第一篇:新概念2第二课教案
Lesson 2 Breakfast or lunch Teaching aims:
I.Make students learn to use words about time and appellation
II.Make students learn how to use the present continuous tense to describe the future things.III.Learn to make exclamation.Teaching key points: I.Learn the difference between the simple present tense and the present continuous tense.Teaching difficulties:
I.Note the position of adverbs of frequency(always, ever, never, sometimes , etc.)
II.How to use “what” to make exclamation.New words and expressions until prep.直到 outside adv.外面
ring v.(铃、电话等)响(rang, rung)aunt n.姑,姨,婶,舅母 repeat v.重复 ★until prep.直到 until用于表示动作、状态等的持续,可译为“一直到„„为止”或“在„„以前”。在肯定句中,它与
表示持续性状态的动词连用,表示持续到某一时刻: I’ll wait here until 5.我会在这里等到5 点钟。
His father was alive until he came back.直到他回来为止,他爸爸都是活着的.在否定句中,它通常与描述短暂动作的动词连用,表示“到„„为止”、“直到„„才”:
She cannot arrive until 6.她到6点才能来。
His father didn't die until he came back.直到他回来,他爸爸才死.until(后的从句)的时间终止之前,这个动作做了还是没做?做了前面的主句用肯定;没做前面的主句 用否定
For he ___A(C)___(wait)until it stopped raining.A.waited B.didn't wait A.leave B.left C.didn't leave I stay in bed until twelve o'clock.I didn't get up until 12 o'clock.★outside adv.外面(作状语)He is waiting for me outside.It is cold outside.★ring(rang.rung)v.(铃、电话等)响
① vt.鸣,(铃、电话等)响(这种响是刺耳的, 往往是提醒人做某事)Every morning the clock rings at 6.The telephone(door bell)is ringing.而风铃等响要用jingle,jingle(bell)(铃儿)响叮当 ② vt.打电话给(美语中用call)ring sb.给某人打电话 Tomorrow I'll ring you.③ n.(打)电话 give sb.a ring Remember to give me a ring./Remember to ring me.④ n.戒指
★aunt n.姑,姨,婶,舅妈(所有长一辈的女性都用这个称呼)男性则是uncle: 叔叔
他们的孩子:cousin 堂兄妹(不分男女)cousin的孩子:nephew 外甥;niece 外甥女 ★repeat v.重复 ① vt.重复
Will you repeat the last word? They are repeating that wonderful paly.② vi.重做,重说 Please repeat after me.Don’t repeat.【课文讲解】
1、It was Sunday.it 指时间、天气、温度或距离,it被称为“虚主语”(empty subject)。作为第三人称单数的中性代词,it可以指一件东西、一件事件或用来指是什么人: It is a lovely baby.2、I never get up early on Sundays.on Sundays: 所有的星期天,每逢星期天,与一般现在时连用,表示经常性的行为。介词on一般用于表示某一天的时间短语中:on Monday,on Monday morning,on that day 当使用last,next,this,that 时,介词(以及定冠词)必须省略: I’ll see you next/this Friday.never 从来不(可以直接用在动词前面)=助动词+not(变成否定句,前面一定要加助动词)I don't like her.=I never like her.3、I sometimes stay in bed until lunchtime.在表达卧床时bed前不需加冠词: It’s time for bed now.You must stay/remain in bed for another two days.你必须再卧床两天。
4、Just then, the telephone rang.It was my aunt Lucy.just then: 就在那时
如果不知道对方性别, 他/她可以用it 取代 Who are you?/Who is it ?
5、I've just arrived by train, by 直接加交通工具(不能有任何修饰词, 复数);如果加修饰词, 就要换掉by用in或on I go out by bus.I go out in/on two buses.(指具体的两辆车介词用in/on)Long ago people could go to America only by ship/sea.如果是特指的交通工具,则要加冠词或其他限定词: My aunt left by the 9:15 train.by air 乘飞机by bicycle/bike 骑自行车 by boat 乘船by bus 乘公共汽车 by car 乘小汽车by land 由陆路 by plane 乘飞机by sea 由海路 by ship 乘船by train 乘火车
6、I'm coming to see you.我将要来看你.用 come 的现在进行时态be coming 表示一般将来,表示近期按计划或安排要进行的动作。同样用法 的动词有:go,come,leave,arrive,land,meet,die,start,return,join„
7、Dear me!天哪!英国人说Dear me!或My dear!美国人说: My god!注意美英的发音不同.【Key structures】
现在进行时和一般现在时
现在进行时表示说话的当时正在发生或正在发生的事件,也用来表示现阶段(一段时间)的动向。现在进
行时常与now,just,still 等副词连用: I am working as a teacher.“现阶段” He is still sleeping.(现在还在睡觉)Jane is just dressing up.简正在打扮。
一般现在时表示习惯性动作, 真理, 是过去、现在和未来都会发生的事情。一般现在时一般与频率副
词 often,always,sometimes,never,frequently,rarely,ever 等连用。Helen never writes to her brother Tony.She sometimes rings him.频率副词往往放在句子中的实义动词前, 非实义动词后;如果既有实义动词又有非实义动词, 要放在两 个之间;疑问句中副词往往放在主语后面。在否定句中not 必须放在always 之前,而且也出现在generally、normally、often、regularly和usually之前;not 必须出现在sometimes和frequently之后。表示肯定的速记
可以用在句尾;在特别强调和需要对比时,frequently、generally、normally、sometimes、usually等副词可 用于句首。
I get paid on Friday usually.Very often the phone rings when I’m in bath.非实义动词: ① 系动词(be)② 帮助动词构成时态的助动词(do, does, will, shall, have, had, has)③ 情态动词(must, can, may)除此之外都是实义动词.I frequently go to bed hungry.(形容词作状语)He went to school hungry.饿着肚子上学.You must come here hungry.空腹来这里.【Special Difficulties】 以what开头的感叹句:
在英语中可用what 引导的感叹句来表示惊奇、愤怒、赞赏、喜悦等感情,在感叹中主谓语采用正常语 序。
What 对名词感叹,感叹句的结构为:What +a/an(+adj.)+n.(+主语+谓语)!What a good girl(she is)!(主、谓可省)
有上下文和一定的语境, 才能省略形容词。一般省略形容词表示批评或不大好的意思。
What a thing to say!多么难听的话啊!What(a lot of)trouble(he is causing)!【Multiple choice questions】
5.He doesn't get up early on Sundays.He gets up ___a___.a.late b.lately c.slowly d.hardly late
lately
watch
一天中最丰盛的那顿饭, 可能是中餐, 也可能是晚餐, 但决不会是早餐.meal 一顿饭
第二篇:新概念第二课(第一课时)教案
新概念第二册第一课《A Private Conversation》教案
教案设计
设计人:赖老师
课题:A Private Conversation 课时:第一课时(40min),新授课(阅读)教学目标:
1.熟读课文,掌握课文中的词汇与短语; 2.了解在剧院看戏礼仪,培养良好情操。
教学难点:
1.回顾与复习一般过去时;
2.用英语话概况课文主要内容;
3.go to the theatre 与 go to theatre的区别。
教学案例:
T(Teacher)Ss(Students)T: Good afternoon, students!Do you like watching movies or plays? 大家喜欢看电影或者戏剧吗?
Ss: Yes!T:(To show the posts of the latest movies)
T: We call these “movie”.(To learn the new word)Ss:(To read after the teacher)T:(To show the posts of the four classical plays in Broadway)We call these “plays”.Ss:(To read after the teacher)T: Where do we watch the movies? Ss: 电影院、剧院 T: cinema,theatre Ss:(To read after the teacher)T:(To introduce the Broadway)T: If we speak loudly in the theatre how would the other audiences think of us? 如果我们在剧院里面大声喧哗,周围的观众会怎么样看待你呢?
Ss: 生气!会觉得你素质低!
T: So everyone knows that the bad manner would bother the others, right? So the word “生气”in English we call “angry”.Ss:(To read after the teacher)T:(To learn and read the new words and expressions)Ss:(To read after the teacher)T: Before reading our context, let’s think about these questions.The first, where did the writer go last week? The second, why did the writer complain about the people behind him? The third, what did the young man say to the writer? T:(To read the context or play the tape)T:(To ask volunteers to answer the questions)Ss: …… T: 我们想想课文中的第一句go to the theatre是什么意思? Ss: 嗯,应该是“去戏院”的意思。
T: Good!What about “go to theatre”? Ss: 应该意思一样吧?
T:如果表示场所的名词前面有加定冠词the,那么就表示去某一个场所,如果没有加the,那么就表示去这个场所的抽象概念。比如说go to school表示“去上学”,go to the school表示“去学校”,而第二个词组不一定表示去读书,也可以表示去学校办事或者别的事情。那么我考考大家,“go to hospital”和“go to the hospital” 有什么区别呢? Ss: “go to hospital”表示去看病,“go to the hospital”表示去医院,但不一定看病。T: Very good!T:(To ask volunteers to conclude the context)Ss: ……
T: 刚才这篇课文讲了作家上周去了剧院看戏,而且有一个很好的位置,但是坐在他后面的一对男女大声聊天,导致作家无法欣赏这部戏。以后我们在剧院除了不要大声喧哗、把手机调为静音或者关机状态,而且还不能吃东西等,这些都会影响周围的观众。那么剩下的语法知识就下节课继续讲解,请同学们继续预习!So much for today!Thank you for your attendance!Ss: Good bye, Mr.Lai!
第三篇:新概念2教案第一课
Lesson 1 A Private Conversation 一. 教学重点 1.词汇。
2.语法。句子结构(主谓宾定状补、主系表)缩句理解
一般过去时。二. 简单陈述句
今天早上
我爸爸 为我做了一个汽车模型
在家里
很认真地
(我爸爸今天早上在家里很认真地为我做了一个汽车模型
My father made a car model for me carefully at home this morning.)
三、A 单词。
1)Private(引申 privacy n.----public)
Zhao Benshan bought a private plane.Please respect others’ privacy.2)Conversation(近义词 talk dialogue)in conversation 在谈话;交谈中
telephone conversation 打电话
man-machine conversation 人机对话
private conversation 私人通话
eg.You will have a great conversation and maybe even get a date or make a new friend.3)Theatre.Go to the theatre/cinema.Peking Opera.4)Seat.n & verb.请坐(sit down, please.Have/take a seat.be seated.)常用语:这个座有人吗(is this seat taken?).1.seat和sit作为动词,都可以表示“坐”的意思。(1)seat是及物动词,常以被动形式表示主动意义。如: He is seated between Jack and Tom.她坐在杰克和汤姆之间。Please be seated.(=Please seat yourself.)请坐。(2)sit通常作不及物动词用。如:
The students are sitting at their desks.学生们正坐在课桌旁。Sit down, please.请坐。
2.seat还可作名词用(而sit只能作动词用),常见短语take a seat(相当于have a seat或take one's seat),意为“坐下,就座”。如: Take your seat, please.请就坐。
5)Play.n 戏 & 玩耍。习语: all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy(只学习不玩耍 聪明孩子也变傻)。
Plays an important role in。。
6)Attention。Pay attention to.pay little/much attention to.Please pay attention to my lecture.We shouldn’t pay much attention to our appearance.He paid little attention to his physical condition.He never paid any attention to his physical condition.7)Bear(bore, bor ne)忍受&熊(注意发音上的区别)。我受够了,我再也受不了了(I have had it enough.I can’t have/bear/stand/endure it anymore.I am fed up with it厌倦了.)8)Business.事情& 生意。Mind your own business.It is none of your business.Let’s get down to business.Do business.On business.Business.四、词法
1.大部分直接加ly。如quick---quickly
2.以“y”结尾的,先将“y”改成“i”,再加“ly”,如happy---happily 3.还有很多是形容词副词同形的,如best,better,bright,cheap,clear,close,deep,direct,early,fair,far,fast,full,hard,high,ill,just,late,long,loud,low,near,right,sharp,slow,soft,straight,well,wide,wrong 4.少数以不发音的e结尾的形容词,和以-ue结尾的形容词,要去掉e再加-ly。例如:true-truly possible—possibly gentle-gently.等。
但绝大多数以e结尾的形容词仍然直接加-ly。例如:polite-politely, wide-widely等。
5.在形容词词尾直接加-ly。如:real-really;helpful-helpfully;careful-carefully;hopeful-hopefully;slow-slowly;quick-quickly;quiet-quietly
6.副词还可以由形容词加前缀a-得来,如:loud(adj.)-aloud(adv.)7.需注意: friendly;motherly;lovely等词是形容词而非副词。
在英语中,有些词既可以作形容词,又可以作副词,如early, much, fast, little, wide, loud等。由于这类词词性虽不同,但词形却一样。例句:Thank you very much.(adv.)多谢。There is much water in the river.(adj.)河里有很多水。The music is too loud.Please turn it down.(adj.)音乐声太大,请调低点。He speaks loud enough.So everyone in the room can hear what he said.(adv.)他说话的声音很大,所以房间里每个人都能听到他的话。
及物动词,不及物动词
Lesson1.1.(b)2.(c)3.(b)4.(d)5.(c)6.(a)7.(d)8.(b)9.(a)10.(c)11.(c)12.(c)
ON强调两物体是接触的,在上面~ ABOVE不接触的~ 其实ON和ABOVE来比较意义不大,ABOVE和OVER比较比较重要:
on,over和above的用法区别
1)on表示在一物体上,强调两物相接触,over也表示在一物体上,但强调覆盖这一物体。试比较:
① She put her coat on the bed.她把大衣放在床上。
② She put her coat over the sleeping baby.她把大衣盖在那正在睡觉的孩子身上。
▲如果要表示“覆盖”或“越过”,则用over。如: ③ There's thick cloud over the south of England.英格兰南部地区一片乌云。
④ Electricity cables went over the fields.电缆线越过田野。(这句也可以用across)▲指数量时,我们一般用 over(=more than)表示“超过”,但如果指上下垂直的度量以及海拔高度时,要用above。试比较: ⑤ You have to be over 18 to see this film.你得超过十八岁才能看这部电影。(不用above)⑥ The temperature is three degrees above zero.温度在零上三度。(不用over)⑦ The mountain is over(=more than)4,000 metres above(higher than)sealevel.那座山海拔有四千多米高。
▲over表示在某人或某物的正上方,反义词是under。
above表示位置高于某人或某物。但不一定是正上方,反义词是below.情态动词有四类:
①只做情态动词:must,can(could),may(might)
②可做情态动词又可做实义动词:need,dare
③具有情态动词特征:have(had,has)to,used to,ought to
④情态动词表猜测:一肯一否三不定(must一肯,must not一否,can,could,would三不定。)注:mustn't代表强烈禁止 must表示主观,have to表示客观
过去时态
1)last week 过去时间的标志词。扩展:this week.next week.Last night.Tonight.I am going to Beijing on business this week.It has rained for 5 days this week.2)went to the theatre went是go的过去式。
Go to + 一个地方 例: go to the library go to school go to the school
go home go there 3)were sitting
4)talk loudly looked at the man and the woman angrily.I said angrily.The young man said rudely.副词修饰动词。
5)get angry get 变得
it’s getting darker outside.In winter, the days get shorter.6)in the end at the end of.in the end, the price and the princess lived together happily forever.At the end of the class, I will sing you a song.
第四篇:第二课教案(2课时)
第一单元中国传统文化主流思想的演变
第2课
宋明理学
课标要求:列举宋明理学的代表人物,说明宋明时期儒学的发展。【学习目标】
1、列举程朱理学的代表人物,说明宋明时期儒学的发展状况
2、结合宋明理学代表人物的经历和浅显的文字材料,帮助学生弄清理学的内涵。
3、援引一些对宋明理学评价的材料,引导学生结合自己的生活实际,谈一谈宋明理学的精神取向及其现实启迪
【教学重难点】
1、重点:掌握程朱理学基本内容。
2、难点:理解理学和心学的思想内涵;正确评价程朱理学和王阳明心学的历史地位。【教学方法】材料分析法、对比法。【教学手段】多媒体课件 【教学过程】
一、板书课题,出示目标(1分钟)
同学们,今天我们来学习第2课《宋明理学》(板书课题)。过渡语:请看本课的学习目标。
1、列举宋明理学的代表人物
2、说明宋明时期儒学的发展。
二、出示自学指导
导入:知识回顾:至汉武帝时,儒家思想经历了怎样的发展演变?
春秋时期,应运而生→战国后期,蔚然大宗→秦朝时候,遭到打击→西汉初年,逐渐复苏→汉武帝时期,正统思想
请认真阅读课本第7-10页,思考并在课本上画出下列思考题的答案要点,5分钟后比谁的答案要点全、语 言简洁、表达准确。
1、阅读书本第7页,思考宋明理学形成的背景以及重要意义。
2、以列表的方法,从时代、主要观点、影响等方面,归纳二程和朱熹的主要内容。
3、以列表的方法,归纳陆王心学。
三、先学后教
(一)过渡语:自学指导明确的同学请举手。自学竞赛开始!(二)学生自学(看书,找答案)5分钟
教师在讲台上用眼睛巡视全班,督促每位学生认真、紧张地自学,发现问题,下去指导(并注意纠正学生的不良习惯)
(三)检测(讨论,对答案)
过渡语:时间到,看完并找到答案的同学请举手。一、三教合一(提问式一带而过)
魏晋南北朝时:儒学的地位受到严重挑战; 隋唐时:儒、佛、道三足鼎立
教师:北宋时,儒家学者展开了复兴儒学,抨击佛道的活动
二、程朱理学
教师:指导学生阅读课本,就理学的一些重要概念进行归纳简析: 学生:代表:程颢、程颐、朱熹
含义:以佛道思想来解释儒家义理,形成以“理”为核心的新儒学体系。主要内涵:
1、天理是宇宙万物的本原,万物只有一个天理。先理而后物。
2、“人伦者,天理也”。
3、天理就是道德规范的三纲五常
4、“存天理,灭人欲“
5、“格物致知” 评价:
适应了统治阶级的政治需要,成为南宋以后长期居于统治地位的官方哲学,有力地维护了封建专制统治。朱熹《四书章句集注》成为后世科举考试的教科书。朱熹的学术思想对我国封建社会后世影响深远,甚至外传,在日韩形成“朱子学”。
评价:程朱理学有科学和不科学两面,应正确对待。教师:就理学的评价结合知识延伸趁热打铁进行分析:
进行一场课堂讨论,谈谈对宋明理学的评价。作为一种流传几百年的传统文化,它有什么可取的地方?有哪些内容是不科学和不正确的?(宋明理学的利弊)
(1)科学或可取的一面:
①宋明理学具有和谐意识。和平发展离不开人与自然的和谐,小到家庭,大到民族、国家、人类都需要和谐的意识。
②宋明理学具有忧患意识。这种忧患意识对历代仁人志士胸怀天下,奋发进取,为理想不懈追求传统的形成产生了十分积极的影响,今天人们依然能从中得到启示。
③宋明理学崇尚道德,充分意识到道德对于社会和人生的重要性,崇尚道德可以促进文明的进步。④宋明理学强调力行。力行意识及其所体现的务实倾向和自强的精神,对中国文化起了推动和促进作用。
(2)不科学或不可取的一面:①尊卑等级观念;②重男轻女的观念;③因循守旧的观念;④重利轻义的观念;⑤重礼轻法的观念。
(3)对宋明理学应采取的态度:批判、继承、改造;去粗存精,去伪存真。
三、陆王心学:
教师提示学生阅读课本归纳心学: 代表:陆九渊、王阳明 主要内涵:
1、“心”是宇宙万物的本原,万物都在心中。穷理不必向外探求,只需反省内心就可得到天理。
2、“心无外物,心外无理”。
3、“致良知”和“知行合一” 探究:程朱理学和陆王心学有什么异同?
同:程朱理学和王的心学都承认“理”的存在,都是宋明理学的突出代表,两者的思想实质都是以儒家的纲常伦纪来约束社会,维护专制统治,遏制人的自然欲求。
异:认为世界的本原不同:程朱理学认为理是世界的本原,理在心外;而王的心学认为心是世界万物的本源,理在心中;
由程朱理学的客观唯心主义转变为阳明心学的主观唯心主义。(四)小结
以上就是本节课的全部内容,明确所有问题答案的同学请举手。(五)读书,背答案
学生背诵重难点,教师下去抽查。
四、当堂训练:课时作业 补充:
[谶纬之学]
西汉末年出现,伪托神灵预言,以之解经述史。由于光武帝相信图谶,谶纬之学在东汉一代大行其道。但谶纬之说,穿凿附会,以之理政决疑,为害不浅。章帝时,曾集群儒于白虎观讨论经义,由班固写成的《白虎通义》,系统地吸收阴阳五行和谶纬之学,使今文经学逐渐谶纬化。桓谭、张衡等反对今文经,力辟娥纬之学。王充更著《论衡》八十五篇,破除儒家的天人感应和谶纬的鬼神妖异之说。
[韩愈] 韩愈(768—824)唐代文学家、哲学家。字退之。河南河阳(今孟县)人,郡望昌黎,世称韩昌黎。因官吏部侍郎,又称韩吏部。谥号“文”,又称韩文公。他三岁而孤,受兄嫂抚育,早年流离困顿,有读书经世之志。20岁赴长安考进士,三试不第。25—35岁,他先中进士,三试博学鸿词科不成,赴汴州董晋、徐州张建封两节度使幕府任职。后回京任四门博士。36—49岁,任监察御史,因上书论天旱人饥状,请减免赋税,贬阳山令。宪宗时北归,为国子博士,累官至太子右庶子,但不得志。50—57岁,先从裴度征吴元济,后迁刑部侍郎。因谏迎佛骨,贬潮州刺史,又移袁州,不久回朝。历国子祭酒、兵部侍郎、吏部侍郎、京兆尹等职。政治上较有作为。
[李翱]
李翱,字习之,祖籍陇西(今甘肃一带),唐代著名儒学家,理学的先驱。李翱自幼就受到儒学的熏陶。据他后来在《复性书》中说,自6岁开始,他就读书,“但为词句之学”。所谓“词句之学”,大约就是章句训诂之类。15岁以后,他已“志于仁义”,对儒家思想进行独立思考。李翱的著作流传下来的很少。今有《李文公集》18卷,另有他与韩愈合著的《论语笔解》2卷流传于世。他的思想观点主要集中在《复性书》、《从道论》、《命解》、《去佛斋》、《平赋书》、《正位》、《学可进》、《杂说》、《答朱载言》、《论事流表》、《疏用忠正》、《疏屏奸佞》、《疏改税法》、《疏绝进献》、《疏厚边兵》等文章中。
在《复性书》中,他阐述了一个以《中庸》为传授中心的“道统”。他说:子思,仲尼之孙,得其祖之道,述《中庸》四十七篇,以传于孟轲。轲曰:“我四十不动心。”轲之门人达者公孙丑、万章之徒盖传之矣。遭秦灭书,《中庸》之不焚者一篇存焉,于是此道废缺,其教授者唯节行、文章、章句、威仪、击剑之术相师焉,性命之源则吾弗能知其所传矣。道之极于剥也必复,吾岂复之时邪?他认为儒家的性命之学,到秦汉以后就趋于废缺,至唐代衰落到了“极于剥”的地位,儒家的“性命之书虽存,学者莫能明,是故皆入于庄列老释”。他以《中庸》为主要的理论依据,旁采《易传》、《大学》、《乐记》等儒学经典,综合老子的“复归”、庄子的“心斋”以及佛教禅宗、天台宗的部分思想,建立了自己的心性学说。
[周敦颐]
周敦颐(1017—1073),字茂叔,号濂溪,道州营道县(今湖南道县)人。以母舅龙图阁学土郑向任分宁(修水)主簿,调南安军司理参军,移桂阳令,徙知南昌,历合州判官、虔州通判。熙宁初知郴州,擢广东转运判官,提点刑狱。所到之处,都很有实绩。“在合州郡四年,人心悦服,事不经先生之手,吏不敢决”。晚年知南康军,治所在今星子县城。曾游览庐山,为庐山的山水所吸引,在其自为诗中道:“庐山我爱久,买田山中阴。”因筑室庐山莲花峰下,前有溪,合于湓江,取营道故居濂溪以名之,遂定居于此,并将原在故里的母亲郑木君墓迁葬于庐山清泉社三起山。敦颐卒,亦附葬于母亲墓旁。
周敦颐是理学的开山祖,他的理学思想在中国哲学史上起了承前启后的作用。清代学者黄宗羲在《宋儒学案》中写道:“孔子而后,汉儒止有传经之学,性道微言之绝久矣。元公崛起,二程嗣之,……若论阐发心性义理之精微,端数元公之破暗也”。他继承《易传》和部分道家以及道教思想,提出一个简单而有系统的宇宙构成论,说“无极而太极”,“太极”一动一静,产生阴阳万物。“万物生而变化无穷焉,惟人也得其秀而最灵(《太极图说》)。”圣人又模仿“太极”建立“人极”。“人极”即“诚”,“诚”是“纯粹至善”的“五常之木,百行之源也,是道德的最高境界”。只有通过主静、无欲,才能达到这一境界。在以后的七百多年的学术上产生了广泛的影响,他所提出的哲学范畴,如无极、太极、阴阳、五行、动静、性命、善恶等,成为后世理学研究的课题。
周敦颐著有《周子全书》行世。濂溪书院是他讲学的讲坛,他的学说对以后理学的发展有很大的影响。
[朱熹]
朱熹,字元晦,号晦庵,别号紫阳,小名沈郎,小字季延。南宋著名哲学家、教育家。江西婺源人。绍兴十七年秋中举人,次年春登进士,先后被授予朝奉郎、朝散郎,历任泉州同安主簿、秘书省秘书郎、知南康军、提举江西常平茶盐公事、江东转运使、漳州知府、湖南转运副使、焕章阁待制兼侍讲等职。
淳熙八年十二月,任直秘阁受命巡视台州时,上书弹劾前太守唐仲友“违法扰民,贪污淫虐,蓄养亡命,偷盗官钱”。宰相王淮包庇,朱熹不畏权奸,连上书十次,终于罢免了唐仲友新任江西提刑官职。并上奏朝廷,指出当时南宋天下“如人有重病,内自心腹,外达四肢,无一毛一发不受病者”,提出“辅翼太子,选任大臣,振举纲纪,变化风俗,爱养民力,修明军政”六策。
朝廷识其才,多次委以重任,朱熹力辞不受,致志于理学。先后主管台州崇道观、武夷山冲佑观、华州云台观、西京崇福宫、西太一宫、南京鸿庆宫,讲学庐山白鹿洞书院,著书立说。一生著作甚多,收入《四库全书》的有四十部。其哲学思想发展了“二程”(程灏、程颐)关于理学关系的学说,集理学之大成,建立了一个完整的客观唯心主义的理学体系。
庆元三年,韩佗胄擅权,排斥赵汝愚,禁道学,朱熹受牵连被斥“十罪”,革职回家,于庆元六年三月去世,终年七十一岁。
[陆九渊]
陆九渊(1139—1192),字子静。抚州金溪人。南宋哲学家、教育家。他从小就聪明好思。
三、四岁时就向父亲提出“天地何所之”这样深邃的哲学问题。
七、八岁,“举止异凡儿,见者敬之”。他读古书,见“宇宙”两字,别人解说道:“四方上下曰宇;往古来今曰宙。”他顿然大悟说:“宇宙内事乃己分内事;己分内事乃宇宙内事。”乾道八年(1172)登进士第。在京师,“士争从之游,言论感发,闻而兴起者甚众”。初调隆兴靖安县主簿,后改建宁崇安县。经人荐任国子正,复除敕令所删定官。他慨叹于靖康间北宋被灭的惨痛事件,和四方志士交结,并曾上书陈五论:一论仇耻未复,愿博求天下之俊杰,相与举论道经邦之职;二论愿致尊德乐道之诚;三论知人之难;四论事当驯致而不可骤;五论人主不当亲细事。除将作监丞,因给事中王信反对,落职还乡。九渊当时名望已高,每开讲席,学者群集,“户外屡满,耆老扶杖观听”。他自号“象山翁”,学者尊为“象山先生”。光宗即位,他被起用知荆门军。当时荆门是南宋边地,有着重大的战略意义;但是实际防务极差,连城墙也没有。他“乃请于朝而城之。”经过他一年左右的认真治理,“政行令修,民俗为变。”绍熙三年卒,谥文安。
陆九渊是宋代著名的理学家、主观唯心主义哲学家。他主张“吾心即是宇宙”,又倡“心即理”说。断言天理、人理、物理只在吾心之中。人同此心,心同此理。往古来今,概莫能外。企图由此证明所谓“天理”即封建等级秩序、封建道德教条,都是人心所固有,是恒久不变的。他认为治学的方法,主要是“发明本心”,不必多读书外求,“学苟知本,六经皆我注脚”。他和朱熹两人,虽然“所学多不合”,曾在鹅湖展开过有关“理”与“气”的大辩论,但是,他们友谊极厚,书信往来,论辩不已。九渊曾在朱熹主持的白鹿洞书院讲君子小人喻义利一章,听者泣下。
[纲常]
儒家的“纲常”指的是:“三纲五常”,它是封建社会中最主要的道德关系和最基本的伦理思想。所谓“三纲”,即“君为臣纲,父为子纲,夫为妻纲”;所谓“五常”,即“仁、义、礼、智、信,五常之道”。“三纲五常”作为维护封建统治的伦理道德,在儒家看来,是天经地义的永恒不变的“天理”,“纲常千万年,磨灭不得”,谁也不能更改,也不能违反。
[王守仁]
王守仁(1472—1529)原名云,更名守仁,字伯安,号阳明,学者称阳明先生。父王华,成化十七年(1481)状元,官至南京吏部尚书。守仁少受儒家教育,暇好骑射兵事,善射。15岁随父游居庸关、山海关等要塞。弘治五年中举人,寓京师父亲官署,遍读朱熹遗书。为决疑虑,“格”竹七天,无所得且罹疾。十二年中进士,值西北告急,疏陈“蓄村备急、舍短用长、简师省费、屯田足食、行法振威、敷恩激怒、捐小全大、严守乘弊”八事。后隐居,养病于绍兴阳明洞等地。正德元年(1506年),刘瑾专权,矫诏逮捕戴铣等,守仁时任兵部主事,抗疏救援,“宥言官,去权奸”,“有政事得失,许诸人直言无隐”,要武宗“开忠谠之路”,触犯刘瑾,受廷杖,贬为龙场(今贵州修文县治)驿丞。刘瑾伏诛后,调任南京刑部四川清吏司主事,间事学术活动。曾数次率部镇压农民起义军。十六年初始于南昌揭示“致良知”学说,终完成“心学”体系。57岁卒于江西南安青龙浦舟中。《明史》说:“终明之世,文臣用兵制胜,未有如守仁者。”
第五篇:新概念2 Lesson 42 教案
Lesson 42 Not very musical 首先,我们检查一下课文的背诵和生词的默写。
接下来我们来重点讲解课文。1.as 文中的as作为因为讲,as 还有以下几种用法: ① 引导时间状语从句,“当…时” eg: We were playing cards as the rained stopped.“随着” eg: As time goes by, everything is changing.“一边…一边…”eg: The performers sing as they dance.② 引导让步状语从句,表“尽管,虽然”,且必须用倒装结构,如倒装到句首的是单数名词,要去掉a/an eg: Child as he is(=Even though/Even if/Although/Though/While he is a child), he knows much more than we expected.③ 引导方式状语从句,表“按照”
eg: Is this dress too casual? –--You can go ________ you are.A.like
B.as
C.what
D.how
2.“have +名词”
“have +名词”代替普通动词表示“完成该动作”:
have a bath=bathe ;have a swim=swim;have awalk=walk;have a look=look;have a rest=rest;have a smell=smell 等,类似的动词有dance,fight,ride,talk,sleep,wash eg: I had two dances with Lucy.Jim and I have just had a long talk.一个动词的后面会加介词(如果这个动词是不及物动词),动词能加什么样的介词,名词也可以加什么样的介词.3.through / across across 和 through 都可表示“横过”或“穿过”,前者主要表示从某物的表面“横过”,涉及“面”的概念;而后者则表示从某个空间“穿过”,涉及“体”的概念。eg:He walked across the road carefully.他小心地走过马路。
He walked through the forest alone.他独自一人走过森林。
有时 across 表示“横过”也可在“体”内进行,但此时它仍与through 有差别:前者表示从某个“体”的一端到另一端,而后者表示穿过两端。如:
eg: He walked across the hall.他从大厅的一端走到另一端。
He walked through the hall.他穿过大厅。
注:①与抽象名词连用,表示“通过”,一般只用 through。如: eg: He became richer through hard work.他勤奋致富。
②在美国中,可用 from...through 表示“从……到”(此时不用along 或 across)。eg: We work from Monday through Saturday.我们从星期一到星期六工作。
4.定冠词The 1)指上文所提到过的人或物,如:I have a cat.The cat is white.2)指世界上独一无二的事物,如:the capital of China, the sun 3)用于序数词,方位名词和最高级的前面,如:the second, in the north, the best game
4)用于乐器前面,如:play the piano 5)用于一些形容词的前面,表示一类人,如:the old 老人,the rich 富人
5.stop stop to do sth.停下其他活动去做不定式表示的动作 stop to talk:停下来去讲话 stop doing sth.停止做某事
stop talking:停止讲话
eg:On the way to the station, I stopped __________(buy)a paper.The baby is asleep.Can you stop __________(make)noise?
6.market n.市场,集市 ① n.市场,集市
We had a long walk through one of the markets of Old Delhi.我们穿过旧德里的一个市场时走了很长一段路。② n.(商品的)市场,销路,需求(可数名词)market for„ „„市场
Can you find a market for these shoes? 你能给这些鞋找到销路吗?
7.pipe n.(吹奏的)管乐器
pipe n.两头通的东西, 如下水管道, 老爸的烟斗,或一节两头通的竹子都可以叫pipe eg: How did the thief enter the house?---By climbing through the pipe.8.pick pick up 拿起、捡起;意外地找到;(偶然地)学会;开车去接 eg: He picked up a long pipe which was covered with coins.(拿起)The bicycle was picked up in a small village.(意外找到)I picked up a lot of English while I was in England.(学到)pick sb.up(顺路)接某人(meet sb.+地点专程接)
eg: I'll pick you up in the car this evening.今晚我开车来接你.pick up the radio program = the program on the radio 在广播上收听节目 pick out 挑出,选出,辩认出
eg: There are so many beautiful cards on display, I can't pick out the ones I like best.陈列着那么多漂亮的明信片, 我挑不出最喜欢的.eg: When I went to the bookshop yesterday, I picked out two of the books which I needed most.9.When he began to play a tune, we had our first glimpse of the snake.① play a tune(tune 可数名词);play music(music 不可数名词 一首乐曲:a piece of music)② 撇,看
⑴glimpse n.一瞥
词组:have a glimpse of 瞥了一眼,映入眼帘(犹如汉语中的“惊鸿一瞥”)指无意识的看。
take a glimpse at 瞥见
eg: This afternoon I caught/got/had a glimpse of Debbie and Dan walking together in the park.eg: He took a glimpse at the ‘No Parking’ signs outside Jasper’s gate and parked his car there.⑵glance at 扫了一眼,指有意识的看
glance也可作名词
eg: His glance silenced the audience, and he began to spoke.他环视了一下,观众都不说话了,他便开始讲话。⑶stare at 盯着,睁大眼睛凝视,有“惊奇”“傲慢”“茫然”的意思 eg: The noble stared at the blank sheet of paper for a few seconds.那位贵族对着那张空白纸凝视了几秒。⑷gaze at 目不转睛的看,并含有“惊叹”“羡慕”“入迷”的意思 eg: She gazed at the fancy clothes.她目不转睛的盯着这些华服看。⑸glare at 怒视
eg: Men in shirt sleeves stood outside our houses and glared at us.穿着衬衣的男人站在房子外面瞪着我们。⑹sight 察看、视野,与视力和视觉有关 词组:fall in love at the first sight 一见钟情 eg: She has lost her sight of her dog ⑺view指视野,视域景色和眼界
eg: The tower commands a good view of the beautiful city.10.rise/raise rise(rose,risen)vi.升(强调自然升起)raise(raised,raised)vt.提高(强调人为)试举例说明两者适用语境。
11.movement n.动作
move v.移动(movement的动词)
action v.行动
采取行动:take action to do =take measures to do
12.continue v.继续
begin/start/continue to do sth.= begin/start/continue doing sth.continue +sth.eg: Let's continue our journey.13.dance to the music 随着音乐跳舞(固定搭配,用“to”)
14.It obviously could not tell the difference between Indian music and jazz!① tell 表示“辨别、分辨、识别”时常与can,could,be able to连用。表达这些意义时,tell 可以单独使用,也可以与from构成词组:
My son can already tell the difference between beer and wine.=My son can already tell beer from wine.我儿子已经能分辨出啤酒和葡萄酒了。
② 表示两者之间的“差别、差异”时常用difference between: tell the difference between A and B 区别差异
eg: There’s a lot of difference between Englishmen and Frenchmen.What’s the difference between them? 有些情况下也可以不跟between:
eg:It makes no difference whether you believe me or not.你信不信我区别不大/都无所谓。
be different from 与„„不同
A is different from B differ vi.不一致,不同
A differs from B in … ③ obviously=clearly eg: Obviously, you are wrong.课后练习
一.用所给单词的正确形式填空。
1.Does a bird have two_________________(wing)? 2.There are many_______________(mouse)in the old house.3.Here are some_______________(brush).4.How many _______________(goldfish)can you see in the fish tank? 5.A tortoise has four legs, but it moves very __________.(slow)6.When the students heard the news, they all felt __________(frighten).7.Go to the reading room and don’t make any ________(noisy).8.When he is full, he sings __________(happy).9.He opens his eyes _________(wide)and does wonderful tricks.10.My dog is the __________(clever)animal of all.二.首字母填空。
1.I can’t find my cat.Do you see it a__________?
2.Birds k_____________ on the cage door with their beaks when they are hungry.3.That glass is on the edge of the table.Put it in the m________.4.Please f___________ your dog.It is very hungry.5.There is no milk in the bottle.It’s e___________.6.----What’s the t_________ with you?----I’m not feeling well.7.We put some stones at the b_________ of the tank.8.My dog goes to the door when someone rings the d________.9.My parrot’s f_________ are very beautiful.10.She played a___________(把戏)on the little boy.三.单项选择。
1.You should keep the small cat _______ in such hot weather.A.clearly B.clean C.health D.warmly 2.They all know that it isn't difficult______ cats.A.take care
B.take care of
C.to look after D.look after 3.Can you tell me_______ make nice coffee?
A.to how B.how C.to D.how to 4.Do you know______ he did not turn off the light?
A.What B.How C.If D.why 5.You _________ the cat out for a walk.A.needn’t to take B.don't need take
C.don't need to take D.needn't taking 6.______ is important ______ fish fresh water.A.That;to give B.It;to give C.That;giving D.It;to giving 7.Do you know ______ her mother looks like?
A.how B.when C.that D.what
8.Peter likes watching his goldfish ______ around every day.A.to swim B.Swim C.Swimming D.swims 9._______ big fish they are!
A.What B.How C.What a D.How a 10.You _______ be polite to the old man.A.should B.can C.need D.may
11.–Must I return the book right now? –No, you _______.A.mustn’t B.don’t have to
C.needn’t D.B and C 12.My dog likes to ______, but it never ________ me.A.bark;bark at B.barking;bark C.bark;barks at D.bark at;barks 13.Who taught you ______ a rabbit?
A.Feed B.Feeding C.to feed D.fed 14.We are not in _______.We are in_____________.A.same class;different class
B.same classes;different classes
C.the same class;the different class
D.the same class;different classes 15.Feeding the fish _______ is bad for them.A.much too food
B.too much food
C.much too foods
D.too much foods 16.I don’t like the colour of the T-shirt, could you show me ______ one?
A.other
B.the other
C.another D.others 17.Timmy plays with his pet for _______ every day.A.sometime
B.some times C.sometimes D.some time 18.He can speak ______ English but he can write _____ English words.A.a little;few
B.a few;a little C.few;little D.little;few 19.Don’t forgot ______ your schoolbag here tomorrow.A.to bring B.bringing C.to take D.taking 20.Don’t read ______ the sun and it’s bad ______ your eyes.A.under;for B.in;for C.with;for D.in;to 四.完型填空。
As we had 1____ a long walk through one of the markets of old Delhi, we stopped at a square to have a rest.After a time, we noticed a snake charmer 2_____ two large baskets at 3_____other side of the square, so we went to have a look at him.4________he saw us, he picked up a long pipe 5_____was covered with coins and opened one of the baskets.When he began to play 6____ tune, we had our first glimpse 7____ the snake.It rose out of the basket and began to follow the movements of the pipe.We were very much 8____when the snake charmer suddenly began to play 9_____jazz and modern pop songs.The snake, however, continued to 'dance' slowly.It obviously could not tell the difference 10_____Indian music and jazz!A.have
B.has
C.had
D.been A.for
B.to
C.with
D.for A.a
B.an
C.the
D./ A.when
B.as long as
C.as good as
D.as soon as A.which
B.who
C.what
D.how A.an
B.the
C./
D.a
A.down
B.over
C.up
D.of A.surprise
B.surprised
C.surprises
D.surprising 9.A.the
B.an
C.to
D./ 10.A.in
B.at
C.on
D.between