第一篇:高中英语句子翻译与写作 第22章 定语从句
第二十二章 定语从句
历届试题
1.众所周知,吸烟会导致多种疾病。(cause)(S98)
2.这张照片使我想起了我们在夏令营里度过的日子。(remind)(S00)
3.众所周知,成功来自勤奋,不努力则一事无成。(without)(S00)
4.他们应从这件事中吸取教训:玩火者必自焚。(burn)(S01)
5.就我所知,在那座小城市里购物很方便。(as far as)(Ss01)
6.到目前为止,我们学过的英语单词总计大约有三千五百个。(add up to)(Ss01)
7.许多外国游客都想去长城一游。他们知道“不到长城非好汉”。(visit)(Ss02)
I.“the person”
1.昨天使大家发笑的那个译员叫什么名字?(laugh)
2.不懂装懂的人总有一天会受到惩罚的。(punish)
3.那位根本没有翻译该故事的译员是非常机敏的。(clever)
4.我们很乐意见到你提到的那个人。(mention)
5.他们都是我能求助的人。(beg a favor of)
6.很多年前访问中国的探险者把茶叶带到了西方。(explorer)
7.吸烟的人甘冒自杀的危险。(run the risk of)
8.按照这一课课文所说,早起的人常被叫做“早起的鸟”。(early bird)
9.为别人带来幸福的人是最幸福的人。(bring happiness to)
10.任何有良知的中国人都希望中国将尽快地统一。(reunite)
11.对于想要了解医学科学新的发展的人来说,这本杂志是很有帮助的。(be informed of)
12.居里夫人似乎是唯一的获得两次诺贝尔奖金的人。(only)
13.不少到国外去碰碰运气的人都未成功。(try one’s luck)
14.这家公司设法把这个职位给了一位获得博士学位并有工作经验的专家。(manage)
15.那所大学里的学生有年龄16到25岁的男男女女。(range)
16.那些忘我工作的人们很值得我们尊敬。(devote)
17.真正的好朋友应该是雪中送炭。(offer)
18.我们将访问我们镇上唯一健在的曾参加过长征的老人。(alive)
19.在城里住得厌倦的人想离开城市。(be bored)
20.那位著名的音乐家把一生都献给了音乐,他是我兄弟的朋友之一。(devote)
21.“谁负责这项设计?”“张博士,他刚从英国回来。”(in charge of)
22.一个没有受到良好训练的人是不适合当侦探的。(suitable)
23.为了纪念在城市建设中做出贡献的第一批志愿者所建立的纪念碑位于广场中央。(in honor of)
24.为了与我在北京念大学的弟弟保持联系,我每隔一个星期给他写一封信。
(keep in touch with)
25.我觉得这本英语简易读物对学过二、三年英语的人是很适合的。(suitable)
26.在告别晚会上,他含着眼泪向帮助过他的人表示感谢。(gratitude)
27.我们非常感谢那位尊敬的教授给我们作了这么精彩的讲座。(grateful)
28.对我们公司生产的产品感兴趣的人可以与我们联系。(contact)
29.只有勇敢面对困难的人才会想方设法解决困难。(face up to)
30.刚才与你握手的外籍教师下学期将教我们英国文学。(shake hands with)
31.他们将举行一个晚会来庆祝那位美籍华人科学家获得诺贝尔奖。(in honor of)
32.他的祖父是个热心肠的人,总是乐于帮助有困难的人。(be ready to)
33.一个人要成功,就必须在任何情况下不放弃,应该始终充满信心。(give up)
34.只有患过重病的人才真正明白健康对于一个人意味着什么。(be aware of)
35.作为一名以时装设计为专业的学生,他希望有一天能有机会访问巴黎。(major in)
36.人人生来平等,因此我们绝不能看不起那些来自农村的人。(look down)
37.荣誉属于那些勇于面对困难去探索宇宙秘密的人。(face up to)
38.这种衣服是专门为那些在各种恶劣环境下工作的人设计的。(design)
39.每个人都要为自己做的事负责,因此任何人犯法都要受到法律的惩罚。(responsible)
40.政府照料着那些在地震中父母遇难的儿童。(take care of)
41.赞扬如同温暖的阳光,它不仅会给受赞者带来欢乐,也会给赞扬者带来愉快。
(not only … but also …)
42.那位在物理方面做出重要发现的科学家得到了最高荣誉。(discovery)
43.足球比赛结束时,市长走向前去与代表球队的队长握手。(represent)
44.王老师为在住院的老师代课。(substitute for)
45.世上无难事,只怕有心人。(will)
46.要跟上英语的发展,最好的方式就是和说英语的人保持交流。(keep)
47.很多看过这部电影的人都不敢去森林,尤其当他们想起那些老虎吃人的镜头。(scene)
48.作为远离家乡的学子,他们得自己去面对所有遇到的问题。(face)
49.为了拯救那些禽流感患者,医生们日夜工作,废寝忘食。(suffer)
50.在巴黎,她遇见了一位当时正在一所大学里做研究工作的教授。(d0 research)
51.被授予诺贝尔奖的美国前副总统Al Gore告诉媒体他仍将致力于解决全球变暖问题。
(commit)
52.这儿身高在1.70m-1.75之间的女孩都有机会被选人时装表演队。(range)
53.没有远大目标的人终将一事无成。(achieve)
54.我们都很尊敬这个对学生们关怀备至并为此奉献一生的老师。(devote)
55.在日常生活中,我们不要与言而无信的人打交道。(fail)
56.机遇和成功往往青睐有所准备的人。(favor)
II.“the thing”
1.我们参加的活动都是有趣的。(activity)
2.那本告诉我很多有趣的事的书是用英语写的。(write)
3.塑料做的东西一般并不昂贵。(expensive)
4.他发明了一种游戏,其中没有激烈的运动。(invent)
5.他们到了图书馆,可以从那儿借书。(borrow)
6.我将教你一种游戏,可以在室内和室外玩。(play)
7.我们到离学校十公里外的地方去看大桥。(have a look)
8.这男孩最喜欢那只看上去像一条鱼的风筝。(look like)
9.延续了8年的战争终于结束了。(last)
10.她不可能读完昨天从图书馆借来的那本小说。(finish)
11.这个部门的负责人为他所弓l起的这件麻烦事表示遗憾。(in charge of)
12.汤姆打开电视,但没发现可能引起他兴趣的任何节目。(be likely to)
13.你找到了你在寻找的那只手表了吗?(look for)
14.你需要一件能御寒的厚大衣。(offer protection from)
15.你看到今天早晨在河的东岸发生的事故吗?(occur)
16.这位家庭主妇上超级市场前把她要购买的东西列了一张单子。(make a list of)
17.诺贝尔奖被认为是科学家能希望得到的最大荣誉。(consider)
18.画图是她的嗜好,它几乎占据了她所有的业余时间。(occupy)
19.毕业典礼(commencement)是所有大学生都会永远牢记的一个特殊仪式。(special
ceremony)
20.人体的需要存在于各种食物中的各种营养物,所以我们需要的是平衡的膳食。
(a variety of)
21.美国由50个州组成,其中一个州在太平洋。(consist of,lie)
22.他现在最需要的是一杯茶了。(nothing)
23.他曾说过没有任何的书籍比莎士比亚的作品对他的影响更大了。(influence)
24.你去过那座博物馆吗?那地方曾是一座古代宫殿。(ancient palace)
25.(这儿)有没有出售小型器具的超级市场?(sell)
26.那就是我们百年一遇的最大的洪水。(the greatest flood)
27.他做了一个又一个实验,想要发现电子运动的方向。(in order t0o)
28.这是一篇他原打算在昨天的会上发表的演讲。(intend)
29.这是我第二次在上海大剧院观看芭蕾舞“天鹅舞”。(the second time)
30.展览馆里展出的是他近几年的优秀艺术作品,它们使人想起他的出色的艺术创造能力。
(remind)
31.他们最近访问了一所学校。它有80名学生,年龄9岁到15岁不等。(range)
32.大学毕业以后,我们将面临的第一个问题就是求职面试。(meet)
33.很多人喜欢参观这个博物馆,它常常使人们想起中华民族的古老文明。(remind)
34.你不能总是喝橘子水,它代替不了水。而水对人体是很重要的。(substitute for)
35.他的妻子昨天送给他的那条领带与他的西装不相配。(match)
36.在他十几岁时,他看了大量的科学书籍,这为其将来的成功打下了基础。(lay the
foundation)
37.他用一种与其性格相符合的谦虚态度谈到自己的工作。(a modest attitude)
38.这是我国最长的一座悬索桥,桥面有八车道宽,每个方向有四个车道。(though)
39.他一走进教室,他的学生们就向他抱怨昨天他布置的数学题太难了。(complain)
40.你刚才提到的那本词典肯定会对我大有帮助。下次一定得带给我。(be sure)
41.你能不能把小偷昨晚偷走的东西列个清单?那会对警方大有帮助。(helpful)
42.我们五年前购买的那些二手汽车目前还在使用。(in use)
43.汤姆收集的邮票加起来共有5000张。(add up to)
44.加入了世贸组织后,中国面临着前所未有的机遇和挑战。(face)
45.那位学者给了我们许多有关学习语言的建议,使我们受益非浅。(benefit)
46.当任何所需要的信息,在家里就能得到时,人与人之间的面对面的交流就少了。(available)
47.中学三年中,你学到最宝贵的东西是什么?(valuable)
48.他没有弄清楚的两件事是会议的时间和地点。(be sure of)
49.她认为那影片是她看过的最糟的影片之一。(regard)
50.我找到了问题的答案。这问题已经困扰了我相当长的时间了。(which)
51.我们将面对的问题不是简单的而是复杂的。(but)
52.参加上一届奥运会的国家加起来超过100。(add)
53.这本书里有50个小故事,包括我刚才讲的那一个。(contain)
54.你能区别这四个意识相近的动词吗?(tell … apart)
55.使他兴奋的是,他在山顶上看到了他一生中从未看到过的奇妙景象。(excitement)
56.黄浦江以东的土地叫浦东,比新加坡面积大。(in area)
57.你每顿饭都吃甜食,这对你的牙齿极其有害。(do harm to)
58.总而言之,我们不能忽视孩子在成长过程中出现的问题。(neglect)
59.在APEC会议上,许多外国领导人高度赞扬中国在最近几年里取得的伟大成就。(praise)
60.当你每天服这种药时,是否考虑过它可能引起的副作用。(side effect)
61.我祖父五十多岁时,谱了二十多首歌曲,其中大部分在50年代非常流行。(compose)
62.他对我任何保持健康的建议证明是相当有效的。(prove)
63.他现在能用英语思维了,这说明他的语言学习十分成功。(be successful)
64.三年前的水灾仅在安徽省就造成了高达三亿元的损失。(up to)
65.你是否可以重复一下你刚才引用的鲁迅的话?(quote)
66.理论必须与实践相结合,这证明是个真理。(be combined with)
67.王先生找到工作后急于要找一间上班方便的房子。(be eager)
68.全世界都对中国近十年来取得的巨大成就极为惊讶。(amaze)
69.碰巧在这本书里我找到了所需要的参考资料。(happen)
70.那位退休工人决定把他所积蓄的钱的一半捐献给希望工程。(donate)
71.海外华人都为中国最近十年取得的惊人成就感到自豪。(take pride in)
72.计算机被认为是现代技术上最大的进步之一,它彻底改变了世界。(consider)
73.他及时给了我们帮助,没有他的帮助我们的成功是不可能的。(without)
74.集邮是他的嗜好,它几乎占据了他所有的业余时间。(occupy)
75.万一下雨,毕业典礼将在学生俱乐部举行,那儿能容纳五百个人。(in case of)
76.一个科学家总是最充分地使用他所观察的事实。(make use of)
77.虽然雷锋生活在60年代,但今天我们仍可以从他身上学到许多东西。(1earn from)
78.使她失望的是,她想买的连衣裙没有她要的颜色和尺码。(available)
79.在过去的三年里,我学到的最宝贵的东西是怎样做一个正直的人。(valuable)
80.她寄一封长信给他,对他写的书表示欣赏。(show appreciation of)
81.他出身在一个他从来是无忧无虑的家庭。(forever)
82.现在许多人谈论的一个最严重的问题集中在缺乏足够的居住空间。(focus,adequate)
83.我们的物理老师讲课总是生动有趣、清晰明了,学生们受益匪浅。(benefit)
84.她花了冤枉钱,买了她并不需要的东西。(waste)
85.那座看上去像教堂的建筑有好几个世纪的历史了。(look)
86.我们唯一能做的事就是忘记背后,努力面前。(lie)
87.在你游览过的城市中哪一个人口最多?(population)
88.增加农民的收入是我们现在面临的主要问题之一。(face)
89.位于城市东部的科学博物馆吸引了众多的参观者。(situate)
90.我误把Linda当成是她的孪生妹妹,这令我非常尴尬。(mistake)
91.智力在很大程度上是与生俱来的东西。(extent)
92.发现学生们下午昏昏欲睡的样子,老师竭尽所能来激发他们的兴趣。(arouse)
93.你对正在读的这篇文章的话题熟悉吗?(familiar)
94.大多数学生都支持他所提出的建议。(put)
95.两国元首间的会谈包含了许多方面的内容,其中包括涉及到两国的那场战争。(range)
96.那些世世代代传下来的故事仍然吸引着许多人。(pass on)
97.我喜欢读名家的文章,这些文章充满了人类的智慧。(wit)
98.可供选择的食品种类繁多,你可挑你最合口味的那一种。(select)
99.轻轨的开通使周边的居民受益非浅。(benefit)
100.他说他生病了,为他缺席开脱。(excuse)
101.这位科学家留给其子女的唯一东西就是一大堆书籍。(1eave)
102.在感恩节来临的时候,一年级的老师让她的学生在纸上画出心怀感恩的事物。(thankful)103.我们盼望的机会可能在最后一刻才会出现。(hope)
104.电子工程是工程学的分支之一,它在现代化进程中起着至关重要的作用。(which)105.我们所生活的世界将得益于我们日益增强的环境意识。(benefit)
106.他经常默默无闻地为大家做好事,我们深受感动。(which)
107.他总是全力以赴面对挑战,这使大家印象深刻。(impress)
108.经过十年的艰苦奋斗,这个女孩终于成为一名律师,圆了自己儿时的梦想。(which)
III.“the place”
1.我们最后参观的地方是电台。(visit)
2.这就是我出生的地方。(be born)
3.这位化学家经常去的那个实验室离这儿不远。(lab)
4.那家出售很多现代化的艺术品商店在街道对面。(sell)
5.在街角的那幢大楼是史密斯先生居住的公寓。(apartment)
6.你叔叔居住的那个城市有多少人口?(population)
7.我们参观了种植粮食和养殖牲畜的农场。(raise)
8.沙漠就是什么东西也长不出来的一片大平原。(plain)
9.图书馆是非常吸引人的地方,那儿每天有人花几小时翻阅书刊。(browse through)
10.上一次你带我看的房子离我工作的地方太远,而且也太贵了。(in addition)
11.家是款待我们最好的地方,也是我们抱怨最多的地方。(treat)
12.作为访问学者,他们想更多地了解所在国的习俗。(as)
IV.“the time”
1.我永远不会忘记我进高中的那一天。(enter)
2.你能告诉我你什么时候有空吗?(time)
3.我们最好将这次野餐延至下个月,那时天气可能会好些了。(put off)
4.有一段时间上海的公共汽车非常拥挤,尤其是在高峰时刻。(rush hours)
5.这支歌使我想起了在农村的日子。(remind)
V.“the mason”
1.他为什么上课迟到的原因不清楚。(clear)
2.夏天很燠热。那就是我不喜欢它的原因。(the reason why)
3.这个国家经常卷人战争,这就是它极端贫穷的原因。(involve)
VI.„„the way”
1.美国人烹调食品的方式和我们不一样。(way)
2.我不喜欢他那样对待病人。(the way)
3.购买保险是人们保护自己免遭重大损失的一种方法。(protect)
VII.“as’’“as far as”
1.由于大雨,那场音乐会没有按电视预告举行。(hold)
2.众所周知,熊猫是中国特有的动物。(find)
3.据我所知,派谁去那儿帮助他们仍未决定。(so far as,remain)
4.Tim或许不是很有经验,但就能力而言,这公司里没有人能和他相比。(match)
5.我认为,就能力而言,史密斯先生是出任经理的最好人选。(opinion)
6.奥运会,人们通常这样称呼,在过去一百年间,从十个运动项目发展到二十一个。(as,develop)
7.大家都知道,他以当导演而出名。(distinguished)
8.就我所知,在叔叔居住的那座小城里购物很不方便。(as far as)
9.就住房而言,这老太太宁可住郊区,不住市区。(concern)
10.众所周知,充足的睡眠是保持健康的重要因素之一。(As)
VIII.“the same…as”
1.我有和你一样的想法。(opinion)
IX.“such…as”
1.他取得了如此大的使得他的老师都感到惊讶的进步。(progress)
X.其他
1.我称了一下行李结果发现我带的大大超出所允许带的。(allow)
2.没有人不渴望上大学。(but)
第二篇:定语从句写作
翻译短文,尽可能多的使用定语从句。
1.我有一个朋友叫Kate,她的妈妈是我以前的英语老师;
2.Kate是一个容易相处的人,我们都与喜欢她;
3.Kate在此次口语竞赛speech contest中获得第一名take the first place,这使她妈妈很高兴
4.新年就要到了,到时Kate会和她妈妈一起去香港;
5.众所周知(as we all know),香港是一个购物天堂(shopping paradise), Kate 打算在那
里买她需要的东西。
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I have a classmate called Kate, and whose mother is my former English teacher.Kate is a girl who is easy to get along with and we all like her, Kate took the first place in the Speech Contest, which makes her mother happy.The New Year is coming, when Kate will go to Hong Kong together with her mother.As we all know, Hong Kong is a shopping paradise, where Kate intends to buy what she needs.
第三篇:高中英语定语从句详解
高中英语定语从句详解
◆英语谚语欣赏
1.He who knows nothing but pretends to know everything is indeed a good-for –nothing.不懂装懂,一事无成.2.It’s the first step that costs.千里之行,始于足下
3.He that makes himself a sheep shall be eaten by the wolf.甘当小绵羊,迟早要喂狼.Ⅰ.概念:
(1)定语从句:在主从复合句中用作定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧接在先行词(antecedent)后面。
(2)先行词:被定语从句修饰的成份。先行词可以为一个词,短语,或整个主句。(3)引导定语从句的词叫关系词,分为关系代词和关系副词。关系词的作用:
1)引导定语从句,连接主句和从句,相当于一个连词;
2)必在从句中作某个句子成份(可以做主语,宾语,表语,定语,状语)常用的关系代词: that、which、who、whom、whose、as 常用的关系副词(在从句中只作状语): when、why、where The student who answered the question was John.I know the reason why he was so angry.The boy(whom)you are talking to is my brother.I'd like a room whose window looks out over the sea.定语从句三步: 第一找出先行词;
第二看先行词在定语从句中的语法功能(做主语、宾语或状语); 第三选择合适的关系词。
Ⅱ.几个关系代词的基本用法:
●that: 可指人或物;在定语从句中作主语,宾语,表语。(指人时,相当于who或 whom;指物时,相当于which)(一般不用于非限制性定语从句;不可置于介词后作宾语)如: 1.A letter that/which is written in pencil is difficult to read.(主语)2.Do you know the gentleman that/who spoke just now? 3.You can take anything(that)you like.(宾语)
4.What is the question(that/which)they are talking about? 5.Here is the man(who/whom/that)you want to see.6.She's no longer the girl(that)she used to be before.(表语)7.Our hometown is no longer the one(that)it used to be.= Our hometown is not the same as it used to be.= Our hometown is different from what it used to be。= Our hometown is not what it used to be.●which: 指物;在定语从句中作主语,宾语,表语,定语。如:
1.The book which/that was on the desk was bought by my father.(主语)2.The book(which/that)I bought yesterday is very interesting.(宾语)3.The factory in which his father works is far from here.4.He was proud, which his brother never was.(表语)
5.Tom spent four years in college, during which time he learned French.(定语)6.He may be late, in which case we ought to wait for him.●who, whom, whose: who: 主格, 在从句中作主语,在口语或非正式用法中作宾语;只可指人 whom: 宾格,在从句中作宾语;只可指人
whose: 属格,在从句中作定语,可指人也可指物。I like the students who/that work hard.(主语)
All who heard the story were amazed.(代词如he, they, any, those, all, one等后多用who.)Chaplin, for whom life had once been very hard, was a success as an actor.(宾语)He's a man from whom we should learn.= He's a man(whom/who/that)we should learn from.A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.(指人)I'd like a room whose window faces south.(指物)=I'd like a room of which the window faces south.=I'd like a room the window of which faces south.There is a teapot shaped like a Chinese duck, out of whose mouth tea is supposed to come 1.关系代词 whose,引导定语从句时,既可指人,又可指物,在从句中只能作定语;of whom 只能指人;of which 只能指物,有时 whose 可以与 of whom 和 of which 互换使用。如: The girl whose hair is golden is from England.头发金色的那个女孩是英国人。
The house whose doors are green is an office building.门是绿色的那座房子是办公楼。2.“介词 + whose +名词” 引导定语从句。如:
I love my motherland, for whose good future I will work hard.我爱我的祖国,为了她美好的未来我要努力工作。
3.在下列情况下,一般只用 of whom 和 of which。
(1)定语从句的主语是 few, little, some, most, many, much等时,一般只用of whom和of which。
In the room are lots of people, many of whom I don’t know.房间里有很多人,很多人我不认识。He has a lot of story-books, a few of which I have never read.他有很多故事书,有几本故事书我还从未看过。
(2)定语从句的主语是数词、形容词的最高级时,一般只用of whom和of which。如:
The old man has three children, two of whom are college students and one of whom is a manager.那个老人有三个小孩,其中两个是大学生,另一个是经理。
(3)定语从句的主语是all, none, both, neither, each等不定代词时,一般只用of whom和of which。如:
There are fifty students in our class, all of whom are working hard.我们班有五十个学生,所有这五十个学生学习都刻苦。
He planted two trees last year, both of which are growing well.去年他栽了两棵树,这两棵树都长得好。
(4)在定语从句中作表语的定语时,一般只用of whom和of which。如: He has three brothers, of whom Li Lei is the youngest one.它有三兄弟,李蕾是他们中最小的一个。
There are many countries in Asia, of which China is the largest one.亚洲有很多国家,中国是最大的一个。
关系代词作介词宾语: 关系代词在定语从句中用作介词宾语时, 介词可放于从句之首, 也可放于从句之末.但以放于句首较为正式.(介词前置,必须注意不影响动词词组的含义。关系代词who 和 that 用作介词宾语时, 介词必须放在句末.)
关系代词前介词选择三原则:一先,二动,三意义(重中之重)1.一先,即根据定语从句中介词与先行词的搭配关系选择。I never forget the day on which I came to this school.(on the day)2.二动,即根据定语从句中谓语动词与介词的搭配关系选择。This is the iPad on which I spent 3000 yuan.(spend money on sth.)3.三意义,即根据定语从句的意义来确定介词。
This is my pair of glasses, without which I cannot see clearly.This is the book for which you asked.=This is the book(that/which)you asked for.Do you know the person with whom I shook hands?= Do you know the person(whom/who/that)I shook hands with? The beginning of agriculture was a big step in human progress with which nothing could compare until our information age.In the dark street, there wasn't a single person to whom she could turn for help.Is this the factory to which you paid a visit last week? Is this factory the one to which you paid a visit last week? This is the girl whom they are looking after.(介词after与look构成固定词组,不可前置。look at, look for, look after, take care of, hear ofaboutfrom, care for, look forward, pay attention to, listen to等)●as 的用法:(as 引导定语从句, 在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语)①如为限制性的,多用于the same …as;the same as;such …as …;as many/much as;so …as等结构中。如:
※I have the same book as you(have).我有一本和你的一样的书。
Her attitude to him was quite the same as it had always been.(关系代词as和指示代词same连用, 在从句中用作表语, 先行词是same.).---Why didn't you mention that in face of the police just now?---I thought it was such a minor detail as was hardly worth mentioning.We will only discuss such problems as have something to do with our own interests.Don't do such things as you are not sure about.There is no such place as you dream of in all this world.比较:I live in the same house that he used to live in.I'm wearing the same shirt as you wore yesterday.比较:Here is so big a stone as no one can lift.(定语从句)
Here is so big a stone that no one can lift it.(结果状语从句)
②如为非限制性的,多单独引导一个定语从句,这种定语从句可置于句首,句中或句尾,译为“正如,这一点”。(动词常为know, see, expect, point out, etc.)As we all know, smoking is harmful to one's health.(as 作宾语)=As is known to all, smoking is harmful to one's health.(as 作主语)=It's known to all that smoking is harmful to one's health.=Smoking is harmful to one's health , as we all know.(as 作宾语)=Smoking, as we all know, is harmful to one' health.He was a foreigner, as I knew from his accent.(宾语, 先行词是前面整个句子)Ⅲ.关系副词引导的定语从句: ●When 指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。其先行词是表时间的名词(如:time, day, week, tear, month, etc.)
He came last night when I was out.We will put off the picnic until next week, when the weather would be better.注意:先行词为“时间名词”,可用when引导定语从句,when在定语从句中作状语;还可以用which或that 引导,which或that在从句中作主语或宾语。
比较: I still remember the day when /on which my brother joined the army.(作状语)Next month, when you will be in your hometown, is just around the corner.I still remember the days which/that we spent together.(作宾语)
Next winter which/that you'll spend in Harbin, I'm sure, will be exciting.I shall never forget the day when Shen Zhou Ⅴ was launched, which has a great effect on my life.There are occasions when joking is not permissible.●Where 指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。其先行词是表示地点的名词,如:place, school, factory, room, etc.This is the place where I was born.I live in the room where /in which he used to live.注意:先行词是“地点名词”,定语从句可用where引导,还可用which或that引导,which/that 在从句中作主语或宾语。
比较: ※This is the factory where /in which he worked last year.(作状语)
在高中的英语学习中,我们都知道,where在定语从句中用作关系副词,作状语,先行词一般指地点。例如:
This is the farm where we worked when we were young.这就是我们年轻时候在此干活的农场。
He met his wife in the park where they fell in love with each other.他是在这个公园遇到他的妻子,就是在那里,他们相爱了。
当然,在实际的英语学习中,where在定语从句中的用法远不是这么简单,相反,要复杂得多,为了让学生对where在定语从句中的用法有更好的了解,下面我就对学生在学习过程中的重难点问题谈一谈它的用法。
一、某些在从句中充当地点状语的“介词+关系词”结构可以与where 互换,where=in/at/on/...which 例如:This is the house in which I lived two years ago.这是我两年前住过的房子。This is the house where I lived two years ago.在英语学习中,并不是单纯地让学生知道where的这种用法就可以了,很多时候学生要掌握where和其他词的用法的区别,才能更好地把握定语从句的用法。例如: This is the factory where/in which you worked last year.This is the factory that/which/you visited last year.在第一句中,关系词在定语从句中作状语,所以用关系副词where或者in which,因为定语从句中worked 是个不及物动词;而在第二句中,关系词在定语从句中做宾语,因此用that或which,还可以省略,visited是个及物动词。学生有时还会碰到更复杂的情况。例如: Is this factory the one that/which/ you visited last year? Is this factory the one where/in which you lived last year? Is this the factory where/in which you lived last year? 这几个句子比前面的两个句子又复杂,除了要区别关系词在定语句子作什么成分,还要注意到前两个句子缺成分,所以要补充 the one。
二、where定语从句修饰抽象名词
where引导的定语从句的先行词大多数情况下是表示地点的名词,但也有特殊情况。如果定语从句修饰point,situation,part,condition和case等表示抽象意义的词,关系词在定语从句中充当状语时,常用where 引导,意思是“到了某种地步,在某种境况中”。为了帮助同学们熟悉这一语言现象,正确掌握这一知识点,对where定语从句修饰抽象名词的用法作一归纳。
1)where定语从句修饰抽象名词point You reach a point where medicine can’t help.你已到了药物无法治疗的地步。We have reached a point where a change is needed.我们到了必须改一改的地步。
注:有时point也可以是具体的地点:
The accident happened at the point where the A15 joins the M1.事故发生在A15与M1交叉的十字路口。
2)where定语从句修饰抽象名词case There are cases where the word “mighty” is used as an adverb.在一些情况下,mighty一词可用作副词。
3)where定语从句修饰抽象名词activity Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity where sight matters more than hearing.那些失聪的成功舞蹈演员们认为,舞蹈是一种让人看胜过让人听的活动。4)where定语从句修饰抽象名词situation He got into a situation where it is hard to decide what is right and wrong.他陷入一种难以分辨是非的局面。
5)where定语从句修饰抽象名词position It’s put me in a position where I can’t afford to take the job.这使我陷入一种不能接受此工作的境地。
6)where定语从句修饰抽象名词job She wants a job where her management skills can be put to good use.她想找一份能将她的管理技能派上用场的工作。
当然了,我们碰到这些词作为先行词时并不一定都用where,我们也要具体情况具体分析,他们只有在定语从句中作状语时才用where。
例如:We are trying to reach a point ____ both sides will sit down together and talk.A.which B.that C.where D.when---Do you have anything to say for yourself?---Yes, there’s one point ____ we must insist on.A.why B.where C.how D./ 上面两个句子虽然先行词相同,都是point,但是由于他们在定语从句中充当的成分不同,所以我们在选择关系词时就要区别对待。第一个句子中关系词在句中作状语,所以选择where关系副词;第二个句子中关系词在定语从句中做宾语,所以选择关系代词that,which或者不填,这样第一题选择C,第二题选择D。
The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point where he can walk correctly and safely.I think you have got to the point where a change is needed, or you would fail.Government reports, legal papers and most business letters are the main situations where English is used.He's got himself into a dangerous situation where he's likely to lose control of the plane.The small mountain village where we spent our holiday last month lies in what /the place which is now part of Hubei.This is the park which/that they visited last year.(作宾语)
Not having been there before, he simply had no idea about the place, which everyone says is worth visiting.●Why 指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语。先行词为reason 时,可用for which指代;当关系词在从句中作主语或宾语时,则用which或that 引导。如:
The reason why / for which /(that)he didn't attend the meeting was that he was ill.I don't believe the reason(that/which)he gave me.(作宾语)
Have you asked him the reason that may explain his success?(作主语)Ex.)He was late.That's because he got up late..He got up late.That's why he was late.(表语从句)
(the reason)why/for which he was late.(定语从句)当先行词为way时,定语从句常用that, in which,或不用引导。way后的定语从句 的引导词不用时较多。但如果关系词在句中作主语或宾语时,则用which或that 引导。如: This is the way(that)/in which I do such things.比较: Please do the experiment in the way(that/which)I have shown you.Ⅳ.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别: 1.形式上,非限制性定语从句往往用逗号隔开。2.语法上,非限制性定语从句一般不用that.3.语义上,限制性定语从句与先行词关系紧密,起限定作用,如果去掉了这个定语从句,整个句子就不完整或者会改变意思;而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不是很紧密,对先行词起补充说明或描述的作用。
This is the book I like best.这就是我最喜欢的那本书。
Beijing, which has been China's capital for more than 800 years , is rich in cultural and historic relics.北京是中国八百年之久的古都,它有着丰富的文化和历史遗产。4.翻译时,限制性定语从句可译为一句(较短的一般译为“的”字结构);而非限制性定语从句可译为两句。(见上句翻译)
比较: He has a sister, who is a musician.He has a sister who is a musician.引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词,指人时用who, whom, whose , 指物时用which , whose;关系副词when,where, why, etc.1.He studied hard at school when he was young, which leads to his success in his later life.2.Tom's father, who arrived just now, is a famous scientist.3.They set up a separate state of their own, where they would be free to keep Negroes as slaves.4.He was proud, which his brother never was.Ⅴ.几个易混淆的关系代词的比较: ●that & which: 在定语从句中,which 和that 在指代事物时,一般可以互换使用,但并非在任何情况下都是这样,这里介绍宜用that, 而不宜用which 的情况.①先行词为不定代词,all,much,something,everything,anything,nothing,none,the one等, 1.We should do all that is useful to the people.2.There's nothing that can be said about it.3.Do you mean the one that was bought yesterday? ②先行词被only, any, few, little, no, just, very, one of等词修饰时。1.The only thing that we could do was to wait.2.That's the very word that is wrongly used.The last place(that)we visited was the chemical works.You can take any(=whichever)seat that is free.I hope the little that I can will be of some help to them.比较 *This is one of the best novels that were published last year.*This is the only one of the best novels that was published last year.③先行词是序数词时或被序数词修饰时。
1.When we talk about Wuxi, the first that comes into mind is Tai Lake.2.This is the third film that has been shown in our school this term.④先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时。1.This is the best that can be done now.2.The most important thing that should be done right now is how to stop him from going on.⑤先行词既有人又有物,用which和who都不适合,这时宜用that.如: 1.The writer and his novel that you have just talked about is really well known.2.The rider and his bike that had run over an old woman were held up by the police.⑥被修饰词为数词时.1.Yesterday I caught two fish and put them in a basin of water.Now you can see the two that are still alive.⑦如果有两个从句,其中一个关系代词已用which ,另一个关系代词宜用that,以避免语言的单调或重复。
Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.⑧疑问词是who或which,关系代词宜用that,以避免重复。1.Which is the book that you like best? 2.Who is the man that is standing at the gate? ⑨主句是There be 结构,修饰其主句的定语从句宜用that 作关系代词.如: 1.There is still a seat in the corner that is still free.⑩被修饰成分为表语时,或者关系代词本身是定语从句的表语时,该关系代词宜用that.1.That's a good book that will help you a lot.2.My home village is no longer the place(that)it used to be.定语从句中宜用which而不宜用that 的情况: ①当关系代词的前面有介词时.1.A zoo is a park in which many kinds of animals are kept for exhibition.2.Is this the room in which Mr.White lives? ②在非限制性定语从句中.1.Crusoe's dog, which was are now very old, became ill and died.2.More and more people are beginning to learn English, which is becoming very popular in our country.(which指代主句)③在一个句子中有两个定语从句,其中一个定语从句的关系代词用了that, 另一个宜用which.1.Let me show you the novel,that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.2.At the station I bought some magazines that might help me to pass the time on the train and which I could pass on to others when I finished them.④当关系代词后面带有插入语时.1.Here's the English grammar which, as I have told you, will help improve your English.⑤先行词本身是that, 宜用which.What's that which she is looking at? ⑥先行词是those+复数名词.A shop should keep a stock of those goods which sell best.(B)who & that: who 和 that 指代人时,有些情况宜用who, 而不宜用that
①先行词为anyone, anybody, those, all, one, ones, they, he, people时.如: 1.The person I want to learn from is the one who studies hard and works well.2.Anyone who(=Whoever)failed to come to the meeting yesterday must give his reason.3.Those who are not fit for their work should leave office at once 4.I don't like the ones(= those)who talk big.5.Persons who are quarrelsome are despised.②在There be 结构中,修饰主语的定语从句宜用关系代词who 指代人.如: 1.There is a gentleman who wants to see you.2.There are several students in our class who are still not sure about the use of attributive clauses.③当先行词有较长的后置定语时.如:
1.I met a foreigner in the park yesterday afternoon who could speak Chinese very well.④一个句子中带有两个定语从句,其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that ,另一个则宜用who, 以免重复.如:
1.The student that was praised at yesterday's meeting is the monitor who is very modest and works very hard.which与as引导非限制性定语从句的异同
一、相同点
两者引导非限制性定语从句时,可指代主句中的部分或整个句子的内容,在从句中做主语,宾语或表语,位于主句之后有时可互换。
The meeting was put off, as /which was exactly what we wanted.He was a doctor, as/which I knew from his manner.二、不同点
1.as可以放在主句前后,也可插入主句之中;而which引导的非限制性从句只能位于主句之后。
As is known to all, fish can’t live without water.Air, as we know, is gas.2.在非限制性从句中,which后的be动词不可省;as而后的be动词可以省略。She told me she won the match, which was a lie.The material is elastic, as(was)shown in the figure.3.which在非限制性定语从句做主语时可用各类动词做谓语;而as做主语时,谓语常用系动词,如be, seem, become等,一般不用其他行为动词。He saw the girl, which delighted him.He didn’t say anything at the meeting , as/which seemed very strange.4.as常用“正如”含义,常用的结构有as we know(众所周知);as often happens(正如常发生的那样);as is often the case(情况常常如此);as we all can see(正如我们看到的);be announced/expected/known/imagined/mentioned/said/shown/ reported等。这些结构常放句首,偶尔也可以放句中或句末。As is known to all, China is a developing country.Kate was late for school, as often happened.5.在非限制性定语从句中which指代主句中某一个单词时,as不可以。My brother enjoyed playing basketball, which he really plays well.Beijing, which he was born in, is our capital.6.“介词+关系代词(介宾代物)”中关系代词只能用which。
The Travel Agency, with which our company has been dealing for several years, has opened for new branches.Air is a mixture of gases, of which oxygen forms 21 percent.7.从句中的谓语动词是否定形式时,常用which。He can write a letter in English, which I can not.Metal will bear beating with a hammer, which a stone will not 8.在非限制性定语从句关系代词代表前面主句中的宾语从句时,常用which He said he had passed the exam, which was untrue.定语从句中关系代词省略与保留
我们知道,关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时可以省略,但也有几种特殊情况,关系代词不用作宾语也可以省略,同学们学习和使用时请注意。
在下列情况下,引导宾语从句的关联词可以省略。
一、that在定语从句中作表语时。例如:
She is all(that)a teacher should be.她具备一个老师应该具备的所有条件。
二、that在从句中作补语时。例如:
I'm not the fool(that)you thought me.我不是你以前所认为的那个傻子了。
He is the nicest teacher(that)the students consider him in their school.他就是学生认为学校中最好的那个老师。
三、作状语时的省略。
1.当先行词是reason,且在定语从句中作原因状语时,可以用关系副词why或关系代词that,也可以省略。例如:
The reason(why/that)he failed was his laziness.他失败的原因是因为他懒惰。
That is the reason I did it.那就是我做那件事的原因。
2.当先行词是way,且在定语从句中作方式状语时,关联词可用in which或that,也可以省略。例如:
The way(in which/ that)these comrades look at problems is wrong.这些同志看待问题的方式是错误的。
That was the way(in which / that)she worked the problem out.她就是用那种办法解决问题的。
3.当先行词是time时,关联词可用when, that或省略。例如:
The second time(that)I saw him was in 2000.我第二次见到他是在2000年。
I don't know the exact time(when/ that)the sports meeting will take place.我不知道运动会举办的确切时间。
4.当先行词是place时,关联词可用where,that或省略。例如:
The place(where/ that)we will have our picnic is not decided yet.我们举行野餐的地点还没定下来。
This is the right place he was born.这儿就是他的出生地。(注意:句末不可用介词in)
同学们往往认为关系代词作宾语时就一定可以省略,其实不然.在下列四种情况下,关系代词虽作宾语,却不能省略。
一、在介词+whom /which结构中, whom, which不能省略。例如:
Do you know any shops nearby in which I can buy flowers?你知道附近有可以买到花的商店吗?
That is the headmaster with whom my father was talking just now.刚才和我爸爸交谈的那个人是校长。
二、在非限制性定语从句中,作宾语的关系代词也不能省略。例如:
Mr Green, whom you know, is the tallest in our school.格林先生是我们学校里最高的,你也认识他。
The elephant is like a spear, as anyone can see.大象像长矛,任何人都知道。
三、在the same...as, such...as, as...as, the same...that结构中, as, that 即使作宾语,也不能省略。例如:
I have bought the same bike as you(have).(指同类用as)我买了一辆和你的一样的自行车。
This is the same book that I read the day before yesterday.这就是我前天读过的那本书。(关系代词that如要换成as, 则指与我读的书一样,而不是同一本。)
四、当and, but, or等连词连接两个或两个以上的定语从句修饰一个先行词时,关系代词第一个可省略,第二、第三个等不可省略。例如:
This is the book(which)I read yesterday and which I found very interesting.这就是我昨天读的那本书,它很有趣。
You have many people around you(whom)you always turn to and whom you will never forget.你身边有很多人,你经常向他们求助,你永远不要忘记他们。
第四篇:高中英语定语从句说课稿
高中英语定语从句说课稿
本节说课的内容是三年制高级中学英语语法定语从句。
一、分析教材
1、教材内容要点:
第一、定语从句的概念 第二、定语从句的分类 第三、定语从句的用法
2、教材的地位和作用:
定语从句是高中英语教学中的一个非常重要的语法,也是高考的一个热点。在英语里,定语从句可以使一个繁琐的句子变得非常简洁,同时,它在人们日常会话中出现的频率特别高。定语从句掌握地扎实与否关系到一个学生英语水平的高低。因此,定语从句的学习和掌握在英语学习中有着重要的意义。
3、教学目的
根据教学大纲的要求,通过这一节课的教学,要使学生知道什么是定语从句和定语从句的分类,掌握定语从句的用法。培养学生的观察能力、分析概括能力以及演绎推理能力等。还要培养学生探索求真知的精神,对学生进行实践观点的教育。
4、教学的重点与难点
定语从句是本课的主要内容,与日常英语的应用密切联系,所以定语从句的概念与运用是本节课的一个重点。对定语从句的复习,需要综合应用所学知识来解决原来的遗留问题,因而对句子分析和推理概括能力要求提高了。而高中生侧重于对直观现象进行具体、形象的思维来获得知识。因此这个知识点既是本节课的重点又是难点。
培养学生的多种能力也是这节课的重点,这是素质教育对现代教学的要求。
二、分析学生
大多数学生上进心强,学习态度端正,有良好的学习习惯,但是缺乏一定的探索研究问题的能力。
定语从句是学生在英语学习中比较常用的语法,也是他们必须掌握的内容。教学中要注意培养学生对英语的兴趣,充分发挥主体作用,迎合他们好奇、好动、好强的心理特点,调动他们学习的积极性和主动性。
高中生的思维方式由形象思维向抽象思维过渡,因此在教学中应注意积极引导学生应用已掌握的基础知识,通过理论分析和推理判断来获得新知识,发展抽象思维能力。当然在此过程中仍需以一些感性认识作为依托,可以借助多媒体设备加强直观性和形象性,以便学生理解和掌握。
三、教学方法
这节课可综合应用提问、归纳、介绍、检查、讲授和讨论等多种形式的教学方法,提高课堂效率,培养学生对英语的兴趣,激发学生的求知欲望。充分体现以教师为主导,以学生为主体的原则。创设英语情境让学生参与语言实践,边动口边思考。从语言分析总结出结论以调动学生的积极性。
四、教学程序
教学中要以了解、学习研究英语的方法为基础,掌握知识为中心,培养能力为方向,紧抓重点突破难点,具体设计如下:
1、新课导入:
以创设问题情境导入新课。学源于思,思源于疑,一上课便以听歌曲填空的形式引入课题,引导学生分析歌词中的有关定语从句的句子,认真分析句子成分,使学生产生强烈的求知欲和好奇心,调动学生学习的积极性和主动性。
2、讲授新课:
任何语言学习都离不开语言实践。这节课主要采用讲授归纳的方法来建立定语从句的概念。我将一个定语从句列在投影上,让学生分析这个句子的成分,从而导出两个非常重要的内容----先行词和关系词,然后逐一解释。通过分析例句,培养了学生的分析能力、观察能力,增强了他们的感性认识。为了使学生能对定语从句有更进一步的认识,这里我又采用提问的方法让学生说出定语从句的分类,然后我对其进行进一步地解释和说明,让学生通过讲解概括,总结出定语从句的分类。在此基础上,我让同学们回答出定语从句中的关系代词有哪些,通过一些简单的例句,让学生知道每一个代词在句子中起什么作用以及用法。在讲解关系代词与介词时,我让学生自己归纳出它们的规律,提高学生的概括能力,从而达到复习的目的。在讲解关系词that和which、who和that、as和which这一环节时,我先让学说出它们的特殊用法,然后我再进一步加以阐述。从而,引出它们的特殊用法。
一、that和which的特殊用法:
1、有些情况下只用关系词that,而不宜用which。
a、从句所修饰的词又被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时,只能用that引导从句。
b、先行词是all,something,nothing,anything等不定 代词时,只能用that。c、先行词既有人也有物时,只用that引出从句。d、先行词是one of,the one, 或用little,few, no, all, any, only, just, very作修
饰时,只能用that。e、当主句已有疑问词 who或which时,只能用that。
2、定语从句中宜用which而不宜用that的情况。
a、当关系代词前面有介词时。b、在非限制性定语从句中。
c、在一个句子中有两个定语从句,其中一个从句的关系代词用了that,另一个宜用which。
二、who和that的特殊用法:
who、that在许多情况下可以通用,但有时宜用who不用that。a、先行词是one(s),anyone,someone, those时,关系词使用who。b、在there be 句型中,先行词指人时,关系词用who。
三、关系代词as和which的区别
as和which所代表的都是整个句子所表示的内容,但是二者有两点不同之处:
a、在形式上as引导的非限制定语从句可位于主句后面,也可位于主句之前;而which引导的非限制定语从句只能位于主句之后,不能位于主句的前面。
b、在意义上,as定语从句和主句的关系一般为一致关系,常译为“正如……”,“就象……”,而which定语从句和主句的关系是因果关系,或which从句是对主句的评论。因此,在意思通顺的情况下,which可代替as,而as许多时候不能代替which。
针对关系副词的复习,因其难度不大,我直接采用讲解法,学生容易理解。关系副词是用来引导定语从句的,它和关系代词一样,具有数种作用。a、在从句中代替先行词。b、在句中作状语。
c、连接作用,把两个句子连接成为一个带有定语从句的复合句。
同时,在解释的过程中不断穿插练习,达到巩固复习的目的,体现精讲精练的教学原则和我校提出的“四转五让”原则。
3、反馈和巩固
在讲解完所有语法点之后,为了更加有效地巩固所复习的知识,我设计了两种有针对性的习题练习,让学生把掌握的知识运用于实际语言操作中,从而达到知能并重的目的。
4、小结
最后通过小结,以表格的形式把本节课所复习的语法点进行总结。
5、板书设计 GRAMMAR Attributive Clause
6、布置作业
Finish off the exercise paper.
第五篇:高中英语句子翻译与写作 第9章 主语从句
第九章主语从句
历届试题
1.一本书是否畅销取决于诸多因素。(Whether„)(S06)
2.遇到困难的时候,我们需要的不是彼此埋怨,而是相互帮助。(not … but)(Ss07)
I.“that”
1.我们现在努力学习的目的就是要在将来为国家贡献一份力量。(aim,contribute … to)
2.中国参加了世贸组织不仅是个巨大的挑战,而且是个很好的机遇。(not only…but also)
3.地球上人口飞速增长是人类面临的重大问题之一。(face)
4.水往低处流是个不可改变的自然法则。(1aw of nature)
5.知识来源于实践已被无数事实所证明。(come from)
II.“whether”
1.我是否买这件衬衣要看我口袋里有多少钱。(depend on)
2.他是否会成功,要看他的努力了。(depend on)
3.一个人的成功与否主要取决于他多勤奋,而不是他多聪明。(depend on)
4.你是否可以给那位警察输血要看你的血型和他的血型是否一致。(depend)
5.你能得出的结果是否正确,尚待证明。(remain)
6.运动会是否将被推迟到下周五仍然是个问题。(remain)
7.你能否得一等奖完全看你多么努力了。(depend on)
8.他在会议上提出的建议是否会被接受还不得而知。(remain)
III.“wh-word”
1.这幅古画怎样带到了日本是一个谜。(mystery)
2.他的话一点儿也没有使他妈妈感到麻烦。(bother)
3.我们在学校所学到的东西对我们的未来有很大的影响。(have an effect on)
4.科学家得到诺贝尔奖时想到的是荣誉而不只是一笔钱财。(award)
5.她今天从超级市场买回的东西供全家吃两个星期足够有余。(more than enough)
6.对我们来说,重要的不是输赢,而是参与。(matter)
7.失败并不可怕;可怕的是失败之后失去成功的信念。(lose hope)
8.他的话表明这是他第一次在这么多的听众前演奏。(suggest)
9.他所做的一切使他的双亲很烦恼。(bother)
10.我们现在所缺的不是钱而是时间。(short)
11.我现在最想要的是一杯不加糖的咖啡。(without)
12.人的一生中总是有很多机会,重要的是如何抓住这些机会。(catch)
13.父母的言行对孩子的成长会产生很大的影响。(have an effect on)
14.现在很多年轻人所缺乏的不是书本知识而是实践经验。(not„hut„)
15.他在书中写的东西与事实相反。(contrary to)
16.你现在应该做的就是停止抱怨。(complain)
17.你做得远不能让人满意。(far from)
18.何时发射下一颗人造卫星尚不得知。(remain)
19.你在这里所学的一切,都会在你将来的生活中有用的。(whatever)
20.任何值得做的事就值得做好。(worth)
21.他想到的是对人民的贡献而不是他的荣誉。(devotion)
22.任何一个考试中作弊的学生都将受到严惩。(Whoever)
23.凡是想要生存的人都要依靠社会。(dependent)