第一篇：党校在职研究生入学考试政治学笔记
政治学复习题
1.政治的涵义和特点 政治的涵义
对“政治”涵义的解释分为两大类，即非马克思主义的政治观和马克思主义的政治观。
非马克思主义的政治观: “道德论”、“神权论”、“权力论”、“管理论”、“政策论”。马克思主义的政治观，其基本内容是：
（一）政治活动的基础是经济活动，政治是经济的集中表现
（二）政治是与阶级联系在一起的特定的社会关系，是一种阶级关系
（三）政治是与国家紧密联系的特殊公共权力现象，国家政权是政治的主要的和根本的问题
（四）政治有特定的发展规律，政治是一门科学，是一门艺术
根据马克思主义政治观的基本内涵，我们可以对政治作如下的理解：政治是一定阶级或社会集团为了实现和维护自身的利益，围绕国家权力而结成的社会关系和进行的社会活动。
政治的特点
（一）政治是由一定社会的经济基础所决定，并且为一定阶级和社会集团的利益服务的。
（二）政治的核心问题是国家权力。
2.政治对经济、社会发展的作用 政治对经济发展的作用：
一、进步的政治对经济的推动作用
二、反动的政治对经济的阻碍和破坏
三、政治与经济相比占首位 政治对社会发展的作用
一、政治对社会秩序的影响
首先表现在对社会秩序的影响方面。社会秩序有好坏之分，政治既可以带来好的政治秩序，又可以带来混乱的社会秩序。代表先进阶级和广大人民利益的政治，可以得到人民群众的支持和拥护，一般可以维持良好的社会秩序，有利于社会的进步和发展。相反，则可能带来混乱的社会秩序，从而影响和阻碍社会的进步。
二、政治对社会关系的影响
一定发展阶段上的社会，就是一定的各种社会关系的总和。
政治关系是经济关系、生产关系、生产资料占有关系、物质利益关系最直接、最集中的反映。进而决定了在社会中所处的地位的不同。
三、政治对社会进步的影响
进步的政治对社会的发展起促进作用，反动的政治对社会的发展起延缓或阻碍作用。
政治人的定义：政治人是指具有政治意识和政治行为能力，并且实际参与政治过程的人。
3.如何理解公民的权利和义务
公民在国家生活中的作用主要通过以下几种方式表现出来：
（一）行使权利
一是参政权，包括选举权、罢免权、创制权和复决权。
二是政治自由权，包括言论、出版、著作、新闻和集会、结社、游行、示威自由等权利。三是请求权，包括申诉、控告、检举、要求赔偿和提起诉讼的权利。
（二）履行义务
一是维护国家统一和民族团结的义务。二是遵纪守法的义务。
三是维护国家安全，依法服兵役的义务。四是依法纳税的义务。4.公民制度的内容
公民制度是一个国家关于公民的资格、地位、权利义务等各项制度的总称。通常包括下述内容：
（一）公民资格的取得制度
（二）公民参政制度
（三）公民自由制度
（四）公民平等制度
（五）公民受益和请求制度
5.国家机构及其组成
国家机构就是广义的中央政府（所以也称政府机构），就是掌握和行使国家最高统治权力的政治机关。
现代国家的国家机构基本上是由：（1）国家元首；（2）国家立法机关；（3）国家行政机关；（4）国家司法机关等设施组成。
在我国，全国人民代表大会既是最高的国家权力机关，同时也是行使立法权的立法机关，根据我国宪法的规定，全国人民代表大会及常务委员会的职权主要有：第一，立法权。第二，选举权。第三，审议权。第四，决定权。第五，监督权。
6.现代民主政治发展中政党的作用
政党的概念：政党是一定社会中的阶级或阶层，为控制或影响国家权力而组织起来的，有明确的纲领和严格的纪律政治组织。
政党的作用主要体现在两个方面。
1．在本阶级内部，政党作为一定阶级的利益代表和先进分子的组织具有以下几方面的作用：一是凝聚本阶级的利益和表达本阶级的政治意识。二是集合和发展本阶级的政治力量。三是培养本阶级的政治骨干分子。
2．在社会政治生活中，政党的作用在于影响和获取国家政权，从而实现本阶级的政治统治和政治领导。在取得政权以前，政党彽彽通过自己的相应的纲领和路线、斱针、政策等，阐明自己的政治主张或社会管理斱案，通过各种合法的或非法的斗争，影响国家的社会政策的制定朝有利于自己的斱向収展。夺得政权以后，则把自己的意志和主张转化为国家的法律和政策，幵采取实际的措施和行动，使自己的利益要求和政治意图得以更好地实现。
无论是资产阶级政党或无产阶级政党，在当代社会的政治生活中，都有一个十分重要的作用，那就是实现一定的社会政治稳定的目标。
7.政党制度的类型及特点
一党制是一个政党在国家政治生活中独掌政权，不允许其他政党有同等的地位和权力。在实行两党制的国家中，比较典型的是英国的议会内阁制和美国的总统共和制。
目前，世界上多数资本主义国家，如法国、德国、意大利、日本等，都实行多党制。特征：一是政党多情况复杂。二是政党联合竞选执政。三是内阁更迭频繁。
我国的政党制度也是多党制。中国共产党一党领导的多党合作制，包含两个方面的基本内容：一是中国共产党的领导，领导的方式主要是政治领导；二是多党合作，民主党派与共产党合作的方式则主要是政治协商和政治参与，即作为参政党积极参政议政。
8.社团参与政治过程的途径与方式
不同性质的国家，社团参与政治过程的形式和途径不同，其对政治发展的作用也有所不同。不过，从政治学的一般原理出发来研究社团对政治生活的影响，可一般地概括为以下几个方面：
第一，影响利益的综合和确定过程。利益的综合和确定过程，一般也就是政策的制定过程。
第二，影响利益的实现过程。这种影响过程主要通过两种方法实现：一是利用政府相应咨询机关的咨询；二是影响行政人员的任命。
第三，运用利益维护的手段影响政治过程。
除上述三个方面外，社团还可以用影响选票、影响舆论、捐款、示威、罢工
9.政治制度的涵义和特点
政治制度是指关于国家和社会政治活动的体制的总称。政治制度的特征包括：
（一）政治制度是一定社会经济基础的政治表现形式
（二）政治制度是国体制度和国家政治形式的统一
（三）政治制度一经建立便具有相对的稳定性
（四）政治制度的运行受到社会其他客观条件的影响
10.政体的分类与特征
政体是指国家政权机构的组织形式，是一个国家政治制度中的基本组成部分。
（一）君主政体 1．专制君主制。
2．立宪君主制。当代的立宪君主制又可分为议会君主制和二元君主制两种类型。
议会君主制：议会既是立法机关，又是国家最高权力机构；议会中获多数席位的党组织内阁，内阁对议会负责；君主必须在宪法规定范围之内行使权力，并受到其他国家权力机关的约束与限制。英国的议会君主制形式首先在欧洲大陆产生了较大影响，后来又被世界其他地区的国家效仿。现在实行议会君主制的国家主要有葡萄牙、西班牙、比利时、挪威、丹麦、荷兰、瑞典、卢森堡、加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰、泰国等。
二元君主制:国家真正的权力中心是君主。君主对议员拥有一定的任命权。现在主要有尼泊尔、科威特、摩洛哥、约旦王国等国家仍采用二元君主制。
（二）共和政体
共和政体的主要特点是国家元首或国家最高权力机关是经过选举产生，而不是终身任职。这种政体又分为议会共和制和总统共和制。
1．议会共和制。议会不仅是国家立法机关，而且是国家最高权力机关。政府（内阁）是由占议会中多数席位的政党组成，并对议会负责。当代的德国、意大利、芬兰、奥地利、希腊、冰岛、印度、新加坡等国实行的就是议会共和制。
2．总统共和制。总统既是国家元首，又是政府首脑。总统领导的行政机关与立法机关、司法机关分立、平等、相互制衡。总统制是由美国最早创立的一种政体形式，实行总统制的国家，除美国之外，还有墨西哥、巴西、哥伦比亚、萨尔瓦多、哥斯达黎加、委内瑞拉、尼日利亚、扎伊尔、加蓬、塞内加尔、埃及、博茨瓦纳、斯里兰卡、印度尼西亚等国。总统掌握国家最高行政权。
3．委员会制。其典型是瑞士联邦的委员会制。11.国家结构形式及特点
国家结构也称国家结构形式，是国家政治制度的组成部分，是指一个国家内中央政权和地方政权之间，国家整体和部分之间相互关系所采取的制度形式。
国家结构依据中央与地方的关系，主要分为单一制和复合制两种类型。
一、单一制
单一制的国家结构指的是在国家内部划分各级地方行政单位或自治单位，地方单位受中央政权统一领导的体制。
二、复合制
复合制国家结构是一种国家联盟形式。通常由几个国家、几个邦或州根据协定或法律文件，结合成为一个国家。按照联盟的紧密程度，复合制国家又可分为邦联制国家和联邦制国家。
（一）邦联制
邦联制的结构形式是由两个或两个以上保留了独立主权的国家，为了实现某种共同的利益（如政治、军事或经济利益）而建立的一种松散的国家联盟。目前，世界上实行邦联制的有前苏联加盟共和国独立后成立的独立国家联合体（独联体）、欧洲联盟等。
（二）联邦制
联邦制国家结构是指由多个组成单位（如州、邦等）结合在一起组成的联盟国家。美国是第一个建立现代联邦制的国家。
12.政治权利的主要内容
政治权利的内容归纳起来主要有公民自由权、政治平等权、参政权和民主监督权等。
13.如何理解政治权力的能动性
政治权力是指在政治生活中政治主体基于特定的利益关系或其他因素对特定社会客体形成的制约关系。政治权力具有突出的能动性
能动性是政治权力的内在属性之一，主要是指政治权力在政治生活中特有的主动性和扩张性的特点。
从动态的角度看，政治权力的主动性主要表现在，特定的政治权力总是自觉和努力地去实现特定的利益愿望和需求。在国家生活中，代表一定阶级和利益集团的统治者总是把本阶级或本集团的利益臵于政治决策的首位，通过政治决策来维护和发展对自上，我们会常常看到统治权力的极大的能动作用。正是由于政治权力的这种能动作用，才使得既定的政治、经济和社会体制得以延续和发展。
政治权力的能动性还表现在其作用范围的不断扩张和权力能力的膨胀上。权力的扩张和膨胀几乎是一切政治权力的固有特性。掌握权力的任何组织总是自觉不自觉地扩大自己的权力，有着提高自己地位的本能。特别是政府的权力总是处于不断扩张之中。有学者在研究了各国政府权力演变的规律时指出，政府机关总是倾向于管理更多的事务，设立更多的机构和职位，制定更多的预算，雇用更多的人。这种趋势导致政府部门的机构、人员和职权的不断膨胀，形成政府权力扩张的普遍的趋势。
14国家权力的构成要素
国家政治权力的构成要素是指构成国家权力不可缺少的要件和因素。包括：立法权、行政权、司法权三项基本权力。
15.为什么要监督和制约权力
一、权力监督和制约的涵义
权力具有双向发展、双向作用的可能性。政治权力的所有者与使用者并不完全是一致的。由于社会亊务的复杂性，权力的所有者必须得把具体的职能权力按一定的组织体制委托给权力使用者去行使。这样，权力的具体运作过程与权力主体相互分离。为了减少乃至杜绝权力运行的反向发展，人们对此进行了长期的探索。政治实践表明，没有监督和制约的权力是危险的权力。而要防止滥用权力，就必须以权力约束权力。
二、权力监督和制约的基本特征
（一）权力的监督和制约，都是以一定的权力为基础或以权力做后盾
（二）权力的监督和制约，都具有一定的强制性
（三）权力的监督和制约，都具有外在性
三、权力监督和制约的功能
权力监督制约的基本功能，具体说来主要有：
（一）规范权力行为，引导权力活动按照权力委托者的意志运行
（二）防止滥用权力，对滥用权力的行为予以及时的纠正
（三）通过督促活动，提高公共权力运作的效率 16.权力监督和制约的方式
代议制机构监督和制约的一般方式有：（1）听取工作报告或听取国情咨文；（2）质询或举行听政会；（3）特定问题调查或国政调查；（4）对政府信任投票或倒阁；（5）罢免、撤职或弹劾等。
行政机关内部的监督和制约：
（一）上下级行政机关之间的相互监督和制约
（二）行政职能部门对其他管理机关的监督和制约
（三）专门监督机构对行政机关的监督和制约 17.权力腐败的危害
权力腐败也称政治腐败，是指公职人员滥用权力谋取私利的行为，即以公权换取私利。
权力腐败是一种毒害社会风气，损害公众利益，扰乱社会管理秩序的有害行为。权力腐败对政治发展的影响有：
首先，权力腐败破坏政治制度和法制制度的统一。
其次，权力腐败加剧行政管理效率的低下，浪费政治资源。第三，权力腐败激化社会矛盾，破坏政治局势的稳定。18.如何理解政治统治的合法性
政治统治的合法化就是指政治统治获得合法性的过程。合法性这一概念意指某个政权、政权的代表及其“命令”在某个或某些方面是合法的。合法性是一种特性，这种特性不仅来自正式的法律或命令，而更主要的是来自根据有关价值规范所判定的、由社会成员给予积极支持的社会认可（或认可的可能性）和正当性。它包括两个方面的主要内容：第一是统治、政府或政权怎样以及能否在全社会以价值观念和价值规范所认可的方式有效运行；第二是政治统治有效性的范围、基础与来源。概而言之，合法性就是政治统治为何应获得社会成员的忠诚的问题。
从本质上看，合法性是被统治阶级对阶级的政治统治正当性的认可。19.利益表达的涵义和功能
所谓利益表达，就是利益主体通过一定的渠道或途径将自身的利益要求传达给政治决策中枢机构的行为过程。
利益表达的功能主要有如下两种，即影响利益分配和维护利益的实现。影响利益分配的手段很多，最常用的包括：
（1）利益集团通过影响政治录用，推荐、委派或选举代理人进入政治决策机构，直接影响利益分配；
（2）政治游说，如通过提供有关资料、数据，或协助制定法律草案来影响立法机构成员；利用立法或决策听证会表明立场；游说政府官员；利用大众传媒进行宣传，鼓动选民来影响立法机关和行政机关的决策；（3）政治交易，如通过政治贿赂、以政治支持或政治反对为筹码，向决策者施加压力。
20.政治决策的模式
1．理性决策模式。2．渐进决策模式。
3．综合审视决策模式。
21.政治决策的程序和原则
政治决策包括以下程序和阶段： 1．界定问题，确立目标。2．调查分析，规划方案。3．预测评估和确定方案。
4．试点检验，跟踪观察。5．政治决策的实施。政治决策的原则主要有： 第一，科学性原则。第二，目标性原则。第三，最优化原则。第四，利益性原则。第五，协调性原则。
22.如何实现政治决策的科学化 1．决策机构的制度化和合理化。2．决策者的素质。
3．意识形态和社会主导性价值观。
23.政治参与的方式与条件
政治参与的涵义：是普通公民通过各种方式参加政治生活，并直接或间接地影响政治体系的构成、运行方式和规则以及公共政策的政治行为。
政治参与的涵义包括以下几个方面的内容：
首先，政治参与的主体是普通公民，是公民自下而上影响政治的活动。
第二，政治参与的目标与对象主要集中于政府的公共决策，但还包括所有直接或间接与政府活动相关的公共政治生活。
第三，政治参与的方式既有合法的，也包括部分非法的行为。
第四，政治参与是参与主体外在的一种活动，并不包括他们的政治态度、知识和兴趣等观念形态的内容。
第五，政治参与既包括参与主体基于利益意识而采取的自愿影响政府决策的活动，也包括受其他组织和个人动员而参加的影响政府决策的活动。
政治参与的限度可从三个方面加以认识，即过度的参与将有损于民主和社会稳定，不足的参与则表明民主的不完善，而有限度的参与对民主最为有利。
政治参与的方式：投票、选举、个人接触、结社活动、政治冷漠、暴力反抗。
政治参与的条件与影响因素：1．经济发展。2．政治条件。3．社会性因素。4．教育程度。5．社会心理因素。
24.政治参与的作用
一、政治参与和政治民主
二、政治参与和政治稳定
三、政治参与和经济发展
25.分析经济发展与政治发展的关系 经济发展是政治发展的重要条件
一、经济发展是政治发展的动力
（一）经济发展是政治发展过程发生质变的根本动因
（二）经济发展是政治发展过程发生量变的根本动因
（三）经济发展为政治发展的相关因素创造重要条件
二、经济发展对政治发展的制约性
（一）经济发展制约着政治关系的结构
（二）经济发展制约着政治发展的条件和手段
（三）经济发展制约着政治发展的制度表现形式 26.政治文化在政治发展中的作用
二、政治文化的作用
（一）指导政治行为
（二）变革政治体系
（三）影响政治过程
（四）维系政治关系
27.政治思想是如何影响政治实践的
具体说来，政治思想在政治现实中的作用有这样几方面：
（一）指导人们认识政治现实
其表现是：1．为人们提供必要的政治知识。2．为人们提供政治分析的方法。
（二）肯定或否定某种政治统治
（三）对政治文化整合起着核心作用 28.社会组织化的功能
（一）聚合社会利益资源
（二）使政治关系定型化
（三）规范政治过程
（四）维护社会稳定 29.社会分层对政治的影响
社会分层含义：所谓社会分层，是以一定经济和社会结构相联系的、受特定权力意志所规范的、制度化和稳定性的社会不平等结构体系。从政治学的视角来看，社会分层的划分标准，是处于这种结构体系中的不同群体对国家权力的关系。
社会分层对政治的影响是多方面的，概括起来，主要有以下三点：
（一）影响政治关系格局
（二）影响利益配臵机制
（三）影响社会政治稳定
30.政治发展与政治现代化的联系与区别
政治发展指：不发达政治系统在特定国际环境及社会、经济条件下，按照某种价值共识，向发达政治系统变迁的过程。政治现代化，是指政治的合理化，政治整合、政治民主化、广泛的政治参与等。政治现代化和政治发展的研究对象有交叉类似的地方。政治现代化是政治发展的结果
31.民主的主要理论流派 民主分为八种模式： 模式一：古典民主
模式二：共和主义自治共同体 模式三：自由主义民主制
模式四：马克思主义的直接民主理论
基本原则： “所有人的自由収展”只有在“每个人的自由収展”的基础上才能实现。自由需要消灭剥削，实现政治经济的最终完全平等；只有平等才能保证所有人的潜能得以实现，以便每个人能够按照他或她的能力付出后获得他们所需要的东西。
主要特征：社会主义：公共事务由按金字塔结构组织的公社或委员会管理；政府人员、法官、行政人员通过经常的选举产生，由社会任命和罢免；公职人员的薪金不高于工人的工资；社会掌握的人民武装维护新的政治秩序。共产主义：所有形式的“政府”和政治让位于自我管理；集体管理所有公共事务；一致同意是决定所有公共问题的原则；保留的行政事务由轮换或选举分配；自我监督取代所有军事和强制力量。
模式五：竞争性精英民主
模式六：多元主义民主 模式七：合法型民主 模式八：参与型民主 32．政治发展与政治稳定的关系
一、政治发展促进政治稳定
首先，政治稳定是一个动态过程，它的实现有一个量的积累和平衡过程，是一个已有的稳定到新的高层次的稳定过程。这一过程的实现有赖于政治发展赋予新的内容和活力。
其次，政治发展本身也能减少或消除政治不稳定因素。
再次，政治发展和政治稳定的根本基础是更好地实现政治体制的合法性和有效性。
二、政治稳定是政治发展的保障
第二篇：2011年在职研究生入学考试各科练习题
各科练习题
说明：此练习题仅供辅导教师和考生在复习过程中进行练习及掌握考试题型之用，不是复习重点。请考生按照大纲进行全面复习。
政治理论
一、概念解释题
哲学的基本问题、商品、抽象劳动、价值规律、剩余价值、可变资本、实践、人民内部矛盾、党的三大优良作风、和平共处五项原则、感性认识、理性认识、主要矛盾、矛盾的普遍性、民主集中制、社会主义核心价值体系
二、辨析题
1．实践性是马克思主义哲学的唯一特点。
2．对新事物要肯定一切，对旧事物要否定一切。
3．具体劳动创造使用价值，抽象劳动创造价值，所以它们是两类独立存在的劳动。
4．市场经济以市场作为资源配置的基础性手段，但它并不排斥国家对经济的宏观调控。
5．发展才是硬道理，这里所说的―发展‖是指经济发展。
6．马克思主义认识论是以实践为基础的能动的革命的反映论。7．内因和外因作为同时存在的内部和外部的联系，对事物发展起着相同的作用。8．社会主义公有制的实现形式可以而且应当多样化。9．革命是解放生产力，改革是发展生产力。
10．中国共产党领导的多党合作与政治协商制度是中国的一项基本政治制度。
11、改革、发展、稳定三者之间的关系是辩证统一的。
12、实践作为检验真理的标准，既是绝对的又是相对的，是确定性和不确定性的统一。
13、社会主义民主政治只是为社会主义经济基础服务的有力手段。14.未来社会是一个自由人联合体。
15.代表中国最广大人民的根本利益，必须妥善处理人民内部的各种利益关系。16.我们党的执政地位不是一劳永逸、一成不变的。
三、简答题
1.简述马克思主义产生的社会历史条件。2.马克思主义的三个理论来源是什么？
3.马克思根据社会关系的历史发展与人的个性发展的内在联系把人的发展划分为哪三个大的历史阶段？
4.简述马克思对生产与消费之间关系的论述。5.列宁是如何论述唯心主义的认识论根源的？
6.列宁是如何论证对立统一规律是辩证法的核心和实质的？
7.列宁关于辩证法和形而上学两种发展观的论述。8.毛泽东是如何论述社会主义社会基本矛盾的？ 9.简述毛泽东关于人的自觉能动性的论述。
10.毛泽东是如何阐述“一般和个别相结合”工作方法的？ 11.如何理解毛泽东提出的“独立自主”方针？
12.邓小平是如何论述解放思想与实事求是二者之间关系的？
13.邓小平关于我国处在社会主义初级阶段这个重要论断的基本涵义是什么？ 14.为什么说社会主义和市场经济不存在根本矛盾？
15.为什么说没有民主就没有社会主义，就没有社会主义现代化？ 16.科学发展观的基本内涵是什么？
四、论述题
1.马克思关于资本主义积累的历史趋势的论述及其重大意义。
2.列宁关于“利用资本主义，建设社会主义”的思想及其重大意义。3.邓小平对社会主义根本任务的论述及其重大意义。
4.运用历史唯物主义关于社会存在与社会意识辩证关系的原理说明大力发展社会主义先进文化，建设社会主义精神文明的重大意义。
5.论如何把代表最广大人民根本利益的要求落到实处。
6.毛泽东“关于事物矛盾问题的精髓”的论述及其重大意义。7.论党的群众路线及其重大意义。
8.论邓小平关于“一国两制”的构想及其重大意义。
现代管理学
一、概念解释题
一般意义上的管理、管理的系统观念、管理的人本性、管理客体的系统性、确定型决策、管理的权变观念、管理的战略观念、磋商激励、不确定型决策、舆论监督、风险型决策、尊重激励、管理艺术、审计监督、经济监督、管理的经济方法
二、辨析题
1、管理的二重性是指管理过程中既有科学性又有艺术性。
2、管理幅度与管理层次呈正比例关系，即管理幅度越大，管理层次越多；管理幅度越小，管理层次越少。
3、按管理者的职责，可分为高层管理者、中层管理者和基层管理者。
4、管理机构的设计要坚持精简效能的原则。
5、管理就是以信息处理为中心。
6、以实现战略任务的途径分类，可分为企业发展战略、地区发展战略、部门发展战略和领域发展战略。
7、管理的权变观念强调权宜应变的科学性。
8、经济监督就是指的财政监督，即预算监督、预算外资金监督和财务监督。
9、有了管理的主体和管理的客体，就可以构成一个完整的管理活动。
10、管理的权变观念的核心内容，就在于管理效果完全取决于组织与环境之间的适应性。
11、一切管理客体都是客观存在的事务，因此一切客观事物都可以成为管理的客体。
12、系统理论认为，自然界和人类社会所构成的一切系统都是开放的。
13、管理的择优观念就是坚持选择最优和最佳的方案，以及最优的管理方法。
14、管理过程的最后一项职能是评价，评价既是管理过程的归宿，又是管理过程的出发点。
15、宏观经济政策，是国家中央政府为调控经济的有序和有效运行而制定的，因而它的调节作用是直接的。
16、经济方法运用的主要形式，就是通过市场来进行生产要素的基础性配置。
三、简答题
1、什么是管理的创新性？
2、管理者应具备的职责是什么？
3、为什么要树立组织适应环境的观念？ 4、20世纪60年代兴起的系统管理学派，认为系统管理有什么特点？
5、为什么说决策是管理工作的核心？
6、简要说明监督的功能。
7、去年以来，中央银行多次提高了存款准备金率，这种举措属于哪个管理方法？对现实经济调控有什么作用？
8、现代管理所讲的决策是广义的决策。理解广义决策应把握哪些要点？
9、管理机构的设计为什么要坚持责、权、利相一致的原则？
10、目标管理和传统的计划管理的主要区别是什么?
11、简述激励的作用。
12、为什么说决策是各级管理者的主要职责？
13、为什么要坚持超前监督的原则？
14、简述实施的特点。
15、为什么要坚持评价的激励性原则？
16、权变观念在管理中有什么作用？
四、论述题
1、人类社会的任何管理活动都有其一定的目的，即要达到一定的目标。因此，制定科学先进的和切实可行的管理目标是非常重要的。请您结合我们的工作实际，谈谈制定目标应遵循的原则。
2、对经济、社会发展等各个方面作出重大决策，是管理者特别是管理的领导者的重要职责，是管理工作的核心。决策正确与否，直接影响到经济、社会的发展水平和效率的高低。这方面，不论是企业还是地方各级政府，都有着成功的经验和失败的教训。请您结合实际，说明科学决策应遵循的原则。
3、管理过程结束以后，需要对其所获得的管理成绩和效果进行相应的评价，从中汲取经验和教训，以不断提高管理工作的水平。但在现实工作实践中，不少管理者往往对评价这一环节有所忽视，或者说重视不够。请您结合实际，谈谈评价在管理中的作用。
4、现代管理活动中，复杂多变的经济、社会及政治环境，要求管理者必须“高瞻远瞩”，把握事物未来的发展趋势；必须“胸有全局”，把握事物内部和外部的本质联系。所谓“高瞻远瞩”、“胸有全局”，就是指管理主体要确立管理的战略观念。请您联系实际，谈谈确立战略观念在现代管理中的地位和作用。
5、决策并不是简单的“拍板定案”，而是一个复杂的科学过程，要按照和遵循一定的程序进行。现实工作中，有一些管理者对这一科学程序重视不够，有的知之甚少。为了保证决策的科学化和民主化，请您说明决策过程中所要遵循的程序。
6、在过去漫长的计划经济时代里，我们习惯于用行政方法管理经济。但在今天的市场经济条件下，固然也离不开行政的方法，但它有明显的局限性，过分地运用它，会妨碍经济的发展。请您结合现实，谈谈行政方法的局限性以及如何正确地运用行政方法。
7、管理活动的效果和效率，很大程度上取决于管理中的人，特别是作为管理主体的人。如何用人，既是一门科学，更是一门艺术。请您结合自己的工作实际，谈谈用人的艺术。
8、近年来，中央一再提出以人为本、执政为民的理念，强调重视和优先解决民生问题。请您联系实际，说明为什么要树立以人为本的管理观念，即树立人本观念的必然性。
英语
一、单项选择
1.When I was young, I ________ to school every day.A.was walking B.walked C.had walked D.had been walking 2.Continuing education classes give some adults the chance ________ new skills.A.learn
B.to be learning
C.to learn
D.to have learned 3.Because of ________ you have done, things become much worse.A.that
B.whom
C.which
D.what 4.These questions ____C__ at tomorrow’s meeting.A.have been discussed
B.had been discussed C.will be discussed
D.shall be discussed
5.It is ____ in spring than in autumn.A.warmer
B.more warm
C.warmest
D.most warm 6.Miss White has been a secretary __________.A.every year
B.since 1997 C.ten years ago
D.in 1997 7.I called on her and found that she ________.A.went abroad
B.go abroad C.had gone abroad
D.has gone abroad 8 Telephone ________ in our everyday life.A.being used
B.uses C.is used
D.is using 9 The speaker raised his voice but still couldn’t make himself ________.A.hear of
B.to hear C.hearing from
D.heard 10.The Olympic Games, ________ in 776 B.C., did not include women players until 1912.A.first playing
B.to be first played
C.first played
D.to be first playing 11.When they arrived, the game ________.A.already start B.already started C.have already started D.had already started 12.Those books ________ to the library next Monday.A.can return
B.can be returned C.can returned
D.can return to 13.I’m sorry, but smoking ________ here.A.is allowed
B.is not allowed C.will be allowed
D.will not allow 14.They got to the bus station ________ than you did.A.more late
B.later C.more later
D.late 15.He talked of the people and books ________ interested him.A.who
B.whose
C.that
D.whom 16.Excuse ________, may I ask you a question? A.I
B.my
C.me
D.us
17.They never knew that pollution ________ a big problem.A.become
B.would become C.is going to
D.does become 18.You ________ where you leave your things.A.always forgets B.forget C.will always forget D.are always forgetting 19.He doesn’t live in the city, ________ ?.A.isn’t he
B.doesn’t he C.is he
D.does he 20.Now she is leaving London.She has stayed here ________.A.after 1980 B.in 1980 C.for 1980 D.since 1980 21.________ meeting will be put off(推迟)till next Monday.A.Tomorrow’s
B.Tomorrows’ C.Tomorrow
D.Tomorrows 22.The house ________ is very nice, but the compound(院子)is too small.A.himself
B.herself
C.itself
D.oneself 23.I told him not to go, but he ________ not listen.A.will B.would C.shall D.should 24.This time last year, Tom ________ with his friends in London.A.stayed
B.was staying C.is staying
D.stays 25.Let’s ________ and get something to eat.A.to go
B.go
C.going
D.goes 26.When they arrived at the airport, the plane ________.A.already take off B.already took off C.have already taken off D.had already taken off 27.Those books ________ to the library next Monday.A.can return
B.can be returned C.can returned
D.can return to 28.They got to the airport ________ than you did.A.more late
B.later C.more later
D.late 29.He talked of the people and books ________ interested him.A.who
B.whose
C.that
D.whom 30.He was writing an e-mail ________ I was watch TV in the hotel room.A.as soon as
B.after C.until
D.while
二、阅读理解
(1)I have often thought it would be a blessing if each human being were stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life.Darkness would make him more appreciative of sight, silence would teach him the joys of sound.Now and then I have tested my seeing friends to discover what they see.Recently I was visited by a very good friend who had just returned from a long walk in the woods, and I asked her what she had observed.―Nothing is particular,‖ she replied.I might have been incredulous had I not been accustomed to such responses, for long ago I became convinced that the seeing see little.How was it possible, I asked myself, to walk for an hour through the woods and see nothing worthy of note? I who cannot see find hundreds of things to interest me through mere touch.I feel the delicate symmetry of a leaf.I pass my hands lovingly about the smooth skin of a silver birch, of the rough bark of a pine.In spring I touch the branches of trees hopefully in search of a bud, the first sign of awakening nature after her winter’s sleep.Occasionally, if I am very fortunate, I place my hand gently on a small tree and feel the happy quiver of a bird in full song.I am delighted to have the cool waters of a brook rush through my open fingers.To me the pageant of seasons is a thrilling and unending drama, the action of which streams through my finger tips.At times my heart cries out with longing to see all these things.If I can get so much pleasure from mere touch, how much more beauty must be revealed by sight.Yet, those who have eyes apparently see little.The panorama of color and action which fills the world is taken for granted.It is human perhaps, to appreciate little that which we have and to long for that which we have not, but it is a great pity that in the world of light the gift of sight is used only as mere convenience rather than as a means of adding fullness to life.If I were president of a university, I should establish a compulsory course in ―How to Use Your Eyes‖.The professor would try to show his pupils how they could add joy to their lives by really seeing what passes unnoticed before them.He would try to awake their dormant and sluggish faculties.1.According to the text, it would be a blessing if________.A.every human being were stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life
B.every human being is stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life C.every human being is stricken blind and deaf D.every human being were stricken blind and deaf 2.Which of the following is the author’s opinion about the seeing people? A.Most of the seeing people see little.B.The seeing people cherished their gift of sight very much.C.The seeing people use their power of sight to the full.D.The seeing people use their gift of sight as a means of adding color to life.3.The author could not see by sight, but she ______.A.could find hundreds of things to interest her through mere touch B.knew more than the seeing
C.was very optimistic and could ―see‖ more than the seeing D.both A and C
4.According to the text, why would it be a blessing if each human being were stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life? A.Because darkness would make him more appreciative of sight, and silence would teach him the joys of sound.B.Because people seldom cherish what they have and if they lose what they have for a short time they would cherish what they have much more.C.Because people are always longing for what they don’t have.D.both A and B 5.We can infer from the text that _______.A.though the author was blind, she loved life and she knew well how to add fullness to life B.the author was a president of a university C.the author established a compulsory course in ―How to Use Your Eyes‖ D.the author appreciated little what she had and longed for what she had not.（2)We use both words and body language to express our thoughts and opinions and to communicate with other people.We can learn a lot about what a person is thinking by watching his or her body language.Words are important, but the way a person stands, folds his or her arms, or moves his or her hands can also give us information about his or her feelings.Just like spoken language, body language varies from culture to culture.Making eye contact – looking directly into someone’s eyes – is in some counties a way to show interest.In other countries, however, eye contact is rude or disrespectful.The gesture of OK, making a circle with one’s thumb and index finger, has different meanings in different cultures.In Japan, someone who sees another person making the gesture will think it means money.In France, a person seeing the same gesture will think it means zero.In Brazil and Germany, however, the gesture is rude.The thumbs-up gesture, meaning ―great‖ or ―good job‖ in the US, is rude in Nigeria, but in Germany and Japan it means the number one.The ―crazy‖ gesture, moving the index finger in a circle in front of the ear, means ―you have a phone call‖ in Brazil.While there are many different interpretations of our body language, some gestures seem to be universal.A good way of saying ―I am full‖ is moving the hand in circles over the stomach after a meal.If a person pats his or her stomach before a meal, it usually means ―I am hungry‖.Perhaps the best example of universally understood body language is the smile.A smile can help us get through difficult situations and find friends in a world of strangers.A smile can open doors and tear down walls.It can be used to express almost any emotion.We can use a smile to apologize, to greet someone, to ask for help or to start a conversation.We can smile at ourselves in the mirror to make ourselves feel happier and stronger.And if we are feeling down or lonely, there is nothing better than to see the smiling face of a good friend.6.We can get information about a person’s feelings from ________.A.his words B.the way he stands C.the way he folds his arms or move his hands D.both his words and his body language 7.Eye contact ________.A.has different meanings in different cultures B.is rude or disrespectful
C.has the same meaning in all the countries D.is a way to show interest 8.A good way of saying ―I’m full.‖ is ________.A.moving the hand in circles over the stomach after a meal B.resting one’s head on the back of one’s hand C.patting the stomach before a meal D.Both A and C 9.The ―crazy‖ gesture means ________ in Brazil.A.great B.the number one C.you have a phone call D.none of above 10.The gesture for OK, making a circle with one’s thumb and index finger, ________.A.all of the following B.means money in Japan C.means zero in France D.has different meanings in different cultures
(3)A man came home from work late again, tired and irritated, to find his 5-year-old son waiting for him at the door.―Daddy, may I ask you a question?‖
―Yeah, sure, what is it?‖ replied the man.―Daddy, how much money do you make an hour?‖
―That’s none of your business!What makes you ask such a thing?‖ the man said angrily.―I just want to know.Please tell me, how much do you make an hour?‖ pleaded the little boy.―If you must know, I make $20.00 an hour.‖
―Oh,‖ the little boy replied, head bowed.Looking up, he said, ―Daddy, may I borrow $10.00 please?‖
The father was furious.―If the only reason you wanted to know how much money I make is just so you can borrow some to buy a silly toy or some other nonsense, then you march yourself straight to your room and go to bed.Think about why you’re being so selfish.I work long, hard hours every day and don’t have time for such childish games.‖
The little boy quietly went to his room and shut the door.The man sat down and started to get even madder about the little boy’s questioning.How dare he ask such questions only to get some money.After an hour or so, the man had calmed down, and started to think he may have been a little hard on his son.Maybe there was something he really needed to buy with that $10.00, and he really
didn’t ask for money very often.The man went to the door of the little boy’s room and opened the door.―Are you asleep, son?‖ he asked.―No daddy, I’m awake,‖ replied the boy.―I’ve been thinking, maybe I was too hard on you earlier,‖ said the man.―It’s been a long day and I took my aggravation out on you.Here’s that $10.00 you asked for.‖ The little boy sat straight up, beaming.―Oh, thank you daddy!‖ he yelled.Then, reaching under his pillow, he pulled out some more crumpled up bills.The man, seeing that the boy already had money, started to get angry again.The little boy slowly counted out his money, then looked up at the man.―Why did you want more money if you already had some?‖ the father grumbled.―Because I didn’t have enough, but now I do,‖ the little boy replied.―Daddy, I have $20.00 now.Can I buy an hour of your time?‖ 11.What do you know about the man?
A.He made a lot of money.B.He often came home from work late.C.He often went to work late.D.He spent lots of time taking care of his son.12.Why was the boy waiting for his father at the door?
A.Because he missed his father very much.B.Because he was hungry.C.Because he wanted to borrow some money from his father.D.Because he had good news to tell his father.13.The man went to talk to his son because ________.A.he thought he might have been a little hard on his son.B.he wanted to ask his son some questions.C.he wanted to find out whether his son was asleep or not.D.his son was crying in his bedroom.14.The boy wanted to borrow some money from his father because ________.A.he wanted to buy a toy with the money
B.he wanted to buy a birthday present for himself
C.he didn’t have any money
D.he didn’t have enough money to buy an hour of his father’s time
15.What is the main idea of the passage?
A.Parents should give their children some pocket money.B.Parents should not neglect(忽视)their children no matter how busy they are.C.Parents should not be hard on their children.D.Children can buy time from their parents.(4)You may not realize it, but you are doing much more than just studying, when you are at school.School is also the place where you learn to get along well with people.But this is not always easy.What can you do if you just don’t like one of your classmates?
If you discover that you have problems getting along with your classmates or friends, the most important thing to learn is tolerance.Tolerance is the ability to realize and respect the differences in others.We can not change the way that other people do, so it is important to learn to live happily with them.Tolerance will make everyone get on better with each other.Getting to know someone may help you understand why they do things differently.Something different does not exactly mean that it is bad.Tolerance teaches us to keep an even temper and open mind.You need to remember an old saying, ―treat others how you want to be treated‖.You would like to be treated kindly by your classmates, so it is important to treat them kindly too.If you tolerate something, it does not mean that you have to like it.No one is asking you to change who you are or what you believe in.Tolerance just means that you should respect the differences in others and not try to make them change.It is important to practice tolerance, because it will make everyone’s lives easier.Learn to accept people for their different abilities and interests.The world is very different, and practicing tolerance in your own school and city can help make a difference.16.According to the author, what is tolerance? A.Tolerance is the ability that we have to change the way that other people do.B.Tolerance is the ability to realize and respect the differences in others.C.Tolerance is a weapon to fight against the enemy.D.Tolerance is the way to discover whether you have problems getting along with your classmates or friends.17.What does tolerance function(起作用)in getting along with your friends? A.It makes you change who you are and what you believe.B.It can help us understand why people do things differently.C.It warns us to keep an even tempter and open mind.D.It is important for us to learn tolerance.18.Why is tolerance important? A.Because it will make everyone’s lives easier.B.Because it will make everyone get on better with each other.C.Because it teaches us to respect the differences in others and not try to make them change.D.All of the above.19.―Treat others how you want to be treated‖, what does the sentence mean?
A.If you want to be treated kindly, you should treat others kindly too.B.If someone treats you badly, you will treat them kindly.C.You should change yourself to tolerate others.D.Others should change themselves to tolerate you.20.Which of the following is true according to the passage? A.If you tolerate something, you must change yourself.B.Tolerance can make you get on better with your classmates or friends, for it teaches you to keep an even temper and open mind.C.We can live happily with other people by changing the way they do.D.Practicing tolerance can not make any change in your life for the world is different.(5)I found out one time that doing a favor for someone could get you into a lot of trouble.One time when I was taking a final test, the girl next to me whispered something, but I couldn’t understand.So I leaned over her way and found out that she was trying to ask me if I had an extra pen.She showed me that hers was out of ink and would not write.I happened to have an extra one, so I took it out of my pocket and put it on her desk.Later, after we turned in all the test papers, the teacher asked me to stay in the room.As soon as we were alone she began to talk to me about what it meant to grow up;she mentioned how important it was to stand on your own feet and be responsible for my own acts.For a long time she talked about honesty and emphasized that when people do something dishonest, they are really cheating themselves.She made me promise that I wouldn’t think seriously about what she said, and then she told me I could leave.I walked out of the room wondering why she chose to talk to me about all these things.Later on, I found out that she thought I was cheating on the test.I tried to explain about the pen, but what she said was that it seemed very strange to her that I didn’t mention anything about the pen the day she talked to me right after the test.To this day, I am sure she continues to believe that I had cheated on that test.Appearances can be deceiving and it is difficult to know how others will perceive our action.21.Why did the girl say something to me in a low voice? A.Because she wanted to have a look on my paper.B.Because she couldn’t work out the question on the paper.C.Because she wanted to ask me for a pen.D.Because she wanted me to give her the answer to the questions.22.Why did the teacher let me stay after class? A.She wanted to give me a gift.B.She wanted to talk with me.C.She wanted to tell me a story.D.She wanted to make me do some cleaning.23.What did the teacher think about me? A.She thought I was not mature(成熟的).B.She thought I was an honest person.C.She thought I did a right thing.D.She thought I was cheating in the exam.24.Why didn’t the teacher believe that I didn’t cheat on the test? A.She saw I was cheating with her own eyes.B.Someone else told her about it.C.She thought if I didn’t cheat I would tell her the truth of the pen.D.She couldn’t believe anything I said.25.What can you infer(推断)from the passage? A.We can’t judge from the appearance(表面).B.We shouldn’t help others in the exam.C.We should tell the teacher in time if we help others.D.We shouldn’t cheat on the test.(6)We all have certain habits and we can have good habits or bad habits.This passage gives us some advice on how to be healthy.It tells us what we must do if we want to keep ourselves fit.Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.This is an old English saying.It means that we must go to bed early in the evening and get up early in the morning.Is this true? Perhaps it is.The body must have enough sleep.Children, for instance, need ten hours’ sleep every night.If we do not go to bed early, we cannot have enough sleep.Then we cannot think or do our work properly.We will not be wise or live a comfortable life.Some people go to bed late at night and get up late in the morning.This is not good for them.We
must sleep at night when it is dark.The dark helps us to sleep well.When daytime comes, we must get up.It is the time for exercise.Exercise means doing something with the body.Walking, running, jumping, swimming, playing games are all good forms of exercise.If the body is not used, it becomes weak.Exercise keeps it strong.Exercise helps blood to move around inside the body.This is very important.Blood takes food to all parts of our bodies.The brains in our heads also need blood.We think with our brain.If we can keep our bodies healthy, and do exercises, we can think better!Our bodies also need air to breathe.Without air we cannot live.We must have plenty of clean, fresh air to breathe if we want to be in good health.So, people often sleep with their room windows open because they want to have plenty of clean, fresh air to breathe.In brief, you don’t know what happiness is until you lose it;you don’t know what health is until you are ill.―Health is of vital importance to life‖ sounds like a cliché to everyone, but it is absolutely true.26.Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.What does this statement mean? A.If one goes to bed early, he would be a wise man.B.If one gets up early, he would be a wealthy man.C.If one goes to bed early and gets up early, he would be a wealthy man.D.It is very important for us to form healthy habits.27.According to the text, if we don’t have enough sleep, ________.A.we won’t live comfortably B.we will do our work correctly C.we will think properly D.we will be wise 28.Exercise is ________.A.to do something with the body B.to do more homework C.to do more drills(训练)D.to get up early in the morning 29.Why is exercise helpful for health? Because ________.A.it helps us to sleep properly.B.people will die soon if they do not have enough exercises C.it helps take nutrition(营养)to every part of the body with blood circulation(血液循环)
D.it helps us to think and do our work properly.30.Why do people often sleep with their room window open? A.Because they want enough clean and fresh air to breathe.B.Because they feel hot at night.C.Because they want to look after their garden.三、英译汉
1.At times my heart cries out with longing to see all these things.If I can get so much pleasure from mere touch, how much more beauty must be revealed by sight.Yet, those who have eyes apparently see little.The panorama of color and action which fills the world is taken for granted.It is human perhaps, to appreciate little that which we have and to long for that which we have not, but it is a great pity that in the world of light the gift of sight is used only as mere convenience rather than as a means of adding fullness to life.2.Which of your feelings do you let other people know about? Which do you keep to yourself? Sometimes it’s a good thing to say what you feel.At other times it’s better to keep quiet about your feelings.Sometimes it’s hard to know exactly what you feel.At other times feelings are so strong that you can not control them.People from different cultures have different ways of dealing with feelings.It is said that English people are cold.If they do feel anything, they will not let other people know.3.The little boy quietly went to his room and shut the door.The man sat down and started to get even madder about the little boy’s questioning.How dare he ask such questions only to get some money.After an hour or so, the man had calmed down, and started to think he may have been a little hard on his son.Maybe there was something he really needed to buy with that $10.00, and he really didn’t ask for money very often.The man went to the door of the little boy’s room and opened the door.―Are you asleep, son?‖ he asked.4.One hot summer day, Professor Rudd decided to take his children to the beach.The seaside town he planned to visit was a three-hour train ride away.To make the trip more interesting for his young children, he kept the name of the town a secret.Unfortunately, by the time Rudd had arrived at the train station, the poor forgetful man had forgotten the name of his destination himself.Luckily, a friend of his happened to be in the station.He offered to take care of the children while Rudd went back home to find out where he was going.5.The home of bees is called a bee-hive.Here hundreds — even thousands — of bees live.They work day and night building small walls of wax.Here they make their honey.This is the same honey that we eat.Where does the honey come from? Bees live on food from flowers.Have you ever seen bees flying around a flower garden? When a bee rests on a flower, it tries to go to the center of it.There it takes in as much food as its body can hold.Then it carries the food back to the hive.6.How do bees know where to find the best food in the sweetest flowers? One bee acts as a guide.When it discovers good flowers, it flies back to the hive to tell the others.It does this by dancing for them.The bee dances on one side.This tells the other bees which way to go to find the flowers, but that is not all.The bee dances for some time, and the length of its dance tells the other bees how far they must fly to reach the flowers.When the other bees see the dance, they know where the flowers are.They fly away and return with more food for the hive.
第三篇：山东省委党校2018在职研究生入学考试复习题范文
《政治理论》复习参考题型
一、概念 1.按劳分配 2.独立自主
3.供给侧结构性改革 4.和平共处五项原则 5.基本经济制度 6.民主集中制 7.商品
8.社会主义初级阶段
9.社会主义初级阶段的基本路线 10.社会主义初级阶段主要矛盾 11.生态文明 12.实事求是 13.市场机制三要素 14.物质 15.一国两制
16.战时共产主义政策 17.政策
18.中国特色社会主义道路的内涵 19.五大发展理念 20.经济发展方式
二、辨析
1.按劳分配是与社会主义生产资料公有制相适应的分配方式
2.对立统一规律是辩证法的实质和核心 3.改革开放前后的历史不能相互否定 4.改革开放前后两个历史时期是根本对立的
5.工人阶级已经不是建设中国特色社会主义的主力军 6.供给侧结构性改革就是放松管制
7.加强和改进党的作风建设，核心问题是保持党同人民群众的血肉联系
8.经济工作是一切工作的生命线 9.商品交换会产生剩余价值
10.商品生产从产生到资本主义时期，经历了简单商品生产、资本主义商品生产。
11.社会主义经济制度的所有制基础是公有制 12.剩余价值的生产不具有无限性 13.围绕党的中心任务进行思想政治工作
14.我国社会主要矛盾的变化，改变了我们对我国社会主义所处历史阶段的判断。
15.先进文化是社会主义现代化建设的重要保证 16.一个国家的革命和建设只能依靠本国人民的力量 17.中国共产党是中国革命和社会主义事业的领导核心 18.主要矛盾和次要矛盾是固定不变的
19.中国共产党的领导地位是由党的先进性决定的 20.思想政治工作是一切工作的生命线
三、简答
1.辩证唯物主义认识论的三个基本结论 2.帝国主义的经济特征
3.加强党的执政能力建设的总体目标 4.价值规律的作用
5.简述和平共处五项原则的主要内容 6.简述列宁关于建设社会主义的理论思考 7.简述列宁主义的建党学说 8.简述新经济政策的主要内容
9.简述中国特色社会主义理论体系的基本问题 10.建设中国特色社会主义的总依据 11.劳动力商品价值的内容
12.毛泽东对思想政治工作重要性的阐述 13.毛泽东思想的活的灵魂
14.全面建成小康社会必须遵循的原则和新目标 15.全面建成小康社会的战略目标
16.全面推进依法治国必须遵循的基本原则 17.全面推进依法治国的总目标 18.如何规范收入分配关系
19.如何坚定中国特色社会主义的道路自信 20.深化政治体制改革的必要性 21.新民主主义革命“新”在何处 22.运用唯物辩证法应当注意的原则 23.资本的特殊性质
四、论述
1.“五位一体”总布局的内涵和特点
2.全面深化改革的总目标、立足点和战略部署 3.如何提高党的建设科学化水平 4.社会主义的历史必然性
5.实现党的领导核心地位必须坚持党要管党、从严治党的方针
6.试述坚持和拓宽中国特色社会主义道路必须坚持的原则
7.试述新形势下加强和规范党内政治生活的基本内容 8.试述中国特色社会主义制度的特点和优势
《现代管理学》复习参考题型
一、概念 1.法律监督 2.风险型决策 3.管理
4.管理的经济方法 5.管理的系统观念 6.管理的循环规律 7.管理共有规律 8.管理计划 9.管理技巧性规律 10.管理客体 11.管理派生规律 12.管理艺术 13.管理主体 14.广义的管理决策 15.行政监督 16.计划的效率性 17.经济监督 18.评价 19.确定型决策
20.现代管理技术 21.指导性计划 22.指令性计划
二、辨析
1.按照管理者的位置和层次，可以把管理者分为高层管理者、中层管理者和基层管理者。
2.按照管理者的职责，可以把管理者分为一般管理者和管理中的领导者。
3.按照管理者所管理的对象，可以把管理者分为行政管理者、经济管理者、科技管理者、文教卫生管理者等。4.把直线制和矩阵制有机结合起来是直线职能制组织形式最大的特点。
5.高级管理者需要管理艺术，而一般管理者不需要管理艺术。
6.管理的二重性是指管理具有经济属性和社会属性 7.管理的社会属性是指任何管理都是社会劳动或共同劳动的客观要求，都要按社会劳动或社会化大生产的客观规律办事。
8.管理的自然属性是指管理都是在一定的社会制度和国家体制下进行的，都会打上一定的社会和阶级烙印。9.管理决策需要面对各种复杂的情况，所以不能设计既定的决策程序。10.管理是科学性和艺术性的统一
11.激励的关键是管理者通过采取各种方式去激发人的内在动力
12.奖励有激励作用，而惩罚没有激励作用 13.决策是管理工作的核心 14.人也是管理客体的组成部分
15.设立专门的职能部门是直线制组织形式最大的特点 16.审计监督属于行政监督的范畴
17.实行集中决策、集中经营是事业部制组织形式最大的特点。
18.事业部制组织形式最大的特点是实行集中决策、集中经营
19.协调是管理者对管理活动中的各个要素之间的问题和关系进行的指挥和命令 20.预测是管理的核心
21.在管理中应树立组织改善环境的观念 22.在管理中应树立组织适应环境的观念 23.在管理中应树立组织重视环境的观念
三、简答
1.按照监督主体划分，监督有哪些种类？ 2.管理的权变观念 3.管理的人本观念 4.管理的系统观念
5.管理的择优观念主要包括哪些内容？ 6.管理的战略观念 7.管理决策应坚持的原则 8.管理客体有哪些特征？ 9.管理信息的特征 10.管理者素质 11.管理中的行政方法 12.管理中的控制类型 13.激励的方式有哪些？ 14.激励在管理中的作用 15.计划编制应坚持的原则 16.决策的“令人满意”准则 17.决策的依据和条件
18.目标管理与传统计划管理的主要区别 19.权变观念在管理中有什么作用？ 20.实施在管理中的作用
21.制定管理目标应遵循什么程序？
四、论述
1.联系实际，论述管理择优观念的主要内容？ 2.联系实际，论述管理中的监督有哪些功能？ 3.联系实际，论述管理中的决策应遵循的程序？ 4.联系实际，论述激励的方式有哪些？ 5.联系实际，论述如何科学实施发展战略？ 6.联系实际，论述协调的方式方法有哪些？ 7.联系实际，论述在管理中如何运用好用人艺术？ 8.联系实际，论述制定管理目标应坚持什么原则？
第四篇：2011年在职研究生入学考试各科练习题
各科练习题
说明：此练习题仅供辅导教师和考生在复习过程中进行练习及掌握考试题型之用，不是复习重点。请考生按照大纲进行全面复习。
政治理论
一、概念解释题
哲学的基本问题、商品、抽象劳动、价值规律、剩余价值、可变资本、实践、人民内部矛盾、党的三大优良作风、和平共处五项原则、感性认识、理性认识、主要矛盾、矛盾的普遍性、民主集中制、社会主义核心价值体系
二、辨析题
1．实践性是马克思主义哲学的唯一特点。
2．对新事物要肯定一切，对旧事物要否定一切。
3．具体劳动创造使用价值，抽象劳动创造价值，所以它们是两类独立存在的劳动。
4．市场经济以市场作为资源配置的基础性手段，但它并不排斥国家对经济的宏观调控。
5．发展才是硬道理，这里所说的―发展‖是指经济发展。
6．马克思主义认识论是以实践为基础的能动的革命的反映论。7．内因和外因作为同时存在的内部和外部的联系，对事物发展起着相同的作用。8．社会主义公有制的实现形式可以而且应当多样化。9．革命是解放生产力，改革是发展生产力。
10．中国共产党领导的多党合作与政治协商制度是中国的一项基本政治制度。
11、改革、发展、稳定三者之间的关系是辩证统一的。
12、实践作为检验真理的标准，既是绝对的又是相对的，是确定性和不确定性的统一。
13、社会主义民主政治只是为社会主义经济基础服务的有力手段。14.未来社会是一个自由人联合体。
15.代表中国最广大人民的根本利益，必须妥善处理人民内部的各种利益关系。16.我们党的执政地位不是一劳永逸、一成不变的。
三、简答题
1.简述马克思主义产生的社会历史条件。2.马克思主义的三个理论来源是什么？
3.马克思根据社会关系的历史发展与人的个性发展的内在联系把人的发展划分为哪三个大的历史阶段？
4.简述马克思对生产与消费之间关系的论述。5.列宁是如何论述唯心主义的认识论根源的？
6.列宁是如何论证对立统一规律是辩证法的核心和实质的？ 7.列宁关于辩证法和形而上学两种发展观的论述。8.毛泽东是如何论述社会主义社会基本矛盾的？ 9.简述毛泽东关于人的自觉能动性的论述。
10.毛泽东是如何阐述“一般和个别相结合”工作方法的？ 11.如何理解毛泽东提出的“独立自主”方针？
12.邓小平是如何论述解放思想与实事求是二者之间关系的？
13.邓小平关于我国处在社会主义初级阶段这个重要论断的基本涵义是什么？ 14.为什么说社会主义和市场经济不存在根本矛盾？
15.为什么说没有民主就没有社会主义，就没有社会主义现代化？ 16.科学发展观的基本内涵是什么？
四、论述题
1.马克思关于资本主义积累的历史趋势的论述及其重大意义。
2.列宁关于“利用资本主义，建设社会主义”的思想及其重大意义。3.邓小平对社会主义根本任务的论述及其重大意义。
4.运用历史唯物主义关于社会存在与社会意识辩证关系的原理说明大力发展社会主义先进文化，建设社会主义精神文明的重大意义。
5.论如何把代表最广大人民根本利益的要求落到实处。
6.毛泽东“关于事物矛盾问题的精髓”的论述及其重大意义。7.论党的群众路线及其重大意义。
8.论邓小平关于“一国两制”的构想及其重大意义。
现代管理学
一、概念解释题
一般意义上的管理、管理的系统观念、管理的人本性、管理客体的系统性、确定型决策、管理的权变观念、管理的战略观念、磋商激励、不确定型决策、舆论监督、风险型决策、尊重激励、管理艺术、审计监督、经济监督、管理的经济方法
二、辨析题
1、管理的二重性是指管理过程中既有科学性又有艺术性。
2、管理幅度与管理层次呈正比例关系，即管理幅度越大，管理层次越多；管理幅度越小，管理层次越少。
3、按管理者的职责，可分为高层管理者、中层管理者和基层管理者。
4、管理机构的设计要坚持精简效能的原则。
5、管理就是以信息处理为中心。
6、以实现战略任务的途径分类，可分为企业发展战略、地区发展战略、部门发展战略和领域发展战略。
7、管理的权变观念强调权宜应变的科学性。
8、经济监督就是指的财政监督，即预算监督、预算外资金监督和财务监督。
9、有了管理的主体和管理的客体，就可以构成一个完整的管理活动。
10、管理的权变观念的核心内容，就在于管理效果完全取决于组织与环境之间的适应性。
11、一切管理客体都是客观存在的事务，因此一切客观事物都可以成为管理的客体。
12、系统理论认为，自然界和人类社会所构成的一切系统都是开放的。
13、管理的择优观念就是坚持选择最优和最佳的方案，以及最优的管理方法。
14、管理过程的最后一项职能是评价，评价既是管理过程的归宿，又是管理过程的出发点。
15、宏观经济政策，是国家中央政府为调控经济的有序和有效运行而制定的，因而它的调节作用是直接的。
16、经济方法运用的主要形式，就是通过市场来进行生产要素的基础性配置。
三、简答题
1、什么是管理的创新性？
2、管理者应具备的职责是什么？
3、为什么要树立组织适应环境的观念？ 4、20世纪60年代兴起的系统管理学派，认为系统管理有什么特点？
5、为什么说决策是管理工作的核心？
6、简要说明监督的功能。
7、去年以来，中央银行多次提高了存款准备金率，这种举措属于哪个管理方法？对现实经济调控有什么作用？
8、现代管理所讲的决策是广义的决策。理解广义决策应把握哪些要点？
9、管理机构的设计为什么要坚持责、权、利相一致的原则？
10、目标管理和传统的计划管理的主要区别是什么?
11、简述激励的作用。
12、为什么说决策是各级管理者的主要职责？
13、为什么要坚持超前监督的原则？
14、简述实施的特点。
15、为什么要坚持评价的激励性原则？
16、权变观念在管理中有什么作用？
四、论述题
1、人类社会的任何管理活动都有其一定的目的，即要达到一定的目标。因此，制定科学先进的和切实可行的管理目标是非常重要的。请您结合我们的工作实际，谈谈制定目标应遵循的原则。
2、对经济、社会发展等各个方面作出重大决策，是管理者特别是管理的领导者的重要职责，是管理工作的核心。决策正确与否，直接影响到经济、社会的发展水平和效率的高低。这方面，不论是企业还是地方各级政府，都有着成功的经验和失败的教训。请您结合实际，说明科学决策应遵循的原则。
3、管理过程结束以后，需要对其所获得的管理成绩和效果进行相应的评价，从中汲取经验和教训，以不断提高管理工作的水平。但在现实工作实践中，不少管理者往往对评价这一环节有所忽视，或者说重视不够。请您结合实际，谈谈评价在管理中的作用。
4、现代管理活动中，复杂多变的经济、社会及政治环境，要求管理者必须“高瞻远瞩”，把握事物未来的发展趋势；必须“胸有全局”，把握事物内部和外部的本质联系。所谓“高瞻远瞩”、“胸有全局”，就是指管理主体要确立管理的战略观念。请您联系实际，谈谈确立战略观念在现代管理中的地位和作用。
5、决策并不是简单的“拍板定案”，而是一个复杂的科学过程，要按照和遵循一定的程序进行。现实工作中，有一些管理者对这一科学程序重视不够，有的知之甚少。为了保证决策的科学化和民主化，请您说明决策过程中所要遵循的程序。
6、在过去漫长的计划经济时代里，我们习惯于用行政方法管理经济。但在今天的市场经济条件下，固然也离不开行政的方法，但它有明显的局限性，过分地运用它，会妨碍经济的发展。请您结合现实，谈谈行政方法的局限性以及如何正确地运用行政方法。
7、管理活动的效果和效率，很大程度上取决于管理中的人，特别是作为管理主体的人。如何用人，既是一门科学，更是一门艺术。请您结合自己的工作实际，谈谈用人的艺术。
8、近年来，中央一再提出以人为本、执政为民的理念，强调重视和优先解决民生问题。请您联系实际，说明为什么要树立以人为本的管理观念，即树立人本观念的必然性。
法理学
一、简答题
法律移植；法的制定；法的效力；法律关系；法律意识；霍菲尔德的权利；法律监督的意义；法律制裁和法律责任的关系；法律实效和法律实施的关系；法的特征；法的现代化与法的国际化；资本主义法律的基本特征；法的规范指引与个别指引的区别；法律后果的含义及分类；法治与法制的关系；法律制定的程序。
二、辨析题
法律实施；法律渊源；法律规范的种类；法律适用的原则；公法和私法；解释的种类；普通法；法律渊源的分类；《中华人民共和国香港特别行政区基本法》；我国法律的空间效力；法律规则的构成要素；法的局限性；两大法系；资本主义法和封建主义法；法律体系和立法体系；一般法和特别法。
三、材料分析题
1、最高人民法院的《公报》和判例法；
2、司法机关的职权和地位；
3、刑事法律的性质和地方性法规；
4、责任法定原则；
5、国家机关分工负责、互相监督、相互制约；
6、违法行为、法律责任和法律制裁的关系；
7、法律和道德的关系；
8、实质推理；
9、广义的法律和狭义的法律；
10、司法的基本原则；
11、法的本质；
12、法律的稳定性和适应性；
13、立法必须坚持的原则；
14、唯物主义法学原理；
15、广义和狭义的法律监督；
16、经济基础和法律的关系；
四、论述题
1、法的局限性；
2、法律适用上一律平等的原则；
3、当代中国法律解释体制；
4、我国法渊源的形式；
5、当代中国的法律监督；
6、法律规范的种类；
7、法的作用；
8、当代中国法适用的原则。
英语
一、单项选择
1.When I was young, I ________ to school every day.A.was walking B.walked C.had walked D.had been walking 2.Continuing education classes give some adults the chance ________ new skills.A.learn
B.to be learning
C.to learn
D.to have learned 3.Because of ________ you have done, things become much worse.A.that
B.whom
C.which
D.what 4.These questions ____C__ at tomorrow’s meeting.A.have been discussed
B.had been discussed C.will be discussed
D.shall be discussed
5.It is ____ in spring than in autumn.A.warmer
B.more warm
C.warmest
D.most warm 6.Miss White has been a secretary __________.A.every year
B.since 1997 C.ten years ago
D.in 1997 7.I called on her and found that she ________.A.went abroad
B.go abroad C.had gone abroad
D.has gone abroad 8 Telephone ________ in our everyday life.A.being used
B.uses C.is used
D.is using 9 The speaker raised his voice but still couldn’t make himself ________.A.hear of
B.to hear C.hearing from
D.heard 10.The Olympic Games, ________ in 776 B.C., did not include women players until 1912.A.first playing
B.to be first played
C.first played
D.to be first playing 11.When they arrived, the game ________.A.already start B.already started C.have already started D.had already started 12.Those books ________ to the library next Monday.A.can return
B.can be returned C.can returned
D.can return to 13.I’m sorry, but smoking ________ here.A.is allowed
B.is not allowed C.will be allowed
D.will not allow 14.They got to the bus station ________ than you did.A.more late
B.later C.more later
D.late 15.He talked of the people and books ________ interested him.A.who
B.whose
C.that
D.whom 16.Excuse ________, may I ask you a question? A.I
B.my
C.me
D.us
17.They never knew that pollution ________ a big problem.A.become
B.would become C.is going to
D.does become 18.You ________ where you leave your things.A.always forgets B.forget C.will always forget D.are always forgetting 19.He doesn’t live in the city, ________ ?.A.isn’t he
B.doesn’t he C.is he
D.does he 20.Now she is leaving London.She has stayed here ________.A.after 1980 B.in 1980 C.for 1980 D.since 1980 21.________ meeting will be put off(推迟)till next Monday.A.Tomorrow’s
B.Tomorrows’ C.Tomorrow
D.Tomorrows 22.The house ________ is very nice, but the compound(院子)is too small.A.himself
B.herself
C.itself
D.oneself 23.I told him not to go, but he ________ not listen.A.will B.would C.shall D.should 24.This time last year, Tom ________ with his friends in London.A.stayed
B.was staying C.is staying
D.stays 25.Let’s ________ and get something to eat.A.to go
B.go
C.going
D.goes 26.When they arrived at the airport, the plane ________.A.already take off B.already took off C.have already taken off D.had already taken off 27.Those books ________ to the library next Monday.A.can return
B.can be returned C.can returned
D.can return to 28.They got to the airport ________ than you did.A.more late
B.later C.more later
D.late 29.He talked of the people and books ________ interested him.A.who
B.whose
C.that
D.whom 30.He was writing an e-mail ________ I was watch TV in the hotel room.A.as soon as
B.after C.until
D.while
二、阅读理解
(1)I have often thought it would be a blessing if each human being were stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life.Darkness would make him more appreciative of sight, silence would teach him the joys of sound.Now and then I have tested my seeing friends to discover what they see.Recently I was visited by a very good friend who had just returned from a long walk in the woods, and I asked her what she had observed.―Nothing is particular,‖ she replied.I might have been incredulous had I not been accustomed to such responses, for long ago I became convinced that the seeing see little.How was it possible, I asked myself, to walk for an hour through the woods and see nothing worthy of note? I who cannot see find hundreds of things to interest me through mere touch.I feel the delicate symmetry of a leaf.I pass my hands lovingly about the smooth skin of a silver birch, of the rough bark of a pine.In spring I touch the branches of trees hopefully in search of a bud, the first sign of awakening nature after her winter’s sleep.Occasionally, if I am very fortunate, I place my hand gently on a small tree and feel the happy quiver of a bird in full song.I am delighted to have the cool waters of a brook rush through my open fingers.To me the pageant of seasons is a thrilling and unending drama, the action of which streams through my finger tips.At times my heart cries out with longing to see all these things.If I can get so much pleasure from mere touch, how much more beauty must be revealed by sight.Yet, those who have eyes apparently see little.The panorama of color and action which fills the world is taken for granted.It is human perhaps, to appreciate little that which we have and to long for that which we have not, but it is a great pity that in the world of light the gift of sight is used only as mere convenience rather than as a means of adding fullness to life.If I were president of a university, I should establish a compulsory course in ―How to Use Your Eyes‖.The professor would try to show his pupils how they could add joy to their lives by really seeing what passes unnoticed before them.He would try to awake their dormant and sluggish faculties.1.According to the text, it would be a blessing if________.A.every human being were stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life
B.every human being is stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life C.every human being is stricken blind and deaf D.every human being were stricken blind and deaf 2.Which of the following is the author’s opinion about the seeing people? A.Most of the seeing people see little.B.The seeing people cherished their gift of sight very much.C.The seeing people use their power of sight to the full.D.The seeing people use their gift of sight as a means of adding color to life.3.The author could not see by sight, but she ______.A.could find hundreds of things to interest her through mere touch B.knew more than the seeing
C.was very optimistic and could ―see‖ more than the seeing D.both A and C
4.According to the text, why would it be a blessing if each human being were stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life? A.Because darkness would make him more appreciative of sight, and silence would teach him the joys of sound.B.Because people seldom cherish what they have and if they lose what they have for a short time they would cherish what they have much more.C.Because people are always longing for what they don’t have.D.both A and B 5.We can infer from the text that _______.A.though the author was blind, she loved life and she knew well how to add fullness to life B.the author was a president of a university C.the author established a compulsory course in ―How to Use Your Eyes‖ D.the author appreciated little what she had and longed for what she had not.（2)We use both words and body language to express our thoughts and opinions and to communicate with other people.We can learn a lot about what a person is thinking by watching his or her body language.Words are important, but the way a person stands, folds his or her arms, or moves his or her hands can also give us information about his or her feelings.Just like spoken language, body language varies from culture to culture.Making eye contact – looking directly into someone’s eyes – is in some counties a way to show interest.In other countries, however, eye contact is rude or disrespectful.The gesture of OK, making a circle with one’s thumb and index finger, has different meanings in different cultures.In Japan, someone who sees another person making the gesture will think it means money.In France, a person seeing the same gesture will think it means zero.In Brazil and Germany, however, the gesture is rude.The thumbs-up gesture, meaning ―great‖ or ―good job‖ in the US, is rude in Nigeria, but in Germany and Japan it means the number one.The ―crazy‖ gesture, moving the index finger in a circle in front of the ear, means ―you have a phone call‖ in Brazil.While there are many different interpretations of our body language, some gestures seem to be universal.A good way of saying ―I am full‖ is moving the hand in circles over the stomach after a meal.If a person pats his or her stomach before a meal, it usually means ―I am hungry‖.Perhaps the best example of universally understood body language is the smile.A smile can help us get through difficult situations and find friends in a world of strangers.A smile can open doors and tear down walls.It can be used to express almost any emotion.We can use a smile to apologize, to greet someone, to ask for help or to start a conversation.We can smile at ourselves in the mirror to make ourselves feel happier and stronger.And if we are feeling down or lonely, there is nothing better than to see the smiling face of a good friend.6.We can get information about a person’s feelings from ________.A.his words B.the way he stands C.the way he folds his arms or move his hands D.both his words and his body language 7.Eye contact ________.A.has different meanings in different cultures B.is rude or disrespectful C.has the same meaning in all the countries D.is a way to show interest 8.A good way of saying ―I’m full.‖ is ________.A.moving the hand in circles over the stomach after a meal B.resting one’s head on the back of one’s hand C.patting the stomach before a meal D.Both A and C 9.The ―crazy‖ gesture means ________ in Brazil.A.great B.the number one C.you have a phone call D.none of above 10.The gesture for OK, making a circle with one’s thumb and index finger, ________.A.all of the following B.means money in Japan C.means zero in France D.has different meanings in different cultures
(3)A man came home from work late again, tired and irritated, to find his 5-year-old son waiting for him at the door.―Daddy, may I ask you a question?‖
―Yeah, sure, what is it?‖ replied the man.―Daddy, how much money do you make an hour?‖
―That’s none of your business!What makes you ask such a thing?‖ the man said angrily.―I just want to know.Please tell me, how much do you make an hour?‖ pleaded the little boy.―If you must know, I make $20.00 an hour.‖
―Oh,‖ the little boy replied, head bowed.Looking up, he said, ―Daddy, may I borrow $10.00 please?‖
The father was furious.―If the only reason you wanted to know how much money I make is just so you can borrow some to buy a silly toy or some other nonsense, then you march yourself straight to your room and go to bed.Think about why you’re being so selfish.I work long, hard hours every day and don’t have time for such childish games.‖
The little boy quietly went to his room and shut the door.The man sat down and started to get even madder about the little boy’s questioning.How dare he ask such questions only to get some money.After an hour or so, the man had calmed down, and started to think he may have been a little hard on his son.Maybe there was something he really needed to buy with that $10.00, and he really didn’t ask for money very often.The man went to the door of the little boy’s room and opened the door.―Are you asleep, son?‖ he asked.―No daddy, I’m awake,‖ replied the boy.―I’ve been thinking, maybe I was too hard on you earlier,‖ said the man.―It’s been a long day and I took my aggravation out on you.Here’s that $10.00 you asked for.‖ The little boy sat straight up, beaming.―Oh, thank you daddy!‖ he yelled.Then, reaching under his pillow, he pulled out some more crumpled up bills.The man, seeing that the boy already had money, started to get angry again.The little boy slowly counted out his money, then looked up at the man.―Why did you want more money if you already had some?‖ the father grumbled.―Because I didn’t have enough, but now I do,‖ the little boy replied.―Daddy, I have $20.00 now.Can I buy an hour of your time?‖ 11.What do you know about the man?
A.He made a lot of money.B.He often came home from work late.C.He often went to work late.D.He spent lots of time taking care of his son.12.Why was the boy waiting for his father at the door?
A.Because he missed his father very much.B.Because he was hungry.C.Because he wanted to borrow some money from his father.D.Because he had good news to tell his father.13.The man went to talk to his son because ________.A.he thought he might have been a little hard on his son.B.he wanted to ask his son some questions.C.he wanted to find out whether his son was asleep or not.D.his son was crying in his bedroom.14.The boy wanted to borrow some money from his father because ________.A.he wanted to buy a toy with the money
B.he wanted to buy a birthday present for himself
C.he didn’t have any money
D.he didn’t have enough money to buy an hour of his father’s time
15.What is the main idea of the passage?
A.Parents should give their children some pocket money.B.Parents should not neglect(忽视)their children no matter how busy they are.C.Parents should not be hard on their children.D.Children can buy time from their parents.(4)You may not realize it, but you are doing much more than just studying, when you are at school.School is also the place where you learn to get along well with people.But this is not always easy.What can you do if you just don’t like one of your classmates?
If you discover that you have problems getting along with your classmates or friends, the most important thing to learn is tolerance.Tolerance is the ability to realize and respect the differences in others.We can not change the way that other people do, so it is important to learn to live happily with them.Tolerance will make everyone get on better with each other.Getting to know someone may help you understand why they do things differently.Something different does not exactly mean that it is bad.Tolerance teaches us to keep an even temper and open mind.You need to remember an old saying, ―treat others how you want to be treated‖.You would like to be treated kindly by your classmates, so it is important to treat them kindly too.If you tolerate something, it does not mean that you have to like it.No one is asking you to change who you are or what you believe in.Tolerance just means that you should respect the differences in others and not try to make them change.It is important to practice tolerance, because it will make everyone’s lives easier.Learn to accept people for their different abilities and interests.The world is very different, and practicing tolerance in your own school and city can help make a difference.16.According to the author, what is tolerance? A.Tolerance is the ability that we have to change the way that other people do.B.Tolerance is the ability to realize and respect the differences in others.C.Tolerance is a weapon to fight against the enemy.D.Tolerance is the way to discover whether you have problems getting along with your classmates or friends.17.What does tolerance function(起作用)in getting along with your friends? A.It makes you change who you are and what you believe.B.It can help us understand why people do things differently.C.It warns us to keep an even tempter and open mind.D.It is important for us to learn tolerance.18.Why is tolerance important? A.Because it will make everyone’s lives easier.B.Because it will make everyone get on better with each other.C.Because it teaches us to respect the differences in others and not try to make them change.D.All of the above.19.―Treat others how you want to be treated‖, what does the sentence mean?
A.If you want to be treated kindly, you should treat others kindly too.B.If someone treats you badly, you will treat them kindly.C.You should change yourself to tolerate others.D.Others should change themselves to tolerate you.20.Which of the following is true according to the passage? A.If you tolerate something, you must change yourself.B.Tolerance can make you get on better with your classmates or friends, for it teaches you to keep an even temper and open mind.C.We can live happily with other people by changing the way they do.D.Practicing tolerance can not make any change in your life for the world is different.(5)I found out one time that doing a favor for someone could get you into a lot of trouble.One time when I was taking a final test, the girl next to me whispered something, but I couldn’t understand.So I leaned over her way and found out that she was trying to ask me if I had an extra pen.She showed me that hers was out of ink and would not write.I happened to have an extra one, so I took it out of my pocket and put it on her desk.Later, after we turned in all the test papers, the teacher asked me to stay in the room.As soon as we were alone she began to talk to me about what it meant to grow up;she mentioned how important it was to stand on your own feet and be responsible for my own acts.For a long time she talked about honesty and emphasized that when people do something dishonest, they are really cheating themselves.She made me promise that I wouldn’t think seriously about what she said, and then she told me I could leave.I walked out of the room wondering why she chose to talk to me about all these things.Later on, I found out that she thought I was cheating on the test.I tried to explain about the pen, but what she said was that it seemed very strange to her that I didn’t mention anything about the pen the day she talked to me right after the test.To this day, I am sure she continues to believe that I had cheated on that test.Appearances can be deceiving and it is difficult to know how others will perceive our action.21.Why did the girl say something to me in a low voice? A.Because she wanted to have a look on my paper.B.Because she couldn’t work out the question on the paper.C.Because she wanted to ask me for a pen.D.Because she wanted me to give her the answer to the questions.22.Why did the teacher let me stay after class? A.She wanted to give me a gift.B.She wanted to talk with me.C.She wanted to tell me a story.D.She wanted to make me do some cleaning.23.What did the teacher think about me? A.She thought I was not mature(成熟的).B.She thought I was an honest person.C.She thought I did a right thing.D.She thought I was cheating in the exam.24.Why didn’t the teacher believe that I didn’t cheat on the test? A.She saw I was cheating with her own eyes.B.Someone else told her about it.C.She thought if I didn’t cheat I would tell her the truth of the pen.D.She couldn’t believe anything I said.25.What can you infer(推断)from the passage? A.We can’t judge from the appearance(表面).B.We shouldn’t help others in the exam.C.We should tell the teacher in time if we help others.D.We shouldn’t cheat on the test.(6)We all have certain habits and we can have good habits or bad habits.This passage gives us some advice on how to be healthy.It tells us what we must do if we want to keep ourselves fit.Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.This is an old English saying.It means that we must go to bed early in the evening and get up early in the morning.Is this true? Perhaps it is.The body must have enough sleep.Children, for instance, need ten hours’ sleep every night.If we do not go to bed early, we cannot have enough sleep.Then we cannot think or do our work properly.We will not be wise or live a comfortable life.Some people go to bed late at night and get up late in the morning.This is not good for them.We must sleep at night when it is dark.The dark helps us to sleep well.When daytime comes, we must get up.It is the time for exercise.Exercise means doing something with the body.Walking, running, jumping, swimming, playing games are all good forms of exercise.If the body is not used, it becomes weak.Exercise keeps it strong.Exercise helps blood to move around inside the body.This is very important.Blood takes food to all parts of our bodies.The brains in our heads also need blood.We think with our brain.If we can keep our bodies healthy, and do exercises, we can think better!Our bodies also need air to breathe.Without air we cannot live.We must have plenty of clean, fresh air to breathe if we want to be in good health.So, people often sleep with their room windows open because they want to have plenty of clean, fresh air to breathe.In brief, you don’t know what happiness is until you lose it;you don’t know what health is until you are ill.―Health is of vital importance to life‖ sounds like a cliché to everyone, but it is absolutely true.26.Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.What does this statement mean? A.If one goes to bed early, he would be a wise man.B.If one gets up early, he would be a wealthy man.C.If one goes to bed early and gets up early, he would be a wealthy man.D.It is very important for us to form healthy habits.27.According to the text, if we don’t have enough sleep, ________.A.we won’t live comfortably B.we will do our work correctly C.we will think properly D.we will be wise 28.Exercise is ________.A.to do something with the body B.to do more homework C.to do more drills(训练)D.to get up early in the morning 29.Why is exercise helpful for health? Because ________.A.it helps us to sleep properly.B.people will die soon if they do not have enough exercises C.it helps take nutrition(营养)to every part of the body with blood circulation(血液循环)D.it helps us to think and do our work properly.30.Why do people often sleep with their room window open? A.Because they want enough clean and fresh air to breathe.B.Because they feel hot at night.C.Because they want to look after their garden.三、英译汉
1.At times my heart cries out with longing to see all these things.If I can get so much pleasure from mere touch, how much more beauty must be revealed by sight.Yet, those who have eyes apparently see little.The panorama of color and action which fills the world is taken for granted.It is human perhaps, to appreciate little that which we have and to long for that which we have not, but it is a great pity that in the world of light the gift of sight is used only as mere convenience rather than as a means of adding fullness to life.2.Which of your feelings do you let other people know about? Which do you keep to yourself? Sometimes it’s a good thing to say what you feel.At other times it’s better to keep quiet about your feelings.Sometimes it’s hard to know exactly what you feel.At other times feelings are so strong that you can not control them.People from different cultures have different ways of dealing with feelings.It is said that English people are cold.If they do feel anything, they will not let other people know.3.The little boy quietly went to his room and shut the door.The man sat down and started to get even madder about the little boy’s questioning.How dare he ask such questions only to get some money.After an hour or so, the man had calmed down, and started to think he may have been a little hard on his son.Maybe there was something he really needed to buy with that $10.00, and he really didn’t ask for money very often.The man went to the door of the little boy’s room and opened the door.―Are you asleep, son?‖ he asked.4.One hot summer day, Professor Rudd decided to take his children to the beach.The seaside town he planned to visit was a three-hour train ride away.To make the trip more interesting for his young children, he kept the name of the town a secret.Unfortunately, by the time Rudd had arrived at the train station, the poor forgetful man had forgotten the name of his destination himself.Luckily, a friend of his happened to be in the station.He offered to take care of the children while Rudd went back home to find out where he was going.5.The home of bees is called a bee-hive.Here hundreds — even thousands — of bees live.They work day and night building small walls of wax.Here they make their honey.This is the same honey that we eat.Where does the honey come from? Bees live on food from flowers.Have you ever seen bees flying around a flower garden? When a bee rests on a flower, it tries to go to the center of it.There it takes in as much food as its body can hold.Then it carries the food back to the hive.6.How do bees know where to find the best food in the sweetest flowers? One bee acts as a guide.When it discovers good flowers, it flies back to the hive to tell the others.It does this by dancing for them.The bee dances on one side.This tells the other bees which way to go to find the flowers, but that is not all.The bee dances for some time, and the length of its dance tells the other bees how far they must fly to reach the flowers.When the other bees see the dance, they know where the flowers are.They fly away and return with more food for the hive.
第五篇：中央党校在职研究生入学考试复习题
中央党校在职研究生入学考试复习题
《政治理论》练习题
一类：
1、马克思主义产生的思想理论来源
2、“三个代表”重要思想对三大规律认识的深化
3、人民民主专政理论中民主和专政之间的关系
4、帝国主义的经济实质
5、当今世界多极化呈现出的主要特征
6、毛泽东在井冈山斗争时期提出的关于工农武装割据的思想
7、新民主主义的政治、经济、文化纲领
8、坚持社会主义公有制的主体地位
9、中国共产党执政后必须解决的两大历史性课题
10、现阶段社会主义精神文明建设面临的历史性课题
11、代表最广大人民根本利益
12、党在社会主义初级阶段的基本路线
13、我国对外开放的基本途径和方式
14、现阶段以改革的精神加强党的建设
15、邓小平对社会主义本质的概括 二类：（辨别正误并简要说明理由）
1、世界的真正统一性在于它的存在性。
2、全部社会生活在本质上是实践的。
3、矛盾的统一性和斗争性的关系是“关于事物矛盾问题的精髓”。
4、思想政治工作是经济工作和其他一切工作的生命线。
5、当代资本主义的新变化是对马克思主义揭示的人类社会发展基本规律的否定。
6、我国的经济特区不具有社会主义性质。
7、把社会各方面的先进分子吸收到党内来会改变党的性质。
8、按劳分配与按生产要素分配是相互对立的分配原则。
9、革命统一战线最根本的问题是政策和策略问题。三类：
1、列宁关于新经济政策的基本内容和实质
2、正确认识和处理改革发展稳定之间的关系
3、贯彻依法治国方略
4、实事求是、群众路线、独立自主之间的辩证统一关系
5、毛泽东关于着重从思想上建设党
6、在社会主义初级阶段坚持党的基本路线不动摇
《现代管理学》练习题
一类：
1、评价的原则
2、法约尔提出管理五个职能的主要内容
3、管理活动的基本要素
4、管理客体的特征
5、不确定型决策
6、管理的特征
7、异体监督
8、评价的作用
9、权变观念在管理中的作用
10、职能制组织机构的优、缺点
11、指挥与协调的区别与联系
12、管理幅度
13、共有经济规律
14、行为科学理论对人的看法
15、管理观念
二类：（辨别正误并简要说明理由）
1、管理主体主要指的是具有一定管理权限的单个管理者。
2、管理人本观念中的“人”，指的是管理客体中的人。
3、在管理活动中应以定性分析为依据，定量分析为工具。
4、从在管理客体中发挥作用的角度看，作为管理客体的人始终处于被动地位。
5、在管理学中，所谓管理幅度，是指组织机构按垂直隶属关系划分的等级。
6、财产所有权所获得的支配权是比较符合现代管理原则的。
7、过分强调和依赖行政方法不利于市场经济和社会化大生产的发展。
8、管理客体的可控性不是一成不变的。
9、西蒙所提出的决策准则是最优、最佳。三类：
1、科学决策应遵循的原则
2、管理幅度与管理层次的关系及在处理二者关系时要考虑的因素
3、现代管理要经历的过程及在这个过程中决策所具有的地位和作用
4、权变观念在组织方面的应用
5、管理目标的作用
6、实施的作用
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