英文写作规范
English WRITING GUIDE
公司办公室
CORPORATE OFFICE
Contents
目录
I.Ramu Related Proper Nouns.4
A.PNGGovernment Sections.4
B.SomeGovernment Positions.5
C.PNG Laws.6
D.ProjectRelated Documents.7
E.Project andCompanies.7
F.LOA..8
G.Ramu NiCoManagement Positions.8
H.Ramu NiCoDivisions.9
a)Reguions.9
b)Departments 9
(c)Sections/plants.10
I.Others: 12
II.Grammar 12
1.Articles.12
A.Cases of NoArticles before Nouns.12
B.DefiniteArticles.14
C.IndefiniteArticles.15
2.NOUNS.16
A.Capitalization.16
B.Single andPlural 17
3.Punctuation.17
A.The comma(,)17
B.TheSemicolon(;)20
C.The Colon(:)21
D.Dash(--): 22
4.Numbers andDate.22
A.Numbers.22
B.Date format 23
C.Time.23
D.SerialNumber 24
III.E-mail Writing.24
1.Style andContent 24
2.Tips onEtiquette.25
IV.Letter Writing.26
1.The Solution.26
2.The Layoutof a Letter 28
3． The content of letters.28
V.Memos and Fax.29
1.Memos.29
2.Fax.29
VI．Revising and proofreading.30
1.Revising.31
2.Editing andProofreading.32
VII.Syntax Points.34
1.Sentence.34
2.Tense.36
A.Visual TenseChart 36
B.Tense ofNews Article Titles.37
VIII.Ramu DocumentFormat 38
Ramu Related Proper NounsNational Executive Council(NEC)国家行政委员会
Legislature 立法机关
Judiciary 司法机关
Executive 行政机关
Provincial Courts省法院
National Courts国家法院
Supreme Court最高法院
Local Land Courts地方土地法院
Provincial Land Courts 省级土地法院
Department of Inter-Government Relations国际政府关系部
Department of Public and State Investment公共企业及国家投资部
Department of National Planning国家计划部
Department of Treasury国库部
Department of Finance财政部
Department of Environment and Conservation环境部
Department of Fisheries and Marine Resources渔业和海洋资源部
Department of Public Service公共服务部
Department of Forest and Climate Change林业和气候变化部
Department of Petroleum and Energy石油和能源部
Department of Transport交通部
Department of Lands and Physical Planning土地和规划部
Department of Mining矿业部
Mineral Resources Authority（MRA）矿产资源管理局
Department of Works and Implementation工程和执行部
Department of Communication and Information Technology通信部
Department of Justice and Attorney-General司法部
Department of Religion, Youth and Community Development宗教、青年和社区发展部
Department of Labour and Industrial Relation劳工部
Department of Trade, Commerce and Industry工贸部
Department of Foreign Affairs and Immigration外交和移民部
Department of Police警察部
Department of Agriculture and Livestock农业部
Department of Health 卫生部
PNG Customs Services海关
Land Titles Commission(LTC)土地所有权委员会
Non Government Organizations(NGOs)非政府组织
PNG Chamber of Mines and Petroleum 巴新矿业和石油商会
Madang Chamber of Commerce 马当省商会
中国驻巴新经济商务参赞处(economic and commercial counselor)
Prime Minister 总理
Deputy Prime Minister副总理
Minister 部长
Acting MD – MRA矿业部常秘
MRA CIM主检察官
MRA Coordinator矿业部主管官员
Acting Secretary of DEC环境部代常秘
Deputy Secretary of DEC环境部副常秘
Secretary of Labour and Industrial Relations劳工部常秘
Acting Secretary of Foreign Affairs and Trade外交和移民局常秘
Sectary of Justice and Attorney-General 司法部常秘
IRC Commissioner IRC局长
IPA MD IPA局长
Commissioner PNG Customs Services海关关长
PNG Ports Corp Ltd MD
Governor-Bank of PNG巴新央行行长
Formal PM前总理
Formal Governor前省长
PNG Chamber President巴新商会(会长)
Madang Chamber President马当商会(会长)
ANZ Bank of PNG 巴新ANZ银行
Westpec Bank PNG LTD Westpec银行
BSP Bank of PNG 巴新BSP银行
DWU President DWU校长
Modilon Hospital Modilon医院
Governor省长
Deputy Governor副省长
Member of Parliament议员
Administrator行政官
Deputy Administrator副行政官
PNG Constitution 巴新《宪法》
Common Law 《普通法》
Arrest Act 《逮捕法》
Bail Act 《被释法》
Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Act《著作权和相邻权法》
Customs Act 《海关法》
Environment Act 《环境法》
Land Registration Act 《土地登记法》
Motor Vehicle(Third Party Insurance)Act《机动车条例（第三方保险）》
Trade Marks Act 《商标法》
Workers Compensation Act 《劳工赔偿法》
Wrongs(Miscellaneous Provisions)Act 《过错责任法案》
Companies Act 1997 《公司法（1997）》
Mining Act 1992 《矿业法1992》
Mining Development Contract 《矿业开发合同》
MA Master Agreement 《主协议》
MoA Memorandum of Agreement 《主协议备忘录》
JVA Joint Venture Agreement 《联营体协议》
OEMP Operational Environment Management Plan 《运营环境管理计划》
EP Environment Permit 环境许可
SML Special Mining Lease 特别采矿租约
Exploration licences 探矿许可
Mining Leases 采矿租约
Special Mining Leases 特别采矿租约
Mining Easements 路权许可
Leases for Mining Purposes 开发许可
Alluvial Mining Lease 冲积土地采矿租约
Ramu Feasibility Study 瑞木可研报告
Unincorporated Joint Venture非法人联营体
China Metallurgical Group Corporation(MCC-Group)中国冶金科工集团公司
Jiuquan Steel Limited(JISCO)酒泉钢铁（集团）有限责任公司
Jilin Jien Nickel(Jien Nickel)吉恩镍业股份有限公司
Jinchuan Mining Group(JNMC)金川集团有限公司
MCC-JJJ Ltd中冶金吉矿业开发公司（中冶金吉矿业）
Ramu Nickel Project 瑞木镍钴项目
Ramu NiCo(MCC)Limited中冶瑞木镍钴有限公司
Ramu NiCo Management(MCC)Limited（RNML）
瑞木镍钴管理（中冶）有限公司
Highlands Pacific Limited（HPL）高地太平洋公司
Mineral Resources Development Corporation（MRDC）
Mineral Resources Ramu Limited（MRRL）
Mineral Resources Madang Limited（MRML）
Inland Pipeline and Maigari Limited
KBK Limited
Raibus Group of Companies
Raibus Limited(Raibus)
NCS Raibus Branch
Basamuk Enterprise Limited
Raibus Security Limited
Raibus Engineering
MCC19 SJ Company
MCC20 Oriental Star Company
MCC22 JT Company
LOA Land Owner Associations
Kurumbukari Landowner Association
Basamuk Landowner Association
Coastal Pipeline Landowner Association
Inland Pipeline Landowner Association
BOD Board of Directors 董事会
Board Chairperson/Chairman 董事长
President 总经理
CTO Chief Technical Officer（公司）技术总监
CFO Chief Finance Officer 总会计师
VP Vice President（公司）副总经理
COO Assistant 总经理助理
Company Secretary 公司秘书
RMW Registered Manager-Works 注册厂矿经理—冶炼厂
RMM Registered Manager-Mine 注册厂矿经理—矿山
GM General Manager（部门）部长
DGM Deputy General Manager（部门）副部长
Manager 经理
Superintendent 二级经理/作业区长
Deputy Superintendent 副作业区长
Supervisor 主管
Foreman班长
Engineer工程师
Trainer 培训师
Coordinator 协调员
Staff/Officer 职员
Basamuk Refinery BSK冶炼厂区域
Kurumbukari Mine KBK矿山区域
Madang Base Madang 区域
Production Departments生产部门:
Kurumbukari Mine Site(KBK)矿山部
Basamuk Refinery Plant(BSK)冶炼厂
Service Departments职能部门:
Corporate Office（CO）公司办公室
Beijing Branch Office(BJO)北京办事处
Port Moresby Branch Office(POM)莫尔斯比港办事处
Brisbane Branch Office(BNE)布里斯班办事处
Development and Planning Department(DP)发展规划部
Equipment Department(ED)设备部
Technical Modification Department(EM)技术改造部
Accounting and Treasury Department(ATD)财务部
Financing Department（FD）融资部
Contract and Budget Management Department(CB)合同预算部
Procurement and Sales Department(PS)采购销售部
Audit Department(AD)审计部
Administration Department(AD)行政管理部
Basamuk Administration Department(BAD)Basamuk综合管理部
Health Safety and Environment Department(HSE)(HSE Corporate)HSE管理部
Human Resource Department(HR)人力资源部
Community Affairs Department(CA)地方关系部
Information and Technology Management Department(ITM)技术信息管理部
Note: Do not use “Dept.” in main text, e.g.in the Monthly JV Report, we use “CA Department” instead of “CA Dept.” “Dept.”is usually used in tables, figures, etc.where brevity is virtue.
KBK Region KBK区域:
Mining Section采矿作业区
De-agglomeration Plant/Washing Plant供水和洗矿作业区
（Water Resource Area水源地）
Beneficiation Plant选矿作业区
Pipeline Engineering Maintenance Section管道工程维修作业区
Dispatch Office调度室
Geology and Survey Office地测室
Fixed Equipment Maintenance Section固定设备维修作业区
Mobile Equipment Maintenance Section移动设备维修作业区
Power and Instrument Section电仪作业区
Warehouse 仓储作业区
HSE Supervision Office HSE(现场)监察室
Engineering Management Office工程管理室
KBK Laboratory（KBK Lab）KBK 化验室
KBK Administration Office KBK综合管理办公室
KBK Laboratory（KBK Lab）KBK 化验室
Emergence Response Team(ERT)应急队
Basamuk Region BSK区域
BSK Refinery Office冶炼厂办公室
BSK Process Office 冶炼厂工艺室
HSE Supervision Office(HSE Site)HSE监察室
High Pressure Acid Leaching Section(HPAL)高压酸浸作业区
Neutralization and Product Section中和产品作业区
Power Plant 电力作业区（电厂）
Instrument Section仪表作业区
Water and Steam SupplySection水汽作业区
Limestone Section石灰石作业区
(Limestone Quarry 石灰石矿+ Lime Plant石灰石厂)
Acid Plant制酸作业区（酸厂）
Fixed Equipment Maintenance Section固定设备维修作业区
Mobile Equipment Maintenance Section移动设备维修作业区
BSK Port BSK港口
BSK Laboratory（BSK Lab）BSK 化验室
Emergence Response Team(ERT)应急队
I.Others:Consultant 顾问
Contractor 服务商
Vender Representative/Reps 厂代
II.Grammar 1.ArticlesA.Cases of No Articles before Nounsü Not referring particularly to a certain season, month, weekday or meal.用于非特指的季节、月份、星期及三餐等名称前。
E.g.Monday comes before Tuesday.星期二在星期一之后。
Wont you stay for lunch? 留在这儿吃午饭好吗?
ü Before ball games or chess games and name of holidays with “day” in it.用于球类棋类和游戏以及含 day 的节日前。
E.g.Used you to play football? 你过去常踢足球吗?
New Year’s Day is a holiday for everyone.元旦是所有人的节日。
ü Before the name of a unique position which is serving as predictive，complement, or complement.用于作表语、补语、同位语的惟一职位名词前。
E.g.John is captain of the team.约翰是足球队的队长。
They elected him president of the society.他们选他为协会会长。
ü Before single nouns that serve as predicative after “turn/go”
用于表示“变成”的 turn / go 后作表语的单数名词前。
E.g.He was a teacher before he turned writer.他成为作家之前是教师。
Britain went Labour(i.e changed politically by electing a Labour government)in 1945.1945年英国转由工党执政.ü Before single noun used in concession inversion sentences
用于让步倒装的单数可数名词前。
E.g.Child as he is, he knows a lot.他虽然是个孩子，但已经很懂事了。
ü after a kind/sort…of
用于 a kind / sort / type / form / variety of 后的名词前。
E.g.He is too young for that kind of job.他太年轻不适合做那工作。
This sort of thing can’t go on!这样的事不能再进行下去了。
ü Before single noun of study, living, entertainment, etc.referring to the activities.用于某些表示学习、生活、娱乐等的单数名词前，表示相关的活动。
E.g.go to school(bed, church, town, class, college, etc)去上学(睡觉，做礼拜，进城，上课，上大学，等)
in bed(school, class, college, church, prison, hospital, etc)在睡觉(上学，上课，上大学，做礼拜，坐牢，住院，等)
注：若不是指活动，而是指具体的实物，则要用冠词。比较：
go to the bed 到床边去(侧重指“床”这个实体)
go to bed 上床睡觉(侧重指与“床”有关的活动，即睡觉)
ü In prepositional phrase
用于某些用介词 by 构成的表方式的短语中
E.g.by bus 乘公共汽车 by plane / by air乘飞机 by land 走陆路 by sea 走海路 by phone 用电话 by letter 用信件
by post 用邮寄 by hand 用手工
ü Before general mass nouns, abstract nouns, proper nouns, and plural nouns of general reference.用于表示泛指或一般意义的物质名词、抽象名词、专有名词、复数名词等之前。
E.g.Knowledge begins with practice.认识从实践开始。
Smith lives in London.史密斯住在伦敦。
Teachers should be respected.教师应该受到尊重。
ü In some absolute construction
用于某些独立结构中。
E.g.The teacher came in, book in hand.老师走了进来，手里拿着书。
B.Definite Articlesü To refer particular to sth/sb表示特指：
Where are the other students? 其他同学在哪里?
Pass me the magazine on the desk.请把桌上的杂志递给我。
ü Sth/sb unique表示独一无二的人或事物：
The earth goes around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。
ü directions表方向或方位:
The sun rises in the east.红太阳从东方升起。
ü The+single noun referring a type用于单数名词前表示类别：
I hate the telephone.我讨厌电话。
The lion is a wild animal.狮子是一种野生动物。
Note：sometimes used before adjectives to refer to a category有时用于形容词前表示类别：
The rich are not always happier than the poor.富人并不总是比穷人过得开心。
The British are very proud of their sense of humor.英国人为自己的幽默感自豪。
ü Before ordinal number and superlative用于序数词或最高级前：
You will be the first to speak.你将第一个发言。
He was considered to be the best player.他被公认为是最佳选手。
Note：The definite article can be omitted before ordinal of ranking and superlative of adverbs.表示名次的序数词前的定冠词以及副词最高级前的定冠词通常可以省略。
He took(the)first place.他获得了第一名。
She works(the)hardest.她工作最努力。
ü Before instrument用于乐器名词, eg：
He plays the piano very well.他的钢琴弹得很好。
ü Before plural of surnames用于姓氏的复数前：
The Greens have no children.格林夫妇没有小孩。
The Smiths live next to us.史密斯一家就住在我们隔壁。
ü Before part of human body or clothes, etc.previously mentioned用来代替前
面已提到的人的身体部位或衣着等的一部分：
He hit her on the nose.他打了她的鼻子。
ü Used before plural nouns such as twenties, thirties, forties, etc.用于逢整十数词的复数前：
He got married in the fifties.他五十年代结婚。
ü Before rivers, seas, mountains用于江、河、海、洋、山等前：
The Yellow River is Chinas second longest river.黄河是中国第二大河。
ü Before proper nouns made of common nouns用于由普通名词构成的专有 名词前：
The secretary has booked the manager in at the Hilton Hotel.秘书已经在希尔顿大酒店为经理预定了房间。
Note: In the case of Ramu, “the” can be used or omitted before larger areas or departments, the difference lies in the tones.Eg.The tone of CA Department is harsher than that of The CA Department.But for smaller areas like the sections, “the” is better to be used, e.g.the Acid Plant.
C.Indefinite Articlesü Refers to any one of a type(of people or things), 泛指一类人或物中的一个：
A bird has wings.鸟有翅膀。
A teacher shouldn’t talk like that.教师不应当这样讲话。
The police caught a thief.警察抓了一个小偷。
ü Refers to the quantity “one”(not comparing with two, or three,etc.), 表示数量“一”(但不与 two, three 等相对比)：
It took me a year to save up for a new coat.我用了一年时间才省出钱买一件新大衣。
ü Per in price, time, money,表示价钱、时间、速度等的“每一”(=per)：
We meet twice a week.我们每星期碰两次头。
They are sold at two dollars a dozen.他们的售价是每打两美元。
ü Another,用于序数词前表示“又一”、“再一”:
Well have to do it a second time.我们得再做一次。
We have put forward a third plan.他们已提出了第三个方案。
ü A cup/glass/…of,在某些物质名词前表示“一杯 / 罐 / 瓶”：
A coffee / tea / beer, please.请来杯咖啡 / 茶 / 啤酒。
ü Materialized abstract nouns,用于具体化了的抽象名词前：
He was a success in business.他事业成功。
It’s a pleasure to talk with you.同你谈话是件令人愉快的事。
ü A certain,在专有名词前表示“某一个”、“类似的一个”：
A Mr.Smith wants to see you.一位名叫史密斯先生的人想见你。
He thought he was a Zhu Geliang.他自以为是诸葛亮。
ü =the same,用于 of 短语中表示“同一”：
Tom and Kate are of an age.汤姆与凯特同年。
2.NOUNSA.Capitalizationü beginning of a sentence每个句子的首单词的首字母要大写。
ü first letter and substantives in title标题第一个单词和实词首字母都要大写: The Story about My Family
ü proper noun, name, place, generic terms, etc.专有名词的每一个单词的首字母都要大写，包括人名，地名，特有名词，专业术语等，e.g.English, Backstreet Boys, Mike, Beijing, Bible, Nike, Adidas.ü Abbreviations, 缩写词都必须大写，e.g.BBC，VOA，PLA, WTO。
When in informal context, either capitalization or not is acceptable, but “.” should be added between the letters to avoid confusion, e.g.the Korean musical band “h.o.t”.非正式文件中大小写随意，但是中间要加点。如韩国一个知名组合HOT也可以写成h.o.t,小写的时候加点，是为了和hot(热)这个词区分，避免意义上的混淆
ü Full title of very formal articles, esp.government white papers.一些很正式的文体的title全部大写.比如政府白皮书之类的封面标题，前注，经常是全部大写的.ü To highlight in informal context.非正式文件中起强调作用: I did NOT eat your cake.ü The first person pronoun “I”.单词I(我的主格)永远用大写.
B.Single and Pluralstaff, plural noun, e.g.We need more staff in the office.employee, single noun, e.g.The firm has over 500 employees.equipment, uncountable noun, e.g.a useful piece of equipment for the kitchen
3.Punctuation A.The comma(,)ü Use a comma before coordinating conjunctions（并列连词）linking main clauses.E.g.PNG customs officers arrived at BSK port, and they would visit the Refinery.But when a coordination conjunction links words or phrases, do not use a comma:
E.g.plays and sings Chinese and National stuff
ü Use a comma to set off most introductory elements(引导词):
E.g.Concerned, other researchers deny the claim.Production was resumed soon after the earthquake.However, the slurry pipeline was damaged by flood caused by heavy rain.The comma after a short subordinate clause or prepositional phrase may be mitted if its omission does not create confusion(but using a comma there is never wrong):
E.g.In 2012(,)the load commissioning starts.ü Use a comma or commas to set off nonrestrictive elements: When a nonrestrictive element falls in the middle of a sentence, be sure to set it off with a pair of commas, one before and one after the element:
E.g.The company, which is located in PNG, has an excellent reputation.ü A comma or commas should be used when the nonrestrictive phrases and subordinate clauses functioning as adjectives as well as the nonrestrictive appositives drop into a sentence:
E.g.She worked at Madang, helping to translate the paper materials.Toni Morrison’s fifth novel, Beloved, won the Pulitzer Prize in 1988.Set off the parenthetical expressions with commas:
E.g.The production, perhaps surprisingly, increased by 6%.ü Note: a.Use that only in a restrictive clause, never in a nonrestrictive clause: E.g.… company, which [not that] was affiliated with metallurgy industry….ü Do not use a pair of comma in a restrictive appositive(同位语):
E.g.Morrison’s novel The Bluest Eye is about an African American girl who longs for blue eyes.[Morrison has written more than one novel, so the title is essential to identify the intended one.]
ü When a transitional expression(however, for example, in fact, of course, indeed …)links main clauses, precede it with a semicolon(;)and follow it with a comma:
E.g.The new employees would arrive at the Refinery on September 12 as per the schedule;in fact, they were delayed because of the bad weather.ü A few transitional expressions, notably therefore and instead, do not need commas when they fall inside or at the ends of clauses:
E.g.National workers thus put in more work days.But the days themselves may be shorter.ü The nonrestrictive element may modify or rename the word it refers to, but it does not limit the word to a particular individual or group.The meaning of the word would still be clear if the element were deleted.However, if the restrictive element were deleted, the meaning of the word will be confusing.ü Use commas between items in a series:
E.g.The staff in Beijing, Madang, BSK Refinery, and KBK Mine put their hearts into their work.ü Use commas between two or more adjectives that equally modify the same word:
E.g.The clean, spacious room is the workers’ dining hall.But when the adjective nearer the noun is more closely related to the noun in meaning, the adjectives should not be separated by commas:
E.g.He works in BSK Refinery, handling various odd affairs.ü Use commas in dates, addresses, place names, and long numbers:
E.g.Interlock water commissioning of HPAL Train #1 commenced on Monday, March 19, 2012, in preparation for loading commissioning.KBK, PNG, is the location of the Mine.ü Use the comma to separate the figures in long numbers into groups of three, counting from the right.With numbers of four digits, the comma is optional:
E.g.The procurement contract of 20, 000 tons of sulfuric acid has been reviewed.A kilometer is 3, 281 feet(or 3281 feet).Note: a.Do not use commas between the parts of a date in inverted order(15 December 2011)or in dates consisting of a month or season and a year(December 2011).ü Do not use a comma between a state and a zip code:
E.g.220 Cornell Road, Woodside, California 94062
ü Use commas with quotations according to standard practice:
If the structure of the sentences is: sb say/write/…+ “ ”(the content of the quotation), you should use a comma after the verb, and a period at the end of the quotation in the quotation marks:
E.g.The engineer said, “The autoclave works well.”
If the structure is: “ ”(the content of the quotation)+ say/write/… sb, you should use a comma at the end of the quotation in the quotation marks:
E.g.“We should organize the preparation for unloading the coming acid,” the manager said.When explanatory words are between the quotation sentences, and do not interrupt the main clauses, use commas after the explanatory words:
E.g.“The shore has a dual nature,” observed the delegation leader, “changing with the swing of tide.”
When explanatory words interrupt a quotation between main clauses, follow the explanatory words with a semicolon or a period:
E.g.“That part of my life was over,” she wrote.“His words had sealed it shut.”
“That part of my life was over,” she wrote;“his words had sealed it shut.”
Note: a.Do not use a comma when identifying words follow a quotation ending in an exclamation point o r a question mark:
E.g.“When did MOA Quarterly review meeting start?” he asked
ü Do not use a comma with a quotation that is integrated into your sentence structure, including one introduced by that:
E.g.He thought that the violence of a riot “had been devised as a corrective” to his own violence.ü Do not use a comma with a quoted title unless it is a nonrestrictive appositive: E.g.The Beatles recorded “She Loves Me” in the early 1960s.
B.The Semicolon(;)ü When no coordinating conjunction(and, but…)links two main clauses, the clauses should be separated by a semicolon:
E.g.The Mine and Refinery continued carrying out the safety awareness;many workers and local people attended it.ü Use a semicolon between main clauses related by however, for example, and so on:
E.g.The new employees would arrive at the Refinery on September 12 as per the schedule;eventually, they were delayed because of bad weather.ü The position of the semicolon between main clauses never changes, but the conjunctive adverb or transitional expression may move around within the second clause.Wherever the adverb or expression falls, it is usually set off with a comma or commas:
E.g.The new employees would arrive at the Refinery on September 12 as per the schedule;they were delayed because of the bad weather, however.ü Use semicolons between main clauses or series items containing commas: e.g.The workers in the office are Jill, the manager;Joyce, the lawyer;Eva, the assistant.
C.The Colon(:)ü Use a colon to introduce a concluding explanation, series, appositive, or long or formal quotation
E.g.The definition of soul food may be the following: the ethnic cooking of African Americans.ü Two causes have been given for the landslide: the heavy rain and the vegetation deterioration.Namely, that is, and other expressions that introduce appositives follow the colon:
E.g.Soul food has one disadvantage: namely, fat.ü Use a colon after the salutation of a business letter, between a title and subtitle, between division of time, in biblical citations, and in expressing scores: E.g.Dear Prime Minister:
Charles Dickens: An Introduction to His Novels
12:37(time)1 Corinthians 3:6-7(Biblical citation)
China beat Japan 3:1 in the women’s volleyball tournament.Note: Use the colon only at the end of a main clause.Do not use the colon after such as and including.
D.Dash(--):In your papers, form a dash with two hyphens.Do not add extra space before, after, or between the hyphens.ü The dash signals a shift, insertion, or break:
E.g.The rotary kiln—if it is maintained well—can be used next week.ü Dashes may be used instead of comma as the set off and emphasize modifiers, parenthetical expressions, and other nonrestrictive elements, especially when the elements are internally punctuated:
E.g.The machines—the autoclave, the sulfur conveyor, and the log washer—are in use.Lack of safety awareness, fatigue, working without PPE, carelessness—all these may cause lost time incidents.Note: Too many dashes can make writing jumpy or breathy.Do not overuse dashes.
4.Numbers and Date A.Numbersü Use numerals according to standard practice in the field you are writing in:
Always use numerals for numbers that require more than two words to spell out:
E.g.KBK Mine has mined 52, 600 tons of ROM ore.ü Use numerals for all numbers over ten in much business writing: five workers, 11 rooms.ü And use numerals for zero through nine when they refer to exact measurements: 2 liters, 3 hours.Note: Use a combination of numerals and words for round numbers over a million: 34 million, 5.67 billion.And use either all numerals or all words when several numbers appear together in a passage.ü Use numerals according to convention for dates, addresses, and other information: e.g.June 35, 2012 455 Clinton Avenue
$78 million 17:28
Note: Round dollar or cent amounts of only a few words may be expressed in words: seventeen dollars;sixty cents.When the word o’clock is used for the time of day, also express the number in words: two o’clock(not 2 o’clock).ü Spell out numbers that begin sentences:
For clarity, spell out any number that begins s sentence.If the number requires more than two words, reword the sentence so that the number falls later and can be expressed as a numeral:
E.g.A cargo ship with 40, 000 tons of acid will arrive at BSK Refinery.(√)
40, 000 tons of acid will arrive at BSK Refinery.(X)
B.Date format规则rules | 举例e.g. | 英式 UK | 美式 US |
写法 written | 1996年4月22日 | 22nd April 1996 | April 22, 1996 （no appendix like nd for 22nd） |
读法 pronunciation | the twenty-second of April, nineteen eighty-seven； | April the twenty-second, nineteen eighty-seven | |
数字表达 Numbers （easy to cause confusion, not recommended） | 1987年4月22日 | 22/4/87 (dd/mm/yy) | 4/22/87 (mm/dd/yy) |
1998年8月1日 | 01.08.1998 (dd.mm.yyyy) | 08,01,1998 (mm,dd,yyyy) |
Morning: a.m.：thirteen past six a.m.（上午六点十三分）
Afternoon: p.m.：four oclock p.m.（下午四点）
Note: Sequence **时间日期顺序：
Eg.The event took place on 24 April at 3 pm
The manuscript bears the date 10 April 1937.手稿上注着1937年4月10日
on Monday, March 19, 2012
D.Serial NumberNumber: abbrs No., no;US symb # , used before a figure to indicate the place of sth in a series(用於数字前表示某物在某一系列中的位置):
Room number 145 is on the third floor of the hotel.145号房间在旅馆的四楼.Hes living at No.4, ie house number four.他住在4号.No.10(Downing Street)is the official residence of the British Prime Minister.（唐宁街）10号是英国首相府.
Ø HPAL Train 1
#2 Acid System
III.E-mail WritingE-mail is very efficient way of quickly sending messages, and may include digital documents or scanned images, or even sounds, as attachments.
1.Style and ContentThe only inconvenience of e-mails is that the recipient cannot always control the format of the mail received: lines tend to be long and the characters small and that may make the text uncomfortable to read.For this reason, e-mails should be brief and, when writing long massages or letters, it may be better to use a word processor and e-mail a document as an attachment.E-mails can be as formal as a letter or even less formal than a memo.If writing to a client or a customer, an e-mail should be treated just as if it were a letter.If writing to colleagues or people with whom you are in friendly terms, you can relax on your language and even be a little casual with things like spelling and punctuation.You have to be the judge on how formal or informal you need to be but, to be on the safe side, you may want to intimate the style of the person you are in communication with.
2.Tips on EtiquetteEmail speeds from screen to screen.Nevertheless, it is communication between human beings.To be successful, it must be both efficient and considerate.ü Begin with a precise subject.Write “two changes in your PNG itinerary’’ not “travel update”.Never leave the subject blank.If you are not sure what the subject is, you are not ready to send a message.ü Think before you type.Decided why you are writing and what you want your readers to do.Then organize your thoughts.Do not expect your readers to do the thinking for you.ü Get to the point in the first two or three sentences.Be clear about your purpose, do not keep your reader guessing.ü Include your name and contact information at the end of your message.Without it , readers may not recognize you as the writer, and they may be unable to reach you by phone or fax.ü Keep your promise.Attach documents when you say you will, and be sure to attach the correct versions.Test hyperlinks to be sure they can be correct and active.ü Use standard punctuation, spelling, and capitalization to help readers understand our message quickly.ü Change paragraphs when you change ideas.One-sentence paragraphs are acceptable.ü Always insert blank line between paragraphs.Big blocks of text intimidate readers.Intimidation=unread message.ü Press reply to say thanks only when the message merits a thank you or the sender needs acknowledgment that you received the message.ü Never criticize or blame in email.After you press send, you have no control over how the message is received and understood.ü Review messages before forwarding them.Be sure nothing in them will embarrass the writer or readers.ü Avoid smiley faces and clever emoticons like this one: :).your reader may think such symbols are unprofessional.ü Tell readers if you expect action from them.People read email too fast to guess at requests implied between the lines.If possible, include your request in the first lines of text so they cannot miss it.ü Everyone has enough to read.Avoid copying people on messages they donot want or need.ü Do not send a blank message with a file attached unless your subject explains the attachment.Readers often delete such messages, especially from outside the firm.ü Learn the preference of people you write to often.Does your manager want background or just the facts?
ü Reply promptly, considering the urgency and importance of the message.ü After using your grammar and spelling checker, proofread.Then forgive your errors and those of others.Despite our electronic communications, we are all human.
IV.Letter Writing1.The SolutionThe one thing that should be mentioned right away is that in British and international correspondence the salutation is followed by a comma.Americans, on the other hand, prefer a colon.Nowadays we use the term “Ms” for both married and unmarried women.However, some women still prefer to be called “Mrs” or even “Miss”, and you should therefore pay attention to how the writer signs herself.
Dear Sir or Madam,Dear Sir/Madam | When you do not know the name and the gender of the person you are writing to. |
Dear Mr.Brown,Dear Ms Brown, | When you do know the name.When you know for sure from the signature |
Dear Prof.Brown,Dear Doc.Brown | Professor When the person has a title of Doctor |
Sirs, Madams | When writing to more than one person of the same gender |
Dear Bob, Dear Mary | When you are on first name terms |
To whom it may concern | When you do not know exactly who your letter will be read by |
1.RevisingOne of the following techniques may help you see your work objectively:
ü Take a break after finishing the draft to pursue some other activity.A few hours may be enough;a whole night or day is preferable.ü Ask your colleague to read and react to your draft.ü Print your draft on paper.You’ll be able to view all pages of the draft at once, and the different medium can reveal weaknesses you didnt see on screen.ü Outline your draft.While reading it, highlight the main points supporting the thesis.Copy and paste these sentences separately in outline form.Then examine the outline youve made for logical order, gaps, and digressions.A formal outline can be especially illuminating because of its careful structure.ü Listen to your draft: read it out loud, read it into a recorder and play, or have someone read the draft to you.Checklist for Revision
Purpose | What is the essay’s purpose? Does that purpose confirm to the assignment? Is it consistent through the paper? | |
Thesis | What is the thesis of the essay? Where does it become clear? How well do the thesis and paper match? Does paper stray from the thesis? | |
Structure | What are the main points of the paper?(List them)how well does each support the thesis? How effective is their arrangement for the paper’s purpose? | |
Development | How well do details, examples, and other evidence support each main point? Where, if at all, might readers find support skimpy or have trouble understanding the content? | |
tone | What is the tone of the paper? How do particular words and sentences structures create the tones? How appropriate is it for the purpose, topic, and intended readers? Where is it most or least successful? | |
Unity | What does each sentence and paragraph contribute to the thesis? Where, if at all, do digressions occur? Should these be cut, or can they be rewritten to support the thesis? | |
Coherence | How clearly and smoothly does the paper flow? Where does it seem rough or awkward? Can any transitions be improved? | |
Title, introduction, conclusion | How accurately and interestingly does the title reflect the essay’s content? How well does the introduction engage and focus reader’s attention? How effective is the conclusion in providing a sentence of completion. |
The revision stage is a good time to consider a title because attempting to sum up your essay in a phrase can focus your attention sharply on your topic, purpose, and audience.
2.Editing and ProofreadingAfter youve revised your essay so that all the content is in place, then turn to the important work of removing any surface problems that could interfere with a readers understanding or enjoyment of your ideas.Try these approaches to discover what needs editing:
ü Take a break, even fifteen or twenty minutes, to clear your head.ü Read the draft slowly, and read what you actually see.Otherwise, youre likely to read what you intended to write but didnt.ü As you read the draft, imagine yourself encountering it for the first time, as a reader will.ü As when revising, read the draft aloud, preferably into a recorder, listening for awkward rhythms, repetitive sentence patterns, and missing or clumsy transitions.ü Learn from your own experience.Keep a record of the problems that others have pointed out in your writing.When editing, check your work against this record.In your editing, work first for clarity and a smooth movement among sentences and then for correctness.Use the questions in the checklist on the preceding page to guide your editing, referring to the page numbers in parentheses as needed.
Checklist for Editing
To increase the accuracy of your proofreading, you may need to experiment with ways to keep yourself from relaxing into the rhythm and the content of your prose.Here are a few tricks, including some used by professional proofreaders:
ü Read printed copy, even if you will eventually submit the paper electronically.Most people proofread more accurately when reading type on paper than when reading it on a computer screen.(At the same time, don’t view the printed copy as necessarily error-free just because its clean.Clean-looking copy may still harbor errors.)
ü Read the paper aloud, very slowly, and distinctly pronounce exactly what you see.ü Place a ruler under each line as you read it.ü Take steps to keep the content of your writing from distracting you while you proofread.Read the essay backward, end to beginning, examining each sentence as a separate unit.Or, taking advantage of a computer, isolate each paragraph from its context by printing it on a separate page.(Of course, reassemble the paragraphs before submitting the paper.
VII.Syntax Points1.SentenceRegarding grammar, all you need to do, is get a sense of how the language works and understand the mechanism.That will not guarantee that you immediately improve your language, but it will facilitate your job in the long run.ü Sentences.you construct sentences by using the different kinds of words of works according to their function and the rules of grammar.ü Clause.A clause is a basic sentence that contains at least one subject and one verb.ü Linking sentence with conjunctions.Link words can be used to either add to or contradict(say the opposite of)what was said before.Some should normally not be used at the beginning of a sentence but only to link simple sentences a complex sentence.Some can link simple sentences only if preceded by a conjunction, while others can be used for both simple and complex sentences, as indicated below.
Link words used to add to what was said before. | Link words used to contradict what was said before. | |||||
and...because...or... | also...in addition [to that]...on top of that...furthermore...consequently...in that case...fortunately...to put it simply...in simple words...in other words... | since...as...after all...therefore...before after then... | but... | alternatively...unfortunately...in contrast to this...on the other hand... | while...whereas...[al]though...even if...in spite of...or else...otherwise...yet...nevertheless...however... | |
Note that since, as, while, whereas, [al]though, even if, in spite of and or else, when used to link simple sentences, can appear both at the beginning or in the middle of the sentence. | ||||||
I do | usually, sometimes etc. | |
I am doing | now, or at a time around now | |
I did | at a point in time that is now finished | |
I was doing | during a period of time that is now finished | |
I have done | at an indefinite time between the remote past and now | |
I have been doing | for a period of time until now | |
I had done | before another event in the past | |
I had been doing | for a period of time before another event in the past | |
I will(am going to)do | in the future | |
I will(am going to)be doing | at a particular point during a period of time in the future | |
I will(am going to)have done | after I complete something that I will do in the future | |
I will(am going to)have been doing. | for a period of time until I finish it |
Different from the historical present tense in literature writing, news articles are written in Journalistic present tense.There are generally three tenses for titles of news articles: present, future and present continuous. The present tense refers to what happened in the past to increase freshness, immediacy, and reality of the report.E.g.COMEBACK GIVES CHINA A SENSATIONAL THOMAS CUP WIN（＝THE COMEBACK GAVE CHINA A SENSATIONAL THOMAS CUP WIN）中国队反败为胜荣获汤姆斯杯 The future tense is expressed by “will+ verb”or more often “(be)to verb”(be is often ommitted)： The present continous is used for what is going on.The “be”in“be +verbing”is often obmitted: SIGNS OF RIFTS APPEARING IN ARGENTINAS JUNTA（＝THE SIGNs OF RIFTS ARE APPEARING IN ARGENTINAS JUNTA）阿根廷军人政府出现内讧迹象 |
Meeting Minutes | Weekly Bulletin | Monthly Report | Garamut | ||
题目title | 宋体二号粗 | ||||
小标题 subtitle | 仿宋小三粗 | 宋体二号粗 | 仿宋小四粗 | ||
正文text | 仿宋小三 | 宋体四号 | |||
其他others | 单倍行距 | 单倍行距 | 1.5倍行距 | ||
English | 题目title | Centur四号粗 | |||
小标题 subtitle | Calibri 二号 | Arial 小四粗 | 11粗 | ||
正文text | Arial小四 | Calibri 四号 | Arial 小四 | Times.小四 | |
其他others | 单倍行距single space | 1.5行距 | 单倍行距single space |
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