礼貌原则分析

第一篇：礼貌原则分析

2013级8班英语教学理论与实践许威2013185

（1）《弟子规》原名《训蒙文》，为清朝康熙年间秀才李毓秀所作,其内容采用《论语》“学而篇”第六条的文义“弟子入则孝, 出则悌, 谨而信, 泛爱众, 而亲仁, 行有余力, 则以学文”的文意，加以引申扩展，以三字一句，两句一韵的形式进行论述，阐释了“弟子”在家、在外、待人接物、为人处世、求学等方面应具备的礼仪与规范。《弟子规》是一部成书于清朝并广为流传的儿童启蒙读物，目的就是要对孩子进行启蒙教育，为将来成长和发展奠定基础。（http://baike.baidu.com/ subview/64511/7311161.htm?fr=aladdin）

总序：“弟子规，圣人训，首孝悌，次谨信，泛爱众，而亲仁，有余力，则学文”这段话的意思是“弟子规”这本书，是依据圣仙师孔子的教诲而编成的生活规范。首先在日常生活中，要做到孝顺父母，友爱兄弟姐妹。其次在一切生活言语行为中要小心谨慎，要讲信用。和大众相处时要平等博爱，并且亲近有仁德的人，向他学习，这些都是很重要非做不可的事，如果做了之后，还有多余的时间精力，就应该好好的学习六艺等其他有益的学问。“首孝悌，次谨信，泛爱众，而亲仁”讲的是德育教育，“则学文”是属于智力教育，圣人将学文放在最后，教育学生在有余力的情况下多多学习技艺，充分体现出了中国传统文化当中对于德育教育的重视，将德育教育置于高于智力教育的位置上，从这里我们就可以看出中国人注重仁爱礼貌的礼貌特征。《弟子规》教育众人首先要孝敬父母，恭敬兄长，继而将对父母兄长的尊敬扩大到社会上，做到仁义礼信，进而对所有人一视同仁，散播爱心，从这个爱心传递的阶级来看可以看出中国是尤为重视子女对父母的孝顺、兄长间的和睦相处的，其次才重视对于社会和身边群众的奉献，从这里我们可以看出中国人尤为崇尚在家庭中的传统礼貌、重视家族主义精神，将家庭礼貌视为高于社会礼貌的一种传统。父母对子女付出了无私的爱，子女就应该回报给父母，这是天经地义的；人民是我们的衣食父母，将对父母的爱扩大到社会，为人民服务这也是天经地义的，一个不忍心损害父母利益的人怎么忍心损害公众的利益呢？只有明白这些道理，将这些道理付诸实践才能去学习技艺，否则空有知识，不懂道理，只是增长华而不实的习气，成为一个不切实际、不遵循社会公德的人，从这里我们可以看出中国之所以重视德育教育，将德育教育视为比智力教育更急迫的事情是中国人礼貌原则的重要体现。

(2)《三字经》是中华民族珍贵的文化遗产，内容包括了中国传统的教育、历史、天文、地理、伦理和道德以及一些民间传说等，广泛生动而又言简意赅。《三字经》用典多，知识性强，是一部在儒家思想指导下编成的读物，充满了积极向上的精神。儒家思想重视伦理道德的德育教育，因此，从《三字经》的很多行文片段都可以看出作者的道德教育思想。比如说：“首孝悌，次见闻”可以看出作者同样强调德育教育应当先于智力教育，这同《弟子规》里对于德育教育的要求是一致的。再者，“为人子，方少时，亲师友，习礼仪，香九龄，能温席，孝于亲，所当执，融四岁，能让梨，弟于长，宜先知”这一整段都是在讲为人女子的应该孝敬父母、恭敬兄长，年少时要多亲近道德好的老师和朋友，以便学习礼仪、礼貌，再是学习知识，并且用两个典故“黄香温席”和“孔融让梨”来向学习者展示好的榜样，看他们是如何孝顺父母、恭敬兄长和友爱他人的。《三字经》中所讲授的到的礼貌除了强调在家族中的“对父母孝顺、对兄长恭敬”的家族礼貌，在社会中“关心他人、宽容助人”外，还涵盖了所有社会关系中应该遵守的道德礼貌。比如说：“三纲者，君臣义，父子亲，夫妇顺”“曰仁义，礼智信此五常，不容紊”，这两段话就是在支持中国传统文化中的礼貌要求——严格恪守三钢五常，不许动容，使之紊乱。在这段话中，作者具体阐述了中国传统礼仪对社会关系中需遵守的三个行为准则“君臣之间的言行要合乎仪礼，父母孩子之间要相亲相爱，夫妻之间要和睦相处、宽容大度”，以及个人在社会中活动时要做到“仁爱、讲理、诚实守信、言行礼貌得体”以保中国礼仪之邦的面子。总的来说，《三字经》中对中华礼仪的内涵涵盖之广、之深，可以从对于家族成员的礼仪中、对于社会成员的言行中、对上、对下均有要求，足以体现出中国文化重视长幼有序、克己尊人、谨言慎行等等礼貌特征。

（3）《弟子规》和《三字经》都是在儒家思想的精髓影响下作出的经典，儒家的“礼治”主义的根本含义为“异”，即贵贱、尊卑、长幼各有其特殊的行为规范。只有贵贱、尊卑、长幼、亲疏各有其礼，才能达到儒家心目中“父子恩，夫妇从，兄则友，弟则恭，长幼序，友与朋，君则敬，臣则忠”的理想社会。“国家的治乱，取决于等级秩序的稳定与否。儒家的“礼”也是一种法的形式。它是以维护宗法等级制为核心，如违反了“礼”的规范，就要受到“刑”的惩罚。孔子把“仁”作为最高的道德原则，他第一个把整体的道德规范集于一体，形成了以

“仁”为核心的伦理思想结构，它包括孝、弟（悌）、忠、恕、礼、知、勇、恭、宽、信、敏、惠等内容”（http://baike.baidu.com/subview/40289/40289.htm），其中孝悌是仁的基础，是仁学思想体系的基本支柱之一。纵观两千多年来儒家之所以能独领风骚，一方面是因其思想内核即哲学上的天人观念、伦理上以“仁”为核心的三纲五常，政治上的大一统主张，在根本上都有适应了封建专制统治的需要。所以，儒家思想的礼貌观其实就是讲究“长幼尊卑有序、君臣民有别”的一种等级区别，要做到礼貌得体就是要严格遵照这种社会关系，每个人要找准自己的社会地位、家庭地位，按“三纲五常”进行得体的言行。虽然在不同文化当中重视的礼貌因素不同，我们同样可以借用Brown& Levinson关于面子威胁行为的大小来商榷在中国文化中怎样采取得体的言行。Brown&Levinson认为：“对面子威胁行为的大小估算都包括以下三个因素：（1）说话人和听话人之间的社会距离（social distance,用D表示）；（2）说话人和听话人之间的相对权势（relative power, 用P表示）；（3）特定的文化中，言语行为本身所固有的强加的绝对级别（absolute ranking od imposition,用R表示）”，对面子的威胁大小可以用公式Wx=D(S,H)+P(H,S)+Rx来表示，用来解释儒家思想认为的礼貌得体就是君臣之间、长幼之间说话要讲究策略，君王对臣民用语要注重语言的使用，臣民的服从也要越绝对越好。君臣之间的社会距离较大，相对权势越大，君王对于臣民提出的要求强制性较强，君王对于臣民的话语面子威胁相对就较大，说话就更需要调动言语策略，反之，臣民对君王的服从就要越绝对，否则就会损害君王的面子，这在儒家思想里就是不得体的行为。在家庭成员中也是一样，长辈对于晚辈的用语要体现仁爱思想，否则就会威胁晚辈的面子，反之，小辈对长辈要越恭顺越好，越恭顺越越不会损害长辈的面子，这是礼貌的表现。（6）在重庆，经常可以在公共场所听到有人称陌生人为“老师”，尤其是向人问路、祈求人家帮忙的时候通常都使用这一称谓。在重庆，不论男女老少，不分年纪、职业、地位，通通都可以被称为“老师”。这一现象主要是出于礼貌的考虑，而非传统意义上对于老师这一职业的理解。我们平时虽然称呼学校里某教师为“某老师”，但这里的“老师”其实是教师这种职业，“传道授业解惑”是其基本功能。明清以来，一般称教师为“先生”。直至19世纪末，辛亥革命将西学（美式教育）引入中国，创办新式学校后，便开始在《学生操行规范》里面明确

将教师称谓定义为“老师”。但绝大部分学生约定俗成将“先生”改称为“老师”，则是从国民政府时代开始，并一直沿用至（http://baike.baidu.com/subview/20700/5244755.htm?fr=aladdin）。老师尊称传授文化、技术的人，泛指在某方面值得学习的人。从老师的功能来看，我们可以发现老师多用于指可以给别人提供帮助的人，从老师的地位来看，老师多是得到社会尊敬的一类人，重庆人选用这个称谓来称呼陌生人是沿袭了老师这一职业的特殊功能，使用这一称谓暗示着使用老师的基本功能，即寻求他人的帮助却可以显得尊重他人的社会地位。从Leech的礼貌原则的六准则“策略原则（Tact maxim）”和“宽宏原则（Generosity maxim）”来看,这是贬低自己的社会地位，提高他人社会地位的表现，为了寻求到成功的帮助，说话人采用这两条准则，使对方受益较大，受损较小，自身受益较小，受损较大，话语显得礼貌得体，只有在这个大前提下才能维护说话人和听者的一个友好交际环境，使寻求帮助实现可能。另外，根据Brown& Levinson的面子保全论（Face Saving Theory,FST）可以分为“积极面子（positive face）”和“消极面子（negative face）”，积极面子即希望得到别人的赞同、喜爱，消极面子则是指不希望得到他人的阻碍、干预。Brown&Levinson 还提出了五种补救策略，其中“积极礼貌策略”和“不施用面子威胁行为”可以很好地解释重庆人使用“老师”这一称谓的礼貌性。在公共场合求助时，我们通常不知道我们求助的对象的年龄、职业、社会地位等等，无法合理地根据社会距离、相对权利这些因素来施行礼貌的言语行为，为了避免对对方的称呼不当损害对方的面子，重庆人采用了“积极礼貌策略”提高对方的社会地位（“老师”在社会关系中属于受尊重的一方），贬低自己的身份，让对方感到愉悦从而维护了一个友好的交际环境，同时这一称谓的使用还使用了“不施行面子威胁的行为”这一策略。因为有时候我们在不了解交际对象的情况下可能会对对方的年龄、职业作出错误的估计，比如说：将比自己年长几岁却着装偏老气的女人称为“阿姨”就有损了对方的积极面子，为了避免这种失误，统称为“老师”不失为一个礼貌的选择。

参考文献：

1.何兆雄，《新编语用学概要》，上海外语教育出版社，2000

2.Leech, G.1983.Principles of Pragmatics[M].London: Longman.3.

第二篇：礼貌教育案例分析

礼貌教育案例分析

案例：

涛涛今年8岁，学习成绩挺好，只是有些不懂礼貌。例如，家里来客人从不主动打招呼，从不会说“谢谢”。父母有时也想批评孩子，但觉得孩子只要学习好，其他的不过是小事，不想“委屈”孩子，仍然对涛涛宠爱有加。

一天，父亲带涛涛去参加一个比较正式的晚宴，才发现孩子站没站相，坐没坐相。别人还没入席，涛涛先一屁股坐在正中位，旁若无人地吆喝服务员要可乐。菜一上桌就伸筷子去夹，等到上龙虾这道菜时，因为是涛涛最爱吃的，他竟然整盘端到自己面前，就像在家里一样。虽然来客们都说“没关系，没关系”，但父亲还是看到了鄙夷的目光，觉得如坐针毡，难堪得要命，觉得很丢脸。

“养不教，父之过。”父母如果不想“委屈”孩子，那么孩子就会让父母委屈。

让孩子学会做现代文明人，也是家庭教育的一个主要任务。

那么礼仪教育有哪些途径和方法呢？

1、家长示范——身教重于言教。

家长的日常言行对孩子具有潜移默化的影响作用，模仿他人的言行是未成年人的普遍的行为特征。“言教不如身教”是古今中外通用的教子名言。无论是孩子还是大人，做人不能有双重标准。试想，如果一个孩子的某种不规行为正是他的父母做过的事，做父母的再来批评孩子的这种不端行为，孩子会服气吗？性子刚烈的孩子可能会当面反击：“这是你们教的！”这时，即使父母送他几个耳光，打他一顿屁股，孩子也许会经不起皮肉之苦而暂停反击，但内心会仍然不服，甚至会从此鄙视父母的人格和怨恨父母的暴虐。在中国的不少城市，人们往往会在公共汽车上看到做父母的怂恿自己的孩子抢占坐位，或者父母抢占两三个坐位让孩子落座，对孕妇、老人、残疾人的困难视若无睹；在公园里，草坪上树有“游人请勿践踏”的告示牌，但做父母的视而不见，领着自己的孩子进入草坪任意糟蹋，或偷摘鲜花供孩子玩耍。

父母是对孩子进行礼仪教育的第一责任人。孩子年幼时，其举止行为主要是受父母的影响。我们都不愿自己的孩子举止粗鲁，那么父母首先必须自己举止文明。文明的父母才能培养孩子彬彬有理的风度气质和恰当得体的言谈举止。

孩子年幼时尚不能判断人们行为文雅与粗俗，孩子最初是从家长的行为习惯中学习待人接物的，那么这时教育孩子的最简单易行的办法就是以身作则。对于年龄尚小的孩子来说，一个正确的示范胜过十次“谆谆教诲”。孩子会无意中从家长迎送客人、陪客人谈话、陪客人吃饭的举止言谈中学会怎样为客人开门，请客人入室，为客人倒茶，倾听客人说话，为客人敬酒，就学会了“在特定的场所中有合适的举止谈吐”。

2、热情鼓励——表扬多于批评。

孩子文明礼貌习惯的养成不是指责训斥出来的，而是鼓励夸奖出来的。鼓励，是促使孩子自动自觉地去实施某种行为；支使，是靠权威迫使孩子实施某种行为。聪明的家长在培养孩子礼仪习惯时必采用鼓励的方法。例如：在老人的生日晚宴上父母对10岁的孩子作出表扬：孩子，你今晚表现很好！知道把刚上来的菜先放到爷爷奶奶跟前，爸爸妈妈很高兴！但是如果你在吃蛋糕后把嘴边擦干净再吃别的东西，那就更好了。

父母要为孩子的行为举止定下简易的标准，孩子如果做到了，父母应报之以微笑，或口头表扬，久而久之，孩子会养成好的习惯在礼仪教育方面，父母如果只会批评、指责、埋怨、挖苦孩子，往往会使孩子对礼仪由厌烦到不屑一顾，对礼仪学习失去兴趣，对自己的人际交往缺乏自信。我们要让孩子觉得：懂得礼仪，会经常被人称赞，获得别人的好感，自己心里也美滋滋的。

当孩子向家长要糖果或玩具时，家长要让孩子说“请”，否则，无论孩子怎样哭闹，都不予理睬；孩子拿到玩具时，又要要求孩子说“谢谢”，否则就把玩具重新拿回去。孩子做到了，就要给予表扬。久而久之，孩子就养成了习惯。

礼仪教育，应充满乐趣，应有典型的示范、温和的提醒、及时的鼓励。

3、环境熏陶——耳闻不如眼见。

蓬生麻中，不扶而直；白沙在涅，与之俱黑。孩子礼仪习惯的养成与孩子成长环境的影响熏陶密切相关。良好的礼仪习惯，文明的处事行为，都不是与生俱来的，也不是短期就能达到的。它是靠长期的教育和熏陶才逐渐形成的。从礼仪知识的传授到形成文明礼仪的自觉行为，是一个渐进的过程。完成这个渐进过程需要教育的推动力和环境的感染力。礼仪教育是提高孩子对礼仪规范的理性认识，环境熏陶是给孩子提供礼仪示范。二者结合，才能把礼仪规范标准内化为孩子自己自觉行为。

三代同堂的家庭对于孩子成长是有利的。因为孩子经常感触到父母“敬老”的示范。经常有客人来访的家庭对于孩子成长是有利的。因为孩子经常感触到父母礼貌待客的示范。家长如果到朋友、亲戚家做客，不妨带上孩子，让孩子亲历一下别人是如何接待自己的。

有些父母常常把孩子置于只适宜于成人的环境当中，成人在一起打麻将、喝酒、乱侃胡聊，脏话连篇，在这样的环境中，孩子不仅学不到文明的举止，反而会受其负面影响。而事后发现孩子举止言谈不文明、不礼貌时，又来责怪孩子，或对孩子大发雷霆，这都是应该注意的。

4、参与实践——由“知”上升到“行”。

孩子在成长过程中，自主能力和交际能力是相辅相成的。在现实生活中我们会发现，凡是自主能力强的孩子，其社交能力也比较强。孩子的这些处事本领、交际能力、礼仪习惯，需要经历一个由“知”到“行”的过程，需要在实践中培养。

让孩子从小就参加接待客人的活动，有利于培养孩子礼貌待客的好习惯。在参与接待客人的过程中，孩子会亲身体会到自己和客人的地位不同，自然会产生一种自豪感和责任感，会在言谈举止方面比平时更加用心。这实际上是给孩子提供了一次礼貌待客的实习机会，如果得到客人的称赞，孩子会油然而生一种满足感。

孩子最初是不会接待客人的，这需要父母的帮助和引导。在客人尚未到来之前，应让孩子知道来的是什么客人，他与父母、与自己是什么关系，该如何称呼，使孩子在心理上作好接待客人的准备。父母可以让孩子与自己一起做接待客人的准备工作。如打扫房间，采购糖果烟酒，共同创造一个欢迎客人的气氛。客人来了以后，父母可以让孩子与家长共同招待客人，或让孩子帮助父母招待其中的一位小客人。请客人入座，给客人倒茶，还可以让孩子主动把自己的玩具拿出来给小客人玩。孩子要大大方方地回答客人的问话，当大人谈话时孩子不要随便插嘴。当客人走后，父母要给孩子的表现做出评价，多表扬，多鼓励，适当指出其不足之处。

经过几次这样的实习，孩子的“接待经验”就会逐渐丰富，“接待能力”就会逐渐提高。

5、利用机会——家庭生日聚会，让孩子学会做主人。

过生日是人一生中的大事之一。每一个家庭的每一年中都要有过生日的活动：为爷爷奶奶过生日，为爸爸妈妈过生日，孩子过生日等。过生日的活动中有许多礼仪，所以过生日活动也是对孩子进行礼仪教育的好机会。

我认为，选择这一活动形式时，可以选择家庭中任何人的生日，但第一次可以选择孩子自己的生日，这样可能会引起孩子的特别的关注和兴趣。父母可以在这一天让孩子全面负责接待、迎送客人的工作，使他在实践中培养起礼仪习惯。父母要帮助孩子策划这一天活动安排，教给孩子在这一活动中的礼仪知识。下面的内容是这一活动的礼仪常识，可供孩子参考：

（1）在大门口欢迎客人，把客人领进室内，并介绍他们与所有人认识。每次去迎接新的客人，小客人都要因“失陪”而请求已到客人的原谅。不管大人还是小孩，他都要去迎接。要主动提出为客人拿外衣，要等客人把礼物送给自己时自己才可以去拿。接过礼物时要说“谢谢”，并把它和别的礼物放在一起，等过后一起打开。

（2）每打开一份客人的礼物都要说“谢谢”，并表示喜欢。但不要说某某礼物你最喜欢。不要评论礼物价格的贵贱。

（3）生日宴会上如果有长辈，要让长辈先入座，并坐上座。

（4）生日活动如果有游戏活动，一定要考虑到让每个客人都能参与，如果客人中有残疾者，尤其要注意不要使残疾者尴尬难堪。

（5）如果有些客人必须提前离开，主人要把他送到门口，并再次表示感谢。

6、寻找机会——参加朋友聚会，让孩子学会做客人。

出席别人家的聚会，到别人家做客，也是让孩子接受礼仪实践的很好机会，所以，父母可以有选择地带领孩子参加一些亲戚朋友邀请的各种聚会，以便他们把礼仪知识付诸实践。以下内容是作为客人的一些礼仪常识，可供孩子们参考。

（1）在接到邀请（口头邀请或请柬）后，要给对方回复，并告诉主人乐意参加之意。

（2）到达聚会地点时，要向对方及家人打招呼。

（3）当主人介绍你与某人相认识时，你要向其人问好，并尽可能记住人家的名字。

（4）宴会开始，要等待菜上齐了，主人宣布宴会开始时再动筷子。

（5）吃饭时，不要把盘子里的菜翻来翻去，挑挑拣拣，不要把自己的小碗堆得满满的，不要有“抢食”的样子。

（6）吃饭时既不要一声不吭，也不要大声喧哗，要吃中有谈，谈中有吃。吃饭时嘴巴发出的声音不要太大，要保持“吃相”的文明。

（7）聚会结束时，要向主人及其家人道别。

第三篇：分析礼貌原则在商务英语函电中的应用及教学的启示范文

摘要: 留学生论文在各国之间商务交往日渐频繁的今天 商务英语函电作为广泛使用的联系方式和信息载体 越来越受到重视 在依靠商务英语函电传达信息时 其中的语言艺术非常重要 因为得体 礼貌的商务英语函电不仅能够促成贸易 还能改善和加强双方的关系 促进交流与合作 本文从商务英语函电的态度 语法 实践操作 3 个层面分析了礼貌原则在商务英语函电中的应用及对教学的启示 1 礼数准则礼数准则

是语用学的次要钻研成绩之一 是对于众人外交进程中事实状况的假定或者注释 Leech(1983)以为 众人正在语言外交中 都正在盲目或者没有盲目地恪守着言语的某些 准则 Principle 通过一直地推断和考证 况且正在吸引 Grice(1975)对于于 人机会话含意(conversational implicative)以及 竞争准则(the Cooperative Principle)的根底上 于 1983 年正在语用学准则 一书里零碎地提出了礼数准则(Politeness Principle)被公以为是顺利外交的一条非常主要的语用准则依据 Leech 的实践 礼数准则能够详细地表现正在 条原则(maxim)上 得体原则(Tact maxim)尽量少让外人吃哑巴亏 多使外人得益 大方原则(Generosity maxim)过分少使本人得益 多让本人吃亏 赞美原则(Approbation maxim)过分少抬高别人 多赞美外人 谦虚原则(Modesty maxim)过分少赞美本人 多抬高本人 分歧原则(Agreementmaxim)过分缩小单方的一致 增多单方的分歧怜悯原则(Sympathy maxim)过分缩小单方的好感增多单方的怜悯[1]礼数准则正在商务英语函电中的使用能够设想 正在生意 合作强烈的昨天 一封短少情面趣 言语抒发艺术差的生意信函是很难起到帮助维系优良的业务联系和保证买卖顺利的作用的 [2]一封顺利的商务信函定然是礼数的 那样 如何将礼数准则详细使用到商务英语函电中 从而达到事倍功半的成效 这是一个不值钻研的成绩态 度邮寄人或者许无奈改观信函所要抒发的形式 但是能够掌握行文的语气 礼数 踊跃 确定的姿态无疑会给信函 加分以您为先的姿态外行文中采取以您为先的姿态 正在商务英语函电的翻译中被宽泛倡导 由于第二人称的运用 能够起到以对于方为核心的抒发成效 标明站正在对于方的角度和角度思忖成绩 从而无效地缩小摩擦[3]试比拟上面两组句子A1.We allow 2 percent discount for cashpayment.A2.You earn 2 percent discount when you paycash.B1.I am afraid we cannot deliver at the weekend.B2.You can have your goods delivered anyweekday.这两组句种子践上抒发的是相反的意义 然而每组的第二句拙劣地使用了以您为先的姿态 思忖到了对于方的感想 使对于方主张失去了充足的尊重 当然 这并没有是相对于的 商务英语信函中 正在传送没有好信息的信函时 能够运用第一人称 多让本人承当责任 对于对于方少加非难 异样能表现 You Attitude 的实质 [4]也就是说 正在传送消沉消息时 将差错属于自己 而正在转达踊跃消息时 将功绩属于对于方 这正是礼数准则中得体原则和大方原则的表现 过分少让外人吃哑巴亏 多使外人得益 过分少使本人得益 多让本人吃哑巴亏踊跃的姿态礼数没有仅是容易的客气 更主要的是行文中所贯通的踊跃姿态 正在转达踊跃消息时 应充足地抒发高兴之情 即便正在转达消沉消息时 也应充足抒发遗憾之情 旨正在惹起对于方的同感 相似 正在收到对于方的询盘或者许订单时示意感激 正在对于对于方提出理赔或者许没有能满意对于方的请求时示意可惜 正在合约成功签署或者许产品成功抵达时示意欢快 正在产品没有能成功到达时示意无法 正在因为己方的忽略给对于方带来丧失时示意负疚 之类 该署都是礼数准则平分秋色歧原则和怜悯原则的表现 要过分做到缩小单方的一致 增多单方的分歧 缩小单方的好感 增多单方的怜悯请看以次句子C1.We are glad to know that you are interestedin our products.C2.We are pleased to inform you that the goodsyou ordered will be shipped within a week.C3.We assure you of our prompt attention to thisorder.C4.I m afraid that we can not accept the priceyou offered.C5.We highly appreciate your efforts to open upa market for our new products.C6.Much to our regret, the goods you send usare in poor condition and we have to file a claim onyou.之上这组句子中的下划线全体都经过拙劣选用的用语抒发了各族感觉 正在引来实义消息事先先表示出与对于方感同身受的姿态 没有管是转达好的消息还是坏的消息 示感激还是责怪 都显示无比礼数和得体语 法除非从姿态层面上过分显示礼数之外 还能够从信函的语法层面来表现和使用礼数准则防止运用否认句众人都偏偏向于承受确定的答复 而没有乐意听见否认的答复 因而即便能否定的答复 也最好用确定的句子来注明[5]试比拟以次句子D1.It is not our fault if you do not check whetherthe goods are satisfactory on delivery.D2.I am afraid customers are expected to checkthat goods are satisfactory on delivery.E1.We do not have the time to send our salesrepresentative to visit you.E2.We shall be happy to send our salesrepresentative to visit you as soon as his heavyschedule permits.这两组句子意义固然相反 但能够显然看出 用否认句抒发显示粗暴和消沉 简单让人有被触犯的觉得 而用确定句抒发 则显示踊跃和坦率得多 如D 组的第一个句子转弯抹角地指出 it is not ourfault 简单招致贸易纠葛 而第二个句子用一些 模糊的用语 I am afraid customers are expected 来使眼色正在产品运到期停止测验应是对于方的义务 防止伤及对于方体面 反应单方的贸易交往多用疑难句和环境句陈述句简单使对于方感觉像是正在接授命令 而疑问句和环境句语气则柔和得多 尤其是正在提出请求和提议时 能够坦率地抒发本人的主意和观念 给对于方留没有足地 过分使对于方主张失去了尊重[6]试比拟以次句子F1.We need your latest catalogue and price list.F2.Please send us your latest catalogue and pricelist.F3.Could you please send us your catalogue andprice list.F4.We are wondering if you could send us yourcatalogue and price list.从这 4 个句子中咱们能够看到 随着句式的变换 礼数的因素正在逐步增强 正在提出要求时 给对于方留有充足的余地和取舍时间 也就是过分少让外人吃哑巴亏 多使外人得益主动语态主动语态疏忽举措的执行者 但是一般了这个事情的发作 因为 当发作没有欢快的事或者正在收回通知时 提议运用主动语态 那样存正在较高水平的礼数性 Ashley 1992 也指出, 正在商务信函中, 为了使得要求听兴起比拟柔和, 从而变得礼数得体, 能够选择主动语态作为恰当的言语方式G1.You made a very careless mistake in yourcommercial invoice.G2.A careless mistake was made in yourcommercial invoice.正在这一组句子中 第一句用了自动语态 强调的是对于方犯了一个很马虎的谬误 第二句用了主动语态 旨正在强调发单中有一个谬误需求修正 那样既可以到达请求对于方修正的手段 又能够让对于方没有感觉本人遭到了粗暴的责怪 表现的是赞美原则中的尽量少抬高外人 多赞誉外人的原则[7]虚构语气虚构语气正常由 should would could might 与名词雏形组成 语气显示客气坦率 正在外贸函电中运用很多 [8]相似H1.Should this trial order prove satisfactory to ourcustomers, we can assure you that repeat orders willbe placed.H2.We should highly appreciate it if you wouldinform us, in confidence, of their financial standing.正在第二句中 要求对于方需要某一贸易同伴的财务情况 用了虚构语气后 给对于方留有更多的取舍余地 也充足地抒发了本人的感谢之情 相符得体原则中的过分多使外人得益和赞美原则中的多赞美外人原则操作层面正在实践操作进程中 礼数准则更是无处没有正在对于信函停止严厉审查一封商务信函实现后 该当停止片面审查 一份美妙整洁 页面明晰 形式精确的信让人赏心顺眼一封错漏百出的信只能注明邮寄人的掉以轻心和敷衍了事 明显是很没有礼数的 况且对于方会以为你对于双方的贸易联系没有注重 从而给单方联系的停滞带来阻碍 为使商务成功停止 率先 要对于书信的体例进行审查 商 务英语函电的体例有齐头式 繁难式等国际通用体例 应确保信函体例始终分歧 其次 要对于文字停止审查 应确保信函中的标注 听写 语法等范围没有谬误 再次 要对于形式停止审查 确保信函中所谈到的数目字 金额 日子等与以前的商谈后果一致 没有谬误 以防止曲解和纠葛及时给存户复信正在商务英语函电的交往中 及时复信毫无疑难差错常主要的礼数和贤德

因而 没有管涌现什么情况 都要及时地给存户复信 当存户没有正在正当的时间内收到复信时 就会得到耐烦 以为本人没有遭到礼数看待 进而反应单方的业务联系 即便是一时确实无奈答复或者满意对于方的成绩和请求 也该当及时复信 正在信中注明缘由和状况 况且保障有了信息后定然会及时告诉对于方商务英语函电讲习中的启发正在商务英语函电的实践讲习进程中 许多先生过火地偏偏重实义消息的教授 很多函电教材也只注意对于国内贸易学问点和语法的注释 那样的讲习会招致固然先生正在商务英语函电翻译中没有语法上的谬误 但读兴起却显示僵硬 有缺少感觉的 硬伤因而 正在实践讲习进程中 先生该当正在教授外贸业务学问的同声 留学生论文将每一封外贸信函作为一个需求多种语言行止来完成的外交事情来讲课协助先生正在进修商务英语函电业余学问的同声 学会使用礼貌准则来构建和强固贸易联系 参考文献

[1] Leech G N.Principles of Pragmatics [M].London Longman 1983 80.[2] 刘件福.外贸英语信函中的表情功能[J].广东外语外贸大学学报 2004 10 32.[3] 程同春.新编国际商务英语函电[M].南京 东南大学出版社 2001 11.[4] 廖瑛.国际商务英语语言与翻译研究[M ].北京 机械工业出版社 2005 111.[5] Grahame T Bilbow.朗文商务制胜英文书 信[M].北京 外语教学与研究出版社 2001 39-41.[6] 葛丽芳.商务英语写作中的礼貌研究[J].河南理工大学学报 社会科学版 2006 4 329.[7] 吴明媚.礼貌原则与商务英语信函的语言机制[J].厦门教育学院学报 2008 3 35.[8] 凌华倍 朱佩芬.外经贸英语函电与谈判[M ].北京 中国对外经济贸易出版社 2002 31.

第四篇：礼貌原则在口译中的应用

Introduction

Along with the trend of economic globalization and cultural diversification, communication among people from different countries and different cultures is more frequent and important.Interpreters are enjoying a constantly improved position in international communication, acting as the bridge which make people of different languages and backgrounds connected.Gradually, more elements should be considered in interpretation, especially keeping the communications smooth by using polite expression.In this case, the study of application of politeness communicative principle in interpretation will bring enlightenment to the future work.As we all know, interpretation is a kind of hard and complex job.Politeness communicative principle is used to research communicative conversation, so it also can be applied into interpretation which can be seen as a special conversation.However, interpretation is a study with a short history, which needs more help from other fields.Nowadays, the study of interpretation is concentrated on language training, interpreting skills, exams and so on.Few people pay attention to the application of politeness communicative principle in interpretation.Thus, politeness communicative principle in interpretation is so important and deserves more attention.Except for the introduction and conclusion, this thesis is composed of three parts.Part one gives a view of related theories;Part two is main part of the paper, which includes preconditions for using politeness communicative principle and feasibility of the adoption of politeness communicative principle;Part three is the enlightenment to interpretation after the research, including strategies for applying politeness 1

communicative principle in interpretation.2

1.Literature review of interpretation and politeness communicative principle In 1978, English scholars Brown & Levinson wrote an article “Universals in Language Usage: Politeness Phenomena”.Soon after that, Leech delivered his six criteria of politeness in 1983.Since then, there are some researches about the two fields of politeness communicative principle and interpretation respectively.1.1 General review of interpretation In order to identify the relationship between interpretation and politeness communicative principle, it is necessary to review related interpretation theory at home and abroad.1.1.1 Definition of interpretation Interpretation is a form of translation, converting one language to anther so that the target language could convey the intended message in source language.Interpretation essentially is “an oral translation of oral discourse”(Gile, 1995: 1)and “ an extempore oral reproduction, in one language of what is said in another language ”(Zhong, 1999: 1).Interpretation is a form of translation in which a first and final rendition in another language is produced on the basis of a one-time presentation of an utterance in a source language(Pochhacker 2004: 11).Compared to translation which is used when the immediate result of the work is a written text, interpretation has its outstanding characteristics as being used when the immediate result is a speech reproduced orally in a language other than that spoken by the original speaker.That is to say, interpretation is a communicative process which faithfully and orally transfer the information from one language to another.3

1.1.2 Type and development of interpretation Interpretation consists of consecutive interpretation, simultaneous interpretation and whispering interpretation, among which consecutive interpretation is the most popular and widely used.In consecutive interpretation, the interpreter listens to a speech segment and then delivers the whole segment in the target language.While in simultaneous interpretation, the interpreter conveys the meaning to the listeners while listening.In whispering interpretation, the interpreter is for speeches with one to two foreign listeners or as accompanying interpreter for your international guests outside the actual event programme.Lacking of historical record makes it difficult to find the exact date when interpretation got into shape.And interpretation came into being and developed gradually when people speaking different languages started to communicate with each other.In the past, there were middlemen, who helped people speaking different languages communicate with each other.They were usually immigrants who knew two or more languages and also called dragoman, but these people were not trained professionally.When people speaking different languages started to communicate with each other more frequently, quick and effective interpretation was in urgent.Interpreter becomes an international profession in the First World War.It is in the Paris Peace Conference interpreters who have been trained professionally to meet the requirements of the conference.After that, interpretation has become a popular profession in the world.4

1.2 An overview of politeness communicative principle theories Politeness as a social phenomenon can be observed in all languages and cultures, and it has long been an important object of study in linguistics.As a common social phenomenon, politeness is not only an universal virtue but also a popular way to realize effective communication.1.2.1 A general view of politeness communicative principle Politeness is an universal phenomenon in society.However, different linguists and scholars give different explanations of politeness.In western countries, Leech says that there exists a set of maxims that guide and constrain the conversation between people, he suggests that cooperative principle should be expanded because Gricean’s cooperative principle can not sufficiently explain why people so often convey meaning indirectly.It is for this reason that politeness principle can be seen not just as another principle to be added to cooperative principle, but as its necessary complement.Leech introduces the politeness principle which runs as follows: Minimize the expression of impolite beliefs, Maximize the expression of polite belief.1.2.2 Politeness theories at home and abroad

Many scholars have made great contribution to the study of politeness theories.Among them, Leech and Gu Yueguo play a significant role, which serves as the foundation of the politeness research for other scholars.Politeness communicative principle is proposed to explain how politeness operates in conversational exchange, which has a series of maxims.Leech defines politeness as forms of behavior that establish and maintain comity.That is the ability of participants in a social interaction 5

to engage in interaction in an atmosphere of relative harmony.Leech specifies degree of politeness principle which are the means required in a certain situation.(1)The Tact Maxim Minimize the expression of beliefs which imply cost to other, maximize the expression of beliefs which imply benefit to other.(2)The Approbation Maxim Minimize the expression of beliefs which express dispraise of other;Maximize the expression of beliefs which express approval of other.(3)The Generosity Maxim

Minimize the expression of benefit to itself;Maximize the expression of cost to itself.(4)The Modesty Maxim

Minimize the expression of praise of self;Maximize the expression of dispraise of self.(5)The Agreement Maxim

Minimize the expression of disagreement between self and other;Maximize the expression of agreement between self and other.(Leech, 1999:20-21)While in China, the real study of politeness principle only began in the 1980s when pragmatics was introduced into China.The most influential figure in this area is Gu Yueguo.He puts forward his own set of politeness maxims in two thesis “Politeness Pragmatics and Culture” and “Politeness phenomena in modern China”.His theory has distinctive characteristics of Chinese culture.He proposed four basic 6

notions: respectfulness, modesty, attitudinal warmth and refinement.According to Gu, politeness principle includes five maxims:“Self-denigration and Respecting Maxim, Addressing Maxim, Elegancy Maxim, Conforming Maxim, Virtue, Words and Behavior Maxim.”(Gu, 2005: 10)

1.3 The relationship between politeness communicative principle and interpretation

Interpretation is understood as the mental process and communicative act of reproducing orally in a target language what a speaker is expressing in a source language.(Zhong, 1999: 1)

From the above explanation, it is easy to find that interpretation is a kind of special conversation.The success of this conversation needs a media of interpreter.During interpretation, interpreters need to cooperate both with the speakers and the listeners, and they also need to control the atmosphere of this conversation and keep the conversation polite.Besides, politeness communicative principle is used to research communicative conversation, so it can be applied into interpretation.So far, there have been some studies related to relationship between politeness communicative principle and interpretation, especially in recent years.For instance, Guo Yingzhen has published the issue of “Politeness Principle and Interpreting” by analyzing politeness principle and nine types of politeness in interpretation.She says, “ Based on the politeness principle and the experience of the author’s practice during past years, the honorific expressions in the process of interpreting can be divided into and applied to in nine different situations, namely, greetings, request, inquiry, 7

complaint and regret, advice, apology, imperative, and agreement”(Guo, 2004: 15).She tries to encourage readers to use honorific expressions in interpretation so that his or her own interpreting ability could be reflected.Wang Xiaowen discusses the complementarily and contradiction between cooperative principle and politeness principle, she mentions about the importance of politeness communicative principle in interpretation, “As two important theories in the field of pragmatics, Grice’s cooperative principle and Leech’s politeness principle both have great insights on interpreting with latter complimentary to the former.The approbation of the two principles to interpreting can effectively promote the successful cooperation between the two parties of communication.”(Wang, 2006: 18)1.4 Previous studies on interpreter’s subjectivity

With the increasing attention paid on the role of interpreters, the subjectivity of which arouse interest of scholars.Qiu Jixin observes the translator’s subjectivity and its restrictions by introducing thought of foreign scholars and analysis of translation.He says, “As a subject, translators can carry out their subjectivity during the translating process.Yet, the subjectivity must be restricted by certain factors.The two are combined closely with each other.”(Qiu, 2004: 12)Later, Hon Linping and Jiang Siping write complete conclusion on the study of the issue, on the subjectivity studies over the past ten years.They talk about the root, developing stages, some limitations and problems of all the previous researches.In general, just as what they state in the review,“the concept of interpreter’s subjectivity has gained more and more attention in China’s translation 8

study over the last decades.Analyzing the studies of the translator’s subjectivity in China from 1996 to 2005, the scholars explore the positive roles and limitations that the new trend could play in translation, the authors maintain that the translator’s turn will prevail in the 21 century.”(Hon & Jiang, 2006)These people do some research on the interpreter’s subjectivity and leave some evidence for others.Lv Binghua, from the perspective of subjectivity, proposed three norms, self-restriction on expressions and arrangement of message.It is a generalization of the forms of interpreter’s subjectivity from a rather macro perspective.Few scholars concern about the subjectivity of interpreters although the issue of interpreter’s subjectivity has been studied for years.That’s the greatest regret in the study of the issue.2.Feasibility and strategies for interpreters to apply politeness communicative principle in interpreting

From the above analysis of the research conducted by many linguists and interpretation theorists, it is easy to find that politeness communicative principle plays an important role in interpretation.No matter whether politeness communicative principle in western countries or in China, the essence is similar only with different emphasis.This chapter, which is based on the analysis of politeness communicative principle, explains the feasibility for interpreters and explores the instructive function of the politeness communicative principle in interpretation.2.1 Possible steps to deal with subjectivity

When politeness communicative principle is used in interpretation, at least two 9

things should be noticed.Firstly, it is possible to deal with subjectivity when interpret.Secondly, it is possible to apply politeness communicative principle in interpretation.Actually the process of interpreting can be divided into two parts: preparation before real interpretation and the actual interpretation process.“Translation procedure involves far more than step-by-step procedures for producing a translation from a source text.”(Nida, 2004: 131)In the following part, the author will discuss when and how interpreters can manipulate with subjectivity.2.1.1 Preparation before interpreting

It is well-known that enough preparation work is a key factor of a successful interpretation.Many things can be done before interpretation and will be later used.Generally speaking, prepared knowledge includes the glossary items, background knowledge of a certain field, understanding of the speaker’s culture and so on.In order to specify the above statement and make it clear and easy to be understood, the author sets an example in the following part.For example, There is going to be an English speaker talking about technology in clone.Preparation work will be done differently.Interpreter A may know well about clone, he masters all the background information and latest researches in the field.But he has no idea about the speaker except that the speaker is from England.In this situation, interpreter A may prepare in following steps.Firstly, since he knows well about the issue, the preparation of background knowledge may be very simple.Secondly, since the speaker comes from England, which needs to know more 10

about clone in England.Therefore, A should review the clone in England.Thirdly, given that A knows nothing about the speaker, he should seek a way to get familiar with culture and courtesy in England.Last but not least, A should know more about the situation whether in a conference or casual dialogue.Imagine another quite different situation: If interpreter B knows the English speaker very well.However, he knows little about clone, let alone clone in England.In this case, B would seek for different methods to deal with, which is quite different from A.Instead of paying much attention to the background of the speaker, B has to spend much time learning about clone, especially in England.Therefore, he had better read some scientific books and surf the Internet to gain more information about clone.Above all, it is easy to find that different interpreters choose different ways to prepare based on their own conditions though given the same situation.That leads to the possibility of choosing for interpreters in this process.2.1.2 Understanding of original speech Understanding of Original Speech is a vital process during the interpretation.If one can’t grasp the original meaning, he may mislead the intention of the speaker, even worse, spoil the whole conversation.Basil Hatim and Ian Mason once wrote in their book Discourse and the Translator, “The less evaluative the text is, the less need there will be for its structure to be modified;Conversely, the more culture-bound a text is, the more scope there may be for modification.The less culture-bound a text is, the less need there will be for its structure to be modified;Conversely, the more culture-bound a text is, the more 11

space there may be for modification.”(Hatim & Mason,1999: 3)In China, Qi Weiyan stated in her paper, “Translator’s understandings and opinions are always influenced by times, nation, language, history, custom, culture and so on.Thus, the subjectivity of translators is strongly needed because of the differences in these factors in source text, the disparity between source and target language, and the strong demonstration of times, national feature and culture capital in the source text”.(Qi, 2003)In the following, the author would show that interpreters may have different understandings towards the same original sentence.For example, It’s my great honor to be invited as your friend.Interpreter1: 作为朋友收到邀请，我十分荣幸。Interpreter2: 我十分荣幸以朋友的身份收到邀请。

In this case, the emphasis of the interpreter is different.Interpreter 1 strengthens the meaning of “great honor to be invited” with thanks.While interpreter 2 highlights the words “as your friend” to focus on the true friendship.Therefore, the hidden meaning of the sentence is “The friendship between us is precious to me and I really appreciate it”.Both of the understandings are right if the speaker expresses the sentence without the paragraph.Still, differences between two interpreters don’t influence the quality of interpretation.It can be concluded from the above example that one sentence may lead to different understandings and the interpreters can choose their own understanding according to the atmosphere of situation, the context or the relevant information.This clearly proves that interpreters are able to manipulate during the understanding 12

process and sometimes the subjective choosing may even be of great significance.2.1.3 Production of the interpreted version

As Qi Weiyan stated in her paper, “Translator’s subjectivity can be reflected not only from the comprehension of the source language, but also from the choosing ways of expressions.If we put it in another way, production of the translators gradually form their own translation styles, characteristics and features.There is a close relation between them.In a certain period and under certain historical and cultural background, translators form their own thoughts and senses of values, tastes and interests, as well as translation abilities, which are shown in his translation version.”(Qi, 2003)From the translation theory above, it is aware that translator’s subjectivity is what she talks about.It is the same with interpreters,too.Being an excellent interpreter requires abundant interpreting experiences, careful observation and daily practices.The author will give an example to illustrate this point.For example, Shenzhen today is quite different from what she looked like twenty years ago.Version1: 今日的深圳不同于20年前的深圳。

Version2: 今日的深圳比20年前不可同日而语。

When you talk about Shenzhen’s development and her achievement with a foreigner, such a sentence can be seen very often.In a real interpreting case, it is common that both of the translation versions are acceptable, with no mistake or misunderstanding between communicative parties.However, the two versions have obvious difference.Version 2 gives a more brief idea of difference in Shenzhen which 13

strikes the speaker most.While version 1 is close to literal meaning of the original sentence.The two versions have difference in ways of expression and the author believes that it can reflect the interpreter’s characteristics in some degree.Although the original sentence is a kind of praise of Shenzhen’s great development, the sentence itself does not show that Shenzhen becomes stronger or prosperous.It can be predicted that in terms of characteristics, version 2 is more direct than version 1 since he or she wishes to express the intended meaning in an obvious way.2.2 Feasibility of the adoption of politeness communicative principle in interpretation Since it has been proved that politeness communicative principle is one of the principles that should be adopted in our daily conversation.Adopting politeness communicative principle in interpretation will help create harmonious atmosphere and enable the exchange of words and thoughts to be smooth and successful.As we all know, interpretation is a kind of exchanging and talking since two communicative parties cannot communicate directly because of language and culture differences.Thus, an interpreter is needed to exchange words between the two communicative parties, which is a very important job in such kind of indirect interaction.During interpreting, a sense of being polite is badly needed.In this part, the author will talk about the application of politeness communicative principle and set examples to prove the feasibility to interpretation.The process of application of politeness communicative principle can be divided into three different forms, namely choosing of words, choosing of sentences and choosing 14

ways of expressions.2.2.1 Choosing of words Interpreters may have different words that can be used during interpretation, while they have possibility to choose proper words from them.Therefore, interpreters can find the most polite words under the direction of politeness communicative principle.First of all, some words that can help the interpreters are discussed.Firstly, application of model verbs in politeness communicative principle will be discussed.When we choose proper language form to express politely, some appropriate model verbs can make the sentence like an euphemism.In our conversations or dialogues, these model verbs are easy to find here and there, such as “should, shall, would, could”.In order to express the meaning more clearly, the author will set two examples in the following.When we put the model verb “could” ahead in a question sentence, it is a euphemistic expression.For example, “could you tell me about the story?” The word “would” can be used in a euphemistic expression, especially in the request and suggested sentence.For instance,“I would be a shame to disturb your dialogue.” “would you like to pass the book to me ?”and “wouldn’t it be better to stop it right now?” All the sentences above are more polite than those do not use model verb.Secondly, tense of verb deserves our attention.In a sentence, past tense is another way to express request politely, while past continuous tense is more polite than past tense.For instance,“Sorry, I did it again”.This sentence means this is not the first time he made mistake, and the intended meaning of which is he or she really feels 15

regrettable about what he or she does.From above, it can be found that past tense can also express apologize.Thirdly, some words expressing possibility could also express politeness.when we talk something about suggestion, advice and criticism, we could use “maybe” “perhaps” and “possible”.”Possibly” mainly used in a request sentence, if it is used together with model verbs “can” and “could”, it would be more polite.When we give an invitation, suggestion, requirement and criticism, we can use the word “wonder”, because it is also a euphemism.Another example, the word “quite” can be used in the negative sentence to express politeness:“That’s not quite what I said, you know.” Some examples related to the three pairs of maxims will be discussed next.2.2.1.1 Tact maxim and generosity maxim

From the brief introduction of maxim before, it is easy to know that these two maxims are intended to maxim of benefit to others and cost to oneself.The typical case is as followed.“This is a brief introduction brochure of our school”

Version1: 这是我校的宣传册。

Version2: 这是美国某大学的宣传册。

According to Tack and Generosity Maxim, it is polite to maximize the listener’s benefit even cost the speaker more.In this situation, since the interpreter is the direct speaker to the Chinese students attending an exhibition, the interpreter has to interpret the complete meaning while maximize benefit for the listener.Based on the given situation, version2 is more proper than version1, not only for 16

sake of better advertisement of the school, but also help the listener leave a deep impression of this school, which is different from other schools they heard before.From this point of view, the choosing of version “美国某大学” rather than “我校” realizes the minimization of other’s cost.2.2.1.2 Approbation maxim and modesty maxim

These two maxims demand maximization of praise of others and of dispraise to oneself.The following is an example:

“我们产品的质量比你方更好。”

Version1: Our product’s quality is better than yours.Version2: It seems that our product’s quality is better than yours.In this case, version2 doesn’t maximize praise of listeners and dispraise of him or her.The speaker states the meaning of “better than you”, which is going to cause unhappy feelings to the listeners.2.2.1.3 Agreement maxim and sympathy maxim Agreement Maxim and Sympathy Maxim demand maximization of agreement between oneself and others.An example is as followed:

你同意我的想法吗？

Not really.Version1: Do you agree with me?

我不同意。

Version2: Do you agree with me?

我们的想法可能有些出入。

This is a kind of “agree-or-not” sentence.Agreement should be given based on the Agreement and Sympathy Maxim.Therefore, when the interpreter chooses the expression “有些出入” instead of “不同意”.The atmosphere is more polite and harmonious.2.2.2 Choosing of sentences

Interpreters may have different sentences that come into mind during interpretation, while they have possibility to choose the most suitable one from them.As a result, interpreters can find the most polite one under the direction of politeness communicative principle.2.2.2.1 Tack maxim and generosity maxim Two conclusions can be drawn from these maxims.Firstly, offering is more polite than request in an imperative sentence.Secondly, politeness communicative principle in language can be classified into various degrees because more indirect expressions give listeners more freedom to choose what they want.If a sentence is delivered in a more indirect way, it would be more polite.Example1, Answer the phone.I want you to answer the phone.Will you answer the phone?

Can you answer the phone?

Would you mind answering the phone?

Could you possibly answer the phone?

Example 2, Call a taxi for me.18

I want you to call a taxi for me.Will you call a taxi for me?

Would you mind calling a taxi for me? In each example, the last one is the most polite because it gives the listener more opportunity to refuse.It is successful to minimize the cost to others and maximize benefit to others.More examples can be found at the beginning of a press conference.In order to keep the meeting going quietly, the host would say to the reporter just as “请各位与会人员关闭手机”.Under this circumstance, interpreters have these choices:“Turn off the cell phone.” “Can you turn off the cell phone?” or “Can I probably ask you to turn off the cell phone?”.Among them, the degree of being polite is deeper and deeper, then the last one is the most polite.In order to show politeness, interpreters usually express ideas in a mild and roundabout way.For example, when disagreeing with somebody, one would say,“I don’t think you are right” rather than“you are wrong”.Another example“You don’t seem to understand” instead of “You don’t know” so directly.2.2.2.2 Approbation maxim and modesty maxim

These two maxims demand maximization of praise of others and of dispraise to oneself.They contain two aspects and the first is “negative praise” which means saying something good to somebody instead of criticizing others.An example is followed,“Do you like my skirt?” “Well, yes.But it’s not my favorite.” Although B does not like A’s skirt, he expresses his feelings in a polite way.The second type is “exaggerated praise”, which is common in interpretation from Chinese to English

because English speakers like to exaggerate their feelings, while Chinese are more implicit in comparison.Here is an example: after a party, guests coming from China say to the host,“谢谢你的邀请，我们度过了一个愉快的夜晚。” Interpreter can express like this,“Thank you so much for inviting us, we had a wonderful night”.In this version “so much” is an exaggerated word.Another example is, when praising others, one usually addresses in this way, ”What a beautiful house!” or “What a cute boy”.Another example,“你觉得我们有机会合作这个项目么？”

Hopefully, let’s wait and see.Version1: Is there any possibility for us to cooperate with each other on the project?

希望可以，让我们边走边看。

Version2: Is there any possibility for us to cooperate with each other on this project?

希望能有这个合作机会，让我们边走边看。

Based on Approbation and Modesty Maxim, it is polite for the interpreter to maximize praise of the Chinese party.The Chinese party asks the question about the cooperation possibility in this situation.For some reasons, Without exact comment on the possibility, the foreigner gives an ambiguous answer to the question.Thus, the second version is recommended.2.2.2.3 Agreement maxim and sympathy maxim

These two maxims demand maximization of agreement between oneself and 20

others.English speakers usually express disagreement in this way:“sorry”or“Excuse me”.For instance,A says,“I like these pictures, they are beautiful”.Then B says “Well, I don’t have any eye for beauty, I’m afraid”.From this example, it is easy to see that although B does not agree with A, he does not express that in a direct way, which not only decreases the conflict between them, but also increases the accordance with the speaker.That is to say, in order to make the listener happier, good details should be talked.For instance,“That was the great Oscar for John” and “That was the great news about John”.The first sentence brings more happiness to the listener.On the contrary, when we talk about some sad news, try to say some vague words instead of details.In western culture, the expression of “death” is a typical one.For example,“be asleep in the arms of God”“be taken to paradise and go to heaven”.Another example,“I was sorry to hear about your husband” is more polite than “I was sorry to hear about your husband’s death”.2.2.3 Choosing of expressions

Choosing of expressions means that during interpreting, an interpreter is likely to choose different ways to express the idea.Among these choices, he or she would find the most polite one according to politeness communicative principle, which includes the changing of sentence structure or custom of expression in different languages.The author would illustrate the point in following aspects.2.2.3.1 Tack maxim and generosity maxim

Here is an example to show the expression choices under the direction of these two maxims.21

你看过那份计划了吗？

真不好意思，我昨天去看父母了。

Version1: Sorry, I went to visit my parents yesterday.Version2: Sorry, I haven’t seen it though, since I went to visit my parents yesterday.In this situation, the hidden meaning of Chinese speaker is that he hasn’t looked into the proposal yet.According to Chinese culture, the reason is given at first.However, person asks the question in order to know whether the proposal is seen though or not.Thus, in order to show respect to the leader, he or she had better choose the latter one to give the direct answer first and if time permits, giving reasons in a simple way.In this way, the modest attitude of speaker can be clearly reflected and thus gaining opinion of Chinese audience.2.2.3.2 Approbation maxim and modesty maxim Here is an example to show the expression choices under the direction of these two maxims.That is all my speech, If you have any question concerning my speech, welcome.Version1: 我的演讲完毕，有问题可以问我。

Version2: 我的演讲完毕，如有问题，欢迎随时提问。

The original sentence is a traditional English way of expression with no offence.However, the translated version1 may seem a bit rude to the audience in China.Thus, although violating the literal meaning of the original words, interpreters maybe choose the latter one to show politeness and create a harmonious atmosphere.22

2.2.3.3 Agreement maxim and sympathy maxim

Under the direction of these two maxims, the author will list an example:

Do you agree with our arrangement?

Yes, the transportation and accommodation are great.Version1: 是的，交通和住宿都不错。

Version2: 安排的很好，尤其是住宿和交通。

In order to be polite, version2 chooses the expression “安排的很好”，which is not heightened in the original words.The change of expression adds the degree of agreement and sounds more agreeable than just saying“是的”.Therefore, the listener will be glad to your interpretation.3 Strategies for applying politeness communicative principle in interpretation

Since a great many researches have been done on the strategies whenever concerning politeness or subjectivity, the author is going to mention three of them simply.There are substitution when the speaker does not mention, treason when the speaker does mention but not polite to the audience and omission to name just a few.3.1 Substitution Interpretation needs substitution sometimes.Since it has already been proved that interpreter is able to cope with subjectivity, substitution cannot be avoided because of different languages, backgrounds, styles and so on.When comes to politeness communicative principle, substitution can be utilized in following: The key point of Tack and Generosity maxims is to reduce the cost of others.In some cases, people are not willing to talk about death, disease, body part and so on.23

Instead, they would use indirect words replacing them.For instance, “big C” stands for “cancer” “mentally handicapped” replaces “retarded”, “psychiatric hospital” rather than “mental hospital”.Concerning about unemployment, they would use the words: “unwaged, between jobs”.It’s good for one to try hard to agree with others,if not that matters, and it is the key issue of Agreement and Sympathy maxims.When one agrees with the other but he or she omits the words like “yes” or “sure” and directly continue the topic.On such occasions, it is greater if the interpreter say like “of course” or “definitely” to emphasize the agreement.Substitution can be found quite often in opening and end of speeches, informal lectures and interviews, which allows to establish harmonious atmosphere without influencing the content or final result.3.2 Treason In some occasions, if we translate the sentences literary, it would cause misunderstanding due to different cultural backgrounds.As bridge of communication, it is interpreter’s responsibility to promote better interactions, even sometimes not being loyalty to the original words.In order to maximize praise of others and minimize praise to oneself, interpreters may sometimes behave modest on behalf of the speaker.Such kind of situation can be found when communicative parties come from different cultural backgrounds.For instance, the Westerners tend to be direct while Chinese are used to behave modest.It is the guest speaker’s or sometimes interpreter’s responsibility to use words or concept of the host speakers and that can also be regarded as a kind of agreement to 24

the host party and its custom for sake of offering more agreement to others.Situations exist when parties hold different opinions toward one issue or when slip of tongue occurs.Interpreters should be pay attention to this strategy, be loyalty to the original words and pass on the meaning to the listeners.3.3 Omission Facing with difficulties in interpretation, omission is one of the strategies most often applied.Omission concludes deletion of words, phrases, sentences or even a paragraph.Here is an example: Please turn to page 20, maybe 22.let me see, yes, 25.Version1:请翻到书的20页，也许是22页，让我看看，第25页。

Version2:请翻到书的第25页。

It costs a lot for the audience to hear page 20, 22and 25 getting themselves busy in turning to pages that are not certain.Thus, it is wise and polite for the interpreter to slip to the final page which is quite certain, or else it will cause a confusing situation.However, this strategy is not proper in all conditions.When comes to important content, no random omission is allowed.Conclusion

Through this paper, the author draws the conclusion that it is very important and feasible to use politeness communicative principle in interpretation.Therefore, when interpreters understand preconditions of the principle and adopt related interpretation strategies, the interpreted version would be better.Since interpreters are already aware of the importance to be polite and feasibility to subjectivity.Besides, some possible ways to deal with subjectivity, interpretation strategies under the direction of politeness communicative principle are are listed in the paper.It is conductive to the improvement of the quality of interpretation and the development of interpreters themselves.Since this paper is done with the aid of many reference books and some papers, there may exist weakness and limitations during the process.Besides, there are causes that actually lead to these limitations: Firstly, as a college student, it is unlikely for the author to get in touch with interpreters in everyday life;Secondly, not doing or observing enough interpreting practice, it is impossible for the author to collect a large number of materials and cover all the areas.Finally, the author has little experience in interpretation, which causes the big trouble to perfect the paper.As a result, based on the materials available and current condition, the author tries best to make the paper reliable.The author hopes that the future researches can spare more efforts in the following aspects.Firstly, researches may collect as much materials as they can through all possible channels in future.If time permits, such kind of collection may 26

produce a more reliable research than this one.Secondly, there is no space and time left for strategies and suggestions.The author just lists three of them to name just a few.It is the hope of the author that future researcher can lay more emphasis on the strategy part to make this research more complete and systematic.Bibliography Brown.P &Levinson, S.Universals in Language Usage [J].Shanghai: Shanghai

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学学报, 2006(3).利奇.语义学 [M].上海: 上海外语教育出版社, 1996.吕炳华.译者主体性的体现.[J] 山东外语外贸大学学报, 2005(1).戚伟燕.译者主体性的体现和强弱.[J] 杭州电子工业学院学报.2004(1).裘姬新.译者主体性及其制约因素 [J].河南科技大学学报, 2004(1).28

王晓雯.合作、礼貌原则与口译 [J].安徽冶金科技职业学院学报.2006(2).29

第五篇：中西方礼貌用语对比分析

英语专业全英原创毕业论文，是近期写作，公布的题目可以用于免费参考

最新英语专业全英原创毕业论文，都是近期写作《大衣》中定语从句的翻译策略英汉职业委婉语中“礼貌原则”之对比分析福克纳小说中的圣经意象罪与同情—论齐林沃斯的悲剧英语中法语外来词对英国文化的影响An Analysis of Memoirs of a Geisha from the Perspective of Existentialist Feminism 7 浅析不同文化中的身势语The Improvement of English Learning Skills Through Nursery Rhymes论《红字》里“A”字的象征意义从《嘉莉妹妹》看美国梦与道德观网络流行语翻译评析——“神马都是浮云”个案分析性格、学习策略和英语学习成绩的关系研究关联理论关照下文化缺省现象及其翻译应对策略A Brief Study of Rhetorical Devices Employed in President Obama’s Inaugural Address－－from the Perspective of Syntactic Structure论海明威作品中的语言特征由英语外来词谈中英文化从“房间”意象看英国当代社会悲剧——哈罗德•品特作品解读《了不起的盖茨比》中的象征中西方悲剧爱情故事折射出的文化差异—《穆斯林的葬礼》与《荆棘鸟》之比较 20 从女性主义视角看《蝴蝶梦》Miss Havisham: an Imprisoned Woman in Great Expectations写作教学中的范文教学女性哥特视角下的《蝴蝶梦》论格列佛人物形象在《格列佛游记》中所起的讽刺效果书面语言输入与输出对英语词汇习得的影响On the Unique Narrating Methods and Writing Skills in Brideshead Revisited《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》中麦琪悲剧原因分析残酷的现实与审美愉悦——论《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的崇高美外国品牌中译的创新翻译研究浅谈礼仪在商务谈判中的重要性及其相关策略

中美时间观的文化差异

英语单位名词研究——以《牛津高阶英汉双解词典（第六版）》为例

论《野性的呼唤》的多重主题

A Study of the Personality of Emily from A Rose for Emily

英语经济新闻标题翻译在模因传播中的分析

《了不起的盖茨比》和美国现代社会

《看管人》下的“品特式”（开题报告+论）

从《好事一小件》和《洗澡》的对话对比分析看人物形象塑造的差异

浅析科技英语翻译中的逻辑错误

论旅游英语的语言学特征

《雾都孤儿》中的反犹主义

Western and Chinese Marriage Differences in Cross-cultural Communication A Study of Humour And Satire in Mark Twain’s Two Famous Adventures 从托妮莫里森透析世纪黑人民族意识演变 《等待戈多》中的矛盾分析-分裂的语言与互补的人物 论《霍华德庄园》中的象征主义 《紫色》中的隐喻语篇功能探索 学习动机对大学生英语学习的影响 论英语商务合同中状语从句的翻译 试析中英婚姻生活差异及其原因 王尔德唯美主义对现代消费文化的启示－－以《道林格雷的画像》为例 从跨文化交际看中西方时间观差异 文化商务交际中的个人主义与集体主义 卡森•麦卡勒斯《心是孤独的猎手》福柯式解读 《德伯家的苔丝》苔丝和《红字》海斯特的悲剧命运的比较 从数字的联想意义研究中西文化的差异 萧伯纳的费边思想在芭芭拉少校中的体现 Analysis of the Individual Heroism in the American Movies The Alternation of Language: A Study of Microblogging Vocabulary 论《最后的莫西干人》中的印第安情结 象征主义视角下《致海伦》中的意象美 《哈克贝里·费恩历险记》中哈克和吉姆的人物形象分析 从王尔德喜剧中的花花公子形象解读王尔德信奉的纨绔主义 《呼啸山庄》爱情悲剧根源分析 从《美国的悲剧》解析美国梦 On Moral Characters in The Picture of Dorian Gray 从美国汽车看美国文化 以姚木兰和斯嘉丽为例看东西方女性意识差异 析《远大前程》主人公匹普的性格成长历程 用隐喻理论分析英汉商标的语言特色 试论《围城》中四字成语的英译 《了不起的盖茨比》中乔丹•贝克的人物分析 被忽略的人群－－詹姆斯乔伊斯《都柏林人》女性角色分析 从《少年派的奇幻漂流记》论人性与兽性 交际教学法在中学英语课堂中的应用 阿加莎克里斯蒂侦探小说中的罪犯形象 The Application of Corpus in Teaching English Reading 中英社交禁忌习俗异同之比较分析 对《大地》中女性人物的生态女性主义解读 论《瓦尔登湖》的生态伦理意蕴 任务型教学在初中英语的实施情况研究 高中英语课堂教学中的口语教学 论英语课堂教学中的非语言交际 浅谈汉语成语的英译 英语国家姓氏文化研究

解析《老人与海》中的桑提亚哥形象

庞德诗歌《在地铁站里》的意象分析

Strategies of Translating Chinese Proper Nouns in Tourism Texts

英语广告中仿拟的关联分析

侦探小说的发展

突破桎梏——《紫色》的生态女权主义视角解读

《劝导》中安妮•艾略特的道德判断

从隐喻视角解析《黄墙纸》的疯癫意象

社会实践活动对大学生的重要性

用陌生化理论阐述《红色手推车》的悲剧色彩

诸神形象折射中西方价值观不同

论小说《看不见的人》中的象征主义

A CP-based Analysis of Humor in Friends

从《卡斯特桥市长》看哈代作品中的宿命论色彩

试论用英语电影进行英语文化教学

高中英语词汇课堂教学策略

男女二元等级对立的颠覆－－《奥兰多》之女性主义解读

论《简爱》中话语的人际意义

A Comparison between Scarlett O’Hara and Jane Eyre from the Perspective of Feminism 105 从动态对等角度论英语俚语的翻译

目的论视角下公益广告的翻译

《嘉莉妹妹》中女主人公的服饰所反映的女性意识

中西方传统习俗的对比研究——出生礼，婚礼，葬礼

《海的女儿》中安徒生的悲剧情结分析

从时代背景看《唐璜》中个人主义到人道主义的升华

从目的论角度讨论英语电影片名的翻译

美国品牌中国本土化进程中的文化冲突与融合113 浅谈进口商品商标的翻译

探究中学生厌倦学习英语

文化意识与语言教学

《德伯家的苔丝》中亚雷形象分析

从语域和博客语篇角度解读博客传播

论身势语的跨文化交际应用

浅谈英汉文化差异对称呼语的影响

《了不起的盖茨比》中黛西的女性主义分析

永不凋落的玫瑰—从女性主义分析《红字》中的海斯特

“同一性危机”——浅析汉娜的悲剧人生

交际教学法在当前高中外语教学过程中的实效性

124

电影《死亡诗社》中的教育意义

论有效开展小学英语对话教学的策略

从莎翁作品透视伊丽莎白时期女性社会地位

商务英语新词构词研究

侠客精神和骑士精神折射出的文化差异—《七侠五义》和《亚瑟王之死》之比较

Comparative Study of Metaphor in English and Chinese Animal Words

从《芒果街上的小屋》透视女性自我意识的觉醒

意象手法在《永别了，武器》中的使用

《嘉莉妹妹》中男女主人公命运的对比分析

英语禁忌语的语用研究

An Analysis of Trademark Translation——from the perspective of Skopos Theory

汉语习语中文化负载词的英译

汉英翻译中的中式英语的成因及对策

A Comparative Study of Cultural Factors in Two English Versions of Kong Yiji— From the Perspective of Skopos Theory

跨文化交际中的体态语

浅谈中美饮食文化差异

从《百舌鸟之死》探析美国种族冲突

斯威夫特和笛福眼中的英国社会——基于对《格列佛游记》和《鲁滨逊漂流记》的比较 143 To Obey or Rebel –A Study of Female Characters in Moment in Peking

任务型教学模式在初中英语课堂教学中的现状分析－－以xx学校初一学生为例 145 从文化差异的角度看习语的翻译

从中西文化差异看英汉数字翻译

《收藏家》中空间与人物心理关系的解读

商务英语评论中的态度意义分析

浅析《飘》中女主人公的性格特征

动物习语中文化意象的比较与翻译

151 中英文化差异与翻译策略

152 从餐桌礼仪看中西文化差异

153 《喜福会》中的中美文化冲突

154 A Study of Narrative Techniques in Barn Burning

155 论《傲慢与偏见》中的爱情观和婚姻观

156 Problems in the Oral Class and Solutions to Them

157 从饮食的角度看中西文化差异

158 初中学生听力理解障碍简析及应对策略

159 《我，机器人》中苏珊•卡尔文的女性角色分析

160 全身反应教学法在儿童英语教学中的运用

161 浅析情景教学法对初中英语课堂教学的影响

162 从个人英雄主义角度解读《肖申克的救赎》

163 从跨文化交际中的语用失误看中西文化差异

164 《哈利波特》系列小说的浪漫主义情节分析

165 论《苔丝》中女性意识与社会现实之间的冲突

166 英语名的取名艺术

167 语境对法律英语翻译的影响

168 浅析王尔德《快乐王子》中基督教救赎的表现形式

169 论“美国梦”对美国文学的影响

170 论《等待戈多》中的等待

171 《走出非洲》中的非洲因素与女主人公性格完善的关系

172 功能对等理论指导下的外贸函电翻译

173 美剧网络字幕翻译研究

174 Advertising Language: A Mirror of American Value

175 传统道德与时代新意识之战―论林语堂在《京华烟云》中的婚恋观 176 中西方饮食文化对比

177 Elements on the Growth of Mary in The Secret Garden

178 A Comparison and Contrast between Works by Byron and Shelley 179 美剧《欲望都市》中女性语言的语用分析

180 国际商务谈判中的文化差异分析

181 互联网时代的语言帝国主义

182 从构式视野下对英语图式习语的解读

183 公示语英译错误分析

184 浅谈《红楼梦》诗词的文化意象翻译

185 商务信函中模糊语的使用研究

186 透过《傲慢与偏见》看现代社会爱情观

187 The Study of Chinese Body Language

188 从《远离尘嚣》看托马斯哈代的生态自然观

189 分析商务谈判中的模糊语

190 《吉檀迦利》中的泛神论思想

191 《推销员之死》的文化解读

192 从英汉“狗”的习语看中西方文化差异

193 《嘉莉妹妹》中嘉莉的欲望分析

194 从电影《七宗罪》看‘七宗罪’与基督教传统的关系

195 高中英语写作前口语活动设计与实施建议

196 论《傲骨贤妻》字幕翻译中的归化和异化策略

197 中西方礼貌用语对比分析

198 心灵的挣扎：浅析福克纳短篇小说《烧马棚》中萨蒂的困境 199 从贫穷到堕落——解读嘉莉妹妹中嘉莉的奋斗历程

200 星巴克的成功之道