合同翻译中英讲解

第一篇：合同翻译中英讲解

合同翻译中英讲解

英语合同翻译

引子:鉴于现在对外交流事例逐渐增多,英文合同特别是经济合同的翻译愈显重要,若译文不准确或不严谨,势必会引起不必要的经济纠纷.故今以一英文(经济)合同写作书籍为蓝本,录入一些有益文字,希望大家共同提高英文(经济)合同的翻译和写作。

合同文件是合同双方签订并必须遵守的法律文件,因此合同中的语言应体现其权威性.英文合同用语的特点之一就表现在用词上,即选择那些法律用词,以及正式用词,使合同表达的意思准确无误,达到双方对合同中使用的词无可争议的程度。

一.hereby 英文释义:by means of , by reason of this 中文译词:特此,因此,兹

用法:常用于法律文件、合同、协议书等正式文件的开头语；在条款中需要强调时也可用。语法：一般置于主语后,紧邻主语.例1：

The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price or such other sum as may become payable under the provisions of the Contract at the time and in the manner prescribed by the Contract.参考译文: 业主特此立约保证在合同规定的期限内,按合同规定的方式向承包人支付合同价,或合同规定的其它应支付的款项,以作为本工程施工、竣工及修补工程中缺陷的报酬。注释:(1)hereby: by reason of this 特此

(2)covenant: v.make a formal agreement 立约,签订合同、条约;n.legal agreement具有法律约束的正式合同

(3)completion of the Works: 工程的竣工(4)therein: in the Works在本工程中

(5)the Contract Price: 合同总价,指工程的总造价(6)such...as: 关系代词,相当于that, which(7)under: in accordance with 根据,按照

(8)the provisions of the Contract: terms and conditions of the Contract合同条款 例2：

We hereby certify to the best of our knowledge that the foregoing statement is true and correct and all available information and data have been supplied herein, and that we agree to provide documentary proof upon your request.注释：

（1）hereby：特此

（2）to the best of our knowledge：as far as we know据我们所知（3）foregoing statement：above-mentioned statement上述声明（4）herein：in this, in the statement在声明中（5）documentary proof：证明文件

合同翻译中英讲解

supply and take delivery of the goods.Provided that the owner of the goods shall be liable for all losses or damages including demurrage incurred in default on the provisions hereof.注释：

（1）Whether the custom of the Port is contrary to this Clause or not：不论港口习惯是否与本款规定相反，whether„ or not：不论„„是否（2）the owner of the goods：货方（3）without interruption：无间断地（4）carrier：承运人

（5）in default on the provisions hereof：违反本款规定 hereof：of this Clause 参考译文：

不论港口习惯是否与本款规定相反，货方都应昼夜地，包括星期日和假日（如承运人需要），无间断地提供和提取货物。货方对违反本款规定所引起的所有损失或损坏，包括滞期应负担赔偿责任。例2 Foreign trade dealers as mentioned in this Law shall, in accordance with the provisions hereof, cover such legal entities and other organization as are engaged in foreign trade dealings.注释：

（1）foreign trade dealers：对外贸易经营者（2）as mentioned in this Law：本法所称

（3）the provisions hereof：the provisions of this Law 本法规定（4）legal entity：法人

（5）be engaged in foreign trade dealings：从事对外贸易经营活动 参考译文：

本法所称对外贸易经营者，是指依照本法规定从事对外贸易经营活动的法人和其他组织。例3 The establishment of a limited liability company or a company limited by shares shall comply with the conditions and provisions of this Law.A company complying with the conditions and provisions hereof may be registered as a limited liability company or a company limited by shares.Provided that if a company fails to comply with the conditions and provisions hereof, the company in question shall not be registered as a limited liability company or a company limited by shares.注释：

（1）a limited liability company：有限责任公司（2）a company limited by shares：股份有限公司（3）provisions hereof：本法规定 hereof: of this Law（4）may be registered as：登记为 参考译文：

设立有限责任公司、股份有限公司，必须符合本法规定的条件。符合本法规定的条件的，登记为有限责任公司或者股份有限公司；不符合本法规定的条件的，不得登记为有限责任公司或股份有限公司。例4 If, as a result of withdrawal or any other reasons, an arbitrator fails to perform his duties as an arbitrator, another arbitrator shall, in accordance with the provisions hereof, be selected or appointed.合同翻译中英讲解

accordance with the law, bear the legal liability and responsibility.The arbitration commission shall remove the name of the arbitrator in question from the list of arbitrators.注释：

（1）arbitrator：仲裁员

（2）Article 58 hereof：本法第五十八条 hereof：of this Law（3）bear the legal liability and responsibility：承担法律责任（4）the arbitration commission：仲裁委员会

（5）remove the name of the arbitrator in question from the list of arbitrators：将其除名 参考译文：

仲裁员有本法第三十四条第四项规定的情形，情节严重的，或者有本法第五十八条第六项规定的情形的，应当依法承担法律责任，仲裁委员会应当将其除名。例8 If, pursuant to this Law, the relevant responsible authorities with the duty of approvals fail to grant approval to such an application as meets the requirements and provisions hereof, or the company registration authorities fail to register a company whose application meets the requirements hereof, the party in question may, in accordance with laws, apply for reconsideration or bring an administrative suit.注释：

（1）the relevant responsible authorities with the duty of approvals：履行审批职责的有关主管部门

（2）meets the requirements and provisions hereof：符合本法条件（3）the company registration authorities：负责公司登记的主管部门（4）the requirements hereof：本法条件 hereof: of this Law（5）apply for reconsideration：申请复议

（6）bring an administrative suit：提起行政诉讼 参考译文：

依照本法，履行审批职责的有关主管部门，对符合本法条件的申请不予批准，或负责公司登记的主管部门不予登记，当事人可以依法申请复议或者提起行政诉讼。例9 This Decision shall apply to the crimes committed against Article 9, Article 10 and Article 11 hereof by the staff and workers of enterprises other than limited liability companies and companies limited by shares.注释：

（1）the crimes committed：犯罪行为

（2）against Article 9, Article 10 and Article 11 hereof：犯有本决定第九条、第十条、第十一条规定 hereof: of this Decision 参考译文：

有限责任公司、股份有限公司以外的企业职工有本决定第九条、第十条、第十一条规定的犯罪行为的，适用本决定。例10 Companies registered and established prior to the effective date of this Law shall, in accordance with Laws, administrative regulations, local regulations and pursuant to the “Standard Opinion on Limited Liability Companies” or the “Standard Opinion on Companies Limited by Shares” issued by the relevant responsible department of the State Council, continue to exist.合同翻译中英讲解

applied.The award of the arbitration shall be final and binding upon the Parties hereto.The Arbitration fee shall be borne by the losing party unless otherwise awarded by the Arbitration Commission.注释：

（1）the performance of this Contract：履行本合同（2）through amicable negotiations：友好协商

（3）the Parties hereto：the Parties to this Contract本合同双方（4）shall then be submitted for arbitration：提交进行仲裁

（5）the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission, Beijing：中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会（北京）

（6）the arbitration rules of this Commission：其仲裁规则（7）the award of the arbitration：仲裁裁决

（8）unless otherwise awarded by the Arbitration Commission：仲裁委员会另有裁定的除外 参考译文：

对于因履行本合同所发生的一切争议，本合同双方应友好协商解决，如协商无法解决争议，则应将争议提交中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会（北京），依据其仲裁规则进行仲裁。仲裁裁决是终局性的，对双方都有约束力。仲裁费用应由败诉方承担，但仲裁委员会另有裁定的除外。

例2 “Patented Technology” means such patent, and such applications for the patent as are presently owned or will hereafter be acquired in the future by Party B, or as Party B has or may have the right to control, or as are permitted to be transferred during the effective period of this Contract in any or all countries of the world, and as are applicable to or may be used in the manufacture of Contract Products specified by the Parties hereto.注释：

（1）patented technology：专利技术（2）patent：专利

（3）application for the patent：专利申请

（4）may have the right to control：可能有权控制的

（5）permitted to be transferred in any or all countries of the world：在世界任何国家许可转让（6）Contract Products specified by the Parties hereto：本合同双方规定的本合同产品 hereto: to this Contract 参考译文：

“专利技术”，系指乙方目前拥有的或未来获得的，或乙方有权或可能有权控制的，或在本合同有效期间在世界任何国家许可转让的，适用于或可能适用制造本合同双方规定的本合同产品的专利和专利申请。

例3 “Technical Documents” means the data and the information specified in Appendix 1 hereto, such as engineering, manufacturing and original information relating to the manufacture and maintenance of the Contract Products, including drawings, blueprints, design sheets, material specifications, photographs, photostats and general data, and design and their specifications

合同翻译中英讲解

other Party may, during the effective period hereof, make use of, and sell products utilizing such improvement, modification, further invention or design(whether patented or un-patented)without charge and royalty fee in any manner consistent with this agreement.注释：

（1）either Party hereto：本协议各方（不译成“one Party hereto）。

（2）improvement, modification, further invention or design：改进、修正、更新本发明或设计

（3）discover, make or develop：开发

（4）manufacture and assembly of the Licensed Products or components thereof：生产及装配许可证产品或部件

（5）file application for Letter Patent：申请专利（6）take other necessary legal steps to protect the same：其它必要的法律保护程序 the same: Letter Patent（7）any patent arising therefrom：由此产生的专利（8）consistent with this agreement：与本协议不相矛盾 参考译文：

本协议各方同意，一方对于有关生产及装配许可证产品或部件所做的改进、修正、更新发明或设计均应立即全部通知另一方。开发改进的一方可以自负费用并以自身名义申请专利或采取其它必要的法律保护程序，由此产生的专利将属于该方所有。在本协议的有效期内，另一方可以与本协议不相矛盾的方式无偿使用和销售利用改进、修正、更新本发明或设计（无论其是否取得专利权）生产的产品。

例6 The Parties to this Agreement agree that Y shall supply to FCAM certain license and technical assistance for manufacturing Products.The Technical Assistance Agreement to be concluded between FCAM and Y shall be deemed to be an attachment as Appendix 2 hereto(hereinafter referred to as the “Technical Assistance Agreement”).注释：

（1）certain license and technical assistance for manufacturing Products：有关生产产品的许可证和技术服务

（2）the technical assistance agreement：技术服务协议

（3）Appendix 2 hereto：本协议附件2 hereto：to this Agreement 参考译文：

本协议双方同意Y将向FCAM提供有关生产产品的许可证和技术服务，FCAM和Y将订立技术服务协议并作为本协议附件2（以下称作“技术服务协议”）。

例7 The Parties to this Agreement agree and ensure that FCAM will, to the maximum extent practicably possible, use the forms required by Y for such data on management and financial information as are given by FCAM to the Parties hereto, and that FCAM shall prepare and keep accounting and financial records and books available for inspection or audit by either Party hereto.注释：

（1）to the maximum extent practicably possible：尽实际可能最大限度地

合同翻译中英讲解

例10 The termination of this Contract shall not in any way affect the outstanding claims and liabilities existing between the Parties hereto upon the expiration of the validity of the Contract and the debtor shall continue to be kept liable for paying the outstanding debts to the creditor.注释：

（1）the termination of this Contract：本合同期满（2）outstanding claims and liabilities：未了债务（3）debtor：债务人（4）creditor：债权人 参考译文： 本合同期满时，双方之间发生的未了债务不受合同期满的影响，债务人应向债权人继续支付未了债务

四 herein 英文释义:in this 中文译词:此中，于此

用法:表示上文已提及的“本合同（中）的„„，本法（中）的„„”等时，使用该词。如表示“本法（中）所称的不正当竞争”，可译为“unfair competition mentioned herein”，此处herein表示“in this Law”；表示“本协议（中）内容”，译为“the Contents herein”，此处herein表示“in this Agreement”。语法：置于所修饰词后,紧邻所修饰词.例1 Unfair competition mentioned in this Law refers to such acts of business operators as contravene the provisions hereof, with a result of damaging the lawful rights and interests of other business operators, and disturbing the socio-economic order.Business operators mentioned herein refer to such legal persons, other economic organizations and individuals as engage in the trading of goods or profit-making services(hereafter called Goods including services).注释：

（1）unfair competition：不正当竞争（2）mentioned in this Law：本法所称（3）refer to：是指

（4）contravene the provisions hereof：违反本法规定

（5）damage the lawful rights and interests of other business operators：损害其他经营者的合法权益

（6）disturb the socio-economic order：扰乱社会经济秩序

（7）business operators mentioned herein：本法所称的经营者 herein：in this Law（8）engage in the trading of goods or profit-making services：从事商品经营或营利性服务 engage in：从事，be engaged in：忙于 参考译文：

本法所称的不正当竞争，是指经营者违反本法规定，损害其他经营者的合法权益，扰乱社会经济秩序的行为。

本法所称的经营者，是指从事商品经营或营利性服务（以下所称商品包括服务）的法人、其

合同翻译中英讲解

参考译文：

犯本决定规定之罪有违法所得的，应当予以没收。

犯本决定规定之罪，被没收违法所得、判处罚金、没收财产、承担民事责任的，其财产不足以支付时，先承担民事赔偿责任。

例5 The terms “FOB”, “CFR” or “CIF” shall be subject to the “International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms”(INCOTERMS, 2000)provided by International Chamber of Commerce(ICC)unless otherwise specified herein(in this Contract).注释：

（1）（1）“FOB”（free on board）(„Named port of shipment)：船上交货（„<指定装运港>）

（2）（2）“CFR”（Cost and Freight）(„Named port of destination)：成本加运费（„<指定目的港>）

（3）（3）“CIF”（Cost, Insurance and Freight）(„Named port of destination)：成本、保险费加运费（„„<指定目的港>）（4）（4）the “International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms”(INCOTERMS, 2000)：《国际贸易术语解释通则（INCOTERMS）2000》 参考译文：

除非本合同另有规定，“FOB”、“CFR”和“CIF”均应依照国际商会制定的《国际贸易术语解释通则（INCOTERMS）2000》办理。

例6 Unless otherwise expressly provided for herein, if all disputes, controversies or differences arising out of or in relation to the execution of this Agreement between the Parties hereto, or any breach or default of the provisions hereof(including but not limited to, a dispute concerning the existence or continued existence of this Agreement, and the validity of the Arbitration Clause)fail to be settled amicably, the disputes, controversies or differences in question shall be submitted for arbitration.注释：

（1）unless otherwise expressly provided for herein：除非另有明确表示 herein：in this Agreement（2）dispute：争议（3）controversy：纠纷（4）difference：歧意

（5）the Parties hereto：the Parties to this Agreement本协议双方（6）any breach or default of the provisions hereof：任何违约及过失（7）including but not limited to：包括，但不限于

（8）the validity of the Arbitration Clause：仲裁条款有效性 arbitration clause 仲裁条款 参考译文：

除非另有明确表示，则由于执行本协议所引发或与本协议有关的协议双方的所有争议、纠纷或歧意，以及任何违约及过失（包括，但不限于有关本协议存续的争议，仲裁条款有效性的争议），如不能以友好协商的方式解决，则提交仲裁。

合同翻译中英讲解

注释：

（1）the obligations of making all payments：支付义务（2）reimbursement：偿付

（3）be free and clear of any other charges：不附带其它费用（4）exempt from all taxes：是免税的

（5）pay all taxes as provided for herein：承担全部本协议规定的税务 herein：in this Agreement 参考译文：

借款人应按照本协议和票据完成所有支付义务。向银行的偿付应是不附带其它费用并且是免税的，而且银行所收到的偿付款项不含任何税务。借款人应按本协议承担全部本协议规定的税务。

五 hereinafter 英文释义:later in the same Contract 中文译词:以下,在下文

语法:一般与referred to as, called等词组连用，以避免重复，置于这些词组前面，与之紧邻。

例1：

In accordance with the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures and the Contract signed by and between

Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party A)and

Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party B), the articles of association hereby is formulated and prepared.注释：

（1）in accordance with：under 根据

（2）Law of the People’s Republic of China on Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures：中华人民共和国中外合资经营企业法（3）Hereinafter：以下

（4）articles of association：合营公司章程（条款）（5）hereby：特此

（6）formulate：prepare 制订 参考译文：

根据《中华人民共和国中外合资经营企业法》以及由

公司（以下称甲方）与

公司（以下称乙方）所订的合资经营的合同，特制订本公司章程。

例2 Financial institutions with foreign capital mentioned in these Regulations refer to the following financial institutions that are established and operate in China upon approval in accordance with the relevant laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China:(1)subsidiary banks incorporated by foreign capital whose head offices are in China(hereinafter referred to as foreign banks);(2)branches of foreign bank in China(hereinafter referred to as foreign bank branches);(3)banks incorporated jointly by foreign and Chinese financial institutions(hereinafter referred to as equity joint-venture banks);

合同翻译中英讲解

documents to the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation(hereinafter referred to as MOFTEC)for examination and approval after the examination and consent obtained from the foreign trade and economic cooperation authorities of the related province, autonomous region, municipalities directly under the Central Government or the municipalities specifically(separately)listed in the State Economic Plan in which the investment company is to be located.注释：

（1）the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation(hereinafter referred to as MOFTEC)：对外贸易经济合作部（以下简称外经贸部）

（2）the foreign trade and economic cooperation authorities：外经贸部门（3）municipalities directly under the Central Government：直辖市

（4）the municipalities specifically(separately)listed in the State Economic Plan：计划单列市 参考译文：

申请设立投资公司，投资者应将下列文件经拟设立投资公司所在地的省、自治区、直辖市、计划单列市外经贸部门审核同意后，报对外贸易经济合作部（以下简称外经贸部）审查批准。

例5 These Regulations are formulated and prepared in accordance with the Company Law of the People’s Republic of China(hereinafter referred to as the Company Law)in order to affirm the qualifications of enterprise legal persons of companies and standardize the registration activities of companies.注释：

（1）these Regulations are formulated and prepared：制定本条例 prepare：制定

（2）the Company Law of the People’s Republic of China：《中华人民共和国公司法》（3）hereinafter referred to as the Company Law：以下简称《公司法》

（4）to affirm the qualifications of enterprise legal persons of companies：确认公司的企业法人资格

（5）standardize the registration activities of companies：规范公司登记行为 参考译文：

为了确认公司的企业法人资格，规范公司登记行为，依据《中华人民共和国公司法》（以下简称《公司法》），制定本条例。

例6 In order to further expand international economic co-operation and technological exchange, to absorb foreign investment and to promote the development of socialist market economy, foreign companies, enterprises and other economic organizations or individuals(hereinafter referred to as foreign shareholders)and Chinese companies, enterprises and other economic organizations(hereinafter referred to as Chinese shareholders)may, within the territory of China, on the principle of equality and mutual benefit, incorporate themselves into a company limited by shares with foreign investment(hereinafter referred to as the Company).注释：

（1）to further expand international economic co-operation and technological exchange：进一步扩大国际经济合作和技术交流

（2）to absorb foreign investment：引进外资

（3）to promote the development of socialist market economy：促进社会主义市场经济的发

合同翻译中英讲解

参考译文：

本实施细则适用于外国贸易商、制造厂商、货运代理商、承包商、咨询公司、广告公司、投资公司、租赁公司和其他经济贸易组织（以下简称外国企业）在中华人民共和国境内设立的常驻代表机构。

例9 A foreign enterprise applying for the establishment of its resident representative office in the territory of the People’s Republic of China shall, upon approval and consent by the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation or its authorized Commissions for Foreign Trade and Economic Relations(hereinafter called the “Examination-Approval Authorities)of the provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and the municipalities specifically(separately)listed in the State Economic Plan, register with the State Administration for Industry and Commerce or its authorized Administrations for Industry and Commerce(hereinafter called the “registration authorities)of the provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and the municipalities specifically(separately)listed in the State Economic Plan.注释：

（1）its authorized Commissions for Foreign Trade and Economic Relations：其授权的对外经济贸易委员会

（2）hereinafter called the “Examination-Approval Authorities：以下简称审批机关 Examination-Approval Authorities：审批机关（3）register with：办理登记手续

（4）the State Administration for Industry and Commerce：国家工商行政管理局

（5）its authorized Administrations for Industry and Commerce：其授权的（各省、自治区、直辖市及计划单列市）工商行政管理局 参考译文：

外国企业申请在中华人民共和国境内成立常设代表机构，应经对外贸易经济合作部或其授权的各省、自治区、直辖市及计划单列市对外经济贸易委员会（厅）（以下简称审批机关）批准，并在中华人民共和国国家工商行政管理局或其授权的各省、自治区、直辖市及计划单列市工商行政管理局（以下简称登记机关）办理登记手续。

六 therein 英文释义:in that;in that particular;in that respect 中文译词:在那里；在那点上，在那方面

用法:在表示上文已提及的“合同中的„„，工程中的„„”等时使用。例如表示“修补工程中的缺陷”：“the remedying of any defects therein”，此处therein表示“in the Works”；表示“用于工程中的材料或机械设备”：“materials or plant for incorporation therein”，这里的therein表示“in the Works”。语法：置于所修饰词后,紧邻修饰词。

例1 “Temporary Works” means all temporary works of every kind(other than the Contractor’s Equipment)required in or about the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying

合同翻译中英讲解

A certificate of the Borrower shall, substantially, comply with the form set forth in Appendix 4, and the attachments specified therein.注释：

（1）a certificate of the borrower：借款人说明书（2）comply with：遵照

（3）the attachments specified therein：附录4规定的附件 therein：in Appendix 4 参考译文：

借款人证明书，其格式基本上应遵照附录4规定的格式及其规定的附件。

例5 If, at any time, an exemption shall be obtained from any such present or future taxes of any nature whatsoever imposed by local authorities or any political subdivision or taxing authorities thereof or therein as shall, under the Contract, be due in respect of any payment or payments, the Borrower shall promptly deliver to the Agent a copy of the certified documents evidencing the exemption in question.注释：

（1）exemption：免征税款

（2）local authorities：地方当局

（3）any political subdivision：任何下属政府分支机构

（4）taxing authorities thereof or therein：地方当局的税收当局 therein：in local authorities（5）under the Contract：根据合同规定（6）shall be due：应予以征收的

（7）the certified documents evidencing the exemption in question：证明上述免税文件 in question：上述 参考译文： 任何时候，如果由当地或其任何政府分支机构或税收当局，对任何根据合同规定所支付费用应予以征收的税款，不论什么性质，现在或将来，凡可以免征的，借款人应及时向代理行递交一份证明上述免税文件的副本。

例6 Where enterprises with foreign investment were registered with the State Administration for Industry and Commerce before the promulgation of the Income Tax Law of the People’s Republic of China for Enterprises with Foreign Investment and Foreign Enterprises(hereinafter called the Tax Law), the enterprise in question shall pay income tax at the rates provided for therein.注释：

（1）the Income Tax Law of the People’s Republic of China for Enterprises with Foreign Investment and Foreign Enterprises：中华人民共和国外商投资企业和外国企业所得税法。（2）at the rates provided for therein：按税法规定的税率 therein：in the Tax Law 参考译文：

在《中华人民共和国外商投资企业和外国企业所得税法》（以下简称税法）公布前已经办理工商登记的外商投资企业，该企业应按税法规定的税率缴纳所得税。

例7 Where the Borrower has full power and authority to enter into this Agreement, to make the

合同翻译中英讲解

（6）drawer：出单人

（7）the wording therein：the wording in the documents 其措辞（8）data content thereof：data content of the documents 项目内容（9）referred to in the credit：信用证中所述的 参考译文：

当信用证要求运输单据、保险单据和商业发票以外的单据时，信用证应规定该单据的出单人及其措辞或项目内容。如信用证虽无此规定，但提交的单据的项目内容可能证实与信用证中所述的货物及/或服务有关联，则银行将予接受。

例10 If any loss or damage happens to the Works, or any part thereof, or materials or Plant for incorporation therein, during the period for which the Contractor is responsible for the care thereof, from any cause whatsoever, other than the risks defined in Sub-Clause 20.4, the Contractor shall, at his own cost, rectify such loss or damage so that the Permanent Works conform in every respect with the provisions of the Contract to the satisfaction of the Engineer.注释：

（1）loss or damage：损失与损坏 注：loss与damage同义，同义词连用是合同文件语言特点之一。

（2）any part thereof：any part of the Works 工程中的任何一部分 thereof：of the Works（3）for incorporation therein：used in the Works 用于工程中的 for incorporation in：used in 应译成“用于（工程）中”，而不能译成“进入工程” therein：in the Works 工程中（4）at one’s own cost：自费（5）rectify：弥补，纠正

（6）Permanent Works：永久工程

（7）to the satisfaction of the Engineer：达到工程师满意的程度 参考译文：

在承包人负责照管工程期间，如果工程或其任何部分或材料或用于工程中的设备，除第20.4款所规定的风险外，不管由于任何原因而遭受损失或损坏，承包人应自费弥补此类损失或损坏，以使永久工程在各方面均符合合同的规定，并达到工程师满意的程度。

七.thereof 英文释义: of that, of it 中文译词:由此,其

用法:在表示已提及的“人或事的„„”时，为避免重复，可使用该词，比如表示“合同条件、条款”时，可译为“the terms, conditions and provisions thereof”，此处的thereof表示“of the Contract”；表示“工程任何部分”，可译为“any parts thereof”，这里的thereof表示“of the Works”。

语法：置于所修饰词后,紧邻修饰词。

例1：

合同翻译中英讲解

Employer takes over the Works or any section or part thereof.注释：

（1）Tests on Completion：竣工检验（2）otherwise agreed：另行商定

（3）Employer takes over the Works：业主接收工程

（4）any section or part thereof：工程任何部分、区段 thereof：of the Works 参考译文：

竣工检验指合同规定的或由工程师与承包人另行商定的检验。这些检验是由承包人在业主接收工程或工程任何部分、区段之前进行的。

例5 The collection order shall give specific instructions regarding the protest(or shall take other legal process in lieu thereof), in the event of non-acceptance or non-payment.In the absence of such specific instructions, the banks concerned with the collection shall have no obligation to provide the protest(or to take other legal process in lieu thereof)when the banks in question experience non-acceptance and non-payment.Any charges and /or expenses incurred by the banks in connection with such protest or other legal process shall be borne by the principal.注释：

（1）the collection order：托收指示（2）the protest：拒绝证书

（3）in lieu thereof：代替拒绝证书 thereof：of the protest（4）non-acceptance or non-payment：拒绝承兑或拒绝付款

（5）the banks concerned with the collection：与托收有关的各银行

（6）experience non-acceptance and non-payment：遭到拒绝承兑或拒绝付款（7）the principal：委托人 参考译文：

托收指示应对于在遭到拒绝承兑或拒绝付款时，是否需要作出拒绝证书（或采取其它替代法律手续）给予特别指示。如无此项特别指示，与托收有关的各银行在遭到拒绝付款或拒绝承兑时，并无义务作出拒绝证书（或采取其它替代法律手续）。

银行由于作出拒绝证书或采取其它法律手续而发生的手续费或费用概由委托人负担。

例6 If the Seller makes the specification himself, he shall inform the Buyer of the details thereof and shall determine a reasonable time within which the Buyer may make a different specification.If, after receipt of the communication in question, the Buyer fails to do so within the time so determined, the specification made by the Seller shall be binding.注释:（1）makes the specification：订明规格

（2）the details thereof：the details of the specification规格的细节（3）the communication in question：该通知（4）shall be binding：应具有约束力 参考译文：

合同翻译中英讲解

例10 If this Agreement is terminated for any reason whatsoever, all such drawings, transparencies, specifications, and any other manufacturing or engineering information as are supplied by Party A, including all the copies thereof, shall be returned to Party A, and Party B shall cease to manufacture the said Licensed Products or Components, or parts of the Licensed Products.注释：

（1）this Agreement is terminated：本协议终止（2）transparency：图片（3）specifications：规格

（4）any other manufacturing or engineering information：其它全部生产和操作资料（5）the said Licensed Products：上述许可证产品 参考译文：

如本协议因任何理由而终止，所有由甲方提供的图纸、图片、规格以及其它全部生产和操作资料，包括全部复制品，均返还甲方，同时，乙方应停止生产上述许可证产品、或部件、或零件。

八.thereafter, thereto, therewith, therefor, thereunder

1)thereafter: after that此后；之后 2）thereto: to that 随附；附之 3）therewith: with that 与此；与之 4）therefor: for that 因之；为此

5）thereunder: under that 在其下；依照

用法: 本节提及的各词，其用法与上面七节谈及的一样，主要强调的是“that”。如果强调的是“this”，则要用hereafter, hereto, herewith和hereof等。语法：紧接所修饰词之后。

例1：

The decision and award of the arbitration tribunal shall be final, and the judgment on the decision and award in question may, under the request of either party to the Contract, be made by any court having jurisdiction.The parties thereto shall, in good faith, comply with the decision and award of the arbitration tribunal.注释：

（1）

decision and award of the arbitration tribunal：仲裁庭的仲裁决定或裁决（2）

the judgment：司法判决

（3）

any court having jurisdiction：有管辖权的法院 jurisdiction：管辖权（4）

the parties thereto：合同双方 thereto：to the Contract（5）

in good faith：以良好诚信的态度 参考译文：

仲裁庭的仲裁决定或裁决是终局的，任何一方可以要求任何有管辖权的法院对此作出司法判决。双方须以良好诚信的态度遵守仲裁庭的决定。

例2：

合同翻译中英讲解

例5：

The Defects Liability Certificate for the Works shall, within 28 days after the expiration of the Defects Liability Period, be issued by the Engineer, or, if different defects liability periods become applicable to different Section or parts of the Permanent Works, the expiration of the latest such period, or if, pursuant to Clause 82, any works instructed are completed to the satisfaction of the Engineer, the Defects Liability Certificate therefor shall be issued by the Engineer as soon as possible.注释：

（1）

the Defects Liability Certificate：缺陷责任证书

（2）

the expiration of the Defects Liability Period： 缺陷责任期终止

（3）

different defects liability periods become applicable to different Section or parts of the Permanent Works：不同的缺陷责任期适用永久工程的不同区段或部分（4）

any works instructed：任何按指示进行的工程

参考译文：工程的缺陷责任证书应由工程师在缺陷责任期终止后28天内颁发，或者，如果不同的缺陷责任期适用永久工程的不同区段或部分时，则在最后一个缺陷责任期终止或根据第82条，在任何按指示进行的工程已完成并达到工程师满意之后尽快签发。

例6：

The Borrower shall pay for the account of the Banks a commitment fee of one half of one percent(0.5%)per annum on the Total Loan Commitment.The commitment fee shall be paid from the date of the conclusion of the Contract(inclusive)to the earlier day of the Disbursement Date and the Termination Date(but excluding the day in question).The commitment fee shall quarterly be paid from the date in the third month thereafter to the earlier day of the Disbursement Date and the Termination Date.注释：

（1）

commitment fee：承诺费，承担费。贷款协议签定生效后，如借款人没有按期使用贷款，需向贷款人支付一定金额的补偿费用——承诺费或承担费。通常在贷款协议中确定一个承诺期。承诺期分为前后两期，前期不收承诺费，后期计收承诺费。如果在前段承诺期已使用全部承诺期金额，则不收承诺费。如果在前段承诺期未使用全部承诺期金额，其余额在后段承诺期使用，则计收承诺费。

（2）

the Disbursement Date：贷款发放日（3）

the Termination Date：贷款终止日（4）

from the date in the third month thereafter：从其后第3个月的该日 thereafter：after the Termination Date

参考译文：

借款人每年应支付银行贷款承诺总额0.5%的承诺费。支付时间从签订合同之日起（包括该日在内），到贷款发放日和终止日中较早之日（但不包括该日在内）为止，从其后第3个月的该日起开始按季支付至发放日与终止日中较早之日。

合同翻译中英讲解

workmanship, formulas, skills and other data useful in the manufacture and marketing of certain products;and Whereas Party B desires to acquire the right and licence to use the above-mentioned technical assistance for the purpose of manufacturing, using and selling such products;and Whereas Party B desires to use the following trademarks owned by Party A.Now Therefore, the parties hereto do hereby agree on the contents of the agreement as follows:

注释：

（1）

proprietary technical information：专有技术信息

（2）

designs, techniques, workmanship, formulas, skills and other data：设计、技术、工艺、配方、技能和其他资料

（3）

the right and licence：许可权利（4）

technical assistance：技术协助（5）

trademarks：商标 参考译文：

鉴于甲方拥有合同产品的生产及销售所涉及的技术信息，包括设计、技术、工艺、配方、技能和其他资料的专有权；

鉴于乙方以生产、使用和销售合同产品为目的，希望获得使用上述协助的许可权利； 鉴于乙方希望使用甲方所有的下述商标； 双方兹就下列内容达成一致：

例3：

Whereas the Borrower proposes to borrow from the Banks, and the Banks, severally but not jointly, propose to lend to the Borrower, an aggregate amount of $50,000,000, the Parties hereto have hereby made and concluded this Agreement as follows:

注释：

（1）

whereas：鉴于

（2）

severally but not jointly：分别但不连带地（3）

an aggregate amount：总额

（4）

the Parties hereto have hereby made and concluded this Agreement as follows：当事人协议如下 参考译文：

鉴于借款人提出从银行借款，各银行分别但不连带地向借款人贷款，总额为$50,000,000（5000万美元），当事人协议如下：

例4：

Whereas the Borrower has requested the Bank to extend to the Borrower a term loan in the principal amount of One Million US Dollars(US $1,000,000)under the terms, conditions and provisions of this Agreement;and Whereas the Bank is prepared to make such a loan available to the Borrower under the terms, conditions and provisions of this Agreement;Now Therefore, in consideration of the mutual promises contained herein, the Parties hereto do hereby agree on the contents of the agreement as follows:

合同翻译中英讲解

promises that the law will enforce。何谓“Agreement”?L.B “A consensus of mind, or evidence of such consensus, in spoke or written form, relating to anything done or to be done.” 根据这一定义，协议是对已经做或准备做的相关事宜，经过谈判、协商后取得一致意见，以口头或书面形式做出的约定。Black “Law Dictionary”有两个定义。一个是：“A concord of understanding and intention between two or more parties with respect to the effect upon their relative rights and duties, of certain past or future facts or performance”根据这一定义，协议即双方或多方京某些过去或将来某些事实的相关权利、义务或相关权利、义务的履行而达成的一致理解和愿望。另一个是：“The consent of two or more persons concurring respecting the transmission of some property, right or benefits, with the view of contacting an obligation, a mutual obligation.”根据这一定义，协议即两个或多个当事人，为了约定单方责任或相互责任，就财产权利、利益的转移取得的一致同意。Contract(合同)和Agreement(协议)是不是可以互换呢？合同的成立必须具备几个主要因素。它们（要约和承诺构成的）协议、约因、设立法律关系的愿望和缔约能力四大部分组成。L.B Curzon编著的“A Diction of Law”提到：“Contract generally involves”1.offer and absolute and unqualified acceptance(要约和绝对接受)2.consensus ad idem(意思表示一致，也叫meeting of minds)3.intention to create legal relations(建立合同关系的意愿)4.genuineness of consent(同意的真实性)5.contractual capacity of the parties(合同当事人的缔约能力)6.legality of object(标的物的合法性)7.possibility of performance(履行的可能性)8.certainty of terms(条款的确定性)9.valuable consideration(等价有偿)Black 'Law Dictionary“ 中解释道：Although often used as synonyms with ”contract“, agreement is a broader term, e.g.an agreement might lack an essential element of a contact.” 即“协议”和“合同”经常用作同义词，但“协议”这一术语含义更广，例如协议可能缺乏合同的必备条款（essential clauses/provisions）。实际使用当中，协议可不受必备条款的限制，而称为合同的文体肯定少不了必备条款，有的合同将其单列，称为一般条款（General provisions）。1999中国《合同法》第十二条规定了八项一般条款，分别是：1.title or name and domicile of the parities(当事人的名称或姓名和住址)2.contract object(标的)3.quantity(数量)4.quality(质量)5.price or remuneration(价款或者报酬)6.time limit, place and method of performance(履行期限、地点和方式)7.liability for breach of contract(违约责任)8.methods to settle disputes(解决争议的方法)上述解释说明，contract(合同)和agreement(协议)的概念虽然接近，但使用范围不同，不能互换使用。合同是协议的重要组成部分，所有合同一定是协议，而协议不见得都是合同。可以说具备合同成立要求的具有强制执行力的协议才是合同。2．“契约”的英语表达 英语中表达契约的用语有：covenant, indenture, deed和compact。它们含义有无区别呢。在Black的“Law Dictionary”中，covenant是指：Agreement, convention or promise or more parties, by deed in writing, signed, and delivered, by which either of the parties pledged himself to the other that something is either done, or shall be done, or shall not be done, or stipulates for the truth of certain facts.The term is currently used primarily with respect to promises in conveyance or other instruments relating to real estate.看来covenant主要指针对不动产转让或与不动产相关的证明文件。在Black的“Law Dictionary”中，indenture 是指：A deed between tow parties conveying real estate by which both parities assume obligations, Historically, indenture referred to a crease or wavy cut that was made in duplicates of the deed so their authenticity could be verified later.看来indenture针对的也是不动产转让，但在传统做法中为证明其真实性，被人一撕为二，留下折痕或波纹状撕痕，以供未来核对的那种契约就叫indenture.在Black的“Law Dictionary”

合同翻译中英讲解

construction engineering and installation of project(建议工程承包、安装合同)服务方面有：Technical service agreement, technical consulting agreement, technical development agreement, technical transfer agreement, licensing agreement.(技术服务、咨询、开发、转让、许可协议)；Agency agreement(代理协议)Insurance contract(保险合同)Financing agreement(融资协议)Venture capital management agreement(风险投资管理协议)Employment contract for legal consultant(法律顾问协议)公司方面包括有：joint venture contract(合资企业合同)articles of association, corporate bylaw(章程)partnership agreement(合伙协议)agreement on assignment of equity interests(股权转让协议)composition agreement(和解协议)物流（Logistics）方面包括有：sales contract(买卖合同)purchase contract(采购合同)carriage/transportation contract(运输合同)import and export contract(进出口合同)warehousing and safekeeping contract(仓储保管合同)contract for compensation trade(补偿贸易合同)人身（personal right）方面包括有：legacy-support agreement(遗赠抚养协议)divorce agreement(离婚协议)4．合同的订立、变更、终止、解除、撤销 汉语中关于合同的订立、变更、解除和撤销说法确定，而英语的表达有有多种。英语中关于合同的订立的表述有：Make a contract Enter into a contract Form a contract Create a contract Conclude a contract Execute a contract Covenant名词科短语的形式分别是：The making of contract The conclusion of contract The entry into contract The formation of a contract The creation of a contract The conclusion of contract The execution of contract Covenant如英文合同、协议的开始句：This agreement/contract is made and entered in to this ____ day of _____(month), _______(year)by and between Party A and Party B, the parties hereby covenant as follows:本协议/合同由甲乙双方于______年______月______日订立，双方特此约定如下：英语中关于合同变更的表述有Alter: 名词形式alteration，指只改变合同细节而不致合同丧失原貌；Change: 名词形式与动词同，指实质性导致合同丧失原貌的变更Modify: 名词形式modification，指根据新的意图，并限定在该意图之内的变更英语中关于合同的终止与撤销的表达法有：1.Terminate a contract ,名词形式termination of contract Black's Law Dictionary解释说：Termination refers to an ending, usually before the end of the anticipated term of the contract, which termination may be my mutual agreement or may be by exercise of one party of one of his remedies due to the default of the other party.Termination通常指合同在约定期满之前终止履行。该终止既可经双方同意而做出，也指一方因另一方违约而行使的一种救济权。但是《美国统一商法典》却规定，“终止”是指合同方未违反合同约定而依法终止合同（Under the Uniform Commercial Code, “termination” means legally ending a contract without being broken by either side）2.cancel a contract,Black's Law Dictionary解释说：cancellation occurs when either party puts an end to the contract for breach by the other and its effect is the same as that of “termination” except that the canceling party also retains any remedy for breach of the whole contract or any unperformed balance.Cancel 指一方另因另一方违约而解除或取消合同，其效力与termination（终止）一词几乎一致，不同点在于撤销一方仍有权对整个合同或合同中未履行部分主张救济。3.discharge contract Steven H.Gifis 的“Law Dictionary”解释说：When it is said that a contract is discharged, it always meant that one or more of the legal relations of the parties have been terminated.The meaning that is most commonly intended is that the legal duty of one of the parties has been terminated.A party who is asserted to be under a legal duty by virtue of his contract may reply that duty has been discharged by some factor that has occurred since the making of the contract.Discharge a

合同翻译中英讲解

and B______,(hereinafter called “The Manager”)of the other part.句子开头THIS AGREEMENT 或CONTRACT和当事人的姓名和名称，都应大写。当事人是自然人的，用“of”和其后的住址相连；是法人或非法人单位的，用“having its registered office at”和其后注册地址相连。第二部分：称为recital。以WHEREAS开头，进入叙述部分，用陈述正式说明当事人订立合同的原因。第三部分：称为habendum，正文。具体约定当事人的权利和义务。正文部分的结束段为：IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have set their hand the day and year first above written.这段作用相当于中文合同的“双方签字盖章，特此为证”。第四部分：称为schedule或addendum，附录。是对前述合同部分条款的必要补充。不是所有合同都有这一项。第五部分：称为attestation，证明部分。当事人如果自然人，用“SIGNED by __”；连接后填写见证姓名的表达部分“In the presence of ____”；当事人是法人或非法人单位时，授权代表后接的是“SIGNED for and on behalf _____ of____”，然后才是In the presence of _______。与中文合同的显著不同是签章处除当事人外，多了一个In the presence of _______供证人签字之处。另一不同的是合同订立日期没有放在合同最后，而是出现在开头段的当事人介绍部分。第五部分在新加坡还有另一种表达“As Witness our Hands this _____day of _____，in the year of our Lord Tow Thousand and One.Signed, sealed, and delivered by the above named In the presence of SignatureAddressOccupation上述合同的格式很有代表性，其它英文格式与之相比大同大异，有的合同中不含附录。B.美国APPOINTMENT AS CONTRACT FULL-TIME SENIOR CUSTOMS ADMINISTRATORAN AGREEMENT FOR SERVICES made the 1st day of September, 2000 between ______ of _____(address)(hereinafter referred to as “the Company”)as one part and Mr._______ of _______(address)(hereinafter referred to as the Contractor)of the other part.WHEREBY IT IS AGREED AND DECLARED AS FOLLOWS:1.THAT the Company shall „2.This agreement shall commence on „.3.4.IN WITNESS WHEREOF, both parties set their hands on the date herein mentionedSIGNED BYName esignation :For and on behalf of :(signature)Contractor esignation :For and on behalf of :(signature)本合同分为四个大部分（缺附录，schedule）。与上一合同基本相同，但第一段没有谓语，不是个完整的句子。个别用词与前一合同有差别。最后落款处还多了了“职务”，即designation(有的合同还惯用position).C.香港CONTRACTCONTACT NO.SIGNING DATE/PLACETHE BUYER: NameLegal AddressContactTHE SELLER: NameLegal AddressContactThis contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller.Whereby the Buyer agrees o buy and the Seller agrees to sell the under-mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions.1.NAME OF COMMODITY AND SCOPE OF THE CONTRACT 2.PRICE3.PAYMENT4.PACKING5.IN WITHNESS WHEREOF, this contract has been executed effective as of the date first above written.THE BUYER THE SELLER___________ ___________By:__________ By:__________Date:------------_________ Date:------------_________THE END USER___________By: __________Date:--------____-_________比起前两个合同，该买卖合同的不同之处于在于，合同开头出现了合同编号和签署日期，当事人名称或姓名采用简单列举式。证明部分用完成时被动态，最后落款处SIGNED BY项目，但增加了最终用户一项。D.日本SERVICE AGREEMENTThis agreement is made and entered into on March 1st ,2001, by and between______ LTD(hereinafter referred to as “ARTY A”), and ________CO., LTD.((hereinafter referred to as “ARTY B”)WITNESSTH:WHEREAS, PARTY B has

合同翻译中英讲解

保障。如合同出现的“瑕疵”、“救济”、“不可抗力”、“管辖”、“损毁”、“灭失”等就可能让非行业人士费解，在英语以上表达分别为defect、remedy、force majuere/Act of God、jurisdiction、damage and/or loss)。另外几乎每个合同都少不了hereinafter referred to as , whereas, in witness whereof, for and on behalf of , hereby, thereof 等虚词。这也是合同英语的一大特色。其它例子还有：“赔偿”用“indemnities”，而不用“compensation”“不动产转让”用“conveyance”，而不用“trnasfer of real estate”“房屋出租”用“tenancy”，而“财产出租”用“lease of property”“停业”用“wind up a business”或“cease(名词是cessation)a business”,而不用“end/stop a business”专利许可中的“特许权使用费”只用“royalities”还款或专利申请的“宽限期”英文“grace”,“当事人在破产中的和解”用“composition”以实物出资为“investment in kind”“依照合同相关规定”一般说“pursuant to provisions contained herein”或“as provided herein”等，不说“according to relevant terms and conditions in the contract”“合同任何一方当事人不得转让本合同”英文表述为“Neither party hereto may assign this contract”，其中“hereto”表示“to the contract”，选用“Neither party to the contract”较少。3． 同义词、近义词、相关词的序列FOR value RECEIVED，the undersigned does hereby sell, transfer, assign and set over to ______ all his right, tile and interest in and to a certain contract dated ______, 19____ by and between the undersigned and ______，a copy of which is annexed hereto.在这里的同义词和近义词并列（如sell, transfer, assign and set over，right和 tile and interest），在英文合同里十分普遍。这是出于严谨和杜绝漏洞的考虑，有的也属于合同用语的固定模式。如：This agreement is made and entered into by and between Party A and Party B.句中“made and entered into”和“by and between”两组分别属于同义词和相关词并列。For and in consideration of mutual covenants and agreements contained herein, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows: 句中“for and in consideration of ”，“covenants and agreements”三组同义司和近义词并列。The parties have agreed to vary the Management on the terms and subject to the conditions contained herein.这里的“on the terms”和“subject to the conditions”是一个意思都表示“依照本协议的条款规定”。合同条款的固定模式是“terms and conditions”再例如：“Party A wishes to be released and discharged from agreement as from the feective date”，一句中的“realease”和“discharge”意思几乎相同。并列的词还有：ships and vesselssupport and maintenancelicenses and permitscharges, fees, costs and expensesany and allany duties, obligations or liabilities the partners, their heirs, successors and assignscontrol and management of the partnership applicable laws, regulations, decrees, directives, and rules5.拉丁词在国外合同中，拉丁词仍然是很常见：比例税率：用pro rate tax rate要比proportional tax rate多从事慈善性服务的律师：pro bono lawyer，不怎么用lawyer engaged in charitable legal assistance委托代理人：多用agent ad litem不可抗力： force majuere.说真的，我期待过你的出场。

未认识你以前，我便有想象过你会是什么样子——长发还是短发、文艺还是清纯、非主流还是海归范儿。只是当你出现时，我发现跟想象中的完全不一样；而跟你相熟了之后，我慢慢觉得你就该是这样，这样的你，才是我曾经期待过的你。那天你终于出现——有了朱恒玉在你来之前一个月提起你要来、有了Micheal提起与你的面试、有了同事声称今天要来个美女....这一切，好像都在为你的到来做

940-

第二篇：合同翻译中英

Contract Date : 合同日期

Contract Number : 合同编号

SALE & PURCHASE CONTRACT FOR BRAZIL IRON ORE FINES

巴西铁矿石购销合同

This contract(“Contract”)is made and entered into by and between:

这个合同（“合同”）是由以下双方达成：

Seller :

卖方

Buyer :

买方

Whereas, the Buyer agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell the below-mentioned goods for Asia, on the terms and conditions stated below:

在此，在下述的情况条件下，买方同意购买，卖方同意销售下文提及的货物，：

CLAUSE 1 : DEFINITION 第一条： 定义

In this contract, the following terms shall, unless otherwise specifically defined, have the following meanings:在本合同中，除非另有特指，词语均定义如下，(A)“Ore” means Iron Ore Fines of Brazil Origin.“矿石”指的是产地巴西的铁矿石

(B)“U.S.Currency” means the currency of the United States of America freely transferable from and payable to an external account.“美元货币”指的是美国的自由可转让的且可支付外国帐户的货币

(B)“Metric Tonne or MT” means a tonne equivalent to 1,000 Kilogram.公吨或MT 指的是等于1000千克的一吨。

(D)“Wet basis” means Ore in its natural wet state.“湿吨”指的矿石的自然重量

(E)“Dry basis” means Ore dried at 105 degrees Centigrade.“干吨”指的是105摄氏度干燥后的矿石。

(F)“DMT” means dry Metric Tonne

“DMT”指的是干吨重。

CLAUSE 2 : COMMODITY 第二条： 货物

Ore 铁

CLAUSE 3 : DELIVERY QUANTITY AND DELIVERY PERIOD 第三条 交货数量和交付期限

Quantity :-----WMT(+/-10%)at Buyer’s Option

数量： ___湿吨（+/-10%）-买方意见

Loading Port : Rio de Janeiro port, Brazil(at Seller’s option)

装船港：巴西里约热内卢-卖方意见

Discharging Port :----------/----------port, China(at Buyer’s option)

装卸港： 中国 港-买方意见

Shipment : On or before--------------, 2006

装船： 在 年 月 日 之前

CLAUSE 4 : GUARANTEED SPECIFICATIONS第四条： 质量保证

Chemical composition(on Dry basis)化学成分（在干燥状态）

Fe铁 64.50 %(Rejection below 63.50%)拒绝低于63.5%

Al2O3 氧化铝 2.0% max 不高于2.0%

SiO2 氧化硅 3.5% max 不高于3.5%

Sulphur 硫 0.01% max 不高于0.01%

Phosphorus 磷 0.06% max不高于0.06%

Free moisture content loss at 105 degrees Centigrade shall be 8.00% max.在105摄氏度失去的自然水分含量不能高于8%。

Physical composition(on Wet basis)物理成分（自然状态下）

Size(mm)大小 +10 mm 5% max 不多于5% + 1 mm 80% min 不少于

0%-15 mm 15% max 不多于15%

CLAUSE 5 : PRICE 第5条 价格

US$ per DMT CIF------port, China(Incoterms 2000).The above price shall be based on 64.5% Fe.Rejection below Fe 63.5% based on CIQ analysis report at discharging port and also rejection below Fe 64.0% based on loading port analysis.__ 美元/干吨 CIF __ 中国港口(Incoterms 2000),这个价格是基于64.5%含铁量的.卖方拒装在出发港检验中低于64%的,同样买方拒收装卸港CIQ检验中低于63.5%含铁的矿石.CLAUSE 6 : PRICE ADJUSTMENT 第6条 价格调整

The prices of Ore stipulated in Clause 5 hereof shall be adjusted by the following bonuses and penalties:第5条中合同规定的矿石价格需要被以下方式奖罚调整.ORE CONTENT(Fe):含铁量

BONUS : 奖励

For each 1.00% of Fe above 64.5%, the base price shall be increased by US$ 1.00 per DMT, fractions pro rata.含铁量每比64.5%高1%,基本价格应该提高1美金/干吨

PENALTY :处罚

For each 1.00% of Fe below 64.5%, the base price shall be decreased by US$ 1.00 per DMT, fractions pro rata.But Buyer has the right to reject Ore which is Fe content is below 63.5%.含铁量每比64.5%低1%,基本价格应降低1美金/干吨,但买方有权拒收含铁量低于63.5%的.OTHER ELEMENTS(IMPURITIES):

If the composition of Ore in respect of Alumina(Al2O3), Silica(SiO2), Sulphur(S)and Phosphorus(P)exceeds the respective guaranteed maximum as set forth in Clause 4 hereof, Buyer shall accept such delivery of Ore by imposing penalties provided below, fractions pro rata.如果矿石的氧化硅,氧化铝,硫,磷的成分超过了第四条内容规定的保证值,买方应接受交货.按比例处以(卖方)罚金,a)Al2O3 氧化铝

US$ 5(Five)cents per DMT for each 1.00% in excess of 2.00% 含量超过2%的,每增加1%,罚以0.5美元一干吨

b)SiO2 氧化硅

US$ 5(Five)cents per DMT for each 1.00% in excess of 3.50%.含量每超过3.5%,的,每增加1%, 0.5美元一干吨

c)S(Sulphur)硫

US$ 5(Five)cents per DMT for each 0.01% in excess of 0.01%.含量每超过0.01%,的,每增加0.01%, 0.5美元一干吨

d)P(Phosphorus)磷

US$ 5(Five)cents per DMT for each 0.01% in excess of 0.06% 含量每超过0.06%,的,每增加0.01%, 0.5美元一干吨

MOISTURE : 水分

In the event that the free moisture loss at 105 degrees Centigrade exceeds the respective guaranteed maximum as set forth in Clause 4 here

of, Seller shall pay Buyer half of the actual freight attributable to moisture content over 8% up to 9% including 9% and full actual freight attributable to moisture content over 9%.当矿石在105摄氏度下蒸发的自然水分超过第四条所承诺的最大值时,卖方应赔付买方:

1)水分的一半运费 大于8% 小于等于9%时;2)水分的全部运费 大于9%时

CLAUSE 7 : PAYMENT

第7条 交付方式

Buyer shall open within seven(7)working days after the date of this contract, on at sight Letter of Credit(“L/C”)in favor of Seller providing for payment of the full invoice value of quantity of Ore.The LC should contain the following terms and conditions:买方应在签订合同后的7个工作日内,开可见信用证 信用证应符合以下条款条件:

(i)The L/C shall be issued or transferred by First Class Bank.All banking charges outside the L/C issuing bank including reimbursing charges and confirmation charges are for the account of the Beneficiary.信用证应由一级银行开证并转交,所有除开证行之外的银行费用,包括支付行费用和保兑费用,由受益人支付.(ii)L/C shall allow for 10% more or less in value and quantity.信用证价值和数量应允许10%的增减.(iii)Charter party bills of lading acceptable.租约项下提单可接受

(iv)Third party documents acceptable except for Draft and Invoice.(v)Partial shipment allowed.(vi)Trans-shipment not allowed.(vii)Spelling and other typographical errors are not considered as discrepancies.(A)Provisional Payment

The aforesaid L/C shall be payable against Seller’s sight draft(s)for the amount of ninety-five(95)percent of the CIF value of the shipment accompanied by the documents as stipulated in Clause 8 hereof.The Certificate of Weight issued by SGS Brazil Private, Ltd.(“SGS Brazil”)in Brazil by survey of ship’s draft together with the Certificate of Analysis of sample and of the percentage of the free moisture loss at 105 degrees Centigrade issued by SGS Brazil shall be a basis for the Seller’s provisional invoice for the provisional payment.(B)Final Payment

The balance(+/-)of the CIF value of the shipment after the provisional payment to Seller shall be settled in accordance with Seller’s draft payable at sight together with the final invoice and the documents stated in Clause 8.(2)hereof or by telegraphic transfer by Seller to Buyer in accordance with Buyer’s debit note to Seller together with the documents(except Seller’s final invoice)stated in Clause

8.(2)hereof within ten(10)days from the date of receipt of the said documents, as the case may be.The validity of the L/C should be maintained in accordance with the above.Seller’s final invoice or Buyer’s debit note for the settlement of the balance of the CIF value of the shipment shall be based on the certificate issued by the State General Administration of the People’s Republic of China for Quality Supervision and Inspection and Quarantine or its branches(collectively “CIQ China”)as provided in Clause 8 and Clause 9 hereof.If an umpire analysis is required under the Clause 10 hereof, payment adjustment arising from this will be made when the umpire’s certificate is available.If Buyer is not able to submit to Seller the Inspection Certificate issued by CIQ China as per Clause 9 hereof within seventy five(75)days after the completion of discharging, the Draft Survey Certificate of Weight and Certificate of Analysis at loading port shall be the base of the final invoice or debit note.If the cargo is rejected based on CIQ analysis report Seller shall refund the amount vide Clause 7(A)Provisional Payment, within 30 days after the receipt of the CIQ analysis report.Buyer’s banking details:

Bank Name :

Bank Address :

Seller’s bank details:

Bank Name :

Bank Address :

第三篇：中英翻译差异

汉英文化差异对英语翻译的影响

【摘要】翻译活动并不是简单的文字转换，而是把一种语言转换成另一种语言的工作，因而是一种跨文化的活动。而各个民族的生活环境和生活经历不同造成了他们所创造的文化之间也具有巨大差异，这种差异又造成了各自语言上的巨大差异。这些差异对译者翻译过程以及翻译翻译结果的准确性产生巨大影响。本文将从地理位置、宗教信仰、生活习惯和习俗、以及词义联想和文化意象共四个方面探讨中西方文化的差异对翻译活动的影响。【关键词】汉英文化 英语翻译 差异 影响

引言

语言是社会现象,也是文化现象,语言反映文化,又受文化的制约,语言与文化的密切关系注定了翻译与文化的关系。根据一般概念, 翻译是将一种语言的信息用另一种语言表达出来的活动。这个概念只提及语言的信息, 未提到文化的信息, 是不完整的概念。世界上不同的民族和地域的人们创造了具有各自特点的民族地域文化，这种文化上的差异造成了各自语言的巨大差异，所以翻译不仅是把一种语言转换成另外一种语言的工作。更是文化上的交流活动。我国著名学者王佐良教授在谈到文化与翻译的关系时指出: “翻译工作者处理的是个别的词, 他面对的则是两大片文化。”

一、汉英的地理位置差异与英语翻译

一定的文化实体总是存在于一定的空间地域内的，因此它不可避免地要反映该地域的自然特点与物产经济的特点，具体反映在语言上也有所不同。在用自然景观或物体作比较时，不同的语言表现就存在明显的差异。就拿中国和英国相比，以英国为例，英国四周环海，是一个典型的岛国，并且在历史上英国的航海业非常发达，曾一度领先于其他国家，因而英语中与海洋有关的词语和表达就特别丰富。中国则不同，中国有2/3 的边界线在陆地上，文化的繁荣兴盛起源于中原。中华民族世代在亚洲大陆生活并繁衍，生活的方方面面都离不开土地，所以他们对土地有一种特殊的感情。在语言中也潜移默化体现与土地的关系，如，汉语“挥金如土”，比喻铺张浪费，花钱大手大脚，而英语中则用“spend money like water” 此外，英语中有大量关于船和水的俗语和习语，而在汉语中却找不到完全相同的对应，如: “all at sea”（指不知所措）、“as close as an oyster”（指守口如瓶）、“drink like a fish”（指豪饮）等等。中国人经常用“天南地北”来表达对祖国幅员辽阔的赞叹，而英国人则用“from sea to sea”来表达国土面积的意思。

“东风”和“西风”在中西文化中有着不同的解读，这也是由国家的地理环境的差异造成的。中国西邻高山，东临大海，东风就是温暖春天的象征，所以中国人偏爱东风，故素有“西风凛冽”与“东风送暖”之辞。而英国却拥有完全不同的地貌与气候，它西邻大西洋，东面与欧洲大陆相望，西风温暖而湿润，东风反而寒冷。英国人对西风的喜爱在雪莱的《西风颂》中表现得淋漓尽致，诗中有这么一句：“Oh the west wind.If winter comes, can spring be far behind.”（啊，西风！假如冬天已经来临，春天还会远吗？）如果不了解英国的地理环境，译者在翻译这个句子时可能就会感到困惑：为什么雪莱会歌颂寒冷的西风呢？因此，这种地理环境的差异有时会给翻译带来较大的困难。

二、汉英双方宗教信仰差异与英汉翻译

在语言漫长的发展历史中，宗教的影响是不容小觑的，各国的语言或多或少都会沾染上些许宗教色彩。英国人大多信基督教，按照基督教的理解，世界和宇宙是上帝创造的，这个世上的万事万物都要服从上帝的旨意。在中国则大多数人信奉佛教，在他们心中，由各派佛祖主宰这个世界。中英文中都有大量与宗教信仰相关的词语，中文里有“借花献佛”、“放下屠刀，立地成佛”等说法。在西方国家，人们表示对对方的祝福时常会说“God bless you!”，在鼓励灰心丧气的朋友时，人们通常会说“God helps those who help themselves”（天助自助者）。与宗教有关的典故在翻译工作中也很常见。如：“The thing I bought yesterday am found to be an apple of Sodom.” 中的“an apple of Sodom” 便是出自于圣经中的一个典故。据圣经《旧约·创世纪》记载, 所多玛是古代死海边上的一座城市, 由于那里的居民骄奢淫逸, 罪大恶极, 上帝降火烧毁了这座城,城中的百姓、庄稼和牲畜全都化为灰烬, 传说在那里的死海边上长着一种外表美丽、摘下便成为灰烬的苹果。后来, “an apple of Sodom” 比喻罪恶的城市, 罪恶之地。只有了解这一典故, 才能正确译成：“我发现昨天买的东西外表好看却实际无用。”如果译者不熟悉圣经里的这个典故，那么他在翻译的时候就不能准确地表达出原文的意思。

三、生活习惯和习俗的差异与英语翻译

我们常说: “ 一方水土养一方人。” 的确如此, 这其中也包含着文化的差异。汉语和英语是建立在不同文化基础上的两种语言, 它们各自反映着自己特殊的民族文化和历史传统。语言和文化是息息相关的, 有什么样的文化, 就会有与之相对应的语言来反映。

就拿数字来说，“8”在中国是一个吉利的数字，很多人在竞投车牌，电话号码等的时候愿意花上一大笔钱，就只为了图一个吉利。可是如果是拿这些数字给英国人，可能他们只会一笑而过甚至会觉得奇怪为什么要花那么多钱买一堆数字。称谓上，中国人是讲究尊卑大小，因此会有“舅舅”、“舅妈”、“叔叔”、“婶婶”等的称谓。可是在英语的 “uncle”、“aunt”这两个词就代替了这些称谓的麻烦。中国人性格上是比较内敛的，而外国人则思想相对比较开放。因而在生活上，中国人都喜欢委婉的表达自己的情感，比如：某人称赞某个人的女儿很漂亮时，中国人一般会说：“哪里，哪里。”以表达自己的谦虚。如果把这几句直接翻译过来就会闹出笑话：“Your daughter is beautiful.” “where, where.”所以在翻译这类词语时，译者一定要考虑到不同的生活习俗对日常表达的影响，千万不能僵硬地采用直译来传达原文的意思。除此之外，中国人见面很喜欢问别人：“你吃饭了没。”但是英国人则是喜欢见面就讨论今天的天气，两个极端反映出双方文化的差异。如果在翻译的时候没有这些文化内涵作为根基，那么译者也很难把真正的意思翻译出来。

四、词义联想和文化意象与翻译

由于英汉两个民族生活环境和生活经历的不同, 在词义联想和文化意象上必然存在着一些差异。例如: 对“dragon”一词的理解中西差异就很大, 中国人视之为神圣, 尊贵的象征, 因而望子成龙，称自己为龙的传人；而在西方人的眼中, 龙却是嘴里喷火的四足怪物, 在《圣经》 里是罪恶的象征。就拿“龙凤胎”一词举例，我们不能翻译成： “A baby dragon and a baby phoenix”那样很容易让西方人误解，甚至大为吃惊，感到不可思议。正确的译文应该是：“pigeon pair”。同样西方人对“dog” 的看法也与中国人大相径庭, 英语中含有“dog” 的习语很多, 大多表示喜爱的感情, 例如:“ a lucky dog”(幸运儿)；“ Every dog has his day.”(凡人皆有得意日。)等等, 而汉语中却说“痛打落水狗”“走狗”等,大多含有贬义。

中华文化五千年，其中最为璀璨而西方又无法相比的就是唐诗。中国的唐诗分门别类，有四言绝句，八言律诗等。中国诗人可以用用寥寥数十字去表达一个绝美的意境，就以《静夜思》为例：“床前明月光，疑是地上霜。举头望明月，低头思故乡。”16字就已经把诗人的思念之前形象生动地表达出来。若是把这16字翻译为英文，那么字数肯定是超过原来的诗句，最重要的是诗句原来的意境也不复存在。又例如，中文中常有：“好好学习，天天向上”之说。英文中却是没有的，中国人自行翻译为：“Good good study, day day up.”明显就违反了英语的日常用法。又如：“If the public officials of higher authorities resort to bribery, those of lower authorities will follow.This is called：Fish begins to stink at the head.”以中国人的思维，或会翻译出：“上级公务员行贿受贿, 下级公务员也会效仿。这叫：鱼从头开始发臭。”完全的中国式英语，被中文思维所以困扰，所以才会出现最后一句翻译的笑话。以上种种课看出中英双方的思维差异之大，以此导致双方在词义联想以及意境上有巨大的差别。所以在进行翻译的时候，译者不能只顾转换语言符号而忽略非语言符号的结果。以‘Fish begins to stink at the head.’为例，它的英语文化涵义是什么? 怎样把这层意义转化到汉语译文中来, 使其也具有类似的汉语文化内涵, 换句话说，就是把这短短的英文句子翻译出具有中国风味的句子。这就需要译者有两种文化的词义联想和文化意象，将‘Fish begins to stink at the head.’与中文中的某些词句来年息起来，再根据语境得出翻译的结果，这样的句子才会更加“有味道”。而正确的译文应为：“上级公务员行贿受贿, 下级公务员也会效仿，这叫： 上行下效(或上梁不正下梁歪)。”上行下效或上梁不正下梁歪都是汉语习语, 寓意深刻, 能够较好地对接‘Fish begins to stink at the head.’中的文化内涵。结语

本文通过地理、宗教、生活习惯和习俗、以及在词义联想和文化意象四方面对汉英翻译的关系，初步地了解汉英文化差异对英语翻译的影响。我们可以看到，文化的差异给词语的表达打上了深深的文化烙印，语言承载丰富的文化内涵。而翻译不仅要力求语言意义上的等值，而且更重要的是文化意义上的等值。要想翻译出完美的作品，译者就必须在理解词的内涵上下功夫，深入了解译出语和译入语之间的文化差异，对译文做出综合判断，选择合适的翻译技巧，只有把文化和语言能力有机结合，才能做好翻译工作。

参考文献

⑴杨立刚.试析汉英文化差异与翻译.黑龙江教育学院学报,2004(6):99.⑵张捷.试论汉英文化差异对翻译的影响.吉林师范大学学报,2011(3):54 ⑶刘法公.汉英文化差异与汉英翻译信息障碍.外语与外语教学.2000(12):45

第四篇：英语中英翻译

exclusive privileges 独有的特权

better off 更好的

national income 国民收入

business investment expenditure 企业投资支出 replacement cost 重置成本

short-distance distribution 短途配送 downtown business district 市中心商业区 checkout counter 结账柜台 the required reserve 准备金 self-sufficient 自给自足的 shopping centre 购物中心 know-how 专有技术

floating captial流动资本 economies of scale 规模经济

talk show 谈话节目

viewer demographics 观众人口统计数据 the peculiar powers 独特的力量 foreign-trade zones 对外贸易区 investment demand 投资需求 outlying villages 偏远的村庄 advertising media 广告媒体 a change in situation 形式的变化 captial equipment 资本设备

原材料Raw material 产品统一条形码 The unified product bar code 标准化集装箱Standard container 贸易差额Balance of trade 名胜古迹historical interest 规模经济Scale economy 垄断性竞争Monopolistic competition 补偿贸易Compensation trade 赤字 in the red 原始资本积累 Primitive accumulation of capital

无形贸易Invisible trade 定期存款账户Deposit account 市场经济Market economy 商业银行Commercial Bank 生产资料The means of production 文明世界The civilized world 基础设施Infrastructure 额外储备金The extra reserves 保险费Insurance premium 直接税Direct tax 医疗设备 Medical device 人造丝Artificial silk 批量生产Batch production 携手合作Work together 垄断性竞争Monopolistic competition 在和平时期In times of peace 保险单Insurance policy 成本效益Cost effectiveness 提单 bill of lading 财政危机Financial crisis 人际关系Interpersonal relationship 每隔几分钟 every free minutes 保守秘密Keep a secret 国家税务State Taxation 生活方式 Way of life 两份报纸 two copies of newspaper

一块肥皂 a bar of soap

一件家具 a piece of furniture

一把剪刀 a pair of scissors

丢弃 throw away

陷入困境 get into trouble

工业产品 industrial goods

农产品 agriculture goods

一辈子一次性的收获 a one-in-a-lifetime acquisition

没有出路的工作 a dead-end job

付一大笔钱 pay good money

过时 be out of fashion

流行 be in the fashion

批量生产 mass-production

降低成本 lower the cost

在起作用 be at work

物美价廉的产品 better quality products at good values

所得税 income tax

投放市场 put on the market

小批量 in limited quantities

大量地 in large quantities

要求 ask for

下降 go down

从商go into business

努力做某事 strive to do sth.医疗设备 medical device

劣质产品 inferior products

一条面包 a loaf of bread

温和宽容的 easy-going

人造丝 artificial silk

假牙 artificial teeth

对„有害 be harmful to

警惕 be on guard

认为某事当然 take sth for granted

由„组成 be composed of

一个中年妇女 a middle-aged women

一些性格开朗的女孩 an open-minded girl

一个意志软弱的人 a weak-minded man

一个意志坚强的人 a strong-minded soldier

遭受 suffer from

由于压力 as a result of stress

警告信号 warning signals

交通阻塞 traffic jam

指出 point out

逃离 run away from

自杀 commit suicide

从事摄影 take up photography

高度工业化国家 a highly industrialized country

工业生产 industrial production

制成品 manufactured goods

领先 take over the lead

失去领先地位 lose one's lead

赤字 in the red

就„而言 as far as „ is concerned

易手 change hands

赚钱 earn money

金融中心 a financial centre

贸易中心 a commercial centre

国际贸易 international trade

外贸 foreign trade

商船船队 a merchant fleet

巨额金钱 vast sums of money

一大笔钱 a large sum of money

对付，处理 deal with

有形贸易 visible trade

无形贸易 invisible trade

贸易差额 trade gap

失血 loss of blood

高度机械化的工厂 highly mechanized factory

产品统一条形码 universal product code

黑白相间的条纹 zebra stripes(or black and white stripes)

斑马线 zebra crossing

油炸土豆片 potato chips

炸薯条 French fries

黑白电视机 black and white televisions

墨画 black and white

身上青一块紫一块 be black and blue

光学扫描器 an optical scanner

激光束 laser beam

目的是 be designed to

消灭，消除 do away with

付账后离开 check out

到达登记 check in

现金出纳机 cash register

在左边 on the left side

收款台 check out counter

原材料 raw materials

制成品 manufactured goods

近在手边 at hand

衣夹 clothes-peg

晒衣绳 clothes-line

桌布 a tablecloth

洗碗布 a dishcloth

洗碗机 a dishwasher

原始人 primitive people

现代人 modern people

穿着 be dressed in

从„上刮去 scrape„from

把„纺成„ spin„into„

把„制成make„into

4000万年前 over four thousand years ago

在远古时 in the time immemorial

富人和穷人一样 the rich and the poor alike

想到 think of

剪去 cut off

讲故事 spin a yarn

保守秘密 keep a secret 直接税 direct taxes

间接税 indirect taxes

收入所得税 income taxes

纳税人 taxpayer

税务员 tax-collector

免税的 tax-free

国税 state taxes

地方税 local taxes

穷人 the poor

富人 the rich

年轻人 the young

老年人the old

高达 as high as

以„形势 in the form of

政府机关 government offices

凭借 by means of

在某个星期一的早晨 on a Monday morning

在星期一的早晨 on Monday morning

乘火车 take train

乘公共汽车 take bus

布莱克一家 the Blacks

向某人道别 say goodbye to sb.向某人道歉 say sorry to sb.每隔几分钟 every few minutes

每隔一天 every other day

每隔一行 every other line

不久以后 shortly afterwards

通向 lead to

抓牢 hold on to

一打鸡蛋 a dozen eggs

在阳光下 in the sun

注意 pay attention to

继续作某事 keep(on)doting

好像 as if

自信 self-confidence

自信的 self-confident

自大的 self-important

自助的 self-service

自给自足的 self-sufficient

自学的 self-taught

一般的 in general

确信 be sure of

习惯于 become accustomed to

抱怨 complain about

说实话 tell the truth

说谎 tell a lie

适用于 apply to

处理 deal with

依赖于 depend on

必修课 a required course

同„相处 get along with

考虑 think about

日复一日 from day to day

从始自终 from beginning to end

每况愈下 from bad to worse

减速 slow down

在使用中 in use

不再使用 out of use

免费入场 admission free

免所得税 free of income tax

免费获得某物get sth.free

再步行一段路即可到达的距离之内 within walking distance

探知，查明 find out

得到以下结论 come to the conclusion that

得出结论 draw a conclusion

交通高峰时间 rush hours

交通拥挤 traffic jams

援助计划 aid program

视觉教具 visual aids

助听器 hearing-aid

捏粘土 work clay

揉面团 work dough

一定数量的 a certain amount of

大量地 in large amounts

小额地 in small amounts

优于 be superior to

劣于 be inferior to

把„与„相混合 mix„with„

把„与„分开 separate„from

把„分成 separate„into

用尽 use up

表现了„的特点 be characteristic of

究竟，到底 on earth

五大湖区 the Grate Lakes region

通知某人某事 inform sb of sth.利用 take advantage of

准备某事 be ready to do sth.很容易拿到 within easy reach

够不到 out of reach

想出，熟思 think out

在人力方面 in terms of manpower

在理论上 in terms of theory

投资于 invest in

以„代替„ replace„with„

创新进步innovational advances

大波动 major fluctuations

领导，带头 take the lead

成群，大批 in a swarm

一大群蚂蚁 a swarm of ants

生产资料 means of production

大量购买 buy in bulk

参考书 reference book

面对„困难 come up against

利息率，利率 the interest rate

货币市场 money market

企业投资支出 business investment expenditure

不愿做某事 be reluctant to do

和„联系在一起 be associated with

与„有关系 be related to

归因于 ascribe to

规模经济 economies of scale

以空前的速度 at an unprecedented rate

换句话说 to put it in somewhat different words

成功地做成某事 succeed in doing sth

压出，榨取 squeeze„out of

每一单位投入 every unit of input

多于，超过 in excess of

过渡 to excess

在非常有利的条件下 under extremely favorable conditions

优于，胜过 be superior to

劣于，次于 be inferior to

在春末 in late spring

企图做某事，尝试做某事 attempt at doing sth

攻击，袭击attempt on

拆开，拆散 take sth apart

国民生产总值 Gross National Product(GNP)

生产性投资 productive investment

与„并驾齐驱 keep pace with

由于„的原因owing to

因„值得受到称赞 deserve credit for

与„对照，与„对比 as opposed to

外汇分配 foreign exchange allocations

停止 leave off

可自由支配的收入 disposable income

对„负责 be responsible for

准备，筹备 provide for

到现在为止 as yet

弥补 make up for

政府支出 government expenditures

消费支出consumption expenditures

时间滞差 a time lag

总计，合计 in the aggregate

集中精力于 concentrate on

与„有很大关系 have a lot to do with

与„无关系 have nothing to do with

逐渐获得，逐渐建立 built up

免税 tax exemptions

技术，技能 know-how

擦去 wipe away

辨别，区别 distinguish one thing from another

建于„之上 be based on/upon

独有的特权exclusive privileges

独家代理权 exclusive agency

商标 trademark

商品名称 trade name

同类卖价，批发价格 trade price

关于 with respect to

不管，不顾虑 without respect to

公平交易 fair dealing

使„与„相关联 attach„to„

就„之限度，在„范围内 so far as

无形因素 intangible factors

无形资产 intangible assets

对某事加以考虑 take sth into account

大约，多少有一点 more or less

广泛的兴趣 a wide range of interest

相当独特 fairly individual

显著，杰出 stand out

反之亦然 vice versa

垄断性竞争 monopolistic competition

常常 more often than not

纯粹的垄断 pure monopoly

纯粹的竞争 pure competition

纯粹浪费时间 a pure waste of time

至于 as for

需求曲线 demand curve

概言之，一般说来 in general

阻止某人做某事 preclude sb from doing sth

排除所有误解 preclude all misunderstanding

需求计划 demand schedule

与„竞争 in competition with

不完全竞争市场 imperfectly competitive market

与„配对 be paired with

以任意的形势 in random fashion

与„合并 be merged with

有几分，稍稍 in some measure

把„至于显著地位 bring into the foreground

产生 arise from

部分独立 partial independence

经济学文献 economic literature

给„以其应有分量 give due weight to

集中精力于 focus attention on

观点 point of view

与„不协调 out of harmony with

与„协调 in harmony with

经济增长的代价the cost of economic growth

不惜任何代价，无论如何 at all costs

丧失，牺牲 at the cost of

势如破竹的胜利 an overwhelming victory

极度的悲哀 overwhelming sorrow

绝大部分公民 the overwhelming number of its citizens

渴望，向往 yearn for

继续，连续 a continuation of

为„奋斗 struggle for

心醉于，被迷倒 be charmed with

踩，践踏 tread on sth

踩在某人的脚趾上 tread on sb's toes

相互追逐 tread on each other's heels

得意洋洋 tread on air

与某人祸福与共 cast in one's lot with sb

决不是，绝对不 anything but

盼望，期待 look forward to

结果，因此 in consequence

富裕繁荣的社会 the affluent society

在富裕的环境中 in affluent circumstances

对„满意 be content with

丰富的饮食 food and drink in abundance

过着丰衣足食的生活 live in abundance

依次，轮流 in turn

赶上琼斯家 keep up with the Joneses

赶上，不落后 Keep up with sb/sth

继续作某事 deep on doing sth

更富有，跟舒服 be better off

生产商诱导而产生的需要 producer-induced demand 成为„之一部分 enter into sth

自然增长或产生 accrue from sth

英国的工业革命 the English Industrial Revolution

传统的生活方式 traditional pattern of life

仅仅，只不过 nothing but

等于 amount to

不是，而是 not„but„

吸引„的注意 get the attention of

食品杂货店 grocery store

为„竞争 compete for

干得好 do a good job

记在心里 remain in one's mind

收款台 checkout counter

国营公司 state-owned company

合资公司 joint ventures

白雪覆盖的山顶 snow-covered peak

糖衣药丸 sugar-coated pills

营业时间 business hors

因公 on business

开始谈正事 get down to business

激烈的竞争 strong competition

通货膨胀 inflation

顺差 surplus

城市商业区 downtown business district

保险业 insurance

不断的 never-ending

受限于 be limited by

被认为是 be perceived as

把„局限于 confine„to

为了一切有实用价值的目的 for all practical purposes

能够做 in the position to do

使„变成 turn„to

对„有影响 have an effect on

总纲 general principles

以„为目的 be aimed at

与„相关的 relate to

与„联系在一起 associate with

太阳能 solar power

受„的控制 be subjected to

引入 lead up

通讯系统 communication system

能源危机 an energy crisis

财政危机 a financial crisis

业余画家 an amateur painter

业余摄影家 an amateur photographer

道德的基础 the basis of morality

柱基 the base of a pillar

自然现象 the phenomena of nature

故意的 on purpose

商业银行 a commercial bank

金融机构 a financial institution

金融中心 a financial centre

财政困难 in financial difficulties

与生俱来的特权 the privileges of birth

活期存款账户 checking accounts

定期存款账户 savings accounts

州政府 the state government

联邦政府 the federal government

答应一项帮助 grant a favor

答应一项请求 grant a request

发给银行执照 grant a charter to the bank

一定量的资产 a specified volume of assets

遵循一定的常规 follow certain practices

隶属于州的银行 state banks

国家银行 national banks

活期存款 demand deposits

与„相结合 couple with

部分准备制的原理 the fractional reserve principle

在任何一次 at any one time

可用，握有 on hand

公债 government loans

内债 domestic loans

外债 foreign loans

可能的买主 a prospective buyer

增加了 increase by

增加到 increase to

被看作 be counted as

防备取款 a precaution against withdrawals

追溯到 trace to

法定最低储备金 the required reserve

额外储备金 excess reserves

就„意义而言 in the sense

在某种意义上 in a sense

自由港 free port

外贸保税区 foreign-trade zones

经济特区 special economic zones

从事于政治 engage in politics

忙着工作 be engage in business

与某人订婚 be engage to sb.普通港口 a regular port

中东 the Middle East

远东 the Far East

近东 the Near East

关税壁垒 tariff barriers

起作用，生效 in operation

为„付关税 pay a tariff on„

索价，要价 charge„for

原材料 raw material

制成品 manufactured products

码头工人 dock workers

造船厂，修船所 dockyard

内河航行 inland navigation

广告媒介 advertising media

天天，逐日 from day to day

并肩地，相互支持地 side by side

说出，(尤指无意间)吐露 throw out

吐露秘密 throw out a secret

有吸引力，引起兴趣 appeal to

目标观众 target audiences

有线电视 cable television

有线电视广告收入 cable ad revenues

使遭受，面对 be exposed to

抛却，扔掉 throw away

旧货商 a junk dealer

预付费用 the advance cost

成本效益 cost effectiveness

被分为 be segmented into

(广播中的)答问节目 talk shows

解释，说明 account for

使(某人)信服 convince„of„

相当提前 well in advance

有„倾向的 be subject to

有很高的重复接触率 high repeat exposure

保险 insurance

保险额 insurance value

保险公司 insurance company

保险范围 insurance coverage

保险费 insurance premium

作为对„的报答 in return for

防御 protect against

不愿意做某事 be unwilling to do

经商，经营 in business

因公有事 on business

赚钱 make a profit

收入，接受，吸收 take in

付钱(如福清费用)pay out

投保人 policyholder

保险单 policy

建于„之上 be based on

索价，要价 charge for

毛利 gross profit

净利 net profit

国民生产总值 gross national product

统计学原理 a statistical principle

大数定律 law of larger numbers

随„变动 vary with

在相反的情形下 in the opposite situation

使恢复 bring sb back to

在„之前 prior to

为此目的 toward this end

由于„而发生 result from

导致 result in

故意行为 an intentional act

放火纵火 set fire to sth

在欺诈的情况下 in cases of fraud

有助于，促成 contribute to

重置费用 replacement cost

资本支出 capital expenditure

资本货物 capital goods

固定资本 fixed capital

流动资本 floating capital

资本积累 accumulation of capital

原始资本积累 primitive accumulation of capital

把„用于 employ„in„

以同样的方式 in the same manner

有几分，有点儿 in a manner

补偿贸易 compensation trade

在和平时期 in time of peace

在战争时期 in time of war

足够的 a sufficiency of sth

迫使某人做某事 oblige sb to do sth

侵占，侵害 encroach upon/on

预定，命中注定 be destined for

由„所造成的 be occasioned by

在大多数情况下 upon most occasions

在那个时机 on that occasion

曾经，有一次 on one occasion

很少，不常 on rare occasions

足以 be sufficient to

从„而产生出来的 be derived from

使恢复 restore to

投资需求 investment demand

投资规模 investment scale

消费者需求 consumer demand

国民收入 national income

指出 point out

在„方面起着关键作用 be pivotal in

设身处地 put oneself in the place of

可能作某事 be likely to do 许多 a host of

对某事加以考虑 take sth into account

对某事不予考虑 leave sth out of account

在开始时 at the outset

从开始时 from the outset

政府的年限 the life of a government

企业预测 business expectations

决定性的因素 a crucial factor

在重要的关头 at the crucial moment

在„方面 in terms of

国内工业 home industries

国内产品 home products

国内贸易 the home trade

国内市场 the home market

美国国会 the United States Congress

外贸保税区法 the Foreign Trade Zones Act

(英国)议院的法案 An Act of Parliament

(美国)国会的法案 The Acts of congress

外贸保税区管理委员会 the Foreign Trade Zone Board

董事会 the Board of Directors

国际商务局 the Bureau of International Commerce

天津商检局 Tianjin Commodity Inspection Bureau

美国商业部United States Department of Commerce

市场经济 market economy

计划经济 planned economy

决定性的测验 the crucial test

决定性的问题 the crucial question

在重要的关头 at the crucial moment

以分散的方式 in a decentralized fashion

市场价格机制 a price-and-market mechanism

技术工 skilled labor

劳工与雇主之间的关系 labor relations

工党 the Labor Party

纯粹的形式 a pure form

英国工业革命 the English Industrial Revolution

法国大革命 The French Revolution

普遍地 at large

倾向于做某事 be inclined to do sth.全社会 society at large

有„倾向的 be subject to

由„产生的 stem from

实质上，根本上 in effect

供求机制 the supply and demand mechanism

完全承袭„传统 in the full tradition of

对于„感到悲观 be pessimistic about

对于„感到乐观 be optimistic about

指出 point out

个人利益private interest

社会利益 society interest

支持某人on sb's side

获胜，击败 triumph over

高度计划的社会主义经济 highly planned socialist economies

用这样或那样的方式 in one way or another

介入 step in

决不 by no means

当然，必定 by all means

就„而言 as far as„is concerned

比较利益 comparative advantage

把„从„解放出来 free„from

使„束缚于 bind„to„

生产过程 production processes

比较利益原则 the law of comparative advantage

指„而言 refer to

把„比作为 compare to

适用于 be applicable to

使适应，使适合 be geared to/toward

为某事给某人报酬或奖赏 reward sb for sth

把„应用于，使用于 apply„to„

归类程序 sorting process

彼此 one another

相比之下 by contrast

卷入 involve in

完完全全的自由贸易 perfectly free commerce

致力于 devote„to

对„有益处的 be beneficial to

整个社会的普遍利益 the universal good of the whole

独特的力量 the peculiar powers

大批量生产 mass production

总的生产规模 the general mass of productions

总收益 general benefit

商业往来 commercial intercourse

文明世界 the civilized world

把„用于„ employ„in

不得不做某事 be obliged to do sth.在„方面低劣 inferior in

在„方面优越 superior in

交换 in exchange for

对„有利 be advantageous for

使„从„转移到 divert„from„to

标准化集装箱 standardized containers

集装箱运输container transport

陆运 overland transportation

海运 sea transportation

空运 air transportation

水运 water transportation

管道运输 pipeline transportation

联运 combined transport

承运人 carrier

托运人 consignor

收货人 consignee

铁路运单 consignment note

空运单 air waybill

租船合同 charter party

提单 bill of lading

订舱单 booking note

重新占领市场 regain market share

背负式运输服务 piggy-back service

从„方面来讲 in terms of

专门从事 specialize in

与„结合 merge with

失效，崩溃 break down

存货占用成本 inventory carrying costs

短途送货short-distance distribution

长途送货long distance distribution

汽车装运的货物 trucked goods

空运货物 air freight

基础设施 infrastructure 1.Food,for example,is a kind of goods.everyone eats food,but the ayerage person does not think much about all the things that must happen before food appears on his plate.例如，食品就是一种商品，人人都要吃东西，但是一般人对食品出现在他们盘子里之前势必发生的一切并不多去想。

2.Men andmachines made the wood into paper,which had to be packaged and carried by trucks and put into stores.at every step in process peopre had to paid for their work,money had to be usedfor buying and so on.人使用机器把木材制造成纸，然后纸被包装好并用卡车送到各个商店在这过程中的每个阶段，人们的工作都必须得到报酬，买机器，修机器等等都得花钱。

3.When there are no resources left,we will start tolook after what we have.but why can’t we act before this happens?why can’t we goback to a society in which prevention of waste is a virtue?当地球上的资源耗尽时，我们就会珍惜所拥有的东西。但是为什么在一切发生之前，我们就不能有所作为呢？为什么我们不能回到制止浪费就是美德的社会去呢？

4.This has led directly to the ‘throw-away society’and to the waste of the earth’s resources.这直接导致“浪费社会”的产生和对地球资源的浪费。

5.Just think of the expensive packaging material that is thrown away each time a new object is bought.想想吧，每购买一件新商品，昂贵的包装材料就被扔掉了。

6.Beause there was such a demand for the product,manufacturers began making tissues in larger and larger wusntities.因为对产品需求量很大，厂家生产的数量也越来越大。

7.Modern mass-production methods lower the cost making goods,and thus give us better values.现代成批生产方法降低了商品的生产成本，使我们花的钱花得更值。8.In this way.better quality products at good values are continually being brought to the people of all income groups.这样，物美价廉的产品正不断地被奉献给各种不同收入的人们。

9.Every word on a label describing a food,a durg,a cosmetic or a medical device is important in protecting you and your family from buying an inferior product,four misusing a good one,from being tricked by dangerous,or from unknowingly possessing an item harmful to health.标签上描述一种食品，一种药品，一种化妆品或一种医疗器械的每个字都很重要因为它保护你和你的家庭使你们避免购买劣质商品。避免不正确地使用好的产品，避免受危险的庸医之骗，避免不知不觉的拥有对健康有害的东西。

10.Foods composed of two or more ingredients must bear labels listing all ingredients in the order of predominance.对于由两种或两种以上配料构成的食品，其标签必须以各配料的多少为序一一列举。

11.Unfortunately these chemicals produce the energy needed to run away from an object of fear,and in modern life that’s often impossible.这些化学物质所产生的能量使我们能够从令人恐惧的物体迅速跑开但不幸的是在现代社会里，这常常是不可能的。

12.The country is the fifth most densely populated in the world with 56 million people on 0.18% of the world’s land.英国的人口密度在世界上排为第五位，5600万人居住在只占世界陆地面积0.18%的土地上。

13.Generally,money from “invisible”trade exceeds the loss on “invisible”trade.britain can withstand a faintly large “trade gap”on visible trade before she is really “in the red”.总的来说，“无形”贸易的收入超过有形贸易的差额。只有当英国经受不住共有有形贸易相当大的“贸易差额”时，他才会真正出现“赤字”。

14.These black and white strips can be read by an optical scanner,or computer.光学扫描器，也就是一台计算机可以阅读这些黑的条纹。

15.Errors in prices are eliminated,or done away with.价格上的差错就可以消除。

Also,the time spent checking out is reduced.其次，花在结账上的时间也减少了。16.When primitive people began to wear clothing regularly,they had to make it from the materials at hand.当原始人开始经常穿衣服时，他们只能用于手头的材料做衣服。

17.However,we do know that,very early in history rich and poor people alike were wearing wool clothes.然而，只有我们知道，很早就在历史上穷人和富人都穿羊毛衣。

18.The national economy is better because of this specialization,but these workers over 10percent of the entire labor fore depend entirely on the buying habits of the remainder of the population.国民经济更好，因为这个专业化，但这些工人超过10 %的整个劳动力完全取决于购买习惯的剩余人口。

19.In automobiles are not sold ,these specialists lose their jobs.The price of specialization is interdependence.在汽车没有出售，这些专家失去工作的专业化是相互依存的价格。20.By stimulating industry,by rewarding ingenuity,and by using most efficaciously the peculiar powers bestows by nature,it distributes labor most effectively and most economically通过刺激，奖励创新，并利用最有效的独特的力量赋予的性质，它的最有效和最经济地分配劳动力

21.if portugal hadon commercial connection with other countries,instead of employing a great part of her capital and industy in the production of wines,with which she purchases for her own use the cloth and hardware of other countries ,she would be obliged to devote a part of that capital to the manufacture of those commodities,which she would thus obtain probably inferior in quality as well as quantity如果葡萄牙景点商业与其他国家，而不是用大量的资本和产业生产葡萄酒，与她购买自己的布和硬件的其他国家，她将不得不把一部分资金用于制造这些商品的，她会这样可能获得质量低劣以及数量

22.other advantages include greatly costs in packing,handing,unpacking,and final preparations necessary for sale to the consumer其他优势包括成本大包装，装卸，拆包，和最后的必要准备出售给消费者

23.with the recent deregulation of transportation,this pattern has changed.随着近年来运输管制的解除，这种模式已经改变。

24.unless changes are made nationally to restore this “infrastucture”,the future cost and effectiveness of the various transportations services can be expected to change dramatically除非改变了全国恢复这个“基础设施”，未来的成本和效益的各种交通服务可以预期的戏剧性的变化

25.without it,it would be impossible to pay the solidiers and policemen who protect us.没有它，就不可能支付的士兵们和警察保护我们的人。

26.It is arranged in such a way that poor people pay nothing,and the percentage of tax grows greater as the tax payer’s income grows.它是安排在这样一种方式，穷人不纳税，百分比和税收增长更为纳税人收入的增加。

27.Of course,it is the people who buy these imported things who really have to pay the duties,in the from of higher prices.当然，这是谁的人买这些进口的东西真的有缴纳税款，在从更高的价格。

28.In developing advertising strategies,marketers must also consider the best advertising medium for their message.IBM,for example,uses television ads to keep its name fresh in consumers 'minds.But it uses newspaper and magazine ads to educate consumers on the produce's abilities and trade publications to introduce new software.Each advertising medium has its own advantages and disadvantages在制定广告策略，营销人员还必须考虑最佳广告媒体的信息。公司，例如，利用电视广告保持其新鲜消费者想法.但是利用报纸和杂志广告对消费者进行教育的生产能力和贸易出版物介绍新软件。每一个广告中都有自己的优点和缺点

29.one disadvantage of television is that there are too many commercials causing viewers to confuse products电视的一个缺陷是有太多的广告，使观众混淆产品 brevity also makes television a poor medium in which to educate viewers' about complex products简洁也使得电视一个贫穷的介质中，教育观众的复杂的产品

30.brevity also makes television a poor medium in which to educate viewers' about complex products简洁也使得电视一个贫穷的介质中，教育观众的复杂的产品

there are a host of obvious facors that you would have to take into account at the outset有许多明显的因素，你必须考虑到当初

31.like the unknown principle of animal life,it frequently restores health and vigor to the constitution ,in spite,not only raw disease,but of the absurd prescriptions of the doctor喜欢未知的动物生活的原则，它经常恢复健康和活力的宪法，尽管，不仅疾病，但医生荒谬的处方

32.probably this kind of indirect tax,together with a direct tax on incomes which is low for the poor and high for the rich,is the best arrangement.或许这种间接税，连同直接税收收入较低，为穷人和富人，都是最好的安排。

33.it his book,contact:thee first four minutes,he offers this advice to anyone interested in starting new friendships:every time you meet someone in a social situation,give him your undivided attention for four minutes.他的书，联系人：你的第一个四分钟，他提供了这样的建议有兴趣的人，开始新的友谊：每当你在社交场合遇到人时，集中精力于他四分钟。

34.such people,as they themselves produce nothing ,are all maintained by the produce of other men's labor when multiplied,therefore,to an unnecessary number,they may in a particular year consume so great a share of this produce,as not to leave a sufficiency for maintaining the productive laborers,who should reproduce it next year这样的人，因为他们自己生产的，都是由其他人的产品劳动时成倍增加，因此，对一些不必要的，他们可能在一个特定的年消费如此之大，这个比例产生，不会留下足够维持生产性劳动者，谁应该复制它明年

35.whatever a person saves from his revenue he adds to his capital,and either employs it himself in maintaining an additional number of productive hands,or enables some other person of the profits无论一个人从他的收入，他还节省资金，并采用它自己保持一个额外的一些生产的手，或使其他人的利益.36.hearing such advice,one might say ,”but I’m not a friendliy,self-confident person..听到这样的建议，有人可能会说，“但我不是一个friendliy，自信的人。37.while some policies provide certain exemptions,in general to qualify as an insurable risk,the risk should be predictable,outside the control of the insured loss must be predictable虽然一些政策提供一定的豁免，一般资格作为可保风险，风险应该是可预测的，控制范围以外的保险损失必须是可预见的

38.also,special buses can be chartered for trips to the mountains,to lakes,and to nearby places if historical interest.同时，特殊的巴士。可包车前往山区，湖泊，和附近的地方，如果历史的兴趣。39.therefore,individuals wite lower probability of accidents as determined by these classification characteristics should pay a relatively lower premium因此，个人与低概率事件所确定的这些分类的特点，应该是一个相对较低的溢价 40.the more they know ,the better their prediction and the fairer the rates they set will be.insurance companies also benefit from a statistical principle called the law of large numbers他们知道的越多，更好地预测和更公平的他们的价格也就。保险公司也得益于一个统计原理称为大数法则

41.for example,an iron cooking pot,if it is not carefully dried,will rust in a few hours beause the oxygen in the water will combine with the iron.例如，一个铸铁锅做饭，如果不认真干，会生锈的几个小时，因为水中的氧将与铁。

42.the reason why companies often find insurance appealing is clear in return for a sum of money;they are protected against certifs.potentially devastating losses公司的原因经常发现保险吸引力是明确的回报一大笔钱；他们免受证明.潜在的毁灭性的损失

43.for example,the person who reads popular photography is more likely to be interested in the lastest specialized lenses from canon than is a gourmet magazine subscriber例如，人谁读大众摄影是更可能感兴趣的最新专业镜头佳能比是一个美食杂志订阅

44.while direct mail is often thrown away as ‘'junk mail",advertisers can predict in advance how many recipients will take mailing seriously而直接邮件经常被丢弃的'垃圾邮件”，广告主可以预测提前多少者将采取邮寄严重

45.the most obvious purpose of advertising is to inform the consumer of available products or services.最明显的目的是告知消费者提供的产品或服务。

46.science is the never-ending struggle to find truth.科学是永无止境的斗争中找到真理。

47.this flatness was acceptable as “truth”because travel and human knowledge of celestial phenomena were so limited that no other concept was needed.这平坦被接受“真理”因为旅行和天文现象的知识是有限的，不需要其他的概念。

48.the demand deposits placed in banks,coupled with the fractional reserve principle,give bankers the power to anther the supply or money in the economy.存放在银行里的活期存款，加上部分储备金，使银行家有权花药或经济中的货币。

49.but it is not just the state of the marker that one has to estimate,as a businessman,you would also have to investigate whether there are new productive methods and processes available to you that will make the investment profitable in terms of reducing costs production an improved product但它不仅仅是国家的标志，人们估计的，作为一个商人，你也将调查是否有新的生产方法和过程提供给你，会使投资获利方面降低成本，改进产品的生产。

50.the trader expects to pay a tariff on the goods he is going to sell in the United States.交易员预计将支付关税的货物是在美国销售。

51.in some free prots the foreign merchants may display their products for customers.在一些免费的港口外商可以显示他们的产品为客户。

52.because if improvements in ships and navigation,European nations began trading a great deal with each other and the rest of the world.因为如果船舶和航运的发展，欧洲国家开始大量贸易与彼此和其他世界。

52.those unproductive hands ,who should be maintained by a part only of the spare revenue of the peole,may consume so great a share of their whole revenue,and therefore oblige so great a number to encroach upon their capitals,upon the funds destined for the maintenance of productive labor m that all the frugality and good conduct of individuals may not be able to compensate the waste and degradation of produce occasioned by this violent and forced encroachment这些非生产性的手，谁应保持只有一部分的收入的人，会消耗大量的税收，因此要求这样大的一批侵犯他们的首都，在资金的维持生产劳动，所有的节俭和个人行为可能无法弥补的浪费和降解产生的这种暴力和强制侵占.53.historically,the self regulating market economy is a modern rather than an ancient invention,involving rather special assumptions such as the treatment of land and labor as commodities从历史上看，自我调节的市场经济是现代而不是一个古老的发明，涉及相当独特的假设，作为治疗的土地和劳动力作为商品

54.the answer as one might expect,is very complicated and is subject to much disagreement among the experts答案是可以预期的，是非常复杂的，受到许多分歧专家 55.in a preliminary way ,however,we can indicate at least two lines of argument that must affect all serious thinking about this theory 在初步的方式，但是，我们可以表明至少2行论点必须影响所有认真思考这一理论

56.the first line of argument really stems from the analysis that emphasizes the essential viability of the market system第一行的争论真正源于分析，强调市场经济体制本质上的可行性

57.this argument is in the full tradition of classical economic thought这个论点是在充分的传统的古典经济思想

58.they would point out that adam smith gravely underestimated the divergence betweemn private and social interest他们指出，亚当严重低估的分歧个人利益与社会利益之间的配合

59.in one way or another,citizens of every country in the world have asked that governments step in to change this or that aspect of the functioning of a price and market mechanism一种或另一种方式，公民在世界各国已要求政府在改变这个或那个方面的运作的价格与市场机制

60.thus,the crucial question,as far as the public interest is concerned,is not whether there should be any intervention that question has really been settled by history.but what degree of invention should be permitted.因此，关键的问题，只要公共利益有关，不应该有任何干预，这种问题已经在历史上解决了，但是干预的程度应该被公众允许。

61.this system makers it possible to produce large quantities of goods ang services,as well as provide some leisure for workers.该系统制造商可以生产大批量的货物和服务，以及提供一些休闲的工人。

62.in this way,the output of the office is higher.这样，输出的是高。

63.this stroting process puts dentists in their office,carpenters besides their tools,and drivers in the cabs of trucks,and nurses in the wards of hospitals.这资料排架进程中提出的牙医的办公室，除了他们的木匠工具，和司机在驾驶卡车，和护士在病房的医院

64.but as the resources required by each mode break down in the decade ahead, changes seem likely.但由于资源需要由每个模式打破在未来十年变化，似乎有可能。

65.it also offers believable coverage,since ads are present side-by-side with news.它也提供了可信的报道，因为广告是目前并排与新闻。

66.it allows advertisers to combine sight, sound and motion,thus appealing to almost all the viewer’s senses.它允许广告商联合视线，声音和动作，从而吸引观众的几乎所有感觉。

第五篇：名人名言中英翻译.

名人名言选录中英文翻译

对于ISSUE来说，中国考生总觉得我们的文章，论证不充分。

我们在写中文议论文的时候，喜欢用名人名言。名人说的，往往铿锵有力，而且言简意赅，也更有说服力。

英文议论文也是这样。

本章收集了能够用到名人名言的中英文对照版。

每次打开本书时，看2句。结束本书的学习的时候，进行回忆。在写作过程中，能用的，尽量练习使用。STRUGGLE 奋斗篇

Where there is a will , there is a way.(Thomas Edison , American inventor)有志者，事竟成。(美国发明家 爱迪生.T.)Genius only means hard-working all one's life.(Mendeleyer , Russian Chemist)天才只意味着终身不懈的努力。(俄国化学家 门捷列耶夫)Man errs so long as he strives.(Johan Wolfgang Goethe , German poet and dramatist)人只要奋斗就会犯错误。(德国诗人、剧作家 歌德.J.W.)Our destiny offers not the cup of despair , but the chalice of opportunity.(Richard Nixon, American President)命运给予我们的不是失望之酒，而是机会之杯。(美国总统 尼克松.R.)Patience is bitter, but its fruit is sweet.(Jean Jacques Rousseau , French thinker)忍耐是痛苦的，但它的果实是甜蜜的。(法国思想家 卢梭.J.J.)SUCCESS 成功篇

Achievement provides the only real pleasure in life.(Thomas Edison , American inventor)有所成就是人生唯一的真正乐趣。(美国发明家 爱迪生.T.)I succeeded because I willed it;I never hesitated.(Bonaparte Napoleon , French emperor)我成功是因为我有决心，从不踌躇。(法国皇帝 拿破仑.B.)Success covers a multitude of blunders.(George Bernard Shaw , British Dramatist)成功由大量的失望铸就。(英国剧作家 肖伯纳.G.)You have to believe in yourself.That's the secret of success.(Charles Chaplin , American actor)人必须相信自己，这是成功的秘诀。(美国演员 卓别林.C.)WEALTH 财富篇 All the splendor 1 in the world is not worth a good friend.(Voltaire , French thinker)人世间所有的荣华富贵不如一个好朋友。(法国思想家 伏尔泰)Money is a good servant and a bad master.(Francis Bacon , British philosopher)金钱是善仆，也是恶主。(英国哲学家 培根.F.)Sometimes one pays most for the things one gets for nothing.(Albert Einstein , American scientist)有时候一个人为不花钱得到的东西付出的代价最高。(美国科学家 爱因斯坦.A.)HAPPINESS 幸福篇

Happiness is form courage.(H.Jackson , British writer)幸福是勇气的一种形式。(英国作家 杰克逊.H.)Happy is the man who is living by his hobby.(G.Bernard Shaw , British dramatist)醉心于某种癖好的人是幸福的。(英国剧作家 肖伯纳.G.)Happiness lies not in the mere possession of money;it lies in the joy of achievement , in the thrill of creative effort.(Franklin Roosevelt , American president)幸福不在于拥有金钱，而在于获得成就时的喜悦以及产生创造力的激情。(美国总统 罗斯福.F.)The supreme happiness of life is the conviction that we are loved.(Victor Hugo , French novelist)生活中最大的幸福是坚信有人爱我们。(法国小说家 雨果.V.)To really understand a man we must judge him in misfortune.(Bonaparte Napoleon , French emperor)要真正了解一个人，需在不幸中考察他。(法国皇帝 拿破仑.B.)TIME 时间篇

Do you love life ? Then do not squander time;for that's the stuff5 life is made of.(Benjamin Franklin , American president)你热爱生命吗？那么，别浪费时间，因为生命是由时间组成的。(美国总统 富兰克林.B.)Each moment in history is a fleeting time , precious and unique.(Richard Nixon , American president)历史巨轮飞转，分分秒秒的时间都十分宝贵，也独具意义。(美国总统 尼克松.R.)Never leave that until tomorrow , which you can do today.(Benjamin Franklin , American president)今天的事不要拖到明天。(美国总统 富兰克林.B.)The golden age is before us , not behind us.(Mark Twain , American writer)黄金时代在我们面前而不在我们背后。(美国作家 马克?吐温)The time of life is short;to spend that shortness basely, it would be too long.(William Shakespeare , British dramatist)人生苦短，若虚度年华，则短暂的人生就太长了。(英国剧作家 莎士比亚.W.)Time is money.(Benjamin Franklin , American president)时间就是金钱。(美国总统 富兰克林.B.)To choose time is to save time.(Francis Bacon , British philosopher)合理安排时间就是节约时间。(英国哲学家 培根.F.)We always have time enough , if we will but use it aright.(Johan Wolfgang von Goethe , German poet)只要我们能善用时间,就永远不愁时间不够用。(德国诗人歌德.J.W.)STUDY 学习篇 Histories make men wise;poems witty;the mathematics subtle;natural philosophy deep;moral grave;logic and rhetoric able to contend.(Francis Bacon , British philosopher)历史使人明智；诗词使人灵秀；数学使人周密；自然哲学使人深刻；伦理使人庄重；逻辑修辞学使人善辨。(英国哲学家 培根.F.)If you don't learn to think when you are young , you may never learn.(Thomas Edison , American inventor)如果你年轻时就没有学会思考，那么就永远学不会思考。(美国发明家 爱迪生.T.)Natural abilities are like natural plants that need pruning by study.(Francis Bacon , British philosopher)天生的才干如同天生的植物一样，需要靠学习来修剪。(英国哲学家 培根.F.)WORK 工作篇

Don't gild the lily.不要给百合花镀金/画蛇添足。(英国剧作家 莎士比亚.W.)It is no use doing what you like;you have got to like what you do.(Winston Churchill , British prime minister)不能爱哪行才干哪行，要干哪行爱哪行。(美国首相 丘吉尔.W.)My philosophy of life is work.(Thomas Alva Edison , American inventor)我的人生哲学就是工作。(美国发明家 爱迪生.T.A.)When work is a pleasure , life is joy!When work is duty , life is slavery.(Maxim Gorky , Russian writer)工作是一种乐趣时，生活是一种享受！工作是一种义务时，生活则是一种苦役。(俄国作家 高尔基.M.)

EDUCATION 教育篇

And gladly would learn , and gladly teach.(Chaucer , British poet)勤于学习的人才能乐意施教。(英国诗人, 乔叟)Better be unborn than untaught , for ignorance is the root of misfortune.(Plato , Ancient Greek philosopher)与其不受教育,不如不生,因为无知是不幸的根源.(古希腊哲学家 柏拉图)Genius17 without education is like silver in the mine.(Benjamin Franklin , American president)未受教育的天才，犹如矿中之银。(美国总统 富兰克.B.)The roots of education are bitter , but the fruit is sweet.(Aristotle , Ancient Greek philosopher)教育的根是苦的，但其果实是甜的。(古希腊哲学家 亚里士多德)

人物 ======

You have to believe in yourself.That's the secret of success.人必须相信自己，此乃成功之秘诀。--C.Chaplin 卓别林 Self-trust is the first secret of success.自信乃成功之第一秘诀。--R.Emerson 爱默生 Virtue is bold, and goodness never fearful.美德是勇敢的，为善永远无所畏惧。--W.Shakespeare 莎士比亚 It is better to be faithful than famous.守信用胜过有名气。--T.Roosevelt 罗斯福 Diligence is the mother of good luck.勤奋是幸运之母。--B.Franklin 富兰克林 Practice makes perfect.熟能生巧。--G.Crabbe 克雷布

Pride costs us more than hunger, thirst, and cold.骄傲给我们带来的损失超过饥渴和寒冷。--T.Jefferson 杰弗逊 A great man is always willing to be little.伟人总愿当个平常人。--R.Emerson 爱默生 Freedom lies in the being bold.自由在于勇敢。--R.Frost 弗罗斯特 All men cannot be first.不能人人都第一。--T.Fuller 富勒 A small leak will sink a great ship.小漏沉大船。--T.Fuller 富勒

Well done is better than well said.干得好胜于说得好。--B.Franklin 富兰克林 Speak not when others speak;sit not when others stand, and walk not when others stop.他人讲话时不要讲话；他人站立时不要坐着；他人驻足时不要行走。--G.Washington 华盛顿

Politeness costs nothing and gains everything.礼貌无须花钱，却能赢得一切。--M.W.Montagu 蒙塔古 生命 ====== Other men live to eat, while I eat to live.别人为食而生存，我为生存而食。--Socrates 苏格拉底 Easy come, easy go.易得者亦易失。--Hazlitt赫斯特

The darkest hour is that before the dawn.黎明前的时分是最黑暗的。--Fuller 富勒

Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass.生活而无目标，犹如航海之无指南针。--J.Ruskin 鲁斯金 A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.手中的一只鸟胜于林中的两只鸟。--Heywood 希伍德 One swallow does not make a summer.一燕不成夏。--Taverner 泰维纳

A man may lead a horse to the water, but he cannot make it drink.一个人可以把马带到河边，但他不能令它饮水。--Heywood 希伍德 One cannot eat one's cake and have it.一个人不能把他的糕饼吃掉之后还留在手上。--Davies 戴维斯 There is no rose without a thorn.没有玫瑰花是不长刺的。--Ray 雷 Lookers-on see most of the game.旁观者清。--Smedley 斯密莱

Victory won't come to me unless I go to it.胜利是不会向我走来的，我必须自己走向胜利。--M.Moore 穆尔 Life is just a series of trying to make up your mind.生活只是由一系列下决心的努力所构成。--T.Fuller 富勒

All human wisdom is summed up in two words等待和希望。--Alexandre Dumas Pére大仲马（法国作家）

It is not enough to be industrious, so are the ants.What are you industrious for? 光勤劳是不够的，蚂蚁也是勤劳的。要看你为什么而勤劳。--H.D.Thoreau梭罗 You have to believe in yourself.That's the secret of success.人必须相信自己，这是成功的秘诀。--Charles Chaplin卓别林

Life itself, without the assistance of colleges and universities, is becoming an advanced institution of learning.没有学院和大学的帮助，人生本身也正在变成一所高等学府。--Thomas Alva Edison 爱迪生

知识 ====== A little learning is a dangerous thing.浅薄的学识是一件危险的事情。--Alexander Pope 蒲柏

Knowledge is a treasure, but practice is the key to it.知识是一座宝库，而实践就是开启宝库的钥匙。--Fuller 富勒 Sure bind, sure find.确实放置好的东西，找起来也便当。--Heywood希伍德

Genius is one per cent inspiration and ninety-nine per cent perspiration.天才是一分灵感加九十九分血汗。--Edison爱迪生 Nothing venture, nothing have.不进取者无所获。--Heywood希伍德 Never too old to learn.求学不嫌年纪老。--Thomas Middleton 密都尔顿 There is no royal road to learning.学问之路无捷径。--Trollope 特勒普

The brighter you are, the more you have to learn.越聪明的人，越需要学习。--D.Herold 赫罗尔德

A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life.外语是人生斗争的一种武器。--K.Marx 马克思 To think is to see.思考就是明白。--Balzac 巴尔扎克 The reading of all good books is like a conversation with the finest men of past centuries.读好书-如同与世上的先杰交谈。--Descartes 笛卡儿 Choose an author as you choose a friend.要像选择朋友那样来选择作者。--Wentworth Dillon Roscommon 罗斯康芒 To win you have to risk loss.要想胜利就得冒失败的风险。--Jean-ClaudeKilly基里 Boys, be ambitious.年轻人应胸怀大志。--William Smith Clark克拉克

Knowledge is power, that knowledge is safety, that knowledge is happiness.知识就是力量，知识就是安全，知识就是幸福。--Thomas Jefferson 杰弗逊

It is easy to learn something about everything, but difficult to learn everything about anything.对每件事知道一些是容易的，对任何一件事详细知道是困难的。--Emmons 艾蒙斯 The first step to knowledge is to know that we are ignorant.获得知识的第一步是要知道自己无知。--Cecil 塞西尔 Zeal without knowledge is fire without light.有热情而无知识，犹如有火焰而无光芒。--Thomas Fuller 富勒

If we would have new knowledge, we must get a whole world of new questions.要想获得新知识，就必须提出大量的新问题。--Susannek K.Langer 兰格 Activity is the only road to knowledge.(George Bernard Shaw , British dramatist)行动是通往知识的唯一道路。(英国剧作家 肖伯纳.G.)Imagination is more important than knowledge.(Albert Einstein , American scientist)想象力比知识更为重要。(美国科学家 爱因斯坦.A.)Knowledge is power.(Francis Bacon , British philosopher)知识就是力量。(英国哲学家 培根.F.)友谊

A true friend is one soul in two bodies.挚友如异体同心。--Aristotle 亚里士多德 Love your neighbor as yourself.爱邻如己。--Jesus Christ 耶稣 One good turn deserves another.} 好心得好报。--Heywood 希伍德

A friend in need is a friend indeed.患难朋友才是真朋友。--Ray 雷

Good words cost nothing, but are worth much.良言不费分文，但价值甚大。--T.Fuller 富勒 When you are at Rome do as the Romans do.入乡随俗。--Penn 班

Hearts may agree, though heads differ.意见总有分歧，但其心则仍可能一致。--T.Fuller 富勒 Birds of a feather flock together.同声相应，同气相求。--Cicero 西塞罗 Like to like.物以类聚。--Cicero 西塞罗 Slow help is no help.迟助等于无助。--Trench 特兰芝 It takes two to make a quarrel.必须有两个人，才有争吵。--Henry Kingsley金斯莱 Be slow in choosing a friend;slower in changing.择友宜慎，弃之更宜慎。--Benjamin Franklin富兰克林 Never judge from appearance.不要以貌取人。--Tindale 巅岱

A man should keep his friendship in constant repair.一个人应当让他的友谊常新。--Samuel Johnson 琼生

Sometimes the best helping hand you can get is a good, firm push.有时侯，及时有力的鼓励是对你最好的帮助。--John Thomas 托马斯 A friend is a present which you give yourself.朋友是你送给自己的一份礼物。--Robert Louis Stevenson 史蒂文森 Fate chooses your relatives, you choose your friends.亲戚乃命定，朋友靠选择。--Abbe Jacques Delille 德力尔 A faithful friend is the medicine of life.忠实的朋友是人生的良药。--William Shakespeare 莎士比亚 The bird a nest, the spider a web, man friendship.鸟儿有巢，蜘蛛有网，人类有友谊。--William Blake布莱克 He makes no friends who never made a foe.从来没有敌人的人也不会有朋友。--Alfred Tennyson丁尼生

We choose our friends by instinct, but we keep them by judgment.我们选择朋友靠的是本能，但保持友谊靠的是判断。--Alfred Capus 卡皮 Friendship is love without his wings.友谊是没有羽翼的爱。--George Gordon Byron 拜伦 Suspicion is the poison of true friendship.猜疑是真诚友谊的一副毒剂。--St.Augustine奥古斯丁 True friendship is a plant of slow growth.真正的友谊像生长缓慢的植物。--George Washington 华盛顿 A hedge between keeps friendship green.朋友间适当保持距离，可使友谊常青。--J.A.Charles 查尔斯