第一篇:2018年考研英语:翻译八大技巧
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2018年考研英语:翻译八大技巧
▶重译法
在翻译中,有时为了忠实于原文,不得不重复某些词语,否则就不能忠实表达原文的意思。重译法有如下三大作用:一是为了明确;二是为了强调;三是为了生动。
We have advocated the principle of peaceful coexistence, which is now growing more and more popular among the nations of Asia and Africa.译文:___________________________________________________
▶增译法
为了使译文忠实地表达原文的意思与风格并使译文合乎表达习惯,必须增加一些词语。
A new kind aircraft-small, cheap, pilotless-is attracting increasing attention.译文:___________________________________________________
▶减译法
和其他一切事物一样,翻译也是有增必有减。理解了增译法之后也就明白了减译法,它是增译法的反面。
These developing countries cover vast territories, encompass a large population and abound in natural resources.译文:___________________________________________________
▶词类转译法
在翻译时,由于两种语言在语法和习惯表达上的差异,在保证原文意思不变的情况下,译文必须改变词类,这就是词类转译法,这种方法不仅指词类的改变,而且还包括词类作用的改变和一定词序的变化。
(1)a.→v.The manager is grateful to the customers for their valuable suggestions.译文:___________________________________________________
(2)n.→a.In all this great serenity of ocean it is seldom that we espy so much as another ship.译文:___________________________________________________
还有其它词类转移的情况,这里将不再一一赘述,总之,词类转移要遵守忠实与通顺的原则。
▶词序调整法
词序调整法的英语inversion一词,不能译成“倒译”、“倒译法”或“颠倒词序”之类,否则容易和语法中的“倒装”概念相混淆。inversion作为一种翻译技巧,其意思为:翻
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译时对词序作必要或必不可少的改变,并不只是纯粹的颠倒词序或倒装。
It was a keen disappointment that I had to postpone the visit which I had intended to pay to China in January.译文:___________________________________________________
▶正义反译,反义正译
negation在语法与翻译两个不同学科中含义不尽相同。作为一种翻译技巧,它主要指在翻译实践中,为了使译文忠实而合乎语言习惯地传达原文的意思,有时必须把原文中的肯定说法变成译文中的否定说法,或把原文中的否定说法变成译文中的肯定说法。
(1)需要正义反译的词和短语有:deny“否决,否定→不给予”;miss“错过→没赶上(交通工具);没听(看到)或没听(看懂)”;live up to one’s expectations“不(没)辜负„„的希望”;divert attention from“将注意力从„„移开→没有意识到”;be absent“未出席;没来”;far from“远非;完全不”;final“最终的→不可改变的”;idly“漫不经心地;无所事事地”;be at a loss “不知所措”;rather than/instead of“而不是”;absent-minded“心不在焉的”;but for“要不是;如果没有”等。
The scientists made a solemn pledge at the conference, saying, “We’ll forever live up to what our Party expects of us.”
译文:___________________________________________________
(2)需要反义正译的词汇是含有no或not的一些短语,如:no less than“实在是;正如;不少于”;no less„than“和„„一样;不亚于”;no other than“只有;正是”;none other than(用以加强语气)“正是;恰恰是;不是别人,正是„„”;nothing but“只有(是);只不过”;no choice but“别无选择只(好)得”;以及一些带有词缀的词,如:unfold“展开;呈现”;disappear“消失;失踪”;carelessly“马马虎虎地;粗心地”等。
From the passage we learn that an invention will not benefit the inventor unless it is reduced to commercial practice.译文:____________________________________________________
▶分译法
分译法主要用于长句的翻译。为了使译文忠实、易懂,有时不得不把一个长句译成两句或更多的句子。这是分译法的主要内容,此处所谓的句子不在于结尾处用句号,而在于有无主谓结构,一般说来,含有一个主谓结构的语言部分就是一个句子。这种句子大是含有定语从句的句子,在英汉互译时,尤其在英译汉中,如能将定语从句译成前置定语,则尽量避免其他译法;如译成前置定语不合适,一般是分译成另外一个独立的句子或另一种从句,如译成状语从句等。
It is obvious that his period in office was marked by steep rise in his country’s oil revenues and the beginning of a social-political crisis brought out by wide-scale misuse of the $25 billion a year earning from oil.译文:_____________________________________________________
▶语态变换法
这里所说的语态是指主动语态和被动语态,这两种语态在英汉两种语言中的使用情况是 2页共2页
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很不相同的,被动语态的使用是科技文章的主要特点之一,其用法十分广泛。在汉语中,我们可用“被、让、把、遭、换、使、由、受到,为„„所”等词来表示被动。但在汉语中的被动语态使用频率比英文要低得多。因此,在遇到被动语态时,应遵循汉语的习惯,如译成被动语态不通,则译成主动语态。
(1)保留其被动语
Goodyear, an American, had been trying for years to find a way in which rubber could be made hard, non-sticky, and yet elastic.译文:_____________________________________________________
(2)将被动改为主动
①翻译成汉语的无主语,如果被动句不含by的话。
If bad weather is expected, the forecaster must be able to suggest another airport within the range of the aircraft where the weather will be suitable for landing.译文:_____________________________________________________
②将that引导的主语从句仍然译为宾语,但要加上表泛指的词语(如人们、大家、我们等)做主语。如:
It is hoped that„
It is reported that„
It is said that„
It is supposed that„
It must be admitted that„
It must be pointed out that„
It is asserted that„
It is believed that„
It is well known that„
It will be said that„
It will be seen from this that„
It was told that„
I was told that„
It may be said„
It may be argued that„
注意:如果被动结构既有过去分词又有by(或in, for)引导的介词短语,这时将动作的发出者译成主语。如:It is imagined by many that„
3页共3页
第二篇:考研英语主要从句四大翻译技巧
名师辅导:考研英语主要从句四大翻译技巧
大多数翻译理论都认为,翻译是一个原文意思的再现过程。这个过程可以分为两个部分。一是原文的理解过程。二是目的语的组织过程。可见,翻译的准确实现首先取决于原文的理解。而译文的通顺表达则取决于对目的语的运用技能。考研英语翻译的特点是句子结构较为复杂,准确理解句子结构,以及把这些结构之间的逻辑语义再重现出来,成为考研英语翻译非常重要的部分。要把原文的逻辑语义真实再现,我们要注意积累几大英语结构的理解和翻译方法。下面,万学海文英语考研辅导老师们就为2012年考研的同学们总结出英语中名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句、被动句以及否定结构的翻译方法。
一、名词性从句的翻译方法
名词在句子中的成分有可能是:主语、宾语、表语、以及同位语。相应地,名词性从句有四类:主语从句,宾语从句,同位语从句和表语从句。这四类名词性从句翻译过程中一般都遵循一个原则,如果翻译成汉语句子比较简单,不会造成主句的失衡现象,就可以翻译成从句本来应该承担的成分,进行顺译;但是,如果从句结构较为复杂,而主句较为简单,则适宜把从句单独成句翻译,主句中使用代词指代这个从句。下面我们来具体看一下翻译方法:
1、主语从句:
构成主语从句的方式有下列两种:
(1)关联词或从属连词位于句首的从句+主句谓语+其他成分。
它们一般是译在句首,作为主从复合句的主语。这样的词有关联词what,which,how,why,where,who,whatever,whoever,whenever,wherever及从属连词that,whether,if.如:
例题1:What he told me was only half-truth.分 析:其中关联词可译“…的”,放在后面。
参考译文:他告诉我的只是些半真半假的东西而已。
例题2:Whether an organism is a plant or an animal sometimes taxes the brain of a biologist.分 析:whether可以译成“是否,是…还是”,然后适当安排位置。
参考译文:一种生物究竟是植物还是动物,有时使生物学家颇伤脑筋。
(2)it+谓语+that(whether)引导的从句。
如果先译主句,可以顺译为无人称句。有时也可先译从句,再译主句。如果先译从句,便可以在主句前加译“这”。如:
例题3:It can be seen that precleaning alone would not reduce the total sulfur content of the four coals to levels anywhere near the standards.分 析:这样的句子可以译成无人称句,常用来表示事实,常理等。
参考译文:可以看出,这四种煤的总含硫量仅靠预先洗选将不能降低到完全接近标准规定的水平。
例题4:It is a matter of common experience that bodies are lighter in water than they are in air.分 析:有时为了使译文成分完整,可以补充上泛指的主语(如人们…、大家…)。类似的结构还有:it is(universally)known that…大家都知道…it is believed that…人们都相信…。
参考译文:物体在水中比在空气中轻,这是一种大家共有的经验。
2、表语从句:
(1)表语从句是位于主句的联系动词后面、充当主句主语的表语的从句,它也是由that,what,why,how,when,where,whether等连词和关联词引导的。一般来讲,可以先译主句,后译从句。如:
例题5:The result of invention of steam engine was that human power was replaced by mechanical power.分 析:先译后面的主句,后译前面的从句。
参考译文:蒸汽机发明的结果是机械力代替了人力。
(2)几种常见句型,以下逐一介绍它们的译法。
★在that(this)is why…句型中,如果选择先译主句,后译从句,可以译成这就是为什么…,这就是为什么…的原因,这就是…的缘故等。如果选择先译从句,再译主句,一般可以译为…原因就在这里,…理由就在这里等。如:
例题6:That is why practice is the criterion of truth and why the standard of practice should be first and fundamental in the theory of knowledge。
分 析:原句表语很长,所以此处采用了紧缩原则。
参考译文:所谓实践是真理的标准,所谓实践的标准,应该是认识论的首先的和基本的观点,理由就在这个地方。
★在this(it)is because…句型中,一般先译主句,再译从句,译成是因为…,这是因为…的缘故,这是由于…的缘故。如:
例题7:This is because the direct current flows in a wire always in one direction.参考译文:这是由于直流电在导线中总沿着一个方向流动的缘故。
★在this is what…句型中,如果先译主句,后译从句,通常译为这就是…的内容,这就是…的含意等。如果先译从句,后译主句,通常译为…就是这个道理,…就是这个意思等。如:
例题8:This is what we have discussed in this article.分 析:如表语不长,则可译成这就是…的内容等。
参考译文:这就是我们在本文中所讨论的内容。
3、宾语从句
(1)用that, what, how, when, which, why, whether, if 等引起的宾语从句,翻译成汉语的时候,一般不需要改变它在原句中的顺序。
I told him that because of the last condition, I’d have to turn it down.我告诉他,由于那最后一个条件,我只得谢绝。
Can you hear what I say?
你听得到我所讲的吗?
I don’t know that he swam across the river.我不知道他游过了那条河。
I don’t know how he swam across the river.我不知道他是怎么游过那条河的。
He has informed me when they are to discuss my proposal.他已经通知我他们将在什么时候谈论我的建议。
有时可加“说”字,再接下去翻译译英语原文宾语从句的内容。
Smith replied that he was sorry.斯密斯回答说,他感到遗憾。
He would remind people again that it was decided not only by himself but by lots of others.他再三提醒大家说,决定这件事的不只是他一个人,还有其他许多人。
(2)用it 作形式宾语的句子,在翻译的时候,that所引导的宾语从句一般可按英语原文顺序翻译;it有时候可以不用翻译。
I made it clear to them that they must hand in their papers before 10 o’clock in the morning.我向他们讲清楚了的,他们必须在上午十时前交卷。(it没有翻译)
I heard it said that he had gone abroad.听说他已经出国了。(it没有翻译)
但有时候,也可以在译文中将that引导的宾语从句提前到句子最前面翻译。
I regard it as an honor that I am chosen to attend the meeting.我被选参加会议,感到光荣。(it没有翻译)
We consider it absolutely necessary that we should open our door to the outside world.打开国门,实行开放,我们认为这是绝对必要的。(it翻译为“这”)
4、同位语从句
同位语从句主要是用来对名词作进一步的解释,说明名词的具体内容。能接同位语从句的名词主要有:belief(相信),fact(事实),hope(希望),idea(想法,观点),doubt(怀疑),news(新闻,消息),rumor(传闻),conclusion(结论),evidence(证据),suggestion(建议),problem(问题),order(命令),answer(回答),decision(决定),discovery(发现),explanation(解释),information(消息),knowledge(知识),law(法律),opinion(意见,观点),truth(真理,事实),promise(承诺),report(报告),thought(思想),statement(声明),rule(规定),possibility(可能)等。
(1)一般来说,同位语从句可以直接翻译在主句后面。
He expressed the hope that he would come over to visit China again.他表示希望再到中国来访问。
There is a possibility that he is a spy.有可能他是一个间谍。
(2)有时候在翻译同位语从句时,可以将其放在所修饰的名词前面,相当于前置的修饰语,但不一定使用定语的标志词“的”。这种情况下,同位语从句都是比较简单。
We know the fact that bodies possess weight.我们都知道物体具有重量这一事实。
The rumor that he was arrested was unfounded.关于他被捕的传闻是没有根据的。
(3)增加“即”(或者“以为”)这样的词来连接,或用冒号、破折号直接分开主句和同位语从句。
But this does not in any way alter the fact that they are now, from a practical point of view, irrational.但这却丝毫改变不了这样一个事实,即从实用的观点来看,他们今天仍是不合理的。
We have reached the conclusion that practice is the criterion for testing truth.我们已经得出这样的结论:实践是检验真理的标准。
Not long ago, the scientists made an exciting discovery that this waste material could be turned into plastics.不久前,科学家们获得一个令人振奋的发现——可以把这种废物变成塑料。
二、形容词性从句(定语从句)的翻译方法
1.前置法:把定语从句翻译到所修饰的先行词前面,可以用“的”来连接。
He who has never tasted what is bitter does not know what is sweet。
没有吃过苦的人不知道什么是甜。
Space and oceans are the new world which scientists are trying to explore。
太空和海洋是科学家们努力探索的新领域。
His laughter, which was infectious, broke the silence。
他那富有感染力的笑声打破了沉寂。
2.后置法:把定语从句翻译在所修饰的先行词后面,翻译为并列分句。
(1)重复先行词。
I told the story to John, who told it to his brother。
他把这件事告诉了约翰,约翰又告诉了他的弟弟。
We wish to express our satisfaction at this to the Special Committee, whose activities deserve to be encouraged。
在我们对特别委员会表示满意,特别委员会的工作应该受到鼓励。
You, whose predecessors scored initial success in astronomical research, have acquired a greater accomplishment in this respect。
你们的先辈在天文学研究方面取得了初步的成功,而你们现在则在这一方面获得了更大的成就。
Although he lacks experience, he has enterprise and creativity, which are decisive in achieving success in the area。
他虽然经验不足,但很有进取心和创造力,而这正是在这一领域获得成功的关键。
(2)省略先行词。
ceived the letter that announced the death of your uncle。
是他接到那封信,说你的叔叔去世了。
They worked out a new method by which production has now been rapidly increased。
他们制定出一种新方案,采用之后生产已迅速得到提高。
3.融合法:把定语从句和它所修饰的先行词结合在一起翻译。
There is a man downstairs who wants to see you。
楼下有人要见你。
In our factory, there are many people who are much interested in the new invention。
在我们工厂里,许多人对这项新发明很感兴趣。
We used a plane of which almost every part carried some indication of national identity。
我们驾驶的飞机几乎每一个部件都有一些国籍标志
She had a balance at her banker’s which would have made her beloved anywhere。
她在银行里的存款足以使她到处受到欢迎
4.状译法
(1)译成表示“时间”的分句
A driver who is driving the bus mustn’t talk with others or be absent-minded。
司机在开车时,不许和人谈话,也不能走神。
(2)译成表示“原因”的分句
He showed no further wish for conversation with Mrs.Smith, who was now more than usually insolent and disagreeable。
他似乎不愿再和史密斯太太讲话,因为她现在异常无礼,令人厌烦。
(3)译成表示“条件”的分句
Men become desperate for work, any work, which will help them to keep alive their families。
人们极其迫切地要求工作,不管什么工作,只要它能维持一家人的生活就行。
(4)译成表示“让步”的分句
He insisted on buying another house, which he had no use for
尽管他并没有这样的需要,他坚持要再买一幢房子。
(5)译成表示“目的”的分句
He wishes to write an article that will attract the public attention to the matter。
为了引起公众对这一事件的注意,他想写一篇文章。
He is collecting authentic material that proves his argument。
为了证明他的论点,他正在收集确凿的材料以。
(6)译成表示“结果”的分句
They tried to stamp out the revolt, which spread all the more furiously throughout the country。
他们企图镇压反抗,结果反抗愈来愈烈,遍及全国。
(7译成表示“转折”的分句
She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was。
她对孩子们很有耐心,而她丈夫却很少这样。
三、副词性从句(状语从句)的译法
英语中状语从句体现了从句和主句之间的逻辑关系,它具体可以分为9种:时间、地点、条件、让步、原因、结果、目的、比较和方式状语。其中,状语从句的翻译方法,总的来说遵循三点主要原则:
①连词能省则省,只要能把意思说清楚,尽量不使用连词。
②如果条件或让步状语从句在整句中语气较弱,可以把主句译在前面,从句译在后面。
③状语从句的位置可以灵活变动,以便使译文更流畅。
④种类的判断主要依赖于连词语义的判断。
下面,我们就通过几个例子分析一下状语从句在考试中出现的形式。
1.While formal learning is transmitted by teachers selected to perform this role, informal learning is acquired as a natural part of a child's development。
本句中包含一个While引导的让步状语从句,第二部分是主句;从句中,formal learning是主语,谓语是is transmitted,过去分词selected作teachers的后置定语,是不定式to perform this role作selected的目的状语;主句中,informal learning是主语,谓语是is acquired,介词短语as a natural part of a child's development作acquired的结果状语。
参考译文:尽管正式的学习过程是由挑选出来担当此角色的教师来进行的,非正式的学习过程却是作为孩子成长的自然一部分而完成的。
2.While it is true that this competition may induce efforts to expand territory at the expense of others, and thus lead to conflict, it cannot be said that war-like conflict among other nations is inevitable, although competition is。
该句可拆分为三大部分;(White it is true that this competition may induce efforts to expand territory at the expense of others, and thus lead to conflict,)(it cannot be said that war-like conflict among other nations is inevitable,)(although competition is.),第一部分是While引导的让步状语从句,第二部分是主句,第三部分是although引导的让步状语从句;第一部分的主语是山指代后面的that从句,实际上,While it is true that已形成固定结构,参见知识链接,that从句的主语是this competition,谓语是may induce,宾语是efforts,不定式to expand territory作efforts的后置定语,at the expense of others作expand的状语;and之后的lead to是谓语,与前面的induce并列,conflict是宾语;主句中的主语是it,指代后面的that从句,该从句的主语是conflict,谓语动词是is,表语是inevitable,复合形容词war-like作conflict的定语,among other nations作conflict的后置定语;第三部分although从句的主语是competition,谓语是is,表语是inevitable,承前省略了。该句的第二部分,即主句运用了被动语态,在翻译时要译为汉语的主动语态,这是常用的一条原则,因为英文多被动,汉语多主动。
参考译文:虽然这种竞争会引发以他人利益为代价的领土扩张行动,因此也会引发冲突,但却不能认为类似于战争的国家间的冲突不可避免,尽管竞争是不可避免的。
3.While it is true that to date the Internet seems to be favoring the most developed sectors of the international community over the less developed, this need not always be the case。
该句可拆分为两部分:(While it is true that to date the Internet seems to be favoring the most developed sectors of the international community over the less developed,)(this need not always be the case.),第一部分是While引导的让步状语从句,第二部分是主句;从句中,it是形式主语,指代后面的that从句,While it is true that已形成固定结构,参见知识链接,that从句主语是the Internet,谓语是seems,不定式to be。作表语,介词短语over the less developed作favoring的状语;主句比较简单,主语是this,指代从句内容,谓语是need not always be,表语是the case。
参考译文: 尽管迄今为止互联网似乎更加青睐国际社会中的发达领域,而非不太发达的领域,情形并不总是如此。
4.There is a virtual limit on how long we can hope to remain alive,however lucky and robust we are。
该句分为两部分:(There is a virtual limit on how long we can hope to remain alive,)(however lucky and robust we are。),第一部分是主句,第二部分是however引导的让步状语从句;主句中on...alive是介词短语,作limit的后置定语,how引导的从句是介词on的宾语,该从句的主语是we,谓语是can hope to remain,表语是alive;让步状语从句的主语是we,谓语是are,表语是lucky and robust。这句话翻译时也要将从句提前,然后再译主句。
参考译文:不管我们多么幸运,多么健壮,我们所希望的长寿年龄实际上是有限度的。
5.While the roots of social psychology lie in the intellectual soil of the whole western civilization, its present flowering is recognized to be characteristically an American phenomenon。
该句可拆分为两部分:(While the roots of social psychology lie in the intellectual soil of the whole western civilization,)(its present flowering is recognized to be characteristically an American phenomenon.),第一部分是以While引导的让步状语从句,第二部分是主句;从句中,主语是the roots,谓语是lie in,of social psychology是roots的后置定语,the intellectual...western civilization是介词in的宾语,of the whole western civilization是soil 的后置定语;主句的主语是its present flowering,其中的its指代前面的roots,谓语是is recognized,不定式to be...an American phenomenon作主语flowering的补足语。
2001年英译汉试题: 75.And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder—kitchen rage.词的处理:
home appliance 家用电器;result in 导致;psychological disorder 心理混乱;kitchen rage 厨房狂躁症
完整译文:家用电器将会变得如此智能化,以至于控制和操作它们会引发一种新的心理疾病—厨房狂躁症。
2004年英译汉试题: 63.The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data.完整译文:这些新近被描述的语言与已经得到充分研究的欧洲和东南亚地区的语言往往差别显著,以至于有些学者甚至指责Boas和Sapir编造材料。
1998年英译汉试题: 75.Odd though it sounds, cosmic infaltion is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.词的处理:
cosmic infaltion 宇宙膨胀说;scientifically plausible consequence 科学上可信的推论;elementary particle physics 基本粒子物理学
完整译文:宇宙膨胀理论虽然听似奇特,但它是基本粒子物理学中一些公认的理论在科学上可信的推论。许多天体物理学家七八年来一直以为这一论述是正确的。
四、翻译中的“否定”处理
否定是英汉两种语言都具有的一种语法现象,但两者在表达否定意义的方式和手段上有很大的差异。英语中的否定形式很多,常见的有:(1)全部否定;(2)部分否定;(3)双重否定;(4)形式上肯定,实际上否定;(5)形式上否定,实际上肯定;(6)否定转移;(7)排除否定;(8)固定句型结构;等等。英译汉时,对于英语中的否定结构,要从否定词本身的意义、否定词的否定范围、具体的语境等方面予以综合考虑,否则可能造成误解和句意翻译的错误。此外,对于某些否定结构,还可以使用正义反译或反义正译的方法予以处理。
【例1】 Nor, as things are, could the actual study of science easily be separated from technology, on which it has come to depend rather intimately for materials and apparatus.(全部否定)
【译文】就目前的情况来看,很难把实际的科学研究和技术分开,因为科学已经非常依赖技术来获得材料和仪器。
【分析】本句是全部否定。Nor, neither, never等词由于句首要倒装,且表示对全句的全部否定,翻译时将否定移回原位。本句中主句是被动语态,译成主动语态;定语从句很长,而且与原句具有某种因果关系,所以单独翻译;depend on的on被提前。
【例2】 Not all of the carbon dioxide that enters the leaf is synthesized into carbohydrates.(部分否定)
【译文】并不是所有进入叶子的二氧化碳都化合为碳水化合物。
【分析】本句是部分否定句。英语中,有些句型,比如:all...not, not all, every...not, not every, both...not等,都是表示部分否定,可以翻译成“并不都......”。但是,需要注意no, none, neither, nor引导的是全部否定。例如:No two people think alike.(没有两个人的想法是一样的。)
【例3】 Its significance and importance can never be overemphasized.(双重否定)
【译文】它的意义和重要性,不管无论如何强调,都不算过分。
【分析】本句是双重否定句。英语中,两个表示否定意义的词用在同一句话中,实际上整句话表肯定。此外,还有一些固定的句型,比如cannot / hardly / scarcely...enough / too / over+动词(无论怎么......也不过分......),only too...to(非常),cannot but(不会不,一定会)等表示肯定。比如:We are only too willing to do it for you.(我们非常愿意为你做这件事。)
【例4】Time is what we want most, but what many use worst.(形肯实否)
【译文】我们最缺少时间,但偏偏许多人最不善于利用时间。
【例5】 He carelessly glanced through the note and got away.(形否实肯)
【译文】他马马虎虎地看了看那张便条就走了。
【例6】 Don't scamp your work because you are pressed for time.(否定转移)
【译文】不要因为时间紧张就敷衍塞责。
【分析】否定转移是指形式上看起来是否定某个词语或主句,但实际上是否定另外的词语或从句。最常见的是“主语 + don't think + 从句(否定从句)”,“not...because / because of...(否定because / because of)”等。对于否定转移,翻译时要把否定转回原位。本句中,not否定的是because从句,所以翻译时要把not还原到because从句上。
【例7】 As they expected to be away from the steamer only a few hours, they took enough food for one meal only and no extra clothing beyond what they stood up in.(排除否定)
【译文】因为他们估计离开轮船只有几个小时,所以只带了一顿饭的食物和身上穿的衣服/所以只带了一顿饭的食物,除了身上穿的之外,没有多带衣服。
【分析】本句是排除否定。所谓排除否定,就是指该句中有一部分是否定,有一部分是肯定。通常地,会用一些介词或连词等来排除掉其所引导或连接的部分。常见的引导词有:beyond(除了)、other than(除了)、except(除了)、nothing more than(仅仅)等。该句中是用beyond引导的排除否定,排除掉其后的what they stood up in;由于本句前面有no,也可以看成是no和beyond的双重否定表肯定。
第三篇:2015考研英语 翻译技巧之增词
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二、为了意义上的需要
英译汉有时有必要增加合适的动词、形容词或副词,使译文意思明确,例如:
(1)When I came to I was in the water,swimming automatically,though I was about two thirds drowned.当我清醒过来时,发觉自己在水里,虽然浸得半死,却本能地浮着。(增补动词)(原文虽然没有“发觉”,但译者根据上下文增补了它,使译文意思更加明确、表达通顺。)
(2)He doubtlessly expected hugs,tablefuls of food,tears,laughter,and conversation followed by more conversation,then hugs and more hugs all over again,without end.毫无疑问,他以为会有热烈的拥抱,满桌的食物,激动的泪水,欢乐的笑声,一段接一段的谈话,一次又一次的拥抱,没完没了。(译文中增加了三个相应的形容词,形象地描绘出他想象中的欢乐场景,使意思更加明确,表达更加生动。)
(3)In the evening,after the banquets,the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions,he would work on the drafting of the final communique.晚上在参加宴会、出席音乐会、观看乒乓球表演之后,他还得起草最后公报。
(4)These soon told her,… how easy it was and how little it interfered with life's affairs to go and see one's grave.这些人不久便告诉她…去看自己亲人的坟墓是多么容易,几乎一点儿也不妨碍日常生活。
(5)The sky is clear blue now the sun has flung diamonds down on meadow and bank and wood.此时已是万里蓝天,太阳把颗颗光彩夺目的钻石洒向草原,洒向河岸,洒向树林。
有时为了意思明确还必须增加合适的名词或是重复同一名词,例如:
(1)These early cars were slow,clumsy,and inefficient.这些早期的汽车速度缓慢,行动笨拙,效率不高。(译文中在形容词前分别加上了三个名词,既使译文意思明确,又使它形成四字词组,匀称整齐。)中公考研 http://www.xiexiebang.com
第四篇:2018年考研翻译硕士英语备考技巧
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2018年考研翻译硕士英语备考技巧
下面是翻译硕士学习英语18黄金法则,这不仅能提高你的英语语言能力,更有助于提高你对其他科目学习的认知水平,废话不多说了,快来看看吧。
1.What is language for? Some people seem to think it is for practicing grammar rules and learning lists of words--the longer the words the better.That’s wrong.Language is for the exchange of ideas, for communication.语言到底是用来干什么的呢?一些人认为它是用来操练语法规则和学习一大堆单词——而且单词越长越好。这个想法是错误的。语言是用来交换思想,进行交流沟通的!
2.The way to learn a language is to practice speaking it as often as possible.学习一门语言的方法就是要尽量多地练习说。
3.A great man once said it is necessary to dill as much as possible, and the more you apply it in real situations, the more natural it will become.一位伟人曾说,反复操练是非常必要的,你越多的将所学到的东西运用到实际生活中,他们就变的越自然。
4.Listening and imitating should always go together.Use the LIP method!Listen-Imitate-Practice!
听和模仿一定要同时做,使用“LIP”方法:听、模仿、操练!
5.Use all your senses to learn English.You must hear English, read English, touch English, smell English, and taste
English.Feel English with your heart.Immerse yourself in this language.Begin to think in English.运用一切感官学习英语。你必须听英语、说英语、触摸英语、闻英语,还要尝尝英语的味道。用心去感受英语。让自己沉浸在这门语言当中。学会用英语思考。
6.Relax!Be patient and enjoy yourself.Learning foreign languages is just a piece of cake.
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放轻松!要有耐心,并且享受英语带来的乐趣!学习外语只不过是小菜一碟。
7.Rome wasn’t built in a day.Work harder and practice more.Your hardworking will be rewarded by God one day.God is equal to everyone!
冰冻三尺,非一日之寒。更加努力的学习,更加勤奋的操练,你所付出的一切将会得到上帝的报答,上帝是公平的。
8.Use a dictionary and grammar guide constantly.Keep a small English dictionary with you at all time.When you see a new word, look it up.Think about the word--use it.in your mind, in a sentence.经常使用字典和语法指南。随身携带一本小英文字典,当你看到一个新字时就去查阅它,思考这个字——然后学着去用它,在你的心中,在一个句子里。
9.Try to think in English whenever possible.When you see something, think of the English word of it;
then think about the word in a sentence.一有机会就努力去用英文来思考。看到某事时,想想它的英文单词;然后把它用到一个句子中去。
10.Practice tenses as much as possible.When you learn a new verb, learn its various forms.A thousand words will not leave so an deep impression as one deed.尽可能多的操练时态。学习一个动词的时候,要学习它的各种形态。千言万语不如一个行动
11.I would also like to learn more about the culture behind the language.When you understand the cultural background, you can better use the language.我想学习和了解更多关于语言背后的文化知识,当你理解了文化背景,你就能更好地运用语言。
12.Keep an English journal.Try to write a few sentences about your day and then blurt them out as many times as
possible before you go to sleep.This will teach you to “think” in English.This habit will also 2页共2页
凯程考研,为学员服务,为学生引路!
help you live a move organized and fruitful life.Besides, you will score higher on your composition exams!
坚持写英语日记。写几个句子描述一下你的一天,然后在睡觉前尽可能多地大声操练。这个方法可以教会你用英语“思考”。这个习惯还可以帮助你生活得更有条理、更有成效。此外,考试时作文你也可以拿更高的分!
13.Choose materials that interest you!Reading about things that you like will naturally make learning more enjoyable
and efficient.Everything is easier if you enjoy doing it!
选择让你感兴趣的资料!阅读你喜欢的东西自然会使学习变得更愉快、更有效。你喜欢做,事情就会更容易!
14.Make your friends proud by teaching them some English sentences.You can become an excellent teacher through
tutoring your friends.Teaching is a great way to learn!Also remember, learning English can make people happier, feel younger and live longer!
教你的朋友们英语,让他们感到骄傲。教朋友的过程中你会成为一名出色的老师。教学是学习的极好途径!别忘了,英语学习会让人更快乐、更年轻、活得更长久!
15.Don’t be afraid to ask for help.The more times you ask for help, the more powerful your English will become.Never hesitate to ask!Learn as much as you can from as many different people as you can!An eager student will always find a teacher!
不要害怕寻求帮助。你请求别入帮越多的忙,你的英语就会越厉害。不要犹豫,尽管发问!尽可能从不同的人身上学到更多的东西!求知欲强的学生总是会找到老师!
16.Keep English constantly in your mind by listening, speaking of reading every day!Constant exposure will make it
much easier to master this language.If you review only once a week, you will have a hard time remembering what you’ve learned.每天听,每天说,每天读,让英语时刻留在你脑中!持续的接触会让你更容易掌握这门语言。如果你只是一个星期复习一回,要记住你学的东西就太难了。
17.Keep a positive attitude about English.If you think of English as a burden, it will be one!3页共3页
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If you think of English as
fun and exciting, you will practice more often and make progress more quickly!
学英语要有积极的态度。如果你认为英语是个负担,它就是个负担!如果你认为英语有趣又刺激,你就会更经常地练习,进步得更快!
18.Learning any language takes a lot of effort, but never give up.We will hew out of the mountain of despair a stone
of hope!
世上没有什么难事,只是看你做还是不做,不管其他如果你能吧翻译硕士英语18黄金法则牢记心中,那么英语对于你来说就是
第五篇:2018年考研英语阅读及翻译备考技巧分享
凯程考研,为学员服务,为学生引路!
2018年考研英语阅读及翻译备考技巧分
享
重视外刊
这一点,点点英语考研团队非常强调外刊的阅读,也为考研专门开设了外刊超精读班和供大家讨论的外刊超精读讨论版,而且我在很多场合都提过,但是很少学生会听,毕竟外刊太难了,不如做模拟阅读好,即使有学生当时听了,也未必能够坚持下来。我在这里再次重申,2018年的考生必须重视外刊,至少每周精读1 —2篇核心外刊。今年英语考试与阅读相关的题型全部选自于外刊,比如说《商业周刊》、《经济学家》、《哈佛商业评论》等等,如果平时不精读的话,考试必然会看不懂。
坚持超精读
有句俗话叫做“伤其十指不如断其一指”,很多学生说精读太耗费时间,不能练习做题速度,我想这种想法是错误的,只有平时精读,甚至是超精读了,才能对文章从宏观到微观的把握,通过超精读,把握文章的脉络,寻找可能的考点,唯有这样才能到考场上迅速判断出考点,才能做到查读,跳读和略读,从根本上节省时间,否则只能使你的做题速度越来越慢。比如说,今年阅读理解的
凯程考研,为学员服务,为学生引路!
首先暑假初期,各位考生应当对英语语法有大概系统的了解,熟悉5种简单句型,三大从句以及特殊结构,这样我们才能在遇到翻译真题时分清句子的结构,从而采取相应的翻译方法。如果有同学仍然没有自己复习一遍语法,需要在复习翻译前大致了解基本语法知识点,作一个铺垫。
在了解了基本的语法知识后,我们正式进入复习。首先,我们的全部联系要以真题为基础,这一阶段分析句子的范围在1990-2004。在最初阶段,一定不要盲目追求速度,我们可以一天只翻译一个句子。但是这种翻译并不是查出所有的词语然后翻译成句就草草了事,因为很多同学基本是在“看”翻译,看到一句话,在头脑中思考一遍,思考出大概的翻译内容,然后就直接对照答案了,在这里想提醒各位考生,这种方式是很难进步的,翻译是一定要落实到笔头的,只有写出来才能发现自己的问题出在哪里。而且只“看”翻译会给学生造成虚假的印象,认为自己差不多都能翻译出来,但实际上如果落实到笔头就会发现很多语句并不通顺,所以建议考生,如果想在翻译上有进步,一定要踏踏实实的写下来,不要怕费时间。
四步翻译法
建议实行四步翻译法,帮助你快速提高翻译。