商务翻译基础之句子处理

第一篇：商务翻译基础之句子处理

商务翻译基础之句子处理

第二讲 商务英语语篇中从句的翻译

2.1 定语从句的翻译

英语定于绝大部分是后置 汉语中定语都要前置 汉语定于不能过长

•Business is a combination of all these activities: production, distribution and sale, through which

profit or economic surplus will be created.•商务是指生产，配送，销售等一切活动的组合，通过这些活动，创造利润和经济盈余。•in a turnkey project, the seller plans, constructs, and places in operation a foreign facility that is then transferred to a local owner.地方雇主。•在由承包商完全承包的工程中，卖主计划、建造并将一套国外设施投入运作，然后将其转让给•And it allows me the variety of work that working at a large multi-billion bank does not have to offer as you’ll be working in narrow job description handling one type of lending.你的工作范围很窄，只处理一种贷款。•这使我的工作变化多样，而这在拥有亿万资金的大银行里是不大可能的，因为在那种大银行里，•But the important thing to remember is that in the modern world we must give people skills which

will prepare them for the changing world of manufacturing and production which is now upon us.就可以使他们为应对我们眼下所面临的不断变化着的生产制造领域做好准备。•但需要记住的重要事情是，在现代世界里，我们必须向人们传授技术本领，掌握这些技术本领•It was found that a country benefits more by producing goods it can make most cheaply and buying those goods that other countries can make at lower costs than by producing everything it needs within its own border.•人们发现，一个国家只生产成本消耗最低的产品，而从其他国家购买他们用较低成本生产的产品，这比在国内生产自己所需要的一切产品要划算的多。

•In addition to visible trade, which involves the importing and exporting of tangible goods, there is also invisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between nations.•除了这种进出口商品的有形贸易以外，还有一种国与国之间进行交换服务的无形贸易。•International trade transactions refer to the exportation of goods or services from one country to another, which is the importing country.•国际贸易是指商品或服务从一个国家出口到另一个国家，即进口的国家。

•As imports are financed by exports, which help to gain foreign currency to import the badly needed raw materials, technology and equipment, the capacity of a nation to import obviously depends on its export performance.•由于进口依靠出口来融资，出口获得的外汇可用来进口急需的原材料、技术及设备，因此一个国家的进口能力显然取决于出口业绩的好坏

•Traditionally, business simply meant exchange or trade for things people wanted or needed, but •传统上，商务仅指人们所需要的物品交换或贸易。但是，今天商务有更为科学的定义，它是指为了利润而进行货物和劳务的生产、配送和销售的一种活动。today it has a more technical definition, which is the production, distribution, and sales of goods and service for a profit.•International business has emerged as a separate branch of management training, because the growing scale and complexity of business transaction across national boundaries gives rise to new and unique problems of management and governmental policy that have received inadequate attention in traditional areas of business and economics.•International business has emerged as a separate branch of management training, because the growing scale and complexity of business transaction across national boundaries gives rise to new and unique problems of management and governmental policy that have received inadequate attention in traditional areas of business and economics.•国际商务作为管理训练的一个分支出现，是由于跨国界的商业交易日益增长的范围和复杂性产生了新的、特殊的管理问题和政府政策问题。这些问题没有在传统的商业和经济领域里受到足够的注意。

•International business activities also include an extensive range of optional methods available to firms for dong business internationally that involve different degrees of foreign direct investment commitments.•国际商务活动包括一系列可供公司选择的进行国际贸易的方法。这些方法包括外国直接投资的不同程度的承诺。

•The Multilateral Agreement on Investment(MAI)aims to achieve a situation where foreign investors are not discriminated against, but they are still subject to the same substantive laws and regulations that apply to domestic investors.•多边投资协定的目标是要达到这样一种境界——外国投资者不受歧视，但他们仍和国内投资者一样要接受同样的基本法规的管制。

•The seller must deliver goods which of the quantity, quality and descriptions required by the contract and which are contained or packed in the manner required by the contract.包装。

2.2 状语从句的处理 •卖方交付的货物必须与合同所规定的数量、质量和规格一致，并按照合同所规定的方式装箱或•英文状语从句的处理：

• 将状语置于汉语的谓语之前充当汉语句子中的状语； •将状语置于汉语句子中主句前充当状语。

•Buyers or their chartering agent(租船代理人)shall advise the sellers by fax 10 days prior to the arrival of the carrying vessel(装货船只)at the port of shipment of the contract number, name of the carrying vessel, approximate loading capacity(载荷能力), lay days(装卸货日数)and port of loading.•买方或其租船代理人须于载货轮抵达装货港10天前以传真方式通知卖方合同号、船名、大约受载总量、预计抵达日期及装运港名。

•Within 30 days after the signing and coming into effect of this contract, the Buyer shall proceed to pay the price for the needs to the Seller by opening an irrevocable L/C for the full amount of USD 30 000 in favor of the Seller through a bank at export point so that the Seller may draw the sum in due time.•买方须于本合同签字并生效后30天内通过出口地银行开立以卖方为受益人的不可撤消信用证支付全部货款计30，000 美元，以便卖方及时提取款项。

•If the technical documents are found lost, damaged or mutilated(毁伤)during air transportation, Party B shall supply Party A free of charge with a second set of the documents within the shortest possible time but not later than thirty days after it has received from Party A the written notice.•若技术资料在空运中丢失、损坏、缺损、或短缺，乙方须于收到甲方的书面通知后30天内尽快免费向甲方重新邮寄该技术资料一套。

•If any change is required regarding the terms and conditions of this agreement, then both parties shall negotiate in order to find a suitable solution, provided, however, that any change of this agreement shall be subject to the approval by the government of both parties.•若须对本协议的条款进行任何修改，双方须经协商妥善解决，但本协议的任何修改须经协议双方政府的批准。

•Should for certain reasons the Buyer not be able to inform the Seller of the foregoing details 10 days prior to the arrival of the vessel at the port of loading or should the carrying vessel be advanced or delayed, the Buyer or their chartering agent shall advice the Sellers immediately and make necessary arrangement.•若买方由于某种原因不能于装运轮抵达装运港10日前将上述详细情况通知卖方，或装运轮提前或推迟抵达，买方或其运输代理人须立即通知卖方并作出必要的安排。

•The Buyer shall pay the Seller US $ 350 000 within 20 days after the Bank of China has received the following documents from the Seller and found them in order, but not earlier than 12(twelve)months after the date the Contract Plant for the first time reached 95% of guaranteed capacity of the whole Contract Plant according to the guaranteed quality indices as per Annex VI to the Contract or 65 months after the date of signing the contract, whichever is earlier.•买方须于中国银行收到卖方下列单据，并经审核证实无误后的20天内向卖方支付350 000美元，但此款项的支付不得早于合同工厂第一次达到附件VI所规定之质量保证指标的95%以后的12个月，或本合同签字后的65个月，以早到的日期为准。

•If under the contract the buyer is to specify the form, measurement or other features of the goods and he fails to make such specification either on the date agreed upon or within a reasonable time after receipt of a request from the seller, the seller may without prejudice to any other rights he may have, make the specification himself in accordance with the requirements of the buyer that may be known to him.•若按本合同之规定应由买方决定货物的形状、尺寸或其他特征，但买方在双方议定的时间内，或在收到卖方的要求后的合理期限内未能作出上述规定，则卖方有权根据买方的已知要求自行规定。此情况不损害买方享有的任何其他权利。

•The Buyer shall have the right to claim against the Seller for compensation of losses within 60 days after arrival of the goods at the port of destination, should the quality of the goods be found not in conformity with the specifications stipulated in the Contract after re-inspection by the China Commodity Inspection Bureau.The Buyers shall have the right to claim against the Sellers for compensation of short weight within 60 days after arrival of the goods at the port of destination, should the weight be found not in conformity with that stipulated in the Bill of Lading after re-inspection by the CCIB.•若货物经中国商品检验局复验后发现质量与本合同之规定不符，买方有权于货物抵达目的港的60天内向卖方提出索赔。若经中国商品检验局复验后发现货物与提单所示质量不符，买方有权于货物抵达目的港后的60天内向卖方提出短重索赔。

第二篇：商务翻译

商务翻译

教学从商务翻译的常识和策略开始，循序渐进地进入不同专题并培养学生的策略运用及对商务文体的分析和处理。教学内容主要突出一下几个方面：从商务术语、表达修辞、语篇结构等多角度分析商务文本；比较中、英文平行文本的异同；剖析不同题材商务翻译的特点和共性规律。

主要内容

第一部分商务英语概述

第二部分商务翻译宏观方法

第三部分商务翻译常用技巧

第四部分多种商务题材翻译

本课程要求：

要求学生了解商务翻译常识；掌握翻译的宏、微观策略，并完成老师布置的课下针对性练习。通过自主学习与小组活动，自我修正及互相完善。

第三篇：翻译实践之商务合同及散文

合同

一、甲方（河海师范学院）意欲聘请乙方（ardis curry)为本校英语教师。双方经过友好协商特此签订合同并承诺自觉履行合同中规定的各项义务。

二、合同期从2006年8月15日开始至2007年8月14日结束。

三、乙方义务（详情至附页）

乙方月工资为5000人民币，其中70%的部分每月转换成外币。

四、甲方义务

甲方需对乙方的工作进行指导，监督以及评估。

五、乙方义务

乙方需完成计划表中规定的任务并保证其质量。

六、对合同的变更，解除及终止的规定

双方应遵守合同条款，不得在未经双方同意的情况下，擅自变更，解除及终止合同。

七、违约惩罚

若乙方由于某些不可抗力事件而请求取消合同，乙方应提供由有关部门提供的有效证明，得到甲方的允许，并承担自身的回程费用，付给甲方相应的违约金。若甲方由于某些不可抗力事件而请求取消合同，并已取得乙方允许，那么甲方应承担乙方回程费用：如果甲方在没有有效的原因的前提下取消合同,则应支付乙方的回程费用,并向乙方支付违约金。

八、本合同的附件是本合同不可分割的一部分并具有,同等的（法律）效力。本合同自双方签字之日生效，合同期满将自动过期。如果双方要求签订一份新合同，在合同终止前90天向另一方提出申请,并在双方同意的条件下签署新的合同。

九、仲裁

本合同于2006年8月15日在河海师范大学签署,一式两份,中文和英文两种文本同等真实有效。甲方

乙方

(签名)

(签名)

张飞虎

Ardis Curry

补充合同

在双方同意的基础上，对受聘方的工作以及其他事项的规定如下：

进行本科生以及研究生的课堂教学并对学生语言类的课外活动提供建议。

甲方

乙方

(签名)

(签名)

张飞虎

Ardis Curry

两种成长观

这里有两种看待成长的基本方法，一个是视其为结果，另外一个是视其为 过程。人们通常把个人成长看做一个能被轻易认知和衡量的外部结果或成果，员工得到升职，学生成绩进步，外国人掌握了一种新的语言，这些都是无形的努力可以通过有形的功效来衡量的例证。

对比之下，去确定个人的成长过程要艰难得多。因为从定义来看，成长过程是一段旅程，在这段旅程的沿途没有既定的路标和标志物。这个过程并不是指路的本身，而是当我们遭遇新的经历和意料之外的坎坷时对应的态度，感触，审慎或勇气。这一旅程永无止境。总会有新的方法去探索世界，新的思想去尝试，新的挑战去面对。

为了成长，为了探索新的路，我们需要坚定不移的去冒险，无所畏惧的面对未知事物，也泰然自若的接受也许第一次就失败的可能性。我们如何看待自己尝试新的生存方式时对个人能力的成长是必要的。我们认为自己思维敏捷，好奇心强吗？如果是，那么我们往往会抓住更多的机会，更愿意去体验不熟悉的事物。我们认为自己害羞和优柔寡断吗？如果是，那我们的羞怯感会使我们犹豫不决，行动缓慢，不到万无一失绝不轻举妄动。我们认为自己动作太慢无法适应新改变或者我们不够聪明去应对挑战吗？那么我们极可能消极应对或干脆无动于衷。在我们自主成长和自我完善的过程中这种不安全感，自我怀疑都是不可或缺，不可避免的。如果我们不去面对和克服这种内心的恐惧和疑惑，如果我们过多的自我保护，那么我们就会止步不前。最终我们会作茧自缚。

第四篇：商务合同翻译

1)为了便于甲方及时开展工作，乙方应于2009年12月31日前将第一批寄售货物运到甲方处。在2010年3月十五日左右，甲、乙双方应就剩下的寄售期限可能销量达成共识。

In order to facilitate Party A’s work of starting the consignment sales on time, Party B should ship the first lot of consignment goods to Party A before Dec.31, 2009.On or about March 15, 2010, Party A and Party B shall meet to mutually determine on acceptable sales level for the remainder of the consignment period.2)在寄售合同到期后的一个月内，甲方将按合同单价把已售出的货物以美元形式全额汇给乙方。如果有销售额总额超过15万美元的情况，甲方应在一月内将销售款以美元形式汇给乙方。

Within one month after expiration of the consignment period, Party A shall remit Party B the total sum in U.S Dollars based on the contracted unit price for those items which have been sold.If at any time the total value of goods sold exceeds the amount of U.S.Dollars 150000, Party A shall remit the total sum in U.S.Dollars to Party B within one month’s period of time.3)装配所需的主要零件、消耗品及部件由甲方运至广州。如有零部件短少或破损，甲方应负责补充替换。

甲方应于成品交运1个月前开出不可撤销的信用证以支付全部装配费和乙方在广州购买零件、消耗品和部件的费用。

The main parts, consumption articles and components required for assembling will be sent in time to Guangzhou by Party A and if there is any shortage of , or damage to these parts and components , Party A shall be responsible for supplying replacements.Party A shall pay Party B by opening an irrevocable L/C covering the full amount of assembling charges and costs of parts , consumption articles and components purchased in Guangzhou by Party B , one month before the shipment of the finished products concerned.4）一切与本合同有关的进出口手续，均由乙方办理。

乙方将所装配的晶体管收音机运交甲方指定的外国买主。有关运费和保险费由甲方负担。All import and export procedures in connection with this contract shall be taken care of by Party

B.All transistor radios assembled by Party B will be shipped to foreign buyers designated by Party A.The relevant freight and insurance premium shall be borne by Party A.5）晶体管收音机的商标由甲方供给，如有法律纠纷，甲方应负完全责任。

如因装配需要，由乙方在广州购买的零部件必须达到品质标准，并应事先经过甲方核准。The trade marks of transistor radios will be supplied by Party A and should there be any illegal involvement, Party A is to be held fully responsible.All parts and components purchased by Party B in Guangzhou, if necessary for assembling transistor radios, must measure up to the quality standards of, and be approved by Party A beforehand.6）本合同自受聘方到校之日起生效，到聘期届满时失效。如一方要求延长聘期，必须在合同期满前一个月用书面向对方提出，经双方协商同意后另签延聘合同。

This Contract comes into effect on the first day of the engaged party’s arrival at the AA University and ceases to be effective at its expiration.If either party wishes to renew the Contract, the other

party shall be notified in writing one month before it expires.Upon agreement by both parties through consultation, a new contract may be signed between two parties.7）公司为一有限责任公司及在中华人民共和国法律下的法人，公司的所有活动应遵守中华人民共和国颁布的法律、法令及条例，公司的所有合法权益及利益受中华人民共和国的法律管辖及保护。

The Company is a limited liability company and a legal person under the laws of the People’s Republic of China.All the activities of the Company shall comply with the laws, decrees and regulations promulgated by the People’s Republic of China.All the lawful rights and interests of the Company are subject to the jurisdiction and protection of the laws of the People’s Republic of China.8）合营的一方如不履行本合同或公司章程的义务，违约一方得赔偿另一方因此而遭受的经济损失。

在合营期限内，双方都无权单方面宣布撤销或终止本合同。

If either of the Parties fails to fulfil its obligations under this Contract , it shall compensate the other party for all its economic losses resulting therefrom.During the term of operation of the Company, neither Party has the right to announce unilaterally the cancellation or termination of this Contract.9）公司注册资本为9000万美元。由中方在签约后30天内提供土地使用权。外方在2001年3月1日以前提供办公楼、厂房、必须的设备、设备、机器、工具、仪器、工业产权、非专利技术、生产资金、流动资金等。

The registered capital of the Company is USD 90 million.The Chinese Corp provides the right to use land within 30 days after signing the Agreement.The Foreign Co.provides the office building, factory premises, necessary facilities, equipment, machines, tools, instruments, industrial property rights, non-patent technology, production funds, operating funds, etc.before March 1, 2001.10）如因不可抗力事件使公司无法继续营业时，本协议可通过双方协商予以提前终止。如果中方或外方想要把本协议规定的权利和义务进行全部或部分转让，另一方有优先购买权。转让必须得到审批机关的批准。

In case of Force majeure, which makes it impossible for the Company to continue its business, this Agreement may be terminated ahead of schedule through consultation between the two parties.If the Chinese or foreign party wishes to make an assignment of all or part of its rights and obligations prescribed in this Agreement, the other party shall have the preemptive right to purchase the same.The assignment must obtain the approval of the examination and approval authority.11)如果在保证期内发现运交的设备有缺陷，投资人必须按中方的要求，及时适当解决

In case defect of the delivered equipment is found within the warranty period.INVESTOR shall take appropriate action for settlement without delay ,upon SINO`s request

12)在上述情况下，该缺点经鉴定是由于中方操作经验不足，搬运不当或某一物品的消耗所致，则投资人应要求中方支付实际运输费用

In the above instance investor shall request SINO for payment of the actual costs of transportation ,when such defect is judged to be due to inexperienced operation by sino or due to inappropriate handling ,or due to an article of consumption

13)在投资人派遣工程师的任务完成以后，中方如有必要仍可要求投资人继续给以技术支持，但投资人应要求中方为这种增加的合作支付费用，合作的条款由双方将来讨论约定。

Sino shall be able to request for continued technical support from investor , if necessary, even after completion of the above despatchofinvestor`sengineers.however ,in this instance.investor shall be able to request sino for the cost of such additional technological cooperation.terms and conditions shall be subject to mutual discussion and agreement between sino and investor ,in future

14)乙方确认由其所生产的许可证产品必须严格按照甲方所提供的设计，图纸及规格生产，除依第C条第一款规定的修改内容以外，在任何情况下许可证产品均具备与 所生产的产品相同的质量与运动性能。如果乙方未严格依照甲方的设计，图纸及规格生产，则甲方对于乙方的许可证产品不承担任何担保责任。

15）GTT是中方和投资人之间的桥梁GTT应协助中方用展销会，研讨会，技术培训等办法在中国销售产品GTT应在产品品质合格时考虑把这些产品销往欧洲和非洲

1)GTT shall act as a bridge between SINO and INVESTOR

2)GTT shall assist SINO in marketing in china of products finished by SINO by means fo trade show ,seminar ,technical traning program ,ect

3)GTT shall consider marketing finished products to Europe and Africa when the quality turns out to be satisfactory

16）如果初次检验不合格应进行第二次检验，如果第二次检验仍不合格，则投资人赢在2个月内自费调换有关设备如果检验合格，双方应签署检验证明书一式二份，双方各执一份

1)In case initial test is unsatisfactory ,a second test shall be carried out.if the second test is again unsatisfactory ,INVESTOR shall replace the equipment involved atits own cost ,within two months after the second text

2)in case text results are satisfactory ,SINO and INVESTOR shall sign a text certificate in duplicate and each party shall keep one copy

17）本合同的订立，效力，解释，执行及由其引起争议的解决均适用中华人民共和国颁布的法律，法令，和条例规定

The making ,validity ,interpretation and implementation of this contract and the settlement of disputes arising thereform shall shall be governed by laws ,decrees and regulations promulgated by the people`s republic of china

18）受聘方的工作时间每周5天，每天7小时，受聘方按照中国，澳大利亚两国政府规定的节假日放假，寒假按本校校历规定。

The engaged party works five days a week and seven hours a day ,the engaged party have legal holidays as prescribed by both Chinese and Australian governmentthe winter vacation is fixed by the school calenderf

19）聘方每月支付给受聘方工资2000澳元，并按照澳大利亚政府对在澳工作的外籍教师的规定提供各种福利待遇

The engaginfg party pays the engaged party a monthly salary of 2000 australian dollars and provides him with various benefits as prescribed by Australian government for foreign teachers working in Australia

20）受聘方在入境，离境，或过境时，必须遵守澳大利亚政府有关外国人居住，工资福利以及旅行等的法律，规章，并遵守聘方的工作制度。

The engaged party shall abide by the laws and regulations of the Australian government concerning residence ,wages and benefits ,and travel for foreigners when entering ,leaving and passing through the territory of the country ,and shall follow the working system of the engaging party

21）双方均不得无故撤销合同如果聘方要求中途终止合同，除按上述条款承担工资福利待遇外，需给受聘方增发3个月的工资作为补偿金，并于1个月内安排受聘方及其家属回国并承担有关费用

若受聘方中途提出辞职，聘方自同意之日起即停发工资，受聘方不再享受各项福利待遇，受聘方及其家属回国的一切费用均由本人自理

Neither party shall cancel the contract without reasonable causes ,if the engaging party finds it

22）乙方在签约后15天内，为加工设备开出以甲方为受益人的银行承兑信用证，其金额不得少于2220万日元，见票180天付款。这份信用证，只有在乙方收到甲方为芦笋罐头对开的信用证后才能生效，甲方在收到这份信用证后，应及时装运加工设备，提供本协议第七条所需的单证和180天到期的汇票，以便取得他的银行承兑。

Party b shall within 15 days after signing this agreement establish in favour of party a an banker`s acceptance l/c in payment for the equipment ,for an account not less than J 22200000,available by draft at 180 days sight ,the l/c will be effective only after receipt by party b of a satisfactory reciprocal l/c opened by party a for payment of canned asparagns ,after receipt of the l/c ,party a shall effect shipment of the equipment of the equipment in time ,provide the required documents according to article 7 of this agreement together with the draft at 180 days sight ,and obtain its bank`s acceptance

23）乙方将向甲方提供上述货物在香港和日本市场的市级零售价以供甲方参考，乙方无权干涉甲方的销售价，销售场所，和销售办法，但有权提出积极地建议，甲方有责任向乙方提交销售报告（包括零售价）销售过程中出现的问题和为提高销售额而提出的建议，乙方应向甲方提供各种有利于销售（包括免费样品，试销货物，化妆品促销资料，技术交流和有贮存条件等）便利。

Party b will submit to party a the actual retail prices of aforesaid articles in hongkong and Japanese markets for party a`s reference.Party b has no right to interfere with a`s selling

price ,spot and method ,but it has the right to make positive proposals , partya is responsibleto submit party b regular reports on selling situation(covering retail price), problems arising in the course of selling and making proposals to improve sales ,party b should provide party a with various arrangements which are conductive to sales(including samples free of charge ,articles for trial sales ,data for promoting cosmetic sales ,technical exchange and conditions for storage etc.

第五篇：商务合同翻译

• Tranlation of Business Contract

一、商务合同概述

• A contract is an agreement, which legally binds the parties concerned.• 在由Steven H.Gifts编著的“Law Dictionary”中，contract被定义为 “a promise, or a set

of promises, for breach of which the law gives remedy, or the performance of the which the law in some way recognize as a duty.”

• 合同是一种承诺，违反承诺可以得到法律救助，在某种意义上，法律将履行该承诺

看作是一种补偿。综上可见，合同是平等主体之间设立的确定民事权利和义务的法律协议。

• 合同英语属于庄重文体（the frozen style），是各种英语文体中正式程度最高的一种。

总体来说，这种正式性体现在内容的专业性、语言的严谨性和结构的完整性等方面。合同种类

• 正式合同 Contract(P197)

• 协议书 Agreement

• 确议书 Confirmation

• 备忘录 Memorandum

• 订单 Order

• 意向书 Letter of intent

二、商务合同的构成部分

一.约首(the head)

1.合同名称 Title

2.前文（前言）Preamble

1)Date of signing

2)Signing parties

3)Each party’s authority 当事人的合法依据

4）Place of signing

5)Recitalsor WHEREAS clause 定约缘由

二.本文（Body)

① 定义条款（Definition clause)

② 基本条款（Basic conditions)

③ 一般条款（General terms and conditions)

a.合同有效期限（Duration)

b.终止(Termination)

c.不可抗力（Force Majeure)

d.合同的让与（Assignment)

e.仲裁（Arbitration)

f.适用法律（governing law)

g.诉讼管辖（Jurisdiction)

h.通知手续（Notice)

i.合同的修改（Amendment)

j.其他（Others)

三.约尾（the tail)

① 结尾语包括合同的份数、使用的文字和效力等（Concluding sentence)

② 签名（Signature)

③ 盖印（Seal)

三、Features of legal documents

1.common words with unusual meaning

•action诉讼alienation转让 avoid取消 counterpart有同等效力的副本

• Prejudice提案 save除了vacation休庭期间 limitation时效 minor未成年人

• review审查案件，复审 tort侵权

Eg.1.Thank you for your consideration.•No consideration, no contract.合同无对价不成立。

Eg.2.The testator died without issue.立遗嘱人死亡时没有子嗣.•The parties could not agree on the issue.•The passport was issued by the Liverpool office.2.Old English

To make the compound words by adding after, by, in, of, on, to, under, upon, or with after here,there, or where

• Hereafter: in this document and after this point 此后, 以后

• Hereby: in this way or by this letter以此, 特此, 由此

• Thereby: by that 按此, 借此, 从而, 由此

• Therefrom: from that从那里

Whereas Party A is willing to employ Party B and Party B agrees to do as Party A’s engineer in

Beijing, it is hereby agrees as follows.鉴于甲方愿聘请乙方,乙方同意应聘为甲方在北京的工程师,双方协议如下:

In consideration of the mutual covenants and agreement herein contained, the parties agree

as follows.双方考虑到在此提出的契约和协议, 同意如下条款.3.Use the synonymous word with its relevant words

• Terms and conditions 条件 null and void 无效free and clear of 无

•able and willing 能够并愿意any duties, obligations or liabilities所有责任

• applicable laws, regulations, decrees, directives,and rules 适用法律法规

•charges, fees, costs and expenses 各种费用any and all 全部

•covenants and agreements 合同，协议customs and usages 惯例

• import duty and tax 进口税捐keep secret and confidential保密

• licenses and permits 许可packing and wrapping expenses 包装费

• rights and interests 权益settle claims and debts 清理债务

• ships and vessels 船只sign and issue 签发

• support and maintenance 维护use and wont习惯，惯例

1）This Agreement made and entered into by and between ABC Co.and XYZ Co.ABC 公司和XYZ公司双方签订本协议。

2）All documents, letters, telegrams and telexes interchanged between both parties before the

signing of the Contract shall become null and void automatically from the date on which the

Contract comes into force.双方在签约前交换的所有文件、书信、电报和电传，应从本合同生效之日开始自动失效。

4.Latinate words

•alibi—不在犯罪现场ad hoc – 专门地de facto---事实上的•bona fide---真诚的alias---别名 versus---对，诉

eg.He established an alibi to the charge of murder.•他提供了谋杀案发生时不在场证明。

•他证实在谋杀案发生时，他不在场。

5.Formal words

• Compare the following two kinds of words and expressions

1）At the request of Party B, Party A agrees to send technicians to assist/help Party B to install

the equipment.应乙方要求，甲方同意派遣技术员帮助乙方安装设备

2）Party A shall send back/repatriate the patient to China and bear the cost of his passage to

Beijing.甲方应将病人遣返中国，负责病人回到北京的旅费。

Failure to notify Party A shall be deemed to be/ be regarded as a material breach of this

agreement.•未能按上述要求通知甲方的，则视为构成实质违约。

Enclosed is our new Quotation NO.475 in lieu of/in place of the previous one.•随附我公司第475号报价替代前发的报价单。

Prices are subject to change/alteration with or without notice.•不管是否事先通知，价格可随时变动。

宪法优先于其他一切法律

• Constitution is before/ prior to all other laws.• 任何一方不得在不预先通知的情况下终止合同

•Either party shall not terminate /stop the contract without notice in advance.–Terminate, stopcommence, begin

– be deemed to,be regarded asin lieu of, in place of

– prior to, beforewhatsoever, whatever

– accomplish, doadditional, extraacquire, get

– alteration,changeapplication, useassistance, help

注意may、shall、should、will、may not、shall not等词语的法律内涵

• May、shall、should、will、may not、shall not等词的确很常见，但是在合同中这些

词具有特殊的意义，所以翻译起来要极其谨慎，避免引起纠纷。

a.May：在表示合同上的权利（Right）、权限（Power）或特权（Privilege）的场合中

使用。若表示某种权利在法律上具有强制性的时候，更多的是“be entitled”。

b.Shall：在合同中并不是单纯的将来时，一般用它来表示法律上可以强制执行的义务

（Obligation）。如未履行，即视为违约，并构成某种赔偿责任。所以，shall在译文里，通常

表示“应该”或“必须”，当然，也有不翻译的时候。例如：

• The quality and prices of the commodities to be exchanged between the ex-importers in

the two countries shall be acceptable to both sides.• 货物的质量和价格必须使进出口双方都能接受。

• The formation of this contract, its validity, interpretation, execution and settlement of

the disputes shall be governed by related laws of the People’s Republic of China.• 本合同的订立、效力、解释、履行和争议的解决均受中华人民共和国法律的管辖。

shall没有译出。

c.Should：在合同中通常只用来表示语气较弱的假设，多翻译成“万一”或“如果”，极少译成“应该”。

• The board meeting shall be convened and presided over by the Chairman.Should the

chairman be absent, the vice-Chairman shall, in principle, convene and preside over the

board meeting.• 董事会会议应由董事长召集、主持；若董事长缺席，原则上应由副董事长召集、主

持。

• The parties hereto shall, first of all, settle any dispute arising from or in connection with

the contract by friendly negotiations.Should such negotiations fail, such dispute may be

referred to the People's Court having jurisdiction on such dispute for settlement in the

absence of any arbitration clause in the disputed contract or in default of agreement

reached after such dispute occurs.• 双方首先应通过友好协商，解决因合同而发生的或与合同有关的争议。如果协商未

果，合同中又无仲裁条款约定或争议发生后未就仲裁达成协议的，可将争议提交有

管辖权的人民法院解决。

d.Will：一般使用在没有法律强制的情况下，也用做表示承担义务的声明，但语气和

强制力比Shall弱。

e.May not（或shall not）：用于禁止性义务，即“不得做什么”。

• 6.Terminology

•cause of action案由defendant 被告appeal 上诉

• damages损失，赔偿金force majeure不可抗力 …

Indemnity n.a promise to protect someone from money lost or goods damaged;赔偿的保证

repayment for this；赔偿金

An insurance contract that promises to pay for the replacement or repair of lost of

damaged goods赔偿物

e.g.to arrange an ~ against loss办理损失赔偿

to demand an ~ for the delayed payment因延期付款要求赔偿

Money demanded by a victorious nation at the end of awar as a condition of peace is an ~.战争结束时，战胜国作为和平条件索取之款项称为“赔款”。

Infringement: violation n.违反；违背；侵犯；侵害

Force majeure: an unexpected and unavoidable event that causes or allows a contract to

be changed or cancelled if it has a force majeure clause.e.g.As a result of force majeure the transaction was not completed.基于不可抗力的因素，交易未能完成。

Arbitration : the settling of a dispute by means of a neutral third party rather than by a

court of law.仲裁（通过中立的第三方不通过法庭解决纠纷）

e.g.They decided to settle the dispute by ~.他们决定通过仲裁解决争议。

Translation requirements

•1.Adequate & precise

•Eg.Unless it is legally or physically impossible, the contractor shall execute and

complete the works and remedy the defects therein in strict accordance with the

contract to the satisfaction of the engineer.•除法律或条件不允许的情况之外，承包方应严格按合同施工和竣工，并改进工作中的任何缺陷，达到工程师满意的程度。

•Party A shall send technicians atParty B’s expense to train Party B’s personnel withindays after signing the Contract.• 甲方应于签约后三十天内派遣技术员培训乙方的人员，有关费用由乙方承担。

•This Contract can only be altered, amended or supplemented in accordance with

documents signed and sealed by authorized representatives of both parties.•本合同的修改补充应有双方授权代表签名盖章的文件，才能进行

•合营企业的一切活动应遵守中华人民共和国法律、法令和有关条例规定。

•All the activities of the joint venture, shall comply with the provision of the laws,decrees and pertinent regulations of the Republic of China.• 拘役的期限，为十五日以上六个月以下。

•A term of criminal detention shall not be less than 15 days and no more than 6 months.2、expressiveness & smoothness

•合同文本是一种法律文件，属于庄严性文体。翻译商务合同时还应该把规范通

顺视为另一大原则。所谓“规范”，是指译文必须符合法律语言的特点，尽量体现出

契约文体的特点。而所谓“通顺”，是指译文应当符合汉语的语法要求，使译文清晰

易懂。

• During the period from the date of effectiveness to the termination of the Contract, the

two Parties shall hold a meeting very year to discuss problems arising form the execution

of the Contract.原译：在合同生效之日起到合同终止之日的期间内，双方每年举行一次会议，讨论合同

发行中出现的问题。

• 原文在理解上没有什么特别困难的地方，译文意思也算正确，但只对原文逐字逐句

翻译，显得呆板，改译为：

• 本合同有效期间，双方应每年正式会晤一次，以讨论本合同履行期间存在的问题。

• The date of Bill of Lading shall be taken as the conclusive proof of the date of shipment,six(6)days grace shall be allowed for shipment earlier or later than the time agreed

upon by the Parties.In the event of the goods for one order being shipped in more than

one lot, each lot shall be deemed to be a separate sale on Contract.• 原译：提单的日期应为交货日期的最后证明。双方允许交货比约定的时间早交或迟

交六天。一次订货多于一批装运，那么，每批货应被当作是合同的单独买卖。

• 原译文表达累赘，结构松散，不合乎汉语契约文体的简约风格。改译为：

• 交货日期以提单所载日期为准，双方同意在合同约定的交货期的基础上，允许有前

后六天的装运宽限期。若一次订货分批装运，则每一批货为合同项下的单独 买卖。

• One-third of the total amount shall be paid with the order when the Contract is signed,one third by documentary bill when shipment is effected, and the balance by clean bills

when the goods have arrived.• 合同签订时先预付货款总额的三分之一，装船后凭跟单汇票再付三分之一，剩余的三分之一在货物抵达时凭光票一次性付清。

• 译文充分利用添加的横线部分充分表明了原条款的三个付款阶段：交货前、交货时、交货后，使得层次清楚，表达通顺。

合同的订立、生效和履行

• 1.This contract is made in two originals that should be held by each party.•此合同一式二份，由双方各持一正本。

• 2.What is left unmentioned in contract may be added there as an appendix.• 本合同未尽事宜，可由双方增补作为合同附件。

• 3.本合同一式四份（正副本各两份）自签署后生效

• The Contract is written in quadruplicate(two for original and copy respectively)which

shall become valid on the date of signature.• 4.本合同为中英文两种文本，两种文本具有同等效力。本合同一式两份。自双方签

字（盖章）之日起生效。

• This Contract is executed in two counterparts each in Chinese and English, each of which

shall be deemed equally authentic.This contract is in 2 copies effective since being signed by

both parties.•5.Unless the terms or context of this contract otherwise provide, all term used in this

Contract shall have the meanings set out in Schedule A hereto.• 除本合同条款或上下文另有所指，本合同中所有相关用语的定义见附录甲。

•6.it has full authority to enter into this Contract and to perform its obligations

hereunder;

• 该方有全权订立本合同以及履行本合同项下义务；

2.Modification

• 7.债务人将合同的义务全部或者部分转接给第三方的，应当经债权人同意。

•If the debtor intends to transfer all or part of his obligations under the contract to a

third party, consent shall be obtained from the creditor.•Where the obligor delegates its obligations under a contract in whole or in part to a

third party, such delegation shall be subject to the consent of the obligee.• 8.债权人转让权利的，应当通知债务人。未经通知，该转让对债务人不发生效力。

•Any transfer of rights by a creditor shall be notified to the debtor.The transfer

shall not bind the debtor without such notification.•Where the obligee assigns its rights, it shall notify the obligor.Such assignment will

have no effect on the obligor without notice thereof.3.Termination of contracts

• 9.This Contract may be terminated at any time prior to expiration of the Term by the

mutual written contract of the Parties.• 本合同期限届满之前，双方可通过书面协议随时终止本合同。

• 10.This Contract shall terminate upon the expiration of the Term unless extended

pursuant to Article.(Term).• 本合同于合同到期日终止，除非双方按照第[]条（合同期限的续展）的规定续约。

• 11.当事人可以约定一方解除合同的条件。解除合同的条件成就时，解除权人可以

解除合同。

•The parties may agree upon conditions under which either party may terminate the

contract.Upon satisfaction of the conditions, the party who has the right to terminate

may terminate the contract.• 12.Termination of this Agreement for any reason shall be without prejudice to any

right of action vested in either Party at the date of termination.• 本协议无论因何原因终止，不得损害任何一方在终止协议时的任何的行动权利。

• 13.合同的权利义务终止，不影响合同中结算和清理条款的效力。

• The termination of rights and obligations under a contact shall not affect the validity of

clauses that related to the final settlement of accounts and winding-up.4.Liability for Breach of Contract

• 14.当事人双方都违反合同的，应当各自承担相应的责任。

• If both parties breach a contract, each party shall bear its own respective liabilities.• 15.If a party fails to perform its obligations under a contract, or its performance fails to

satisfy the terms of the contract, it shall bear the liabilities for breach of contract such as to continue to perform its obligations, to take remedial measures, or to compensate for losses.• 当事人一方不履行合同义务或者履行合同义务不符合约定的，应当承担继续履行、采取补救措施或者赔偿损失等违约责任。

• 5.Applicable law and dispute resolution

• 16.Where other laws provide otherwise in respect of a contract, such provisions shall

prevail.• 其他法律对合同另有规定的，依照其规定。

• 17.本合同的订立、效力、解释、履行受中华人民共和国法律的管辖。

• The formation, validity, interpretation and execution in respect of this contract shall be

governed by the relevant laws of the People's Republic of China.• 18.仲裁裁决是终局的，对双方都有约束力。

•The arbitral award is final and binding upon both parties.