage, tempered by remarkable self-control and self-discipline.事情为什么会变成这样呢？埃莉诺•罗斯福做出了自己的选择，要用自己的力量超越想象中的“局限”。她非凡的自控和自律造就了坚强不屈的勇气。close 8RT Obstacles and hardships do NOT have to lead to failure.Scientific evidence has proven that “well-being” is NOT always an advantage for either plants or animals.Where there is no challenge, obstacle or hardship, growth and development is often limited.Biologists refer to this as the “adversity principle”.障碍和困难未必一定会导致失败！科学证据表明，“安逸”并不一定总是优势，动植物都是如此。没有挑战、障碍或困难，成长和发展常常会受到限制。生物学家称之为“逆境原则”。close 9RT Consider Lou Gehrig: Lou was such a clumsy kid that the boys in his neighborhood wouldn't let him play on their baseball team.But he tapped into his resources of inner courage and determination.Lou Gehrig is today listed in the baseball “Hall of Fame” as one of the greatest ball players of all time.试看卢•格里克：卢小时候笨手笨脚，附近的男孩都不让他参加自己的棒球队，但他转而找到内在的勇气和决心。如今，卢•格里克名列棒球“名人堂”，被视为有史以来最伟大的球类运动员之一。close 10RT Then there was Woodrow Wilson, who couldn't read until he was ten years old.Wilson went on in his life to become the twenty-eighth President of the United States.Thomas Edison was deaf.Booker T.Washington was born in slavery, and a “club foot” crippled Lord Byron.The famous writer Robert Louis Stevenson had tuberculosis.Alexander Pope had a hunchback.Yet each of these individuals became famous historic figures in spite of their handicaps.还有伍德罗•威尔逊，十岁才开始识字。威尔逊后来成了美国第二十八任总统。托马斯•爱迪生是聋子。布克•T•华盛顿生而为奴，拜伦爵士天生足部畸形。著名作家罗伯特•路易斯•史蒂文森身患结核病。亚历山大•蒲柏是驼背。但尽管残疾在身，这些人每一个都青史留名。close 11RT Helen Keller, who could not hear or see, transformed an entire nation when she graduated with honors from college.She is still a source of inspiration for millions.Then there's Ludwig van Beethoven.Beethoven began to lose his hearing in his 20s, and was completely deaf by 50.Yet he created some of the world's most beautiful music.Beethoven was once overheard shouting at the top of his voice, “I will take life by the throat!” 海伦•凯勒，既聋又盲，以优异成绩从大学毕业时，举国轰动。数以百万计人至今仍视她为灵感的源泉。还有路德维希•凡•贝多芬。贝多芬二十多岁时听力就开始下降，50岁时完全失聪，但他创造了世界上最美妙的音乐。有人曾听见贝多芬高喊，“我要扼住命运的咽喉！”close 12RT Your attitude toward any perceived personal “handicap” determines its impact on your life.This IS your life!Why not make it all it can be? To become all we can be, we MUST stop making excuses.Use any personal adversity or perceived limitations to do what Beethoven did: Grab life by the throat!And this is a good day to take action to claim more of your true potential.Get past your “old stuff”, my friend, and fire yourself up!If not now, when? 不管你有任何“残障”，它对你生活的影响将取决于你的态度。这就是你的生活！为什么不尽自己所能呢？要发掘我们的全部潜力，我们就不能再编造借口。面对任何逆境或想象中的局限，以贝多芬为榜样：攫住命运的咽喉！今天就是一个好日子，开始行动，实现更多真正的潜能。忘记“旧事”，我的朋友，让自己振奋起来！此时不动，更待何时？close
第四篇：新世纪大学英语课文翻译--1-
新世纪大学英语课文翻译
第一册
Unit 1 A Language Teacher’s Personal Opinion
Will Pidcroft 一名语言教师的个人看法
Every day I see advertisements in the newspaper and on the buses claiming that it is easy to learn English.According to these advertisements, with very little effort on the student’s part, he will be able to speak the language fluently in three months or even ten days.There is often a reference to Shakespeare or Charles Dickens to encourage him even more.When I see advertisements like this, I don’t know whether to laugh or cry.If it were as easy to learn English as they say, I would have to look for another job, because very few qualified teachers would be needed.But a large number of people must believe these ridiculous claims, or else the advertisements would not appear.我每天都会在报纸上、公共汽车上看到各种广告，声称轻轻松松就能学好英语。这些广告号称，学生不必费什么力气，要说一口流利的英语只需短短3个月，甚至10天就行。广告还常常提到威廉·莎士比亚和查尔斯·狄更斯等英语文学大师的名号来增强吸引力。每当看到诸如此类的广告时，我真是哭笑不得：如果学英语真像这些广告所说的那么轻松，我恐怕得另谋出路了，因为不需要那么多合格的英语教师了。但是肯定有许多人相信这些可笑的噱头，不然的话这些广告也不可能出现。
It is natural for students to be attracted to methods that will teach them as quickly and efficiently and cheaply as possible.But it is difficult for anyone to explain in simple language why one method is better than another, and it is no use pretending that anyone has discovered a perfect way of teaching English in every possible situation.Some experts even argue that there are many good methods of teaching a language as there are good teachers, because every teacher is an individual with his own personality.No doubt this is true to a certain extent, but it is not very helpful to students.学生们喜欢实惠的速成学习方法也在情理之中，但要用浅显易懂的语言去解释为什么某一方法比另一方法更有效并不是一件简单的事，而且也无需装模作样地声称有什么人已经找到了一个万能的适合所有学习环境的教学方法。一些专家甚至认为，有多少个好老师就有多少种好的教学方法，因为每一个老师都有其自身的特点。这种说法无疑是有几分道理的，但对学生来说不是很有帮助。
For a long time people believed that the only way to learn a language was to spend a great deal of time in a country where it was spoken.Of course it is clear that students who go to England to learn English have a great advantage over others, but a larger number of students cannot afford to do so.Some students go to the opposite extreme and think they can teach themselves at home with dictionaries.But it is wrong to assume that each word in English has a precise equivalent in another language and vice versa, and it is impossible for any translation method to provide students with the natural forms of a language in speech, let alone produce good pronunciation and intonation.有很长一段时间，人们认为要学好一门语言，只有去使用那种语言的国家待上一段时间。当然去英国、美国、或者澳大利亚等国家学英语的学生肯定比那些不能去的学生具有很大优势，但是很多学生支付不起那笔费用。有些学生走向另一极端：他们认为可以借助词典在家自学。如果你认为英语中的每一个词在另一语言中都有完全对等的词（或反之亦然），那就错了。通过翻译法来给学生讲解口语的自然形式是不可能的，更不要说做到语音、语调地道了。
A great deal of teaching is still based on behaviourist psychology.Behaviourists are fond of making students repeat phrases and making them do exercises where they continually have to change one word in a sentence.If we were parrots or chimpanzees, these methods might be successful.A large number of theorists seem to think it is a pity we aren’t, because it would make it easier to use their methods.现在大量的教学活动还是建立在行为主义心理学的基础之上。行为主义者热衷于让学生复述短语，不断做一些只需更换句中某个词的练习。假如我们是鹦鹉或黑猩猩，那这些方法或许能奏效，可惜我们不是，这似乎让很多理论家引以为憾，否则他们提出的那些方法用起来就会容易得多了。
In my personal opinion, no one can ever learn to speak English or any other language unless he is interested in it.Human beings, unlike parrots and chimpanzees, do not like making noises unless they understand what the noises mean and can relate them to their own lives.It is worth remembering that language is a means of communication.What people want to say and write in another language is probably very similar to what they want to say and write in their own.What they listen to and read cannot be a formula.It must be real.我个人认为，假如没有兴趣，任何人都不可能学好英语或其他任何语言。与鹦鹉或黑猩猩不同，人类不会无缘无故地发出噪音，除非他们明白这些声音是什么意思，并且能将其与自己的生活联系起来。值得牢记的是：语言是一种交际手段，人们在母语中怎么说怎么写，用另一种语言表达时也大同小异。因此，人们所听所读的不应该是程式化的东西，听的读的材料必须真实自然。
There is another relevant point worth mentioning here.We need other people to talk to and listen to when we communicate.If what we are learning is strange to us, it will be helpful if there are other students around us who can work with us and practise the unfamiliar forms with us in real situations, talking to each other about real life in real language.还有一个相关的问题值得一提：在交际时我们需要有交谈或倾听的对象。在学习较生疏的内容时，如果有其他学生和我们在实战中一起学习和练习那些陌生的语言形式，用真实的语言去谈论真实的生活，那一定会受益匪浅。
Unit 2 The Doctor's Son Harold EppleywithRochelle Melander My parents moved toVermontwhen I was still aninfant.Asoft-spokenman, my fathersettled quietly intohis medical practice in a small town calledEnosburg.Soon thelocalpeople accepted him as one of their own.Word passes quickly in smallVermonttowns.They know good people when they meet them.Around town the neighbors greeted my father as “Doc Eppley.” And I soon learned that as long as I lived in Enosburg I would always be known as “Doctor Eppley's son”.On the first day of school, my classmates crowded around me because I was the doctor's son.“If you're anything like your father, you'll be a smart boy,” my first-grade teacher said.I couldn't stop Beaming.Somewherein themidstofmy teenage years, however, something changed.I was sixteen years old and the neighbors still called me “Doctor Eppley's son.” They said that I was growing up to be an honorableandindustriousyoung man, living an honest life just like my father.I groaned whenever I heard their compliments.I wondered how I would everfit in withmy teenage friends.I hated being followed by my father's good name.And so when strangers asked me if I was Doctor Eppley's son, I replied emphatically, “My name is Harold.And I can manage quite wellon my own.” As an act of rebellion, I began to call my father by his first name,Sam.“Why are you acting sostubbornlately?” my father asked me one day in the midst of anargument.“Well, Sam,” I replied, “I suppose that bothers you.”
“You know it hurts me when you call me Sam,” my father shouted.“Well, it hurts me when everybody expects me to be just like you.I don't want to be perfect.I want to be myself.”
I survivedmy last years of high school until finally I turned eighteen.The next fall Ienrolledin college.I chose toattenda school far from Enosburg, a place where nobody called me “Doctor Eppley's son.” One night at college I sat with a group of students in thedormitoryas we shared stories about our lives.We began to talk about the things we hated most about ourchildhoods.“That's easy,” I said.“I couldn't stand growing up in a town where everybody alwayscompared me with my father.”
The girl sitting next to mefrowned.“I don't understand,” she said.“I'd be proud to have a father who's so well respected.” Her eyes filled with tears as she continued,“I'd give anything tobe called my father's child.But I don't know where he is.He left my mother when I was only four.”
There was anawkwardsilence, and then I changed the subject.I wasn't ready to hear her words.I returned home for winter break that year, feeling proud of myself.In four months at college, I had made a number of new friends.I had become popularin my own right, without my father's help.For two weeks I enjoyed being back in Enosburg.The maintopicof interest at home was my father's new car.“Let me take it out for a drive,” I said.My father agreed, but not without his usual warning,“Be careful.”
I glaredat him.“Sam, I'm sick ofbeing treated like a child.I'm in college now.Don't you think I know how to drive?”
I could see the hurt in my father's face, and I remembered how much he hated it whenever I called him “Sam.” “All right then,” he replied.Ihoppedinto the car and headed down the road,savoringthe beauty of the Vermont countryside.My mind waswandering.At a busyintersection, I hit the car right in front of mine before I knew it.The woman in the car jumped out screaming: “Youidiot!Why didn't you look where you were going?”
I surveyedthe damage.Both cars hadsustainedseriousdents.I sat there like aguiltychild as the woman continuedcomplaining.“It's your fault,” she shouted.I couldn'tprotest.My knees began to shake.Ichokedbackmy tears.“Do you haveinsurance? Can you pay for this? Who are you?” she kept asking.“Who are you?”
I panickedand, without thinking, shouted, “I'm Doctor Eppley's son.”
I sat t here stunned.I couldn't believe what I had just said.Almost immediately, the woman's frown became a smile ofrecognition.“I'm sorry,” she replied, “I didn't realize who you were.” An hour later, I drove my father'sbatterednew car back home.With my head down and my knees still shaking, Itrudgedinto the house.I explained what had happened.“Are you hurt?” he asked.“No,” I replied.“Good,” he answered.Then he turned and headed toward the door.“Harold,” he said as he was leaving, “Hold your head up.”
That night wasNew Year'sEve, and my family attended a small party with friends to celebrate the beginning of another year.When midnight arrived, people cheered and greeted each other.Across the room I saw my father.I stepped toward him.My father and Irarelyhug.But recalling the day's events, I wrappedmy arms around his shoulders.And I spoke his real name for the first time in years.I said, “Thank you, Dad.Happy New Year.”
医生的儿子
我还是个婴儿的时候，我的父母亲搬到了佛蒙特州。我那温文尔雅的父亲在一个名叫伊诺斯堡的小镇上毫不张扬地开业行医了。很快，当地人就把他当成了自己人。在佛蒙特州的小镇上，消息传播得很快。人们分得清谁是好人。邻居们都称我的父亲为埃普利医生。我很快意识到，只要我住在伊诺斯堡镇，我就永远只是“埃普利医生的儿子”。
入学的第一天，同学们就簇拥着我，因为我是医生的儿子。“要是你多少有点像你父亲的话，你就会是个聪明的孩子。”我的一年级老师这么说。我忍不住眉开眼笑。
•可是在我十几岁的时候，事情起了变化。•我都十六岁了，邻居们还是称呼我“埃普利医生的儿子”。他们说我长大了一定会是一个可敬又勤劳的年轻人，会像我父亲那样过着体面的生活。每当我听到这些赞美，我都很不以为然地哼哼几声。
我不知道自己怎样才能融入我那些少年朋友的圈子。我讨厌父亲的好名声像影子一样跟着我。所以当陌生人问起我是不是埃普利医生的儿子时，我会带着强调的口气说：“我叫哈罗德。我自己能管好自己的事。”出于反叛，我开始对父亲直呼其名，不叫他“爸爸”，而叫他“萨姆”。
“你最近为什么这么犟？”有次争吵时，我父亲这样问我。
“哼，萨姆。我想你难过了吧！”
“你知道的，你叫我萨姆让我很伤心。”我父亲大声地说。
“哦，那人人都指望我像你一样，也很让我伤心呢。我不要完美，我只想做我自己。”
我好不容易挨完高中，总算满了十八岁。第二年秋天我上了大学。我选中了一所远离伊诺斯堡的学校，一个没人管我叫“埃普利医生的儿子”的地方。
在大学里，有天晚上我和一帮学生在宿舍聊起我们的生活。我们开始谈起我们童年最讨厌的事情。“想都不用想，”我说，“我受不了在一个每个人都拿我跟我父亲比的地方生活。”
坐在我身边的女孩皱起眉头说：“这我就不理解了。要是有这么个令人尊敬的父亲我一定会很骄傲的。”她的眼里噙着泪继续说，“要是有人把我叫做我父亲的孩子，那我会不惜一切地珍重这荣誉！但我不知道他在哪里。他抛弃了我的母亲,那时我才四岁。”
大家陷入了尴尬的沉默，然后我转开了话题。她的话我当时还听不进去。
那年寒假我回了家，心中充满了自豪感。在大学的四个月中，我交了好些朋友。我没有靠父亲，而是靠自己的本事赢得了众人的欢心。
回到伊诺斯堡的两个星期里，我一直都很高兴。父亲的新车成了家里人感兴趣的话题。
“让我开出去转转。”我说。
父亲同意了，但跟往常一样提醒我，“小心点。”
我瞪了他一眼，“萨姆，我讨厌你老把我当成个孩子。我都上大学了。你以为我不会开车啊？”
从父亲的脸上看得出我伤了他的心，也想起每次直呼“萨姆”时他是多么不高兴。
“那去吧。”他说。
我跳进车里，•沿路开去，•享受着佛蒙特乡间的美丽风景。我有点心神不定。在一个繁忙的十字路口，不知怎么地就跟我前面的车撞了个正着。
车里的妇人跳出来尖叫，“你这个白痴！你开车难道不看路吗？”
我看了一眼，两辆车都被撞蹩了。
我像个犯了错的孩子一样，坐在那儿听着那妇人不停地抱怨。“全怪你！”她尖叫道。我无法反驳，双腿发抖，泪水在眼眶里转。她不停地问，“你是谁？”
我害怕起来，•想也没想就叫道，•“我是埃普利医生的儿子。”
我坐在那里惊呆了。我简直不相信我自己会这么说。几乎同时，•妇人皱起的眉头变成了似曾相识的笑容。“对不起。•”她答道，“我刚才不知道你是谁。”
一小时后，我开着被撞破了的车回了家。我低着头，迈着发颤的双腿，•拖着步子走进家门。•我解释了所发生的一切。
“受伤了吗？”他问。
“没有。”我回答。
“那就好。”他答道，然后转身向门口走去。“哈罗德，抬起头来。”他边走边说。
那晚是除夕之夜，我们全家与朋友参加了一个小型晚会庆祝新年。午夜来临，每个人都欢呼并互相祝福。我看到父亲在房间的另一头，我向他走去。父亲与我很少拥抱，但我想起了白天的事，我用双臂搂着他的肩膀，很多年来第一次用他“真实的”名字来称呼他。我说，“谢谢你，爸爸。新年快乐！”
第五篇：大学英语期末考试翻译题
大学英语期末考试翻译题
（一）中国人注重人与自然的和谐相处。在中国传统思想中，“天人合一”是一个著名的话题。中国传统思想更注重个人修养的提升，更注重“修身养性”；更为重视智慧的体悟而对逻辑推理不是特别在意。可以说，中国有一套完整的影响了中国几千年的思想体系，而这套体系最重要的组成部分就是孔子（Confucius）、孟子（Mencius）开创的儒家思想（Confucianism）和老子（Laozi）、庄子（Zhuangzi）开创的道家思想（Taoism）以及中国特色的佛学思想（Buddhism）。其中，对中国影响最大、最深远的是儒家思想。
The Chinese people pay more attention to the harmonious relation between human beings and nature.“Nature and man are one”is a familiar statement in traditional Chinese ideology.Much emphasis is laid upon the moral cultivation and temper refinement as well as the spiritual enlightenment on the part of the individual rather than upon the logic reasonning.For thousands of years,China,so to speak,has been under the influence of a holistic system of thoughts,which is largely composed of Confucianism initiated by Confucius and Mencius,Taoism initiated by Laozi and Zhuangzi,as well as Buddhish with Chinese characteristics,among which Confucianism played a fundamental role in shaping China.（二）关汉卿是元代成就最高、影响最大的剧作家，他一生写了60多部杂剧（zaju），现存的还有18部，大多表现了下层妇女的苦难和斗争。他的代表作《窦娥冤》（Injustice to Dou E）是元杂剧中最著名的悲剧。剧中描写了善良的女子窦娥，遭到坏人陷害，被官府关进监狱，最终含冤被杀的故事。关汉卿的创作对后世戏曲的发展产生了巨大的影响。他不仅是中国伟大的戏剧家，也是世界文化名人。
Guan Hanqing was the greatest and most productivive playwright/dramatist of the time.He created over 60 zaju plays,of which 18 are still extant,mostly about the misery and stuggles of women at the bottom of the society,His representative work “Injustice to Dou E ”is the best known of the zaju tragedies.It tells of a kind-hearted young woman falsely accused and thrown into prison by the local authorities and finally murdered.Guan’s plays had great influence on the development of drama of later generations.He is not only the greatest playwright/dramatist in China,but also one of the cultural celebrities of the world.（三）印刷术发明以前，读书人要得到一本新书，只有一个字一个字地抄写。隋末唐初时，发明了雕版印刷术（block printing），提高了印书的速度。但是每印一本书都要雕大量的版，还是十分费事。到了900多年前的北宋时期，毕昇经过反复试验，发明了活字印刷术（movable type printing）。他把字刻在一小块一小块的胶泥（clay）上，放在火里烧硬，做成一个个活字（movable characters）。活字印刷术的发明大大加快了世界各国文化发展、交流的速度。
Before printing was invented,a scholar had to copy word for word if he wanted to own it.In the Sui and Tang dynasties,the technology of block printing was invented, and therefore the speed of printing was increased.But when a book was to be printed,many wooden blocks had to be engraved so it was rather troublesome.Till the Northern Song Dynasty more than 900 years ago,Bi Sheng invented movable type printing after repeated experiments.The invention of the printing technique greatly sped up the international development of culture and exchanges.（四）京剧(Peking Opera or Beijing Opera)是中国流行最广、影响最大的一个剧种，有近200年的历史。京剧在形成过程中，吸收了许多地方戏的精华，又受到北方方言和风俗习惯的影响。京剧虽然诞生在北京，但不仅仅是北京的地方戏，中国各地都有演出京剧的剧团（troupe）。京剧作为中华民族戏曲的精华，在国内外都有很大的影响。许多外国人专门到中国来学唱京剧。许多京剧表演艺术家也曾到世界各地访问演出，受到了各国人民的喜爱。
Peking Opera is the most popular and influential opera in China with history of almost 200 years.In the course of its formation,it absorbed the best from many other local operas and was affected by Beijing local dialect and customs.Though Peking Opera originated from Beijing,it is not a localized opera exclusive to Beijing only.Peking Opera troupes can be found in most regions of China.Peking Opera, as the national opera,enjoys a high reputation both inside and outside China.Many foreigners have come to China to learn Peking Opera,while many Beijing Opera troupes and famous opera actors and actress have frequently been invited to perform a Peking broad and have been highly appreciated by foreign audiences.（五）汉字是世界上最古老的文字之一，也是世界上使用人数最多的文字。汉字的数量很多，总数约60000个，其中常用字约6000个。汉字历史悠久，千百年来，中国人都是用繁体字（Traditional Chinese characters/Traditional Chinese）来书写，但是，笔画繁多的繁体字，难认、难记，也难于书写。1949年以后，为了普及教育的需要，中国政府统一对汉字进行了较大规模的简化工作，先后有2000多个繁体字被简化字（Simplified Chinese characters/Simplified Chinese）取代。现在，简化字是联合国的工作文字之一。
The Chinese characters constitute one of mankind’s oldest systems of writing，and have the most users in the world.There are numerous Chinese characters,totaling about 60,000,with about 6,000 basic ones.Chinese characters hanve a long history.For thousands of years,Chinese people had been writing in Traditional Chinese.However,the Traditional Chinese characters are difficult to identify,memorize and write due to their complicated strokes.From 1949,for the sake of the popularization of education,the Chinese government simplified the Chinese Chracters on large scale.There are more than 2,000 Traditional Chinese Characters that were simplified to today’s appearance.Nowadays Simplified Chinese is one of the working languages used by the UN.(六)春节在中国是一年中最重要的节日，既是旧的一年的结束，更是新的一年的
开始。春节是在农历（the Chinese lunar calendar）每年的一月一日，通常在公历（the Gregorian calendar）的一月下旬到二月上旬这个阶段。春节这种习俗，在中国已经传承了几千年了。如今，每年春节之前，全中国的各大火车站、长途汽车站、飞机场都会异常忙碌。人们想方设法，及时回到各自的家中，与家人团聚。
In China,the Spring Festival is the most important festival in a year.It marks the end of the previous year and the beginning of the new year.It is the first day of the first lunar month each year,usually between the last ten days of January and the ten days of February.The Spring Festival as a custom has been celebrated in China for thousands of years.Nowadays,each year before the Spring Festival ,all railway station , long-distance bus station and airports in China are extremely busy.People try their best to come back to their homes in time for family reunion.（七）中国地域广阔，人口众多，即使都使用汉语言，各地区说的话也不一样，这就是方言。方言俗称地方话，是汉语在不同地域的分支，只通行于一定的地域。汉语方言十分复杂，相互之间存在语音、词汇、语法三个方面的差异。为了方便各地区人民之间的交流，中国政府十分重视推广普通话的工作，鼓励大家都学普通话（putonghua or Standard Chinese or Mandarin Chinese）。
China has a vast territory and a large population.Even though people all use the Chinese language,they speak it differently in different areas.In other words,they speak different dialects.Generally called local language,dialects are branches of the Chinese language only used in certain areas.They are complicated and differ from each other in three aspects:pronunciation,vocabulary and grammar.The most outstanding differences can be found in pronunciation.For the benefit if promoting cultural exchange among people in different areas,the Chinese government attaches great importance to popularizing putonghua and encourages people to learn it.(八)早在战国时期（the Warring States Period），中国人就使用磁石（magnet）
制成了指示方向的仪器——司南。到了宋代，人们把磁石和方位盘（an azimuth plate）结合起来制成了“罗盘”。罗盘进而演变成我们今天所熟悉的指南针。指南针的发明，给航海事业带来了划时代的影响，世界航运史也由此翻开了新的一页。明朝初期郑和七下西洋（seven maritime voyages），15世纪哥伦布（Christopher Columbus）发现新大陆和麦哲伦（Ferdinand Magellan）环绕地球航行等壮举,都是指南针用于航海事业的成果。
As early as the Warring States Period,the Chinese invented sinan, a direction-indicating instrument using a magnet.In the Song Dynasty,people created luopan by combining a magnet needle with an azimuth plate,which envolved into what we today know as the compass.The invention of the compass had an epoch-making influence on navigation,thereby opening up a new era in the history of international navigation.The extraordinary achievements——Zheng He’s seven maritime voyages in the early Ming Dynasty,Christopher Columbus’discovery of the New World and Ferdinand Magellan’s sail round the world in the 15th century——were made possible because of the application of the compass for navigation.（九）中秋节在农历八月十五，正好在秋分（the autumn equinox）前后。农历每月的十五日是月亮最圆的时候。中秋之夜，人们与家人一边品尝瓜果和月饼，一边赏月。月饼最早用于祭祀（sacrifice）的目的，逐渐变成了中秋节的特有食品。中国人对月亮有一种独特的情感，他们认为中秋月圆是合家团圆的象征。分散在各地的家人会在这一夜回家团聚，赶不回家的人也要打电话回家问候父母和亲人。
The Mid-Autumn Day,the August 15th of the lunar calendar,falls during the autumn equinox.The fifteenth of each lunar month in the calendar is the day of the full moon.On the night of the Festival,people enjoy fruits and moon cakes with their family members as they appreciate the moon’s beauty.The moon cake,which was
originally used for sacrifice,has gradually become a special food of the Festival.The Chinese people have a special emotion for the moon.They believe that the full moon of the Mid-Autumn Festival is a symbol of family reunion.It is for sure a time for family members to be reunited at home.Those who can not make it home would make phone calls and send their best regards to their parents and relatives.（十）在中国中部河南省安阳市，有一片面积约24平方公里的都城废墟，俗称殷墟（the Yin Ruins），这是个注定要被要被永远载入世界文明史册中的名字。自从1928年首次发掘以来，这里出土了包括甲骨（tortoise shells）、青铜器（bronze wares）在内的大量文物（cultural relics）。甲骨上的文字即甲骨文（the oracle bone script）的发现则是世界考古史上的大事之一。甲骨文记载了3000多年前中国社会政治、经济、文化等各方面的资料，是现存最早最珍贵的历史文物。甲骨文一直是研究中国古代历史特别是商代历史的最重要的直接史料。
In Anyang,in central China’s Henan Province,there is a capital city ruins of 24 square kilometers called the Yin Ruins,whose name is destined to make a difference in the history.Since its first excavation in 1928,the Yin Ruins has provided the world with numerous cultural relics including tortoise shells and bronze wares.The discovery of the characters on the shells ,also known as the oracle bone script,is a great event in the history of archaeology.The characters of the oracle bone script recorded the information of 3,000 years ago about Chinese social politics , economics ,culture and so on.They have been the most important direct historical materials for us to study on Chinese ancient history.
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