分析商务英语的翻译原则

第一篇：分析商务英语的翻译原则

［摘 要］近年来，留学生论文题目商务英语作为一种交流语言，在国际贸易当中起着越来越重要的作用 我们只有在了解商务英语的语言特点之后，才能把它翻译得更好 商务英语和普通英语并没有本质的差别，但因为使用环境的不同，它也就有了自己的商务特征 商务英语的语言特征包括它的专业性 规范性 词汇的构成风格 简洁紧凑和修辞特征 除了了解商务英语的语言特征之外，还必须了解商务英语的翻译原则，即：忠实 准确 一致性（faithfulness, exactness and consistency）

1.商务英语的界说很多内行或者笔者对于商务英语都做了没有同的界说 作者比拟偏偏向下面两位做的界说：Business English is the English variant of a social function, is a branchof English for specific purpose, is English used in business occasions, and is akind of Standard English containing a variety of business activities and suitingthe need of commerce.（Fan Feiran and Zhoubin, 2006: 10）英国商务英语内行Nick Brieger(1997)提出 Business English Areas实践：Business should include language knowledge, communication skills,cultural awareness and other core content.English used in technology imports,foreign trade, foreign-related insurance, international transport, foreign laborservice contracts and other business activities can be collectively referred to asbusiness English.2.商务英语的言语特性

2.1 The Specialization of Business English Vocabulary and Its ContentsMrs.Zhang says: The biggest feature of business English in vocabularyuse is using precise professional vocabulary, including a lot of professionalwords, compound words, abbreviations with business meaning and so on.(ZhangXinhong，2003： 25)Commonly used terms of prices such as F O B, C I F have their specificprofessional content.F O B(free on board)(离岸价)is the trading means thatthe seller delivery in the original place but the buyer is responsible for thefreight.C I F(cost, insurance, and freight)(利润费 安全费加运输费的到岸价格)is the tradingmeans that the seller is responsible for the freight and insur-ance.Others such as C.W.O(cash with order)(定货付款), B/L(bill of lad-ing)(提货单), L/C(letter of credit)(信誉证),C.O.D(cash on delivery)(货到付现), W.P.A(with particular average)(水渍险)，blue chip(蓝筹股，绩优股)，bad debt(呆帐)and so on.In international trade, there are also a lot ofother terms, such as quotation and offer(报盘和发盘), terms of payment(付款环境)，involvingmany ways such as M/T(mail transfer)(汇款), T/T(telegraphictransfer)(电汇), D/D(documents against payment)(付款交

单),D/A(documentsagainst acceptance)(承兑交单)and so on.In business of export and import,document is necessary, often including commercial invoice(生 意发单), bill oflading(货票), insurance policy(安全单), draft/bill of exchange(券别)，Perfor-ma invoice(方式发单), customs invoice(偏关发单), certificate of origin(产地单据), inspection certificate(检考证书), packing list(装箱单), license(答应证)and so on.Besides, the terms are used to reflect the indicators of macroe-conomic development, mainly including GDP(gross domestic product)(国际消费总值), GNP(gross national product)(公民消费总值), NNP(net nationalproduct)(公民消费净值)and NI(national income)(公民支出).Among these,GDP is the widely used.For example, Even when the United States reaped apeace dividend of more than 2 percent of GDP in reduced defense spendingafter 1990, it cut, rather than increased, foreign-assistance spending as ashare of national income.(The Economist/July 14th 2001)(1990 年当前增添国防收入

给美国带来的战争花红高达GDP的百分之二 即便正在这种情况下，美国对于外支援收入正在公民支出中的对比也没有进步，相同却降落了)If these professional terms aren t known, it is impossible to translatebusiness English well.Business English

vocabulary not only has its basic meaning and specificprofessional content, but also has different meanings in the different scenes.For example, liquidity: basically, this is the ability of a company to repay itsshort-termdebts.It is usually measured by the current ratio(Current assets 3current liabilities).For companies with high stock levels, the so-called quickratio may be more relevant since this excludes stocks from the current assets.(活动性，实践上是指一个公司归还短期债权的威力，一般用活动比重(活动财产总额3活动欠债总额)来权衡 对于存货对比大的公司而言，所谓的速动比重能够更实用，由于速动比重是以活动财产总额减存货除以活动欠债而求得)In the example, the stock does not refer to its basicmeaning, but in a newcontext, it has another meaning.In business English text, there are other examples of that the same wordcan be interpreted in different meanings according to different contexts.Suchas:(1)Just as in that year, when those catastrophes were followed by

sub-stantial increases in insurance premiums, insures are already lobbying for raterelief.就像那年的状况一样，大灾以后安全金大宽度进步，现正在安全公司曾经正在游说指望减轻中央税Here, insures means insurance company.(安全公司)(2)During the 1980 s the large premiums paid in acquisition often re-sulted in prices that greatly exceeded the value of tangible asset.20百年80时代，并购中领取的大额溢价往往招 致价钱远远超越有形财产的价格Here, large premium in Chinese means 大额溢价.(3)Liquidity refers to the ability of investors to exchange a financial asset,such as a bond or a share, for cash.财产折现力是指注资者将公债券或者股票等金融财产转换为现金的能力Here, financial asset means the ability of cash.(现金的威力)(4)Place goods in bond.将（未完税的）产品取出关栈Here, bond in Chinese means 关栈.In addition, it is common for

businessmen to use slang in oral speaking.Translators should pay more attention to slang and to clarify them so as to e-liminate obstacles during communicating.Such as:(5)As I was about to say, I move that we table the discussion until ournext meeting when everyone is present.我提议将议论推早退下次每集体都加入宴会时再停止Here, move means suggest（提议）, table the discussion meansto postpone the meeting（推延议论）.(6)Can you come down a little?你能再升高小半价钱吗？Here, come down means knock down the price（抬高价钱）.2.2 The Standardization and Formalization of Business English Vocabu-lary in Language Style商人总是把频率放正在首位，因为，为了到达某个手段，容易易懂的语汇就被少量地使用 另一个缘由就是生意运动中消息的流传形式没有断被以为是最主要的 因为容易易懂的单纯词也就能协助单方更好地交流 相似：Complex or RareWords

SimpleWordsaccount for by the fact that caused byadd the point that add thatat a price of $10 at $10attempts trydeliberation thoughtin the majority of cases mosttangible realvisualize see商务英语使用正在没有同的国内商务运动中 商业交换的单方没有只仅要表现对于等互惠的准则，异样也蕴含很好的竞争联系 因而，有多余保证商务英语的国内通用性，要被大众承受，没有要太书面语化 它的言语风格也该当介于正式和征询之间 因为有些过火容易化和书面语化的介词和副词，比方： because, about, if, like, for and so on 将被匡正式的介词短语接替 比方： on the grounds that, with reference

to, in the event/case of, inthe nature of, for the purpose of and so on.书面语中罕用的名词短语，比方：go on, add to,将会被匡正式的单个名词取代 比方： continue, supplement.商务英语的言语格调正在没有同的场所有没有同的变迁 没有如生意函件，归于书面英语，因为也就匡正式些 但眼前的停滞趋向是更容易的 更活 泼的单纯词被少量运用，手段是使信函中的语气听兴起更敌对于 更自然 For example, use We try to choose our trading partners carefully.in-stead of We endeavor to choose our trading partners with discretion.然而正在生意合约中，一些匡正式并且没有罕见的单纯词被运用，使合约显示更规范 更有束缚力 For example, using expiry but not end , using certifybut not prove and so on 生意合约归于纪律资料 标准性言语的使它存正在了那种纪律上的特色 相似： WHEREAS(由于), NOWTHEREFORE(特此，兹特), INWITNESSTHWHERE OF(兹证实)之类(1)WHEREAS, A desires to export to B the goods as specified in ExhibitA therefore(hereinafter called the Goods);and whereas, B desires to importthe Goods from A.Now, THEREFORE, A and B hereby agree a follows...（鉴于本方乐意向乙方入口本合约备件A中规则的物件（以次职称 产品）；且由于乙方乐意从本方出口上述产品，因而，本方和乙方特赞成订立下列条目：）(2)INWITNESSWHREROF, the parties hereto have caused this agree-ment to be executed by their respective representatives on the date first abovewritten.(兹证实，本协定由单方各自专人正在上述协商日子签定)2.3 The

Conciseness and Tightness of Business English Sentence简明表现正在容易句式 排偶句式和短的化合句式的运用上 Forexample, We are delighted to receive your letter of November 18 askingwhether we can supply you with Art.No 6120.(很庆幸收到你方 11 月 28日来信讯问我方可否供给6120货号货物)于是，简明也表现正在缩略字母的运用上 千万，这种缩略必需为单方所肯定 such as A/C(account),ENCL(enclosure), FYI(for your information)and I.R.O.(in respect of).简明的句子无助于于生意消息的流传，因为正在生意信函中起着主要的作用 它便当 快速，更主要的是，它无效地防止了曲解We are a dealership chain specializing in personal computers.We werefirst established in Hong Kong in 1980.We now have a steady clientele inboth the business and educational sectors.本公司是一家主营计算 的特许经售连锁商 本公司于1980年缔造于香港 本公司现部分流动存户触及生意和文化畛域下面的这三个句子，每个都有它金鸡独立的意义 经过防止运用长句，它所抒发的意义更间接，了解兴起更易明确商务英语的论理松散性次要表现正在长句 化合句 排偶句的运用上 再有其余纪律资料，比方合约(1)Force Majeure(Expected Risks)shall mean an occurrence beyondcontrol and without the fault or negligence of the party affected including, butnot limited to war,hostilities(whether war to be declared or not), invasion, actof foreign enemies, rebellion, revolution, insurrection or military or usurpedpower, civil war, strikes, riots, commotion or disorder, earthquakes, or anysimilar operation of forces of nature as are not within the control of the partyaffected and which, by the exercise of reasonable diligence the said party isunable to prevent or provide against.(译文：没有可抗力(除危险外)是指当事人没有能掌握和没有差错或者差错的偶尔事情，囊括但没有只仅只限和平战争行止(没有管能否宣战)骚扰 内奸的言论 叛乱 反动 举事或者军事或者篡权行止 内乱 复工 战乱 **或者紊乱 地动或者相似的做作力气惹起的事情 该署事是当事者没有能掌握或者虽经过恰当奋力亦无奈预防或者拥护的)

(2)All disputes arising out of the performance of, or relating to the Con-tract, shall be settled amicably through negotiation.In case no settlement canbe submitted to the Foreign Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission ofthe China Council for

the Promotion of International Trade, Beijing, China, forarbitration in accordance with its provisional Rules of Procedure.The arbitralaward is final and binding upon both parties.(凡是因施行本合约相关的所有争议，单方应经过敌对于商量处理，应提交北京 中国国内贸易推进委员会对于外经济贸易仲裁委员会，依据该会 仲裁顺序暂行规定 停止仲裁 仲裁是结局性的，对于单方都有束缚力)The logic expression is prominently featured in business English docu-ments and contracts, especially in the expression about time and number.e.g.(1)The goods shall be shipped per M.V.Dong Feng on November 10and are due to arrive at Rotterdamin 140 days.产品须于 11 月 10 日装上 西风 号货轮，并正在 140 天内到达鹿特丹港Here, it must use the preposition in to express the meaning about sev-eral days later rather than the preposition after.Because the prepositionafter can not exactly define the day on which day the good s will arrive.(2)Party A shall be unauthorized to accept any orders or to collect anyaccount on and after September 20.一经答应，正在 9 月 20 号以后（含 20 号），A方无权承受任何订单或者者募集任何资金(3)Our terms are cash within three months, i.e.on or before May 1.请正在三个月之内（正在 5 月 1 日事先囊括 5 月 1 日）付讫咱们的货款(4)Party A shall pay Party B a monthly salary of US $ 500(SAY FIVEHUNDRED US DOLLARS ONLY)A方每月须向B方领取500美元的报酬In business English letters and other documents, we should use preposi-tion and other words accurately.Only by this, can we express the exact mean-ing and do not mislead the readers.These fully show the conciseness andtightness of business English sentences.2.4 The Rhetoric Features of Business English总的来讲，留学生论文题目商务英语的格调容易 分明 易于了解 润饰语贫乏 很少运用比喻 拟人夸大之类 然而正在商求 实践和实践性的钻研中，笔者也会运用活泼的比喻手法，把力点和难题表述分明The rhetoric means of business English is widely used in commercial ad-vertisement, such as simile, metaphor, personification, pun, repetition, paral-lelism, rhyme, hyperbole, contrast, synecdoche, metonymy, analogy and so on.Example1.Making a bigworld smaller.(Hyperbole)Example2.Make Time For Time.(Pun)Example3.Tide s in.Dirt s out.(Contrast)(Yu Fulin，2003： 149)All kinds of rhetoric means can be used in business advertisement inge-niously.2.5 SummaryCompared with common English, business English is rich in vocabulary,professional terms and so on.If we want to go on with business English trans-lation, we should master the professional content and completely understandthe specific features of business English.

第二篇：浅谈商务英语翻译

浅谈商务英语翻译

本文围绕商务英语翻译的特点、提高商务英语翻译能力的方法和商务英语翻译应注意的事项三个主题展开论述，以求在今后的翻译工作中做到运用自如

1.引言

商务英语是一种包含各种商务活动内容、满足商业需要的专门用途英语。其内容涉及贸易、金融、法律、广告等诸多专业，除外贸英语书信、合同等商业公文外，广告、仿单、经贸文章，相关法律公文等都可列入其中。因此，商务英语的语言现象比较复杂，文字风格也各不相同，翻译时是很难全凭某些程式，套语或经验来解决。但是就其重要性而言，商务英语的翻译在双方贸易中起着桥梁纽带的作用，甚至与整个公司的命运紧密联系在一起，所以我们在翻译过程中应根据某专业的特点和需要好好斟酌所选用的词汇。商务英语翻译的困难在于如何准确而又流畅地翻译出原语所要真正传达的信息，而解决这一问题的关键是如何在理论上和实践上加深对翻译的认识和了解。

马会娟在《商务英语翻译教程》（2004）一书中指出：商务英语翻译教程翻译是一种思想交流过程，它能使通晓不同语言的人通过了解原文所包含和传达的信息来交流思想。美国翻译理论家奈达认为翻译是“用最贴近而又自然的对等语言再现原语的信息，首先是意义，其次是文体。”也就是说，翻译要用自然、地道的译入语把另一种语言所表达的内容以切合原文的文体，准确而完整地重新表达出来。

商务英语翻译是一种跨文化的语际交流，它要求译者熟悉多种文化，掌握语言运用技巧，具备熟练的语言知识，从而完成具有一定语用目的的商业文化交流。提高商务英语翻译技能就应关注商务英语的语言文化关联，巧妙灵活的达到原语的语言运用目的。在商务英语翻译工作中应灵活处理因不同文化背景、语言表达习惯等因素造成的交际障碍，根据语境做必要的调整，避免语用失误，造成交流和理解的困难。虽然奈达的功能对等原则在文化因素翻译方面有一些负面作用，但是对于商务英语翻译仍旧具有重大的意义，尤其是在以往历史上文化因素的翻译中起到了非常积极的作用。奈达的功能对等原则以交际为目的，以读者为中心，以目的语文化为归宿，避免了文化冲突，克服了文化障碍，促进了双方的文化交流。

2.研究现状

在国际贸易日益频繁的今天，很多企业为拓宽自己的市场，放眼国外以提高自己品牌的知名度和经济效益，因此商务英语翻译越来越为人们所重视。商务英语翻译的重要性，可以说，在一定程度上，决定了这个公司在国际上的潜力，就像一所学校的师资力量对于这所学校的发展起着决定性作用一样。在国内，类似商务英语翻译的书籍也应运而生，进一步促动了中国对外贸易的进程。尤其在改革开放后，随着国际贸易的不断增加，越来越多的专家和学者对商务英语翻译展开了研究，并撰写了诸多的论文，如：段梦敏的“现代商务英语翻译策略”，来东慧的“商务英语翻译中的跨文化因素”等；此类的教材也应运而生，如马会娟的《商务英语翻译教程》；周振邦的《商务英语翻译》,叶玉龙、王文翰、段云礼合著的《商务英语汉译教程》等。商务英语翻译将继续成为商务英语研讨会的主题、各大院校开设的主要课程及各有关学者关注和研究的方向。

3.商务英语翻译的特点

3.1 准确性

翻译是把一种语言所表达的内容用另一种语言准确地表达出来。为了使不通晓原语的读者能够看得明白，译文表达应该简洁明了。最重要的是，翻译的原则和标准应当忠实和通顺。“忠

实”主要是指译者要准确地表达原作者的意思，并且要表达全面；“通顺”是指译文语言要通顺易懂，便于读者的理解和接受。

例1：

原文：This support can be as detailed as the writing of contracts, for example, looking at shareholder structure or analyzing investment concepts.It can mean up-dating a company’s development concept, help in improving a company’s management or in modernizing its recruitment, marketing or distribution.It also means support in identifying new partners, in opening up international markets or in bringing the company to the point where it can go public or be sold.原译文：公司提供的支持包括撰写合同，分析股东结构或投资理念等。这意味着更新一个公司的发展理念，使其经营或招聘机制更趋现代化，改善其市场营销和销售策略。此外，这一支持系统还意味着我们能协助客户在国际市场上找到新的合作伙伴，帮助他们上市和出售。分析：将本译文与原文相比，可以看出译文多处翻译不够准确，令人费解。比如，原文说的是公司的提供的支持 “as detailed as the writing of contracts”（像撰写合同一样具体。）而原译文则是“包括撰写合同”；原文“in improving a company’s management or in modernizing its recruitment, marketing or distribution”（改善公司经营管理，使其招聘机制、市场营销和销售更趋现代化），而原译文则成了“使其经营或招聘机制更趋现代化，改善其市场营销和销售策略”；原文的“identifying new partners, opening up international markets”（寻找新的合作伙伴，开拓国际市场），在原译文中却成了“协助客户在国际市场上找到新的合作伙伴”！这种似是而非的翻译，使原文信息大为失真，不仅极有可能误导读者，而且可能给公司造成很大的损失。

修改后译文：我们提供的支持就像撰写合同一样具体，如：帮助分析股东结构或投资理念，也就是说帮助更新一个公司的发展理念，改善其经营管理，使其招聘机制、市场营销和销售更趋现代化。此外，这一支持还包含为公司寻找新的合作伙伴、开拓国际市场以及他们的上市和出售。

3.2 专业性

各行各业都有其不同的文化背景、特点及要求，并有其特定的专业术语。在翻译过程中，如果译者不能吃透其专业特点和掌握其专业术语，翻译结果则可能大相径庭。如，due diligence 在商务英语中不应译为“适当尽职”，而是“尽职调查”；option plan 应为“期权计划”，而不是“职工购买股票计划”等。

例2：

原文： Next, the participation agreements are negotiated and – if agreed – they are signed and certified by a lawyer.原译文：然后，双方就公司参与企业管理的问题进行磋商，如果达成共识，就会在协议上签字，并由一名律师公证。

分析：律师是不能公证的，只能见证合同的签署；公证是公证员的事。

修改后译文：然后，双方对提出的协议进行磋商，如果达成共识，双方在协议上签字。这一过程由一名律师进行见证。

例3：

原文：After we have checked the L/C carefully, we request you to make the following amendment: “Partial shipments and Transshipment allowed”.原译文：经过仔细核对信用证，兹要求贵方做如下修改：“允许部分转运和转船”。分析：将“Partial shipments”译成“部分转运”似乎欠妥；行话应是“分批”。

修改后译文：经仔细核对信用证后，兹要求贵方做如下修改：“允许分批运货和转船”。

3.3 文化性

由于东、西方种族、地理环境、宗教信仰等存在的差异，造成了东西方国家大相径庭的文化体系，商务英语翻译中也不可避免地受到文化的限制和影响。而我们所要做的就是在翻译时，选词要多斟酌，做到慎之又慎，以免造成“文化冲突”，引起不必要的麻烦。

例如：在美国的大商场有“rest room”，译成中文的“休息室”就会出笑话，因为“rest room”在此指“厕所”，而并非国际机场里所指的“休息室”。

又如：在西方，“十三”被认为是不吉利的数字，这与圣经故事中耶稣被他的第十三个门徒犹大出卖有关。所以，在西方国家，人们通常避免使用“十三”这个数字，正如中国人避免说或用数字“四”一样，（在中国，“四”与“死”同音）。在中国的传统文化中，数字“十三”没有这种文化含义，也就不忌讳使用了。但随着西方文化的深入影响，近来“十三”这种隐性的含义也被国人所接受。因此，我们在做翻译中应特别注意类似的问题。否则我们会在无意识间伤害对方或造成误会。

4.提高商务英语翻译能力的方法

中国加入WTO后，越来越多的中国企业已不满足国内市场，他们纷纷跨出国门，走向世界去寻求业务合作。英语作为沟通语言的作用非同小可。外贸谈判是一种交际活动，是拓展对外贸易的重要途径。交际活动则必须通过语言媒介来完成。因此，如何使用语言表达意愿和要求，如何恰当使用语言来表达谈判目的，这是商务英语使用者经常探索的问题之一。

4.1 熟悉英语相关专业知识

商务英语的翻译较普通英语翻译而言，其范围更广，涉及的内容也更多。如果说普通的英语翻译注重的是文化底蕴，那么商务英语的翻译则注重的是知识面。因此，我们在学习翻译理论的同时，应加强商务方面的知识，比如：国际贸易，国际兑汇，会计学，运输学等方面的知识。同时，还需要我们有比较丰富的法律知识和文化素养。商务英语翻译的人员对本国和他国经济领域的法律法规也应该有所了解，因为在商业活动中，一方在必要的时候，需要用合作对象国家的法律来维护自己的权利。在翻译一些协议或合同时，还需注意到各自的法律责任，以此保证各方的经济行为是正当的，不会有法律上的风险。近些年来屡次发生的反倾销斗争就是实例，因此在商务英语翻译过程中谨慎为上。

4.2 了解文化差异

上面提到了商务英语翻译中的文化性原则，为了更好地遵循这个原则，我们就必须了解文化差异，以免引起不必要的文化冲突。每个民族都有着其不同的文化背景，风土人情，而语言作为某种文化的载体，所反映出来的是一个民族的意志与底蕴。翻译作为一种加强文化交流的手段，更加会涉及到这方面的问题。尤其是在商务英语翻译中，稍有不慎便会引起重大损失以及尴尬。

比如：“dragon”（龙）这个词是我们中华民族的象征，是中国的吉祥物，“龙腾虎跃、龙马精神、龙飞凤舞、龙吟虎啸”等成语均体现了龙的精神和气势。而在西方国家“dragon”这个词却是罪恶的象征。因此在翻译“韩国，中国台湾，香港和新加坡亚洲四小龙”的时候，我们不用“Four Asian Dragons”，而用“Four Asian Tigers”。这就是文化差异的典型表现。总而言之，在翻译中我们必须尽量了解他国的文化与差异，并做出正确的翻译，以免造成不必要的误解。

4.3 掌握商务英语语言技巧

目前，语言技巧在商务活动中逐渐被忽略，我们需要进一步去研究。各种语言技巧在商务英语谈判中有不同的运用特点，以及语言技巧在外贸谈判中的作用，进一步分析外贸谈判英语语言特征，从而帮助外贸谈判工作者认识到英语语言在商务英语谈判中的运用技巧，使他们能灵活运用语言技巧，取得谈判成功。了解语言的特征的有助于谈判员有效地使用一些技巧,这样能更确保在谈判中取得胜利。有大量的语言技巧值得我们仔细研究，掌握了这些技巧不

仅能促进谈判的进程，而且在谈判过程中也不会使对方感到尴尬。因此，谈判顺利地完成，在商务英语谈判中谈判员就必须注意语言交流及技巧的使用。

4.4 遵循翻译原则

商务英语的翻译要求做到准确和专业化，这就要求翻译者具有相当熟练的英语水平。平时，我们必须广泛阅读商务英语的知识，并且注意语言与案例的结合，然后通过分析来掌握商务英语知识点。同时，商务英语翻译并不像文学英语的翻译那样，需要用丰富的词藻来描绘，它所要做到的就是“精、准”。因此商务英语不需要过多、过详细地描述某件事情，我们要做到是“精炼而又不失准确”。

综上所述，我们必须谨遵翻译的原则，努力把翻译做到精益求精。

5．商务英语翻译应注意的事项

5.1 注意细节问题

我们都知道，英汉对译中的一大特点便是英语重静态，汉语重动态。在汉语的表达过程中，我们经常运用动词来描绘，使得句子更加生动。因此，在商务英语翻译过程中，我们也应该时刻注意这些细节问题。

例4：

原文：An increase in business requires an increase in the amount of money coming into general circulation.译文：交易增加，要求流通的货币量也增加。

分析：英文原文中用了2个“increase”的名词形式来表达，而在中文翻译中，则选用了动词，尊重了汉语的特点。

古人云“一字值千金”。在商务英语中我们必须做到一个“准”字，以免造成“失之毫厘，谬以千里”的结果。标点符号亦是如此，在书写金额时，要注意小数点（.）与分节号（，）的位置，绝对不能马虎。在商务英语翻译的过程中，因为涉及到商业系统的规则与交易利润，这些细节上的问题需引起我们特别的注意。“细节”决定成败，这句话很有道理。

5.2 不断加强实践能力

正所谓“实践是检验真理的唯一标准”，书本上的知识只能代表我们拥有了理论能力，但工作的能力是靠实际的锻炼得到培养的。如果我们缺乏实战经验，在翻译工作中很可能会上当受骗。例如，在外商草拟的合同草案中，我们不仅要理解其字面意思，更要弄清其潜在含义。当买方要求卖方提供某些与设计或技术有关的资料、数据、公式时，卖方很可能会用合同上的诸如 “The seller shall submit the data concerned to the buyer if possible”(如果可能，卖方将向买方提供有关数据)之类的句子推脱。因为“如果可能（possible）”在很大程度上意味着“不可能（impossible）”。总之，我们必须通过不断的实践来丰富自我，锻炼自我，提高我们的判别能力和工作能力。

结论

商务英语翻译是一种跨文化的语际交流，它要求译者熟悉多种文化，掌握语言运用技巧，具备熟练的语言知识，从而完成具有一定语用目的的商业文化交流。提高商务英语翻译技能就应关注商务英语的语言文化关联，巧妙灵活的达到原语的语言运用目的。在商务英语翻译工作中应灵活处理因不同文化背景、语言表达习惯等因素造成的交际障碍，根据语境做必要的调整，避免语用失误，造成交流和理解的困难。虽然奈达的功能对等原则在文化因素翻译方面有一些负面作用，但是对于商务英语翻译仍旧具有重大的意义，尤其是在以往历史上文化因素的翻译中起到了非常积极的作用。奈达的功能对等原则以交际为目的，以读者为中心，以目的语文化为归宿，避免了文化冲突，克服了文化障碍，促进了双方的文化交流。

可以这么说，商务英语翻译不仅关系着个人的命运，而且也关系着公司的前途和国家的形象。

商务英语的重要性决定了我们必须认真对待商务英语翻译，而认真对待的前提就是遵守翻译理论中的准确性、专业性、文化性这三个原则，这样才能力求在翻译实践中做到少犯低级错误。在此基础上，我们应多学理论知识，充实自己的头脑。机会是留给有准备的人的，所以我们必须做到有所准备，这样才能在翻译过程中做到游刃有余、左右逢源。当然光靠理论知识是完全不够的，正如上面提到的“实践是检验真理的唯一标准”，我们也必须抓住机遇，多参加企业的商务活动，以加强自己的实践能力，这样既可以提高自己的翻译能力，也可以锻炼自己的实践能力。

第三篇：商务英语翻译

Chinese-English translation

1.只要我们秉承平等与互利的原则，双方的合作一定会进一步深化。

As long as we keep to the principle of equality and mutual benefit, trade between our two parties is sure to develop further.2.如果一方不执行合同，另一方有权撤销该合同。

In case one party fails to carry out the contract, the other party is entitled to cancel the contract.3.关于包装问题，我方将与厂商联系，要求他们对此加以重视。

As to packing, we will contact our manufacturers and call their attention to the matter.4.坚固的包装和箱内严密的填充可防止木箱受震、开裂。

Solid packing and overall stuffing can prevent the cases from vibration and jarring.5.很遗憾，这是我们的低价。如果你觉得价格不可行，我们只好取消这笔交易。I'm awfully sorry.This is our floor price.If you find it unworkable, we may as well call the deal off.6.请贵方惠寄商品目录并报价，谢谢。

I shall be glad if you will send me your catalogue together with quotations.7.我们一直在提高我们产品的设计水平，以满足世界市场的要求。

We are always improving our design and patterns to conform to the world market.8.我们通常采用的付款方式是保兑不可撤销的信用证。

The terms of payment we usually adopt are confirmed and irrevocable letter of credit.9.由于所订货物已备妥待运，请即开信用证，我方一收到信用证，立即装船。As the goods ordered are ready for shipment, please expedite your L/C, we will effect shipment as soon as it reaches us.10.我们已在中国人民控股公司替上述货物按4000美元投保了一切险。

We have covered the above shipment with PICC Holding Company against All Risks for $4,000.11.我们只投保水渍险，包括仓对仓条款，有效期为15天。

We cover only WPA including warehouse to warehouse clause valid for 15 days.12.只要在保险责任范围内，保险公司就应赔偿。

The insurance company is responsible for the claim, as far as it is within the scope of coverage.13.货物如果转运，我们得多付运费。

In case of transshipment, we have to pay extra transportation charges.14.由于贵方订货数量太大，目前无法订到足够的舱位，望贵方同意分批装运。As your order is a large one, we are not in a position to book enough shipping space, so we hope you will agree to partial shipment.15.请填写这份进口货物交运单和进口货物包装声明。

Please fill out the Import Cargo Shipping Instructions and the Import Cargo Packing Declaration here.16.由于你方未能及时交货，我方将向你方提出由此而遭受的全部损失的索赔。We shall lodge a claim for all the losses incurred as a consequence of your failure to ship our order in time.17.我方检验证明，货物受损是由于包装不当而造成的。因此，我方不得不将此事提交你处解决。

Our investigation shows that improper packing caused damage.Therefore we have to refer this matter to you.18.考虑到我们之间的业务关系，我们准备接受35吨短装的索赔。

In view of our friendly business relations, we are prepared to meet your claim for the 35 tons shortage in weight.19.这是由香港一个著名实验室提供的一份检验报告，证据绝对可靠。

Here’s a survey report by a well-known lab in Hong Kong, whose testimony is absolutely reliable.20.根据我们的检验报告，货物破损的原因是包装太差。

According to our survey report, the damage was caused by poor packing.

第四篇：商务英语翻译

（加黑部分重点掌握，其余部分只做了解。）

1.Please accept our thanks for the trouble you have taken.有劳贵方，不胜感激。

2.We are obliged to thank you for your kind attention in this matter.不胜感激贵方对此事的关照。

3.We tender you our sincere thanks for your generous treatment of us in this affair.对贵方在此事中的慷慨之举，深表感谢。

4.Allow us to thank you for the kindness extended to us.对贵方之盛情，不胜感谢。

7.We should be grateful for your furnishing us details of your requirements.如承赐示具体要求，不胜感激。

8.It will be greatly appreciated if you will kindly send us your samples.如承惠寄样品，则不胜感激。

9.We shall appreciate it very much if you will give our bid your favorable consideration.如承优惠考虑报价，不胜感激。

10.We are greatly obliged for your bulk order（大宗订货，in bulk 大量的）just received.收到贵方大宗订货，不胜感激。

14.We spare no efforts in endeavoring to be of service to you.我方将不遗余力为贵方效劳。

15.We shall be very glad to handle for you at very low commission charges.我方将很愉快与贵方合作，收费低廉。

18.We are always in a position to quote you the most advantageous prices for higher quality merchandise.我们始终能向贵方提供品质最佳的产品，报价最为优惠。

19.This places our dealers in a highly competitive position and also enable them to enjoy a maximum profit.这样可以使我方经营者具有很强的竞争力，还可获得最大的利润。

1.Having had your name and address from the Commercial Counselor's office of the Embassy of the People's Republic of China in..., we now avail ourselves of this opportunity to write to you and see if we can establish business relations by a start of some Practical transactions.从中华人民共和国驻……大使馆商务参赞处获悉贵公司名称和地址，现借此机会与贵方通信，意在达成一些实际交易为开端，以建立业务系。

5.We learn from...that your firm specializes in..., and would like to establish business relationship with you.从……获悉你公司专门经营……，现愿与你公司建立业务关系。

承……的介绍，获悉你们是……有代表性的进口商之一。

承贵地……银行通知，你们是……的主要进口商（出口商），并有意与中国进行这些方面的贸易。

8.The...Bank in your city has been kind enough to inform us that you are one of the leading importers(exporters)of...and are interested in trading with China in these lines...据了解，你们是中国……（商品）有潜力的买主，而该商品正属我们的业务经营范围。

9.We are given to understand that you are potential buyers of Chinese...,which comes within the frame of our business activities.Autonomous company 具有自主经营权的公司 availability 可销售能力 Award 裁决、判给 award dinner 颁奖宴会 Back 支持、资助、赞助 Backer 资助人 Backlog 积压

Back pay 补发工资（常为追补的加薪金额）

Bad debt 坏帐，呆帐，倒账（无法收回的应收账款）Bad publicity 负面影响

Baggage allowance 行李重量限额

Bagstuffer 公告传单，小型宣传品，通常在街头散发或在付款台前塞进顾客购物袋。Balance 余额，平衡

balance of payment 国际收支，简称BOP Bancassurance 银行保险业, 亦作bankassurance Bank charges 银行手续费

Banking business 金融业，银行业

Banner towing 条幅广告

Bar chart 矩形图，条形图，直方图 也称bar graph or histogram（是以宽度相同的长条，按其长短或高低来表示指标或数值大小的一种图形。有单式。复式和分段式三种。其中纵轴线称为vertical axis,横轴线称为horizontal axis.）

Bar code（打印在商品上，与电脑系统连接可读出商品价格和参考数据的）条形码，条码 Bar graph 矩形图，条形图，直方图，也称bar chart 或histogram Base pay 基本工资

base rate 基本利率，基础利率 Batch 成批的产品

Bear market 熊市(通常指股市、汇市等金融市场价格下跌或疲软)Benchmark 基价，基准尺度 Beneficiary 受益人

Benefit premium.(基本工资之外的)福利津贴

Benefits package 一揽子福利，福利套餐（指工资以外的福利，如健康保险，住房或股票等等）

best selling author 畅销书作家 Bill 要求……支付

Billboard 露天大广告牌 Bill of entry 报关单 Bill of lading 提单

Binding machine 装订机

Black Friday（尤指经济领域内灾难性的）黑色星期五，灾难性的一天 Black Monday(股市狂跌的)黑色星期一 Blockbuster 大力促销，生意兴隆 Blue chip 1 蓝筹股, 绩优股

accounts 1 账目例:The financial director was accused of falsifying the company accounts.accounts 2 会计部门 即 accounts department 例: She works in accounts.ccounts manager 会计部经理 accounts payable 应付账款例: Accounts payable is created when a firm deals with suppliers who extend credit.advance 预付款, 垫款例: I asked for an advance on my salary.advanced orders 预订货量例: The development of the game has taken two years but advanced orders are impressive.after-sales warranty 售后保单

against all risks 保全险例：These are goods insured against all risks.agency 代理行，经销处，公众服务机构，代理公司，中介公司例：The firm has agencies all over the world.agency recruitment通过职业介绍所招聘例：Recruitment in the UK is divided into agency recruitment, advertising or executive search.agenda 议程例：An agenda is a list of things to discuss at a meeting.agent 1 代理商，代理人例：He is an authorized agent for a large insurance company.airlines 航空公司(多用于航空公司名称中)例: English Royal Dutch Airlines(均大写)all-risk policy 全险,综合险,全险保单例: We have taken out an all-risk policy on the electronic equipment.annual general meeting 股东大会(根据法律规定每年举行,出席的包括公司成员,股东和董事),简称AGM.口语里也称the yearly shareholders' meeting.例: The financial results will be announced at the annual general meeting.as of 自......起,等于as from 例:I would like to inform you that as of September 6, 2001,the new name for our company will be Sunrise.Certificate of Origin certificate of origin of China showing

中国产地证明书 stating 证明 evidencing specifying 说明 indicating 表明 declaration of 声明

certificate of Chinese origin

中国产地证明书

Certificate of origin shipment of goods of … origin prohibited 产地证，不允许装运……的产品

packing list detailing…

详注……的装箱单

packing list showing in detail…

注明……细节的装箱单 weight list 重量单

weight notes 磅码单（重量单）detailed weight list 明细重量单 parcel post receipt 邮包收

certificate customs invoice on form 59A combined certificate of value and origin for developing countries 适用于发展中国家的包括价值和产地证明书的格式59A海关发票证明书 pure foods certificate 纯食品证书

combined certificate of value and Chinese origin

价值和中国产地联合证明书

loading port and destinaltion

装运港与目的港 date of shipment 装船期

partial shipments and transhipment 分运与转运

partial shipments are（not）permitted

（不）允许分运 partial shipments（are）allowed（prohibited）

准许（不准）分运 without transhipment

不允许转运

transhipment at Hongkong allowed

允许在香港转船

partial shipments are permissible，transhipment is allowed except at…

允许分运，除在……外允许转运

partial/prorate shipments are perimtted

允许分运/按比例装运 valid in…for negotiation until…

在……议付至……止

draft（s）must be presented to the negotiating（or drawee）bank not later than…

汇票不得迟于……交议付行（受票行）

expiry date for presention of documents…

交单满期日

draft（s）must be negotiated not later than…

汇票要不迟于……议付

this L/C is valid for negotiation in China（or your port）until 15th，July 1977

本证于1977年7月15日止在中国议付有效

bills of exchange must be negotiated within 15 days from the date of bills of lading but not later than August 8，1977

汇票须在提单日起15天内议付，但不得迟于1977年8月8日.this credit remains valid in China until 23rd May，1977（inclusive）

本证到1977年5月23日为止，包括当日在内在中国有效 expiry date August 15，1977 in country of beneficiary for negotiation

于1977年8月15日在受益人国家议付期满

expiry date 15th August，1977 in the country of the beneficiary unless otherwise

除非另有规定，（本证）于1977年8月15日受益人国家满期 draft（s）drawn under this credit must be negotiation in China on or before August 12，1977 after which date this credit expires

凭本证项下开具的汇票要在1977年8月12日或该日以前在中国议付，该日以后本证失效

expiry（expiring）date…

满期日……（有效期）.…if negotiation on or before…

在……日或该日以前议付

negoation must be on or before the 15th day of shipment

自装船日起15天或之前议付 this credit shall remain in force until 15th August 197 in China

本证到1977年8月15日为止在中国有效

the credit is available for negotiation or payment abroad until…

本证在国外议付或付款的日期到……为止

the amount and date of negotiation of each draft must be endorsed on reverse hereof by the negotiation bank

每份汇票的议付金额和日期必须由议付行在本证背面签注

this copy of credit is for your own file，please deliver the attached original to the beneficaries

本证副本供你行存档，请将随附之正本递交给受益人 without you confirmation thereon

（本证）无需你行保兑

documents must be sent by consecutive airmails

单据须分别由连续航次邮寄（注：即不要将两套或数套单据同一航次寄出）

all original documents are to be forwarded to us by air mail and duplicate documents by sea-mail

全部单据的正本须用航邮，副本用平邮寄交我行

please despatch the first set of documents including three copies of commercial invoices direct to us by registered airmail and the second set by following airmail

请将包括3份商业发票在内的第一套单据用挂号航邮经寄我行，第二套单据在下一次航邮寄出

original documents must be snet by Registered airmail，and duplicate by subsequent airmail

单据的正本须用挂号航邮寄送，副本在下一班航邮寄送 documents must by sent by successive（or succeeding）airmails

单据要由连续航邮寄送

all documents made out in English must be sent to out bank in one lot

用英文缮制的所有单据须一次寄交我行 method of reimbursement 索偿办法

available by your draft at sight payable by us in London on the basis to sight draft on New York

凭你行开具之即期汇票向我行在伦敦的机构索回票款，票款在纽约即期兑付

in reimbursement，please claim from our RMB￥ account held with your banking department Bank of China Head Office Beijing with the amount of your negotiation

偿付办法，请在北京总行我人民币帐户中索回你行议付之款项

upon presentation of the documents to us，we shall authorize your head office backing department by airmail to debit the proceeds to our foreign business department account

一俟向我行提交单证，我行将用航邮授权你总行借记我行国外营业部帐户

after negotiation，you may reimburse yourselves by debiting our RMB￥ account with you，please forward all relative documents in one lot to us by airmail

议付后请借记我行在你行开立的人民币帐户，并将全部有关单据用航邮一次寄给我行

all bank charges outside U.K.are for our principals account，but must claimed at the time of presentation of documents

在英国境外发生的所有银行费用，应由开证人负担，但须在提交单据是索取

negotiating bank may claim reimbursement by T.T.on the…bank certifying that the credit terms have been complied with

议付行须证明本证条款已旅行，并按电汇条款向……银行索回货款 abandonment clause: 委付条款 act of god: 不可抗力 actuary: 保险精算师

all-risks policy:一切险保单 Assignment clause: 转让条款 Average: 海损、海损分摊 Average adjuster: 海损理算人

Average clause: 共同海损分担条款 Certificate of insurance: 保险证明书 Claim: 索赔

Claim assessor: 索赔人 Damage: 损坏赔偿金

Damage certificate: 损坏证明书 Damage claim: 损坏索赔 Endorsement: 签注

Endowment policy: 人寿定期保险单 Faa(free of all average): 全损赔偿 Fpa(free of particular average): 单独海损不赔 Free of average: 全损赔偿 Insurance broker: 保险经纪人 Insurance policy: 保险单 Insurance premium: 保险费 Jettison: 投弃

Knock-for-knock agreement: 互撞免赔协议 Liability insurance: 责任保险 Life assured: 人寿保险投保人 Life fund: 人寿保险基金 Loading: 人寿保险附加费 Loss adjuster: 损失理算人 Loss ratio: 赔付率

Marine insurance: 海上运输保险

Mortality tables: 死亡率表（用于计算保险风险）Motor insurance: 汽车保险

Mutual insurance company: 互助保险公司 No-claims bonus: 无索偿奖金 Reinsurance: 再保险；转保 Renewal: 续保；延期 Renewal premium: 续保费

Salvage value: 残值；获救货物或船舶的价值 Third party insurance: 第三方保险 Time policy: 定期保险单 Unvalued policy: 不定值保单 U/w(underwriter): 承保人

第五篇：商务英语翻译

Abstract:

This article introduces the services and development of the Internet of Things, and analyzes the driving forces and obstacles behind such development.Looking at application types and the different development stages of the Internet of Things, this article categorizes its services into four types: identity related services, information aggregation services, collaborative-aware services, and ubiquitous services.For the first two types of services, applications and system framework are discussed;for the last two types, development trends are discussed.Services provided by the Internet of Things will gradually be integrated into human life and society;with the development of the Internet of Things, applications will evolve from relatively simple identity-related and information aggregation-related applications, to collaboratively-aware, and finally ubiquitous applications.It will then be possible for the Internet of Things to be fully integrated with Internet and telecommunications networks.摘要：

本文介绍了物联网的服务和发展和分析这种发展背后的推动力和障碍。寻找在应用程序类型和不同发展阶段的物联网，这篇文章总结为四种类型的服务：身份相关服务，信息聚合服务，协作感知的服务和无处不在服务。对于前两种类型的服务，对应用程序和系统框架进行了讨论，对于最后两个类型，对发展趋势进行了讨论。物联网提供的服务将逐步融入人类的生活和社会；随着互联网的发展，应用程序会从相对简单的身份到有关的信息聚合到协作感知相关的应用发展，并最终成为无处不在的应用。然后，它将充分结合互联网和电信网络。Development of the Internet of Things

The concept“Internet of Things”was coined by Kevin Ashton of Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)in 1999, and is defined as follows: all things are connected to the Internet via sensing devices such as Radio Frequency Identification(RFID)to achieve intelligent

identification and management.Early in 1995, the book The Power to Predict [1] first described application scenarios of the Internet of Things.In recent times, the Internet of Things has developed rapidly and globally due to increasing government and enterprise investment in projects in regions such as the USA, Europe, Japan, and

South Korea.IBM’s Smarter Planet initiative will see an investment of 3 million dollars made in smart grid and digital healthcare projects.The EU has proposed an i2010 policy framework that aims to enhance economic efficiency and promote the development of Information and

Communication Technologies(ICT)through widespread use of these technologies.In Japan, the i-Japan strategy is based on E-Japan and U-Japan.South Korea has also proposed a new project for the Internet of Things.In China, Prime Minister Wen Jiabo presented the concept

of“Experiencing China”in August 2009.Driven by the Chinese Government, the Internet of Things industry has developed rapidly in China.1、互联网发展的因素

由凯文·阿什顿的美国麻省理工学院（MIT）于1999年提出的“物联网”的概念，定义如下：所有的东西都连接到互联网，如射频识别（RFID）传感装置，以实现智能化识别和管理。早在1995年，这本书的动力预测首先介绍了物联网的应用场景。

在最近几年，随着物联网和全球化的迅速发展，越来越多的政府和企业在美国，欧洲，日本，韩国等地区进行项目的投资。IBM的智慧地球倡议，将在智能电网和数字医疗保健项目中得到3亿美元的投资。欧盟已经提出了一个2010年的政策框架，其目的是提高经济效率和促进通过这些技术的广泛使用使信息和通信技术（ICT）得到发展。在日本，他的战略是基于E-日本和U-日本。韩国也提出了关于物联网的新项目。2009年8月，中国总理温家宝提出的“体验中国”的概念。在中国政府的推动下，物联网产业在中国发展迅速。

1.1 Driving Forces for Development of the Internet of Things

First, the development of the Internet of Things conforms to the trend of using information technologies to better serve society.On the one hand, modern society suffers development bottlenecks in the fields of energy, transport, logistics and financing.On the other, people have direct demands in health, and medical treatment and services.With a general belief that

information technologies make for smarter terminals, wider networks, and better services than other technologies, they are naturally chosen to solve problems encountered in social and economic development as well as to enhance standards of living.Second, the Internet of Things is regarded as a new source of economic growth by many

governments.The Information Superhighway Plan implemented by the Clinton administration brought 10 years of rapid economic development to the USA.Now, the Obama administration has put forward“Smarter Earth,”which probably has relations with the Information Superhighway Plan.In China, the Internet of Things is regarded as the practice of using information technologies to promote industrialization.In regions such as Europe, Japan, and South Korea, government plays an important role in Internet of Things planning.Third, with its businesses reaching saturation point, the telecom industry also regards the Internet of Things as a new breakthrough.In many European countries, mobile phone penetration rate has reached 100%.As a result, person-to-thing and thing-to-thing communication has been placed high on the agenda.The Internet of Things therefore represents a new stage in the development of the telecom industry.1.1 物联网的发展动力

首先，物联网的发展，符合在使用信息技术下可以更好地为社会服务的趋势。一方面，现代社会发展遭受瓶颈，包括能源，运输，物流和融资等领域。另一方面，人有直接的需求在卫生，医疗和服务方面。智慧型终端将更广泛的应用于网络，与其他技术相比，可以更好的服务于信息技术，可以用来解决在社会和经济发展中遇到的问题和提高人民生活水平。第二，物联网被许多国家的政府视为一个新的经济增长源。克林顿政府实施的“信息高速公路计划购买美国10年来经济快速发展。现在，奥巴马政府已提出“智慧地球”，这可能与信息高速公路计划的关系。在中国，物联网被视为利用信息技术推动工业化的方法。在欧洲，日本和韩国等地区，政府在物联网规划中起着重要的作用。

第三，互联网业务达到饱和点，电信业也被视为物联网发展的一个新的突破点。在欧洲许多国家，移动电话普及率已达100％。因此，人对事物和事物对事物通信已被提上议事日程。因此，物联网的发展代表电信业发展的一个新阶段。Services of the Internet of Things

There are a large number of applications that can be included as Internet of Things services, and these can be classified according to different criteria.According to technical features, Internet of Things services can be divided into 4 types: identity-related services[2], information

aggregation services, collaborative-aware services, and ubiquitous services[3].It is generally agreed that an inevitable trend for the Internet of Things will be its

development from information aggregation to collaborative awareness and ubiquitous

convergence, and that not all services of the Internet of Things will develop to the stage of ubiquitous convergence.Many applications and services only require information aggregation, and are not intended for ubiquitous convergence as the information is closed, confidential, and applicable only to a small group.2联网服务

物联网服务包括了大量的应用，而这些应用可以根据不同的标准分类。根据技术特点，就互联网服务可分为4种类型：[1]身份相关的服务[2]，聚合信息服务，[3]协同感知的服务，和[4]无处不在的服务。

人们普遍认为，一个必然的趋势物联网将是其发展的信息聚合协作意识和无处不在的收敛，并非所有的联网服务将无处不在的融洽。很多应用和服务的发展阶段，只需要信息聚合，不用于无处不在收敛的信息是封闭的，保密和适用只有一小群。

2.1 Identity-Related Services

Identity-related services adopt identity technologies such as RFID, two-dimensional code, and barcode.Figure 1 lists some identity-related services.According to the identification mode of the terminal, identity-related services can be divided into two categories: active and passive.They can also be classified by served objects(enterprise or individual): personal applications or enterprise services.The implementation of different applications may vary.Figure 2 illustrates the basic principle of tag-based information acquisition services.The general procedure for such services is as

follows: first, an RFID tag is attached to a thing.Then, a read device accesses the information in the RFID tag(including the identity information of the thing), and makes a request to the name resolution server of the Internet of Things.In this way, it may obtain the Uniform Resource Identifier(URI)of the thing.Finally, the read device obtains further information from the URI.2.1身份有关的服务

身份有关的服务采用身份的技术，如RFID，二维码和条码。图1列出了一些身份有关的服务。

根据终端识别模式，身份有关的服务可分为两个类别：主动和被动。它们也可以被列为服务对象（企业或个人）：个人申请或企业不同的应用服务。

实施可能会有所不同。图2显示了基于标签的信息获取服务的基本原则。一般程序这样的服务如下：首先，RFID标签连接到一件事。然后，读取设备的访问，在RFID标签的信息（包括身份信息的事情），使得联网名称解析服务器的请求。在这种方式，它可以得到的东西的统一资源标识符（URI）。最后，读取装置从URI取得进一步的信息。Key Technologies for the Internet of Things

The above discussion shows that implementation of services in the Internet of Things mainly involves the key technologies of sensor, sensor network, sensor network-related communication, communication network, the Internet of Things platform, and integrated technologies.The sensor is used to collect information in the Internet of Things;it is the basic part that senses the real world, and offers services and applications.However, due to the diversity of sensors(there are temperature, pressure, speed, humidity, height, video, image, and location sensors), information interfaces provided by these sensors vary widely.This is the greatest challenge for mass production of Internet of Things terminals.Much research has already been conducted into sensor networks, and a complete set of specifications have been made for the physical layer, link layer, and network layer.But sensor networks have not been put into application on a large scale[6].Typical sensor network-related communication technologies include Bluetooth, Infrared Data Association(IrDA), Wireless

Fidelity(Wi-Fi), ZigBee, RFID, Ultra-Wide Band(UWB), Near Filed Communication(NFC), and WirelessHart.Sensor networks will evolve to next generation IP networks(e.g.IPv6 networks), and sensor terminals will tend to become smarter.The intelligence of a sensor network is mainly reflected in its IP technology, low power consumption, small size, bidirectional transfer of information, and non-manual maintenance.Communication networks provide the data transmission channel for the Internet of Things.Current research into communication networks focuses on how to enhance existing networks to meet the service requirements of the Internet of Things(e.g.low data rate, low mobility).The Internet of Things platform works with terminals as well as exiting networks and systems to provide the capabilities to various applications.In terms of network architecture, a unified service platform that is suitable for applications of multiple industries is required to support cross-sector, unified information services.In particular, when the Internet of Things develops into the collaborative-aware or even ubiquitous service stages, more effective network framework, name address, routing, and communication protocols have to be worked out.3.物联网的关键技术

上述讨论表明，在实施物联网服务时将主要涉及传感器、传感器网络，基于传感器的沟通交流、网络沟通、物联网平台和综合技术等关键技术。

该传感器是用来收集在物联网中的信息，它是实现感知现实世界这一功能的基本组成部分并提供服务和应用。然而，由于传感器的多样性（比如温度，压力，速度，湿度，高度，视频，图像，位置传感器），这些传感器的信息接口的千差万别。这也成为了众多物联网终端最大的挑战。

许多研究已经针对传感器网络展开，并完成了一整套物理层，链路层和网络层的规格规范。但传感器网络仍尚未投入大规模的应用。典型传感器网络相关通讯技术包括蓝牙、红外通讯（IrDA）、无线保真（Wi-Fi的）、ZigBee、RFID、超宽带（UWB）、近场通信技术（NFC）和WirelessHART的。传感器网络将发展为下一代IP网络（例如IPv6网络），传感器终端将会变得更加聪明。传感器网络的智能主要体现在它的IP技术、低功耗、体积小、信息双向传输和自动维护上。

通信网络为物联网提供了数据的传输通道。目前关于通信网络的研究集中在如何增强现有的网络以满足物联网的服务需求（例如低数据率，低流动性）。

物联网平台和终端相兼容，也拥有在脱离网络和系统的情况下提供的各种应用的能力。在网络体系架构中，一个统一的适合多个行业应用的服务平台将需要跨部门，统一的信息服务的支持。特别是当物联网发展成为协同感知，甚至变成无处不在的服务的阶段，将需要制定更有效的网络框架、姓名、地址、路由。