器官移植类犯罪初探

第一篇：器官移植类犯罪初探

由杀鸡取卵想起的器官移植涉及的犯罪的思考

器官移植犯罪不是一种单一的犯罪，而是一类犯罪的总称，是指在器官移植前，器官移植过程中以及器官移植后于器官移植有关的法定犯罪和待“犯罪化”的各种严重危害社会行为的统称。

在《刑法修正案(八)》颁布之前，对非法买卖人体器官行为以非法经营罪加以认定，可以说是在法律未对非法买卖人体器官犯罪加以明确规定的情况下司法机关所采取的权宜之计，有助于从根本上惩治人体器官犯罪，强化刑法对民生的保护。《刑法修正案(八)》第37 条所规定的人体器官犯罪涵盖了组织出卖人体器官罪、故意伤害罪、故意杀人罪和盗窃、侮辱尸体罪等四种犯罪，除此之外，该类法定的犯罪形式还包括危害公共卫生罪中的大部分罪名（如：医疗事故罪，非法行医罪，传染病菌种、病毒扩散罪等）。作为人体器官犯罪的对象，人体器官既包括活体器官，也涵盖尸体器官，但不包括同属人体材料的人体组织和人体细胞。《刑法修正案(八)》未将单位规定为人体器官犯罪的主体，且在对精神病人人体器官的特殊保护方面并没有规定。由于器官移植本身的特殊性，器官移植犯罪还其独特的表现方式——待“犯罪化”的行为，是指行为人为达到得到人体器官或者移植器官的目的而实施的我国刑法为规定但是有着严重社会危害性的行为。如将精神病人作为器官移植供体的行为、实施异种器官移植实验导致病毒蔓延的行为。

1、将未成年人、精神病人作为器官移植供体的行为

精神病人全部或者部分丧失了辨认和控制自己行为的能力，有人认为可以将精神病人作为器官移植的供体，以缓解器官移植中供体的不足。虽然精神病人呢在生理上存在缺陷但是因此就否定它所应当享有的生存权和健康权。

精神病人的监护人也可在为救助其亲属的情况下代替他们做出同意移植其器官的意思表示，但应以不损害他们的健康为限。

2、人体试验的行为

器官移植的医学上分为同种器官移植和一种器官移植，人与人之间的器官移植为同种器官移植，动物与人之间的移植为异种器官移植。由于人体器官的来源有限，远不能满足器官衰竭患者的需求，因此异种器官移植技术的发展带来了新的希望，同时加大了是人类感染动物传染病的危险。在对于异种器官移植没有可靠地证据证明其安全性的问题是，擅自实施异种器官移植，导致出现新的传染性的病毒或者引起传染性病毒扩散后果的行为，不仅对器官移植的受体会产生极大的危害，而且还可能会触发新的艾滋病流行，危机整个人类的生存，对于这种急功近利，缺乏医学伦理道德观念，无视病人甚至整个人类利益的人体试验行为，有必要从严惩处。

人体器官、人体组织和人体细胞都对人体健康具有重要价值，能够有效弥补相关器官、组织的功能性缺失。从对该三类人体材料实施犯罪行为的危害性来看，非法摘取人体组织和人体细胞的行为对人体健康的损害和生命的威胁是存在的。面对个体的骨髓、角膜、心脏瓣膜等人体组织被非法摘取的情形，恐怕很难说这样的行为的社会危害性程度要远远小于摘取人体肝、肾等器官。在司法实践和现实生活中，已经存在着非法摘取、出售人体组织的行为，对此有通过立法予以规制的必要，当然，考虑到刑事立法的谦抑性，在人体组织和人体细胞的立法保护方面，可以优先选择将人体组织犯罪纳入刑法调整的范围，毕竟，与人体组织和人体器官相比，人体细胞对公众健康权的侵害没有那么严重。

法律是规制和促进器官移植事业发展，保障公民生命健康权利的的最佳手段, 因此人体器官移植立法的脚步必须加快。纵观世界各国的人体器官移植立法, 吸取其中适合我国国情的制度和规则, 不断完善对于生命健康权利的保护, 无疑将会规范并促进我国人体器官移植事业加速发展。

第二篇：犯罪类话题有点像

在雅思写作的考试中，犯罪类话题有点像“最熟悉的陌生人”，称它“熟悉”是因为除了在小作文中偶尔亮个相之外，每年大作文中都有三到四次的考察频率，并不算特别冷门；而说它“陌生”是因为在考生族群绝大多数是学生的大背景下，犯罪似乎是一个离考生们的生活稍微有那么一点儿距离的话题，至少不太为多数的中国学生所讨论。那么为了避免在考场上出现“你不问我就不谈，你问了我就认栽”的尴尬状况，甚至很多考生表示在看到该类话题的一瞬间就有了重新报考下一场考试的念头，笔者今天就稍微整理一下雅思写作对于“犯罪类话题”的考察，通过考察要求和应对方案这两个角度来解构一下这块难啃的硬骨头。

一、考察要求

在这样一个大数据时代，明确雅思写作考试对于“犯罪类话题”的考察要求的最佳方式莫过于回顾一下历年的真题，在众多的真题中找到一点官方出题的规律，让数据讲实话。

20080112: Some peoplethink the best way of reducing crime is to give longer prison sentences.Others,however, think there are other better ways to reduce crime.Discuss both views andgive your own opinion.20080918: Some peoplethink sending criminals to prison is not an effectiveway to deal with them.Education and job training are better.Towhat extent do you agree or disagree with this statement? 20090917: Some peoplethink that all the lawbreakers should be sent into the jail, while others believethat they should also be made to do some work or learn some skills in the community.What is your opinion? 20100130: Many peoplebelieve that today there is a general increase in anti-social behaviors and lackof respect for others.What might have caused this situation?How to improve it? 20100804: In manyparts of the world childrenand teenagers are committing more crimes.What are the causes and how shouldthey be punished? 20110122: Todaythere is a great increase in anti-social behaviors and lack of respect to others.What are the causes of this? Who should take responsibilityfor dealing with it? 20110820: Some peoplebelieve that if police force carries guns, this encourages higher levels of violencein that society.To what extent do you agree or disagree? 20120512: Todayprison is the most common solution for crime.But some people think thatit would be a more effective way to provide them with better education to prevent themfrom becoming criminals.To what extent do you agree or disagree? 20121103: Many peopleare afraid to leave home because of crimes.Some people believe that more action should be takento prevent crimes, but others feel little can be done.Discuss both views and giveyour opinion.20130216: Some peoplethink all lawbreakers should be sent to prison, while others believethat there are better alternatives.Discuss both views and give your opinion.20131109: Some peoplebelieve that young peoplewho commit serious crimes should be punished in the same way as adults.To whatextent do you agree or disagree? 20140607: Some peoplebelieve that if the police force carries guns, it would encourage a higher levelof violence in the society.To what extent do you agree or disagree? 20140802: In manyparts of the world, childrenand teenagers are committing more crimes, what are the causes? How should theseyoung criminals to be punished.20141108: Some peoplethink most crimes are the result of circumstanceslike poverty and other social problems.Others believe that they are caused by people who arebad in nature.Discuss both views and give your opinion.20150425: Some peoplethink that teenagersshould be given the same punishment as adult criminals.To what extent do you agreeor disagree? 20150618: In manycountries, a high proportion of criminal acts are committed by teenagers.What are the causes of this phenomenonand how to solve it.20150903: Many peopleare afraid to leave their homes because of their fear of crime.Some believe thatmore action should be taken to prevent crime, but othersfeel that little can be done.Discuss both views and give your own opinion.题目中标红的部分为涉及到对罪犯惩处的讨论，而标橙的部分为涉及到犯罪原因和解决方式的讨论，另外标注阴影的部分为涉及到青少年犯罪的讨论，没有任何标注的为警察配枪的话题，因而得到以下这个饼图。

我们不难发现，虽然讨论的是犯罪类这样一个稍显小众的话题，但是考察的方向仍然是有限并且有规律的。主要的四大方向有：

一、罪犯的处罚方式；

二、犯罪行为的原因和应对；

三、青少年犯罪；

四、警察配枪的问题。并且随着时间的推移，近年来针对青少年犯罪的考察更加频繁，并且有与其他话题跨界及合并的趋势。所以在平时的教学过程中可以从思路和词汇两个方面入手，找准题目的切入口并且储备一定量的相关词汇，帮助考生掌握常见的犯罪类话题正确的写作方式，从而做到充分准备和从容应对。

二、应对方案

罪犯的处罚方式的考察一般是要求考生在“直接投入监狱”和“提供教育和培训”中做出讨论和选择，所以考生应该要做以下头脑风暴：

※ 对罪犯进行监禁是有一定的必要性的，不然这个世界也不会有监狱这种东西的存在了。尤其是对于一些严重危害社会安全或者屡教不改重复犯罪的犯人，把他们投入监狱体现了法律的公正和严明，利用监禁剥夺罪犯的人身自由来达到惩戒的目的，也是对于其他守法者的人身和财产安全的保护。另外对于受害者的家人，也算是一种精神上的安慰。监狱作为一种惩罚工具，不仅可以有效地控制犯罪者的行为，同时也能对潜在的犯罪分子有一定的威慑作用。☆ 相关语料

crime = criminality 犯罪

the incidence of various criminalities hovers at a relatively high level 犯罪率居高不下

afflict/agonize the sufferers 给受害者带来痛苦 jeopardize the security of the society 危害社会的安全

habitual criminals = hardened criminals 惯犯、怙恶不悛的罪犯 recidivism = repetitive criminality = continuous crimes 累计犯罪 criminals = offenders = law-breakers=perpetrators 犯罪分子 felons = serious offenders 重刑犯 reactionary gang 黑帮 gangster 歹徒、恶棍 terrorist 恐怖分子 bully 小混混 rehabilitate 改造

serve the purpose of rehabilitating criminals 起到改造罪犯的作用 imprison(imprisonment)关押

put into prison/jail = locked behind the bars 投入监狱 be deprived of freedom 被剥夺了自由 penal 刑事的 civil 民事的

fairness = justice = impartiality 公正性 judicial system 司法制度 potential criminals 潜在罪犯 deter威慑，震慑

deter sb from doing sth = stop sb from doing sth 阻止某人做…… have a deterring effect on 对…有威慑作用

has a deterrent role to play in…… 可以在……方面发挥威慑作用 provide criminals with custom-tailored ways of reclamation 应该提供量体裁衣（因人而异）的改造方式 victim 受害者 human right 人权

provide the victims and their families with great spiritualconsolation 给受害人及家庭以精神上的慰藉

※ 对于其他偶发性的犯罪行为，要参考犯罪动机来制定惩罚方式。比如过失犯罪者和法律意识不健全的罪犯，进行法律知识的普及和教育是必要的。对于因为迫于生计而进行犯罪的，要给予他们生存技能的培训，这样才能有效地防止再次犯罪。另外还要考虑到有些人犯罪是由于心理方面的问题，所以给予这部分罪犯心理上的疏导和帮助更为实际。☆ 相关语料 motive 动机 petty crime 轻微罪行 act on impulse 一时冲动 leniently 宽容地

be fully aware of something 充分意识到 legal consciousness 法律意识 popularize 普及 publicize 宣传

identify the true motivation behind criminals 找到罪犯背后的动机 livelihood 生计、生存

the hardship of making a living 谋生的艰难 survival skill 生存技能

mental disease/illness/disorder 心理疾病 psychological guidance 心理疏导 feasible = practical 实际的、可行的

released prisoners = those who are set free from the prison刑满释放的人 犯罪行为的原因和应对这个考察点主要是让考生对于犯罪行为产生的原因进行分类讨论并且给出相应的解决方案，考生需要做以下的头脑风暴

※ 青少年犯罪行为的原因可以结合教育类话题来思考，除了本身青春期的冲动，明辨是非能力较弱外，更多的原因是来自于家庭的教育和社会环境的影响。家庭方面要考虑到父母对于孩子的溺爱、忽视和离异可能会让孩子变得以自我为中心，不考虑他人的感受，甚至无视法律。社会方面要考虑到网络和其他媒体上有很多包含暴力元素的影视作品，而心智不成熟的青少年很容易盲目地模仿，甚至触犯法律和道德的底线。☆ 相关语料

youth crime = teenage crime = juvenile delinquency 青少年犯罪 teenage criminal = young offender = juvenile law-breaker 少年犯 adolescence 青春期 immature = naive 不成熟 impulse 冲动 hormone 荷尔蒙

distinguish right from wrong 明辨是非 spoil = dote 溺爱 neglect = ignore 忽视

parental divorce/separation 父母离异 single-parent household 单亲家庭

limited access to education 受教育程度有限 self-oriented 以自我为中心 Internet = cyber 网络 indiscriminate 盲目的 imitation = duplication 模仿

arouse one’s violent impulse 诱发暴力冲动

mislead one’s life outlook and values 误导人生观和价值观 go/lead astray 误入歧途 embark on the criminal road 走上犯罪道路

conduct some anti-social offences 做出反社会的行为 misconduct = misdeed 劣迹、恶行违法行为 相关例句：

1.Without appropriateparental guidance, those teenagers who lack the capability to distinguish rightfrom wrong are vulnerable to the violent or pornographic content on TV shows.一旦缺失了父母合理的引导，那些缺乏明辨是非能力的青少年很容易成为电视节目中暴力色情内容的受害者。

2.The over commercializedmass media is besieged with vivid depiction of various criminal activities and violence.过度商业化的大众传媒中充斥着对于犯罪和暴力行为生动的报道和描述。3.Television violencehas contributed directly to the rising crime, as evidence by statistics showinga dramatic rise in copycat crimes.统计数据表明因模仿而产生的犯罪行为有急剧的增长，这佐证了电视中的暴力元素直接地导致了日益增长的犯罪率。

※ 成年人犯罪行为的原因可以结合社会类话题来思考，一方面科学研究的确表明谋杀等犯罪行为和基因遗传有一定的联系，另一方面成年人的犯罪行为更多的与其所处的环境有关，比如贫富差距过大，缺少必要的生存技能，教育程度低导致的法律意识淡薄等。☆ 相关语料 homicide 他杀 murder 谋杀 gene 基因 inheritance 遗传

growth environment 成长环境 less educated 教育程度低

wealth gap between rich and poor 贫富差距 相关例句：

1.Some people dohave the tendency of violence that is probably inherited via their genes.有人确实天生具有暴力倾向，这可能是从基因中遗传而来的。

2.Individuals havesome inherited characteristics and these can be significant in affecting their personalitiesand behaviors.人们都有一些遗传的特征，这些特征对他们的性格和行为有很大的影响。解决方案方面，需要结合前面的原因讨论给出有针对性的提议。

※ 根据青少年犯罪的特点，更多地考虑到年龄段的特殊性来制定惩罚措施。除非是恶性犯罪或者惯犯，需要投入监狱并辅以教育，其他的较为轻微的犯罪行为，应该以教育为主并且辅以社区义务劳动。☆ 相关语料

malicious 恶性的、恶意的

take into account/consideration 考虑在内 receive different penalty 接受不同的惩罚 punish(punishment)= penalize(penalty)惩罚 community service 社区义务服务

provide favorable educational environment 提供良好的教育环境

※ 成年人犯罪要充分考虑到犯罪动机和社会影响，以囚禁和教育（法律知识、生存技能和心理辅导）相结合的形式进行惩处，最终达到防止再次犯罪的目的。☆ 相关语料

criminal motive 犯罪动机 social influence/impact 社会影响

strengthen/enhance one’s law-abiding awareness 提高守法意识 commit crime again 再次犯罪 combine = integrate 结合、综合

※ 家庭方面，父母要多关注孩子的成长和心理变化，并且与学校加强沟通和互动，及时发现问题，防微杜渐。父母本身也要做好榜样，日常生活中避免家庭暴力并遵纪守法。☆ 相关语料

physical and psychological well-being 身心健康 communication and interaction 沟通和互动 set an example for 树立榜样 role model 行为榜样 domestic violence 家庭暴力 observe discipline 遵纪 abide by laws 守法

※ 社会方面，完善相关立法，违法必究，执法必严。同时要对媒体和网络内容加强审查，建立分级制度。此外还要注重社会公平，缩小贫富差距，维持社会稳定和和谐。增强警力并且在公共场所安装更多的摄像头，对潜在的犯罪分子产生威慑作用。☆ 相关语料 legislation 立法

implement = carry out 执行 censorship 审查 supervise = monitor 监管

purify the cyber world 净化网络世界 legislation 立法

enact laws 出台、制定法律 stability 稳定 harmony 和谐

bridge/narrow the gap 缩小差距 police force 警力

surveillance camera 监控摄像头

另一个考察方向是青少年犯罪是否应该和成年人犯罪采取同样的惩罚方式，这里可以重点分析这二者的区别，头脑风暴可以参考上文所提及的青少年犯罪和成年人犯罪的原因，文中让步段可以稍微提一下相同的惩罚措施是对法律公平性的体现，但是主体段还是分析二者巨大的差异性而提出不该同罪同罚的论点，并且点明同罪同罚对于青少年以后的人生和成长不利。☆ 相关语料

fixed punishment = be punished alike = receive identical punishment同罪同罚 disparity = difference 差异 characteristic = feature = trait 特点

personalized = customized 个性化的、因人而异的

最后一个考察方向是警察是否应该配枪的问题，这个话题的考察频率最低（仅在2004年、2011年和2014年出现过），但是难度很大，很多考生如果没有思考过类似的问题，很难在考场上短时间内完成该话题的写作。所以该话题的头脑风暴应该有以下几个方向。

※ 支持警察配枪的理由包括：这么做既可以有效地处理正在发生的犯罪行为并且终结混乱，又可以威慑潜在犯罪行为并保障公共安全。其次，配备枪支可以保障警察的人身安全，在面临暴徒的时候可以做到自我防卫。最后配枪行为也是一个执法力的象征，让普通民众感到安全。☆ 相关语料

possess guns 持有枪支 armed police 武装警察 gun control 枪支管控

effectively and efficiently 有效并且高效 crack down on 制裁、镇压 crime scene 犯罪现场 chaos = mess 混乱

a symbol of capability to enforce the law 执法能力的象征 deter 威慑 terrorism 恐怖主义 potential crime 潜在犯罪 personal security 人身安全 public safety 公共安全 self-defense 自我防卫 sense of safety/security 安全感

※ 反对警察配枪的理由包括，警察可能会滥用枪支，在与持枪罪犯的交火中导致无辜民众受伤，增加了执法的风险。但是训练有素的警察是可以降低这一风险的，所以反方提出的风险是可以被减小和规避的。☆ 相关语料 abuse 滥用

accidental injury = be shot by mistake 误伤 innocent 无辜的 civilian平民、民众 pedestrian 行人 well-trained 训练有素的 risky 有风险的 evade 避免、规避

最后，希望考生们在平时可以多读书、多观察、多思考，在准备各个话题的时候都可以问自己两个问题，第一写什么，第二如何去写。前者是解决话题的切入点，让自己变得有话可说，后者是关注词汇、语法和论证，让自己的观点能够被读者理解并且信服。当然，作文从本质上而言是写出来的，而并非是看出来或者想出来的，所以各位考生还是要多多练笔，多修改才能有进步。

第三篇：雅思写作犯罪类

雅思写作教育类范文

1.In many countries, crime is increasing.What are the main reasons for this? What can be done to improve the situation? Although it is arguably impossible to pinpoint a single cause for the recent rise in global crime, the main culprits are thought to be poverty and political oppression.A commonality between the two appears to be the dissatisfaction of a people.Thus, it is argued that global crime can be reduced through measures that promote public feelings of well-being and security.To prove this, strategies that reduce poverty and oppression will be analyzed.Firstly, encouraging prosperity among poverty-stricken areas can be a very powerful tool when combating crime.For example, a once dangerous area of my hometown in Ottawa has undergone major infrastructural development over the past twenty years.The addition of schools, libraries and quality health facilities led to the establishment of a new economical status for the people who lived there.With the rise of this new affluence came a major fall in crime rates.This clearly shows how tackling the issue of poverty creates inroads against violations of the law.In addition to this, providing people more political freedom can also reduce crime.For instance, over the past ten years China has increasingly allowed critical comment of its ruling party to appear in local newspapers.Despite the fact that this level of freedom pales in comparison with many other countries, it is felt this thawing of political control has done a lot to reduce crime rates across the country.Thus, providing increasing levels of political freedom can be seen as a measure to combat crime.After analyzing the reduction of poverty and political oppression, it is felt that crime is best tackled by reducing the causes of unrest among people.By following this course of action, major reductions in global crime rates are expected.2.Giving detailed descriptions of crime by newspaper and television, someone says it could make bad consequence;this kind of media should be restricted.To what extent do you agree or not agree? There is no doubt that the detailed descriptions of crimes have been given by most of newspapers and television programs these days.Based on this, some people think that this is adverse for the children.This is partly because such kind of descriptions will give them a deep negative impression.Surely, I agree that detailed descriptions of crimes should be limited by the government.Also, I believe that the detailed descriptions of crimes will increase the incidence of crimes.They point out that thousands of criminals learn how to commit a crime from TVs or films.It is well aware that the crimes in young children are increasing annually, and it would associate with a wide range of crimes which children watch every day.For example, the same means, as the films show, is similar to the crimes in the actual society, such as robbery, sexual crimes and murders.On the other hand, other people argue that it is pointless to restrict this kind of media.They probably think that the detailed descriptions of crimes are beneficial for people to prevent crimes.It seems that people will improve alert sense, when they see the crime means as TV programs show.However, they hardly realize that the negatives outnumber the positives.In the meanwhile, people can learn how to prevent crimes by the other means such as Internet and books.In conclusion, I would like to express that the detailed descriptions of crimes should be restricted, but also that the government should appeal to people to learn how to keep away from crimes or dangers.3.Prison is not a cure for crime.To reduce crime in the long-term, courts should significantly reduce prison sentences and focus on education and community work to help criminals not to re-offend.To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion? There are many different opinions on the best way to reduce crime.The traditional solution is to be hard on criminals and put them in prison for a very long time.An opposing view is expressed by people with more modern ideas.They think that education and job training are the long-term solutions to cutting crime.So who is rightIt is important to understand that some people are a real danger to society and need to stay in prison for a very long time.4.问题同上

As a punishment for criminals passed down generation after generation, imprisonment seems an effective deterrence.However, this is not true in dealing with the problem of soaring crime rate.So some people begin to challenge the existing practice, and suggest that education and job training should be offered to them.Personally, I am in favor of this proposal.To start with, there is no evidence showing a direct link between the imprisonment of criminals and the decline of crime rate.On the contrary, after being in prison for some time, some criminal recommit the same error, which indicates the failure of the very intention of imprisonment.Secondly, criminals, as human beings, may become very sensitive and self-abased for the prison record, they may even lose the confidence to lead ordinary and law-abiding lives.As a result, they may write themselves off as hopeless and resume the role of wrongdoers again.Last but not least, establishing and running too many prisons is a great financial strain for the government, which is a waste of money as well as human resources.In contrast, education and job training is a practice embodying humanism.It gives the wrongdoers a chance to the correct their misconduct and turn over a new leaf.This is especially true for those who go astray under some negative influence.By receiving job training, criminals may make a proper living rather than gaining profit in an illegal way.It would not long before the wrongdoers realize that they are still a member of community and they are not discriminated, which helps rebuild their confidence as well as contribute to the society.In conclusion, sending criminals to prison may serve as a deterrent rather than a solution to the problem, yet education and job training should be effective in the long run.5.Should parents be responsible for the kids crime? A recent report showing a 14-year-old child has killed her grandmother.The incident itself is very stunning to the public.Just as shown in the topic, crimes are not supposed to be done by younger people who are not legally responsible for what they did.What seems urgent to us is my appeals for those parents who should take the responsibility for any thing like this which should be prevented in advance.The most sounding reason for this is child should be supervised not only by school but also by his direct custody-his parents.No matter what blame we could put on child who has limited awareness of knowing what is correct to do and what is not, parents are not free from the duty that is already endowed by the society to watch their kids growing healthily.Moreover, parents have inevitable duty to educate their kids, let them know more about legal issues and right behaviors which is their basic lesson for life.We could be sure a kid is a good kid without any discipline of their parents.In terms of discipline, parents should also take the responsibility to face some punishment as they are supposed to be disciplined by the cruelty of society.Any kind of the crime indicated by the above itself means a lot to them and they should face the all around blames from the society and neighborhood.The loss of such a lawsuit will result in both the loss of face of their dignity and the loss of money in order to cover the compensation for the victims.So far so good, as for the age of kids who should take legal responsibility to such crime, the law has already settled for it.Countries around the world vary greatly.There is no fixed line, but one thing is sure, as soon as you grow into adult you should be responsible for what you do in society

6.Putting criminals into prisons is not an effective way to deal with them.Instead, education and job training should be offered.To what extent do you agree or disagree? How to handle criminals is a problem that all countries and societies face.Traditionally, the approach has been to punish them by placing them in prisons to pay for what they have done.Some, however, advocate for trying to make them better with training and education and it seems they may have a good point.First of all, consider all the money that we have to spend to lock people up in jail.It doesn’t seem like a good use of public money if the people don’t actually get any better.Because most criminals eventually are let out of prison, our focus should be on making them better citizens.In fact, the reason why many people end up in jail in the first place is because they didn’t have a good education or happy family.So if they can learn job skills they perhaps can find work and feel they can contribute in a positive way.If they do this, they won’t need crime.Surly everyone deserves a second chance.Of course this does not mean that we should be too lenient on criminals.Those who commit crime should still be punished, but during their punishment they should also be treated.If we make an investment in them and show compassion, most will be able to make a new start.To summarize, we must make more of an effort to go to the root of the problem.We need to treat criminals as patients and give them the medicine they need: education and training.By giving people the skills for a second chance we can make our society safer and healthier.词汇：Punish Vt.惩罚，处罚

Advocate Vt.提倡

jail n.监狱=prison lenient adj.宽大的，仁慈的 compassion n.同情

patient n.病人 短语：in jail 监禁

end up 最后结果

commit crime 犯罪

make an investment in 投资于

make an effort to do 努力去做 三分钟熟读或背诵本文最实用的三个句子：

In fact, the reason why many people end up in jail in the first place is because they didn’t have a good education or happy family.We need to treat criminals as patients and give them the medicine they need: education and training.By giving people the skills for a second chance we can make our society safer and healthier.7.Some people think the media should not report details of crimes to the public.To what extent do you agree or disagree?（8分）

With the crime rate hovering at high level, the print media as well as the electronic media dedicate large proportions of their space or airtime to detailed crime coverage.Whether the media should present detailed accounts of crimes has triggered spirited debate.Many assert that the news media should stop giving details of crimes.Speaking for myself, I totally agree with their views.In the first place, given the mercenary motives behind most detailed crime coverage, it is imperative that we discourage such coverage.The principal purpose of reporter covering criminal acts is to boost newspaper circulations or television ratings;much detailed crime coverage is biased or exaggerated.It only serves to leave a multitude of citizens constantly fearful about crime.In the second place, detailed reports of crimes by the press afford the potential criminals very useful learning materials.Reporting crimes in graphic detail helps those who are in the process of plan some criminal act to perfect their plans.Drawing on the well-documented crime stories in the media, would-be criminals learn how to avoid the mistakes in their crime.And this may aggravate the already soaring crime rate.In the third place, detailed reports of heinous crimes may traumatize the victims of the reported crimes.The reporters rarely consult the victims before they describe details of horrific crimes to the public.Hence, such reports become nothing more than an attempt to satisfy the curiosity of some base minds.Without the victims' consent, graphic accounts of crimes may become nightmares to them.In sum, detailed crime coverage in the media undermines our lives in several ways.I am convinced if such reports continue to go uncontrolled, it will exert even more baneful influence on individuals, communities and societies.表示同意可替换：approve of/ wholeheartedly support/ cannot agree with their view more/ consent to/ am for 不同意可替换：disagree with/ am against/ am opposed to/ object to/ disapprove of/ cannot go along with Sample 1: Prison is not a cure for crime.To reduce crime in the long-term, courts should significantly reduce prison sentences and focus on education and community work to help criminals not to re-offend.To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?

There are many different opinions on the best way to reduce crime.The traditional solution is to be hard on criminals and put them in prison for a very long time.An opposing view is expressed by people with more modern ideas.They think that education and job training are the long-term solutions to cutting crime.So whoe is right – the traditionalists or the modernists? People in favour of reducing prison sentences often argue that prisons should not sumply be places of punishment.In traditional prisons, people learn a lot about crime, so when they leave prison, they will commit more crimes.Education, however, gives people the skills to get a job when they leave prison, which means that they will probably not re-offend.Part-time work experience in the community is also very helpful as it is a step back into everyday life in society.People can be in prison, but they can also feel they are doing useful work.On the other hand, some people argue that long prison sentences are right because the punishment should fit the crime.If, for example, someone commits a serious crime such as band robbery, they should go to prison for a long time.They also believe that reducing prison sentences significantly reduces people’s fear of prison and consequently, people will commit more crimes.People will not be frightened of going to a prison which is like a university with learning and work experience opportunities.In short, I agree that education and community work can have an important role in helping reduce crime, but there should be strict controls on the type of community work prisoners can do – It is important to understand that some people are a rea danger to society and need to stay in prison for a very long time.Crime 类常用词汇

触犯法律——break/ violate/ flout/ disobey the law 犯罪——commit a crime

罪行——offences/ crimes/ criminal acts 罪犯——criminal/ offender/ culprit /perpetrator

从犯——accomplice / accessory（noun）（后者指帮助犯罪单未直接参与的人）

憎恨社会——resent society/ hold a grudge against society 囚犯——inmate/convicts 受害者——victim 心理创伤——trauma 牢房——cell

监禁——imprison / incarcerate someone 被绳之以法——be brought to justice 宽容的——lenient

改造罪犯——reform/ rehabilitate criminals 执法部门——law enforcement agencies 重罪——heinous crime/ flagitious crime/ felony 轻罪——petty crime / misdemeanor 初犯的人——first-time offender

惯犯——hardened criminals/ repeat criminals 再次犯罪——revert to crime 守法的公民——law-abiding citizens 遵守法律——abide by/ comply with the law 无视…——disregard

给某人造成心理创伤——traumatize someone 抓捕——track down/ hunt down/ capture 犯罪倾向——criminal tendency

arson 纵火;burglary 盗窃;fraud 诈骗;kidnapping 绑架;smuggling 走私

指控某人：charge sb.with(a crime)被指控：be charged with(a crime)

受害者：victim

有罪的：guilty

无罪的，清白的：innocent

判处某人…年有期徒刑/死刑 sentence sb.to … years/ to death

囚禁：imprison v.imprisonment n.put sb.into jail/ prison

改造：reform, rehabilitate v.rehabilitation n.劳动改造：rehabilitation through labour

震慑，威慑：deter v.deterrent n.& adj.社区服务：community service

罚款：impose a fine on sb.监禁：custodial sentence

死刑：capital sentence/ death penalty

青少年犯罪：juvenile delinquency 少年犯：juvenile delinquent

校园暴力：campus violence/ school bullying

家长教育不好：bad/ poor parenting 学校教育：schooling

溺爱：spoil v.& n.过度纵容的：excessively permissive

单亲家庭：single-parent household/ family

缺乏父母的关爱：lack v.parental care

不稳定的家庭生活：unstable family life

贫困的经济背景：poor economic background

暴力倾向：violent inclination

媒体暴力：media violence

攻击性行为：aggressive behaviour

经常接触到暴力：repeated exposure to violence

唆使，煽动：instigate

攻击：assault v.& n.歹徒，流氓：gangster

参与犯罪：engage in acts of crime

犯罪心理学：criminal psychology

青少年心理：juvenile mentality

性格形成期：formative years/ stage/ period

情感上的困惑：emotional disturbance

情绪不稳定：emotional instability

任性的：wilful, self-willed

反社会的行为：anti-social behaviour

缺乏自信：lack n.of self-confidence 缺乏自尊：low self-esteem

自卑情结：inferior complexity

缺乏沟通：lack of communication

家长的管教：parental control and instruction

两代间的沟通：intergenerational communication

树立生活目标：set up life goals

自我实现：self-realisation

公共场所安装监控摄像头：the installation of surveillance cameras in public places

配备枪支的警察：policemen equipped with pistols

防盗的：burglar-proof/ theft proof

确保安全：ensure security

观察、监控：keep a lookout over

准确无误地记录下全过程：keep an accurate record of

偷看隐私：peep privacy

Crime 类模板

With the incidence of crime hovering at high levels, many people have become disturbed and alarmed.随着犯罪率居高不下，很多人被困扰并变得警觉。

The proliferation of criminal acts has rendered many citizens apprehensive and fearful.严重罪行的扩散让很多人变得恐惧害怕。

第四篇：人体器官移植条例

【发布单位】国务院

【发布文号】国务院令第491号 【发布日期】2007-03-31 【生效日期】2007-05-01 【失效日期】

【所属类别】国家法律法规 【文件来源】中国政府网

人体器官移植条例

(国务院令第491号)

《人体器官移植条例》已经2007年3月21日国务院第171次常务会议通过，现予公布，自2007年5月1日起施行。

总 理 温家宝

二○○七年三月三十一日

人体器官移植条例

第一章 总则

第一条 为了规范人体器官移植，保证医疗质量，保障人体健康，维护公民的合法权益，制定本条例。

第二条 在中华人民共和国境内从事人体器官移植，适用本条例；从事人体细胞和角膜、骨髓等人体组织移植，不适用本条例。

本条例所称人体器官移植，是指摘取人体器官捐献人具有特定功能的心脏、肺脏、肝脏、肾脏或者胰腺等器官的全部或者部分，将其植入接受人身体以代替其病损器官的过程。

第三条 任何组织或者个人不得以任何形式买卖人体器官，不得从事与买卖人体器官有关的活动。

第四条 国务院卫生主管部门负责全国人体器官移植的监督管理工作。县级以上地方人民政府卫生主管部门负责本行政区域人体器官移植的监督管理工作。

各级红十字会依法参与人体器官捐献的宣传等工作。

第五条 任何组织或者个人对违反本条例规定的行为，有权向卫生主管部门和其他有关部门举报；对卫生主管部门和其他有关部门未依法履行监督管理职责的行为，有权向本级人民政府、上级人民政府有关部门举报。接到举报的人民政府、卫生主管部门和其他有关部门对举报应当及时核实、处理，并将处理结果向举报人通报。

第六条 国家通过建立人体器官移植工作体系，开展人体器官捐献的宣传、推动工作，确定人体器官移植预约者名单，组织协调人体器官的使用。

第二章 人体器官的捐献

第七条 人体器官捐献应当遵循自愿、无偿的原则。

公民享有捐献或者不捐献其人体器官的权利；任何组织或者个人不得强迫、欺骗或者利诱他人捐献人体器官。

第八条 捐献人体器官的公民应当具有完全民事行为能力。公民捐献其人体器官应当有书面形式的捐献意愿，对已经表示捐献其人体器官的意愿，有权予以撤销。

公民生前表示不同意捐献其人体器官的，任何组织或者个人不得捐献、摘取该公民的人体器官；公民生前未表示不同意捐献其人体器官的，该公民死亡后，其配偶、成年子女、父母可以以书面形式共同表示同意捐献该公民人体器官的意愿。

第九条 任何组织或者个人不得摘取未满18周岁公民的活体器官用于移植。

第十条 活体器官的接受人限于活体器官捐献人的配偶、直系血亲或者三代以内旁系血亲，或者有证据证明与活体器官捐献人存在因帮扶等形成亲情关系的人员。

第三章 人体器官的移植

第十一条 医疗机构从事人体器官移植，应当依照《医疗机构管理条例》的规定，向所在地省、自治区、直辖市人民政府卫生主管部门申请办理人体器官移植诊疗科目登记。

医疗机构从事人体器官移植，应当具备下列条件：

（一）有与从事人体器官移植相适应的执业医师和其他医务人员；

（二）有满足人体器官移植所需要的设备、设施；

（三）有由医学、法学、伦理学等方面专家组成的人体器官移植技术临床应用与伦理委员会，该委员会中从事人体器官移植的医学专家不超过委员人数的1/4；

（四）有完善的人体器官移植质量监控等管理制度。

第十二条 省、自治区、直辖市人民政府卫生主管部门进行人体器官移植诊疗科目登记，除依据本条例第十一条规定的条件外，还应当考虑本行政区域人体器官移植的医疗需求和合法的人体器官来源情况。

省、自治区、直辖市人民政府卫生主管部门应当及时公布已经办理人体器官移植诊疗科目登记的医疗机构名单。

第十三条 已经办理人体器官移植诊疗科目登记的医疗机构不再具备本条例第十一条规定条件的，应当停止从事人体器官移植，并向原登记部门报告。原登记部门应当自收到报告之日起2日内注销该医疗机构的人体器官移植诊疗科目登记，并予以公布。

第十四条 省级以上人民政府卫生主管部门应当定期组织专家根据人体器官移植手术成功率、植入的人体器官和术后患者的长期存活率，对医疗机构的人体器官移植临床应用能力进行评估，并及时公布评估结果；对评估不合格的，由原登记部门撤销人体器官移植诊疗科目登记。具体办法由国务院卫生主管部门制订。

第十五条 医疗机构及其医务人员从事人体器官移植，应当遵守伦理原则和人体器官移植技术管理规范。

第十六条 实施人体器官移植手术的医疗机构及其医务人员应当对人体器官捐献人进行医学检查，对接受人因人体器官移植感染疾病的风险进行评估，并采取措施，降低风险。

第十七条 在摘取活体器官前或者尸体器官捐献人死亡前，负责人体器官移植的执业医师应当向所在医疗机构的人体器官移植技术临床应用与伦理委员会提出摘取人体器官审查申请。

人体器官移植技术临床应用与伦理委员会不同意摘取人体器官的，医疗机构不得做出摘取人体器官的决定，医务人员不得摘取人体器官。

第十八条 人体器官移植技术临床应用与伦理委员会收到摘取人体器官审查申请后，应当对下列事项进行审查，并出具同意或者不同意的书面意见：

（一）人体器官捐献人的捐献意愿是否真实；

（二）有无买卖或者变相买卖人体器官的情形；

（三）人体器官的配型和接受人的适应症是否符合伦理原则和人体器官移植技术管理规范。

经2/3以上委员同意，人体器官移植技术临床应用与伦理委员会方可出具同意摘取人体器官的书面意见。

第十九条 从事人体器官移植的医疗机构及其医务人员摘取活体器官前，应当履行下列义务：

（一）向活体器官捐献人说明器官摘取手术的风险、术后注意事项、可能发生的并发症及其预防措施等，并与活体器官捐献人签署知情同意书；

（二）查验活体器官捐献人同意捐献其器官的书面意愿、活体器官捐献人与接受人存在本条例第十条规定关系的证明材料；

（三）确认除摘取器官产生的直接后果外不会损害活体器官捐献人其他正常的生理功能。

从事人体器官移植的医疗机构应当保存活体器官捐献人的医学资料，并进行随访。

第二十条 摘取尸体器官，应当在依法判定尸体器官捐献人死亡后进行。从事人体器官移植的医务人员不得参与捐献人的死亡判定。

从事人体器官移植的医疗机构及其医务人员应当尊重死者的尊严；对摘取器官完毕的尸体，应当进行符合伦理原则的医学处理，除用于移植的器官以外，应当恢复尸体原貌。

第二十一条 从事人体器官移植的医疗机构实施人体器官移植手术，除向接受人收取下列费用外，不得收取或者变相收取所移植人体器官的费用：

（一）摘取和植入人体器官的手术费；

（二）保存和运送人体器官的费用；

（三）摘取、植入人体器官所发生的药费、检验费、医用耗材费。

前款规定费用的收取标准，依照有关法律、行政法规的规定确定并予以公布。

第二十二条 申请人体器官移植手术患者的排序，应当符合医疗需要，遵循公平、公正和公开的原则。具体办法由国务院卫生主管部门制订。

第二十三条 从事人体器官移植的医务人员应当对人体器官捐献人、接受人和申请人体器官移植手术的患者的个人资料保密。

第二十四条 从事人体器官移植的医疗机构应当定期将实施人体器官移植的情况向所在地省、自治区、直辖市人民政府卫生主管部门报告。具体办法由国务院卫生主管部门制订。

第四章 法律责任

第二十五条 违反本条例规定，有下列情形之一，构成犯罪的，依法追究刑事责任：

（一）未经公民本人同意摘取其活体器官的；

（二）公民生前表示不同意捐献其人体器官而摘取其尸体器官的；

（三）摘取未满18周岁公民的活体器官的。

第二十六条 违反本条例规定，买卖人体器官或者从事与买卖人体器官有关活动的，由设区的市级以上地方人民政府卫生主管部门依照职责分工没收违法所得，并处交易额8倍以上10倍以下的罚款；医疗机构参与上述活动的，还应当对负有责任的主管人员和其他直接责任人员依法给予处分，并由原登记部门撤销该医疗机构人体器官移植诊疗科目登记，该医疗机构3年内不得再申请人体器官移植诊疗科目登记；医务人员参与上述活动的，由原发证部门吊销其执业证书。

国家工作人员参与买卖人体器官或者从事与买卖人体器官有关活动的，由有关国家机关依据职权依法给予撤职、开除的处分。

第二十七条 医疗机构未办理人体器官移植诊疗科目登记，擅自从事人体器官移植的，依照《医疗机构管理条例》的规定予以处罚。

实施人体器官移植手术的医疗机构及其医务人员违反本条例规定，未对人体器官捐献人进行医学检查或者未采取措施，导致接受人因人体器官移植手术感染疾病的，依照《医疗事故处理条例》的规定予以处罚。

从事人体器官移植的医务人员违反本条例规定，泄露人体器官捐献人、接受人或者申请人体器官移植手术患者个人资料的，依照《执业医师法》或者国家有关护士管理的规定予以处罚。

违反本条例规定，给他人造成损害的，应当依法承担民事责任。

违反本条例第二十一条规定收取费用的，依照价格管理的法律、行政法规的规定予以处罚。

第二十八条 医务人员有下列情形之一的，依法给予处分；情节严重的，由县级以上地方人民政府卫生主管部门依照职责分工暂停其6个月以上1年以下执业活动；情节特别严重的，由原发证部门吊销其执业证书:

（一）未经人体器官移植技术临床应用与伦理委员会审查同意摘取人体器官的；

（二）摘取活体器官前未依照本条例第十九条的规定履行说明、查验、确认义务的；

（三）对摘取器官完毕的尸体未进行符合伦理原则的医学处理，恢复尸体原貌的。

第二十九条 医疗机构有下列情形之一的，对负有责任的主管人员和其他直接责任人员依法给予处分；情节严重的，由原登记部门撤销该医疗机构人体器官移植诊疗科目登记，该医疗机构3年内不得再申请人体器官移植诊疗科目登记：

（一）不再具备本条例第十一条规定条件，仍从事人体器官移植的；

（二）未经人体器官移植技术临床应用与伦理委员会审查同意，做出摘取人体器官的决定，或者胁迫医务人员违反本条例规定摘取人体器官的；

（三）有本条例第二十八条第（二）项、第（三）项列举的情形的。

医疗机构未定期将实施人体器官移植的情况向所在地省、自治区、直辖市人民政府卫生主管部门报告的，由所在地省、自治区、直辖市人民政府卫生主管部门责令限期改正；逾期不改正的，对负有责任的主管人员和其他直接责任人员依法给予处分。

第三十条 从事人体器官移植的医务人员参与尸体器官捐献人的死亡判定的，由县级以上地方人民政府卫生主管部门依照职责分工暂停其6个月以上1年以下执业活动；情节严重的，由原发证部门吊销其执业证书。

第三十一条 国家机关工作人员在人体器官移植监督管理工作中滥用职权、玩忽职守、徇私舞弊，构成犯罪的，依法追究刑事责任；尚不构成犯罪的，依法给予处分。

第五章 附则

第三十二条 本条例自2007年5月1日起施行。

本内容来源于政府官方网站，如需引用，请以正式文件为准。

第五篇：器官移植乡级自查报告（定稿）

器官移植自查报告

为更加积极、深入响应卫生部《关于进一步加强人体器官移植监管工作的通知》及县卫生局工作要求，我院各级领导于近期在全院范围内组织了一次全面、彻底的大检查，有关自查情况汇报如下：

一、4月19日下午二时三十分在全院召开了全体医务人员会议，传达了有关县级主管部门的精神，并学习了国家有关医疗机构的相关法律、法规知识，同时决定今后定期在全院开展法律、法规知识学习，健全和增强医务人员的守法意识。

二、抓好重点科室、重点人员的管理：

对现有的手术室做了彻底的清理，相关物品进行了整理封存，坚决杜绝场地租借事件发生。

三、坚决杜绝非法人体器官移植及买卖，并在医院醒目处张贴警示牌，加强对医院内部的监管力度，发现可疑问题立即制止并上报公安机关。

四、联合各部门加大宣传、检查力度，做好人体器官移植手术科普，让患者到有资格开展人体器官移植手术资格的医院做器官移植。

五、我院将进一步加强领导，明确责任，积极响应各级卫生主管部门领导监督、检查，强化自身监督，增强依法执业意识，优化、规范群众就医环境。

我们将严格遵守国家关于医疗机构执业的法律、法规，请上级主管部门指导并监督。

矿坑卫生院 2012年4月22日