第一篇：山东省委党校2014年在职研究生入学考试练习题
说明：此练习题仅供辅导教师和考生在复习过程中进行练习及掌握考试题型之用。要取得好成绩，请考生按照大纲进行全面系统复习。
《政治理论》练习题
一、概念解释题
1．货币
2.商品
3.资本
4.剩余价值
5．抽象劳动
6.可变资本
7.价值规律
8.哲学基本问题 9.主要矛盾
10.理性认识
11.毛泽东思想活的灵魂
12.群众路线
13.生态文明
14.一国两制
15.协商民主
16.循环经济
17.和谐文化
18.和平共处五项原则
二、辨析题
1．实践是认识的最终目的。
2．对新事物要肯定一切，对旧事物要否定一切。3．劳动是创造商品价值的唯一源泉。
4．具体劳动创造使用价值，抽象劳动创造价值，所以它们是两类独立存在的劳动。
5．资本主义工资就是雇佣工人劳动的价格。
6．科学发展观第一要义是发展，这里所说的―发展‖是指经济发展。7．马克思主义认识论是以实践为基础的能动的革命的反映论。8．以人为本就是以人民群众为发展的根本动力。
9．以人为本、执政为民是检验党一切执政活动的最高标准。
10.协调发展就是要求平均发展。
11．革命是解放生产力，改革是发展生产力。
12．中国共产党领导的多党合作与政治协商制度是中国的一项基本政治制度。
13．按劳分配与按生产要素分配是根本对立的分配原则。
14．市场经济以市场作为资源配置的决定性手段，但并不排斥国家对经济的宏观调控。
15．社会主义民主政治只是为社会主义经济基础服务的有力手段。16.未来社会是一个自由人联合体。17.建设中国特色社会主义民主政治最根本的是要把坚持党的领导、人们当家作主和依法治国有机统一起来。
18.强调维护社会公平正义就是劫富济贫搞平均主义。
三、简答题
1.马克思主义的三个思想理论来源是什么？ 2.简述资本主义生产方式的绝对规律。3.简述马克思关于资本的特殊性质的论述。4.简述马克思对生产与消费之间关系的论述 5.简述马克思关于劳动力价值的论述。6.什么是唯物辩证法的三大规律？
7.列宁是如何论述唯心主义的认识论根源的？ 8.列宁关于辩证法和形而上学两种发展观的论述。9.简述毛泽东关于党的三大优良作风的概括。
10.解析邓小平关于我国处在社会主义初级阶段这个重要论断的基本涵义。11.邓小平是如何论述解放思想与实事求是二者之间关系的？ 12.中国特色社会主义的三大基本问题是什么？ 13.为什么说没有民主就没有社会主义？
14.党的十八大报告关于中国特色社会主义道路、中国特色社会主义理论体系、中国特色社会主义制度三者相互关系的论述。
15.什么是中国特色社会主义的总依据、总布局、总任务？ 16.为什么说社会主义和市场经济不存在根本矛盾？
17.党的十八届三中全会提出的全面深化改革的总目标是什么？ 18.全面深化经济体制改革的核心问题是什么？
四、论述题
1．马克思关于价值规律的论述及其重大意义。
2．论马克思“两个必然”和“两个决不会”的思想及其重大意义。3．马克思关于资本基本构成的论述及其重大意义。
4．列宁关于“利用资本主义，建设社会主义”的思想及其重大意义。5．毛泽东关于“社会主义社会基本矛盾”的论述及其重大意义。
6．毛泽东“关于事物矛盾问题精髓”的论述及其重大意义。7．邓小平的社会主义本质论及其重大意义。8．试论依法治国是社会主义民主政治的基本要求。
9．试论先进文化是社会主义现代化建设的重要保证。
《现代管理学》练习题
一、概念题
1、从一般意义上来定义管理
2、管理的综合性特征
3、管理主体
4、管理客体
5、管理机构设计类型中的直线职能制
6、管理目标
7、管理的人本观念
8、管理的系统观念
9、管理的战略观念
10、管理的权变观念
11、不确定型决策
12、实施过程中的激励
13、赞扬激励
14、沟通激励
15、现代管理中的监督
16、审计监督
17、现代管理中的评价
18、现代管理方法中的经济方法
二、辨析题
1、任何管理都由以下因素构成：管理主体、管理客体、管理目的、管理职能和方法、管理环境。
2、在管理实际中，管理的科学性和艺术性是统一的。
3、管理幅度和管理层次成正比例关系，即管理幅度越大，管理层次越多；管理幅度越小，管理层次越少。
4、可控性或称可管理性是管理客体的重要特征。
5、管理目标具有评价作用。
6、管理就是以信息处理为中心。
7、管理目标的分类，按管理的职能分，可分为经济管理目标、行政管理目标、科学技术管理目标和社会管理目标。
8、按管理者的职责，可分为一般的管理者和管理中的领导者，但管理中的领导者不是劳动者。
9、管理活动中，要处理多种关系，但最主要的是处理好物与物的关系以及人、财、物的关系。
10、管理的系统观念就是管理的整体观念。
11、系统理论和系统方法为现代管理开辟了新的思路，提供了新的武器。因此，树立系统观念和掌握系统方法，是现代管理者所应具备的基本素质。、12、管理的权变观念的核心内容，就在于管理效果完全取决于组织与环境之间的适应性。
13、按监督的主体划分，可分为自我监督、内部监督、外部监督。
14、经济监督就是财政监督和财务监督。
15、实施是现代管理者的一项重要责任。
16、我们现在实行的是社会主义市场经济体制，彻底否定了传统的计划经济体系。因此，在市场经济条件下，计划管理已经不重要了。
17、经济方法的调节作用是直接的。
18、在市场经济条件下，各种产品和服务的价格都是由价值规律和市场供求关系决定的，与政府和企业的经济政策无关。
三、简答题
1、管理主体决定管理活动的方向。
2、要使管理主体在管理活动中起主导支配的作用，必须具备的条件。
3、管理的艺术特征。
4、管理机构的设计要坚持责、权、利相一致的原则。
5、管理机构的设计要坚持以目标为中心，以职能为中心的原则。
6、作为管理客体的人的地位。
7、作为管理客体的人的特征。
8、管理目标制定的依据。
9、管理目标的制定要坚持方案选优的原则。
10、管理系统观念中的动态的观念。
11、管理实施中激励的作用。
12、激励方式中的奖罚激励。
13、激励方式中的尊重激励。
14、管理过程中的监督具有反馈的功能。
15、管理过程中的监督要坚持经济性原则。
16、管理过程中的监督具有预防功能。
17、权变观念要求领导方式应与环境相适应。
18、行政方法在管理中的运用有其自身的局限性，因此在运用中必须坚持正确的原则。
四、论述题
1、人既是管理的主体又是管理的客体，请您认真关注作为管理客体的人的地位和作用。
2、决策对于管理主体来说太重要了，要想做出科学正确的决策，必须遵循一些原则，请您掌握这些原则。
3、决策是一个科学的过程，不是随意点头和拍板定案，请您牢记决策的程序，即决策必须遵循的步骤。
4、管理者担负着特殊的职责，因此他必须具有特定的素质。请您认真了解一下管理者所应具备的素质。
5、管理目标是管理活动的出发点和归宿点，因此它在管理中占有重要的地位和作用。请您认真记住目标在管理中的作用。
6、管理目标很重要，但制定出科学正确和先进可行的管理目标就不是一件很容易的事了，必须要坚持一系列的科学原则。请您记住这些原则，才能制定出好的目标。
7、择优观念是现代管理中一个非常重要的观念，离了这个观念，管理活动就会出问题。请您牢牢记住树立择优观念的必要性。
8、实施是介于决策、计划和管理对象之间的中间环节，没有圆满的实施，就谈不上完成管理任务。实施的这种特定地位，决定了它的特点。请您认真了解实施不同于其他管理环节的特点。
9、管理实施过程结束后，还不能算是管理过程的结束，还需对其过程所获得的成绩和效果进行相应的评价。搞好评价也不是一件很简单的事。请您仔细了解评价活动应遵循的一系列原则。
《法理学》练习题
一、简答题
1、法律责任
2、法律部门
3、法律解释
4、法律渊源
5、法律移植
6、英美法系和大陆法系
7、法治和法制
10、法律溯及力
11、社会主义的法治理念
12、社会法律监督
13、法律制定
14、当代中国的法律渊源
15、法律继承
16、法律现代化
17、法律的基本特征
18、、法律适用
19、社会法律监督
二、辨析题
1、法律的本质
2、法律意识的结构
3、法律规则的构成要素
4、法学研究的对象
5、法的不确定性
6、法的规范性
7、法学研究的对象
8、理论法学和应用法学
9、国家赔偿法所属部门
10根据法的效力范围的不同，法的分类
11、立法体制
12、划分法的历史类型的依据
13、法律与道德强制力不同
14、法学体系和法律体系的区别
15、法律制定
16、法律继承
三、材料分析题
1、法律部门和法律渊源的不同
2、法的评价作用
3、立法体制
4、法的渊源
5、广义法律和狭义法律的效力区别
6、法律与道德的区别
7、司法机关独立行使审判或检察权
8、行政责任、刑事责任和民事责任的不同
9、人民法院定罪量刑的依据
10、法律规则和法律原则的不同
11、法理学的组成、法理学的社会学价值和法理学与其他法律部门的联系
12、司法的“以事实为根据，以法律为准绳”的原则
四、论述题
1、司法权的性质和特征
2、法律规则的逻辑结构
3、司法机关独立行使职权的原则
4、法律关系的构成要素
5、法律的规范作用
6、法律的社会作用
7、法律责任的归责原则
8、法律的本质
9、法律调整和道德调整的区别
《英语》练习题
一、单项选择
1.Continuing education classes give some adults the chance ________ new skills.A.learn
B.to learn C.to be learning
D.to have learned 2.When I was young, I ________ to school every day.A.walk C.walked
B.had walked D.had been walking 3.She ________ money and forgetting to pay you back.A.borrowed C.is always borrowing
B.borrows D.has borrow 4.Because of ________ you have done, things become much worse.A.that
B.whom
C.which
D.what 5.While ________ the train, I had a long talk with Jane.A.wait for C.waiting for
B.having waited for
D.being waited for 6.These questions ______ at tomorrow’s meeting.A.have been discussed
B.had been discussed C.will be discussed
D.shall be discussed
7.It is ____ in spring than in autumn.A.warmer
B.more warm
C.warmest
D.most warm 8.Miss White has been a secretary __________.A.every year
B.since 1997 C.ten years ago
D.in 1997 9.I called on her and found that she ________.A.went abroad
B.go abroad C.had gone abroad
D.has gone abroad 10.It has been two weeks since he ________ home.A.has left
B.was leaving C.left
D.is leaving 11.Telephone ________ in our everyday life.A.being used
B.uses C.is used
D.is using 12.The speaker raised his voice but still couldn’t make himself ________.A.hear of
B.to hear C.hearing from
D.heard 13.Before he came to New York, he had never heard a single English word ________.A.speaking
B.to speak
C.spoken
D.spoke 14.The Olympic Games, ________ in 776 B.C., did not include women players until 1912.A.first playing
B.to be first played
C.first played
D.to be first playing 15.The old man lay in bed, ________ what to do the next day.A.thinking
B.was thinking
C.having thought
D.being thought 16.Let’s ________ and get something to eat.A.to go
B.go
C.going
D.goes 17.Bill has been out of work ________ three years.A.by C.in 18.When they arrived, the game ________.A.already start C.have already started
B.already started D.had already started B.since D.for 19.Those books ________ to the library next Monday.A.can return
B.can be returned C.can returned
D.can return to 20.I’m sorry, but smoking ________ here.A.is allowed
B.is not allowed C.will be allowed
D.will not allow 21.They got to the bus station ________ than you did.A.more late
B.later C.more later
D.late 22.He talked of the people and books ________ interested him.A.who
B.whose
C.that
D.whom 23.I live in ________.I’d like to let you know that I’m checking out early
tomorrow morning.A.Room 216th
B.216 Room C.216th Room
D.Room 216 24.This kind of tree has green ________ throughout(全部)the year.A.leafs
B.leaves
C.leaf
D.leaves’ 25.I will give him the letter as soon as I ________ him.A.see
B.sees C.sees’
D.saw 26.Excuse ________, may I ask you a question?
A.I
B.my
C.me
D.us
27.They never knew that pollution ________ a big problem.A.become
B.would become C.is going to
D.does become 28.You ________ where you leave your things.A.always forgets C.will always forget 29.He doesn’t live in the city, ________ ?.A.isn’t he
B.doesn’t he
B.forget
D.are always forgetting C.is he
D.does he 30.Now she is leaving London.She has stayed here ________.A.after 1980 C.for 1980
B.in 1980 D.since 1980 31.The role of _______ has changed a lot in the past 30 years.A.womans
B.women C.woman
D.women’s 32.________ meeting will be put off(推迟)till next Monday.A.Tomorrow’s
B.Tomorrows’ C.Tomorrow
D.Tomorrows 33.If he ________ to go, I'll ask someone else to go with me.A.don’t want
B.doesn’t want
C.not want
D.not wants 34.This is my cell phone(手机).________ is on the desk.A.Their
B.Our C.Yours
D.Her 35.The house ________ is very nice, but the compound(院子)is too small.A.himself
B.herself
C.itself
D.oneself 36.I told him not to go, but he ________ not listen.A.will C.shall
B.would D.should 37.This time last year, Tom ________ with his friends in London.A.stayed
B.was staying C.is staying
D.stays 38.Let’s ________ and get something to eat.A.to go
B.go
C.going
D.goes 39.Bill has been out of work ________ three years.A.by
B.since C.in D.for 40.When they arrived at the airport, the plane ________.A.already take off C.have already taken off
B.already took off D.had already taken off 41.Those books ________ to the library next Monday.A.can return
B.can be returned C.can returned
D.can return to 42.I’m sorry, but smoking ________ here.A.is allowed
B.is not allowed C.will be allowed
D.will not allow 43.They got to the airport ________ than you did.A.more late
B.later C.more later
D.late 44.He talked of the people and books ________ interested him.A.who
B.whose
C.that
D.whom 45.He was writing an e-mail ________ I was watching TV in the hotel room.A.as soon as
B.after C.until
D.while
二、阅读理解
(1)Which of your feelings do you let other people know about? Which do you keep to yourself? Sometimes it’s a good thing to say what you feel.At other times it’s better to keep quiet about your feelings.Sometimes it’s hard to know exactly what you feel.At other times feelings are so strong that you can not control them.People from different cultures have different ways of dealing with feelings.It is said that English people are cold.If they do feel anything, they will not let other people know.This is because they grow up in a culture which tells them that it’s good to control their feelings.They learn when they are young that it is best to keep tears and laughter to themselves.15 Compared with the English, the French are much warmer and more open.They are always ready to express what they feel.However, it is said the Italians are the warmest people in the world.They let their feelings ―explode‖.What happens to feelings that are not expressed? Many people say they don’t just disappear.They continue to exist under the surface and may come out in other forms.Anger that we don’t express to others can become anger that we turn against ourselves.Fears that we don’t talk about may make us become afraid of all things.We may appear to be brave, but we are fearful and anxious inside.Hurts and disappointments that we never express may make us become too careful about getting close to others.As long as we don’t make others unhappy, there is noting wrong in expressing our feelings.We can express our feelings directly or indirectly.We can talk to other people about our feelings.Of course, sometimes we should also control our feelings.After all, life is made of all kinds of feelings, isn’t it?
1.________ to say what you feel.A.It’s always good
B.Sometimes it is good
C.It’s no good
D.You always want
2.People ________ have different ways of dealing with feelings.A.from different cultures
B.from different countries
C.from different schools
D.of different occupations
3.According to the passage, ________ are the warmest people in the world.A.the Italians
B.the English
C.the French
D.the Chinese
4.The feelings that people don’t express ________.A.just disappear
B.should never be expressed
C.continue to exist under the surface
D.are always bad
5.People can express their feelings directly or indirectly ________.A.as long as they don’t make others unhappy
B.as long as they don’t make others happy
C.as soon as they don’t make others unhappy
D.as soon as they don’t make others happy
(2)I have often thought it would be a blessing if each human being were stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life.Darkness would make him more appreciative of sight, silence would teach him the joys of sound.Now and then I have tested my seeing friends to discover what they see.Recently I was visited by a very good friend who had just returned from a long walk in the woods, and I asked her what she had observed.―Nothing is particular,‖ she replied.I might have been incredulous had I not been accustomed to such responses, for long ago I became convinced that the seeing see little.How was it possible, I asked myself, to walk for an hour through the woods and see nothing worthy of note? I who cannot see find hundreds of things to interest me through mere touch.I feel the delicate symmetry of a leaf.I pass my hands lovingly about the smooth skin of a silver birch, of the rough bark of a pine.In spring I touch the branches of trees hopefully in search of a bud, the first sign of awakening nature after her winter’s sleep.Occasionally, if I am very fortunate, I place my hand gently on a small tree and feel the happy quiver of a bird in full song.I am delighted to have the cool waters of a brook rush through my open fingers.To me the pageant of seasons is a thrilling and unending drama, the action of which streams through my finger tips.At times my heart cries out with longing to see all these things.If I can get so much pleasure from mere touch, how much more beauty must be revealed by sight.Yet, those who have eyes apparently see little.The panorama of color and action which fills the world is taken for granted.It is human perhaps, to appreciate little that which we have and to long for that which we have not, but it is a great pity that in the world of light the gift of sight is used only as mere convenience rather than as a means of adding fullness to life.If I were president of a university, I should establish a compulsory course in ―How to Use Your Eyes‖.The professor would try to show his pupils how they could add joy to their lives by really seeing what passes unnoticed before them.He would try to awake their dormant and sluggish faculties.6.According to the text, it would be a blessing if________.A.every human being were stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life
B.every human being is stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life C.every human being is stricken blind and deaf D.every human being were stricken blind and deaf 7.Which of the following is the author’s opinion about the seeing people? A.Most of the seeing people see little.B.The seeing people cherished their gift of sight very much.C.The seeing people use their power of sight to the full.D.The seeing people use their gift of sight as a means of adding color to life.8.The author could not see by sight, but she ______.A.could find hundreds of things to interest her through mere touch B.knew more than the seeing
C.was very optimistic and could ―see‖ more than the seeing D.both A and C
9.According to the text, why would it be a blessing if each human being were stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life? A.Because darkness would make him more appreciative of sight, and silence would teach him the joys of sound.B.Because people seldom cherish what they have and if they lose what they have for a short time they would cherish what they have much more.C.Because people are always longing for what they don’t have.D.both A and B 10.We can infer from the text that _______.A.though the author was blind, she loved life and she knew well how to add fullness to life B.the author was a president of a university C.the author established a compulsory course in ―How to Use Your Eyes‖ D.the author appreciated little what she had and longed for what she had not.(3)We use both words and body language to express our thoughts and opinions and to communicate with other people.We can learn a lot about what a person is thinking by watching his or her body language.Words are important, but the way a person stands, folds his or her arms, or moves his or her hands can also give us information about his or her feelings.Just like spoken language, body language varies from culture to culture.Making eye contact – looking directly into someone’s eyes – is in some counties a way to show interest.In other countries, however, eye contact is rude or disrespectful.The gesture of OK, making a circle with one’s thumb and index finger, has different meanings in different cultures.In Japan, someone who sees another person making the gesture will think it means money.In France, a person seeing the same gesture will think it means zero.In Brazil and Germany, however, the gesture is rude.The thumbs-up gesture, meaning ―great‖ or ―good job‖ in the US, is rude in Nigeria, but in Germany and Japan it means the number one.The ―crazy‖ gesture, moving the index finger in a circle in front of the ear, means ―you have a phone call‖ in Brazil.While there are many different interpretations of our body language, some gestures seem to be universal.A good way of saying ―I am full‖ is moving the hand in circles over the stomach after a meal.If a person pats his or her stomach before a meal, it usually means ―I am hungry‖.Perhaps the best example of universally understood body language is the smile.A smile can help us get through difficult situations and find friends in a world of strangers.A smile can open doors and tear down walls.It can be used to express almost any emotion.We can use a smile to apologize, to greet someone, to ask for help or to start a conversation.We can smile at ourselves in the mirror to make ourselves feel happier and stronger.And if we are feeling down or lonely, there is nothing better than to see the smiling face of a good friend.11.We can get information about a person’s feelings from ________.A.his words B.the way he stands C.the way he folds his arms or move his hands D.both his words and his body language 12.Eye contact ________.A.has different meanings in different cultures B.is rude or disrespectful C.has the same meaning in all the countries D.is a way to show interest 13.A good way of saying ―I’m full.‖ is ________.A.moving the hand in circles over the stomach after a meal B.resting one’s head on the back of one’s hand C.patting the stomach before a meal D.Both A and C 14.The ―crazy‖ gesture means ________ in Brazil.A.great B.the number one C.you have a phone call D.none of above 15.The gesture for OK, making a circle with one’s thumb and index finger, ________.A.all of the following B.means money in Japan C.means zero in France D.has different meanings in different cultures
(4)A man came home from work late again, tired and irritated, to find his 5-year-old son waiting for him at the door.―Daddy, may I ask you a question?‖
―Yeah, sure, what is it?‖ replied the man.―Daddy, how much money do you make an hour?‖
―That’s none of your business!What makes you ask such a thing?‖ the man said angrily.―I just want to know.Please tell me, how much do you make an hour?‖ pleaded the little boy.―If you must know, I make $20.00 an hour.‖ ―Oh,‖ the little boy replied, head bowed.Looking up, he said, ―Daddy, may I borrow $10.00 please?‖
The father was furious.―If the only reason you wanted to know how much money I make is just so you can borrow some to buy a silly toy or some other nonsense, then you march yourself straight to your room and go to bed.Think about why you’re being so selfish.I work long, hard hours every day and don’t have time for such childish games.‖
The little boy quietly went to his room and shut the door.The man sat down and started to get even madder about the little boy’s questioning.How dare he ask such questions only to get some money.After an hour or so, the man had calmed down, and started to think he may have been a little hard on his son.Maybe there was something he really needed to buy with that $10.00, and he really didn’t ask for money very often.The man went to the door of the little boy’s room and opened the door.―Are you asleep, son?‖ he asked.―No daddy, I’m awake,‖ replied the boy.―I’ve been thinking, maybe I was too hard on you earlier,‖ said the man.―It’s been a long day and I took my aggravation out on you.Here’s that $10.00 you asked for.‖ The little boy sat straight up, beaming.―Oh, thank you daddy!‖ he yelled.Then, reaching under his pillow, he pulled out some more crumpled up bills.The man, seeing that the boy already had money, started to get angry again.The little boy slowly counted out his money, then looked up at the man.―Why did you want more money if you already had some?‖ the father grumbled.―Because I didn’t have enough, but now I do,‖ the little boy replied.―Daddy, I have $20.00 now.Can I buy an hour of your time?‖ 16.What do you know about the man?
A.He made a lot of money.B.He often came home from work late.C.He often went to work late.D.He spent lots of time taking care of his son.17.Why was the boy waiting for his father at the door?
A.Because he missed his father very much.B.Because he was hungry.C.Because he wanted to borrow some money from his father.D.Because he had good news to tell his father.18.The man went to talk to his son because ________.A.he thought he might have been a little hard on his son.B.he wanted to ask his son some questions.C.he wanted to find out whether his son was asleep or not.D.his son was crying in his bedroom.19.The boy wanted to borrow some money from his father because ________.A.he wanted to buy a toy with the money
B.he wanted to buy a birthday present for himself
C.he didn’t have any money
D.he didn’t have enough money to buy an hour of his father’s time
20.What is the main idea of the passage?
A.Parents should give their children some pocket money.B.Parents should not neglect(忽视)their children no matter how busy they are.C.Parents should not be hard on their children.D.Children can buy time from their parents.(5)I once knew a man whose memory was very bad.Richard Rudd was so forgetful that he sometimes forgot what he was talking about in the middle of a sentence.His wife had to remind him constantly about his appointments, his classes – even his meals!Since Rudd was a professor at a well-known university, his forgetfulness was often an embarrassment.It wasn’t that he was unintelligent, as some critical people tend to gossip.He was just very, very absent-minded.One hot summer day, Professor Rudd decided to take his children to the beach.The seaside town he planned to visit was a three-hour train ride away.To make the trip more interesting for his young children, he kept the name of the town a secret.Unfortunately, by the time Rudd had arrived at the train station, the poor forgetful man had forgotten the name of his destination himself.Luckily, a friend of his happened to be in the station.He offered to take care of the children while Rudd went back home to find out where he was going.The professor’s wife was surprised to see him again so soon, but she was amused when she heard what the matter was.She distrusted his memory, so she wrote the name of the town on a piece of paper.Satisfied that she had solved the problem, she sent her husband off again.Ten minutes later, she was astonished to see him outside the house again.What was the matter now? 21.What was Professor Rudd’s trouble? A.Lack of confidence.B.Lack of intelligence.C.Carelessness.D.Absent-mindedness.22.What was probably the most embarrassing thing for Professor Rudd? A.He often had to be reminded to go to class at the university.B.He often had to be reminded to meet people at the appointed(约定的)time.C.He sometimes forgot what he was talking about in the middle of a sentence.D.He sometimes forgot to take meals.23.What did Richard Rudd decide to do one hot summer day? A.To accompany his children on a train ride.B.To have a holiday with his children on the beach.C.To go and visit a friend of his in a seaside town with his children.D.To stay home and take care of his children.24.Why did Richard come back the first time? A.He forgot where he was going.B.He forgot his friend’s address.C.He forgot to tell his wife where he was going.D.He forgot to take the train tickets.25.What can you infer from the story?
A.Professor Rudd was an old man.B.Mrs.Rudd was actually more intelligent than her husband.23
C.Mrs.Rudd was an indispensable(不可缺少的)companion to her husband.D.Professor Rudd’s reputation was falling rapidly.(6)You may not realize it, but you are doing much more than just studying, when you are at school.School is also the place where you learn to get along well with people.But this is not always easy.What can you do if you just don’t like one of your classmates?
If you discover that you have problems getting along with your classmates or friends, the most important thing to learn is tolerance.Tolerance is the ability to realize and respect the differences in others.We can not change the way that other people do, so it is important to learn to live happily with them.Tolerance will make everyone get on better with each other.Getting to know someone may help you understand why they do things differently.Something different does not exactly mean that it is bad.Tolerance teaches us to keep an even temper and open mind.You need to remember an old saying, ―treat others how you want to be treated‖.You would like to be treated kindly by your classmates, so it is important to treat them kindly too.If you tolerate something, it does not mean that you have to like it.No one is asking you to change who you are or what you believe in.Tolerance just means that you should respect the differences in others and not try to make them change.It is important to practice tolerance, because it will make everyone’s lives easier.Learn to accept people for their different abilities and interests.The world is very different, and practicing tolerance in your own school and city can help make a difference.26.According to the author, what is tolerance? A.Tolerance is the ability that we have to change the way that other people do.B.Tolerance is the ability to realize and respect the differences in others.C.Tolerance is a weapon to fight against the enemy.D.Tolerance is the way to discover whether you have problems getting along with your classmates or friends.27.What does tolerance function(起作用)in getting along with your friends? A.It makes you change who you are and what you believe.24 B.It can help us understand why people do things differently.C.It warns us to keep an even tempter and open mind.D.It is important for us to learn tolerance.28.Why is tolerance important? A.Because it will make everyone’s lives easier.B.Because it will make everyone get on better with each other.C.Because it teaches us to respect the differences in others and not try to make them change.D.All of the above.29.―Treat others how you want to be treated‖, what does the sentence mean?
A.If you want to be treated kindly, you should treat others kindly too.B.If someone treats you badly, you will treat them kindly.C.You should change yourself to tolerate others.D.Others should change themselves to tolerate you.30.Which of the following is true according to the passage? A.If you tolerate something, you must change yourself.B.Tolerance can make you get on better with your classmates or friends, for it teaches you to keep an even temper and open mind.C.We can live happily with other people by changing the way they do.D.Practicing tolerance can not make any change in your life for the world is different.(7)I found out one time that doing a favor for someone could get you into a lot of trouble.One time when I was taking a final test, the girl next to me whispered something, but I couldn’t understand.So I leaned over her way and found out that she was trying to ask me if I had an extra pen.She showed me that hers was out of ink and would not write.I happened to have an extra one, so I took it out of my pocket and put it on her desk.Later, after we turned in all the test papers, the teacher asked me to stay in the room.As soon as we were alone she began to talk to me about what it meant to grow up;she mentioned how important it was to stand on your own feet and be responsible for my own acts.For a long time she talked about honesty and emphasized that when people do something dishonest, they are really cheating themselves.She made me promise that I wouldn’t think seriously about what she said, and then she told me I could leave.I walked out of the room wondering why she chose to talk to me about all these things.Later on, I found out that she thought I was cheating on the test.I tried to explain about the pen, but what she said was that it seemed very strange to her that I didn’t mention anything about the pen the day she talked to me right after the test.To this day, I am sure she continues to believe that I had cheated on that test.Appearances can be deceiving and it is difficult to know how others will perceive our action.31.Why did the girl say something to me in a low voice? A.Because she wanted to have a look on my paper.B.Because she couldn’t work out the question on the paper.C.Because she wanted to ask me for a pen.D.Because she wanted me to give her the answer to the questions.32.Why did the teacher let me stay after class? A.She wanted to give me a gift.B.She wanted to talk with me.C.She wanted to tell me a story.D.She wanted to make me do some cleaning.33.What did the teacher think about me? A.She thought I was not mature(成熟的).B.She thought I was an honest person.C.She thought I did a right thing.D.She thought I was cheating in the exam.34.Why didn’t the teacher believe that I didn’t cheat on the test? A.She saw I was cheating with her own eyes.B.Someone else told her about it.C.She thought if I didn’t cheat I would tell her the truth of the pen.D.She couldn’t believe anything I said.35.What can you infer(推断)from the passage? A.We can’t judge from the appearance(表面).B.We shouldn’t help others in the exam.C.We should tell the teacher in time if we help others.D.We shouldn’t cheat on the test.(8)Have you ever seen people dance? Some dances are fast and others are slow.People’s feet move when they dance.They keep on moving until the music stops.People have enjoyed dancing for a very long time.This story is of a different kind of dance.It is a dance without people or music.Yet this dance is one of the oldest in the world.It is the dance of bees.If you have ever watched bees, you know that they are very clever.They also work hard looking for food and bringing it back to their home.The home of bees is called a bee-hive.Here hundreds — even thousands — of bees live.They work day and night building small walls of wax.Here they make their honey.This is the same honey that we eat.Where does the honey come from? Bees live on food from flowers.Have you ever seen bees flying around a flower garden? When a bee rests on a flower, it tries to go to the center of it.There it takes in as much food as its body can hold.Then it carries the food back to the hive.At the hive, bees change this flower food into honey.Then they fly away for more food.How do bees know where to find the best food in the sweetest flowers? One bee acts as a guide.When it discovers good flowers, it flies back to the hive to tell the others.It does this by dancing for them.The bee dances on one side.This tells the other bees which way to go to find the flowers, but that is not all.The bee dances for some time, and the length of its dance tells the other bees how far they must fly to reach the flowers.When the other bees see the dance, they know where the flowers are.They fly away and return with more food for the hive.Sometimes we hear the music of bees as they fly around, but few people have ever seen them dance.Yet without that dance we might never have sweet honey to eat.36.According to the passage, people don’t stop dancing until ________.A.the music stops B.they are very tired C.they want to go to bed D.it is very late 37.In the text, ―an unknown dance‖ is a dance ________.A.without a light B.without people or music C.without light and music D.without any drinks 38.Bees carry the flower food back to the hive ________.A.to eat B.to store
C.to be a present to other bees D.to change them into honey 39.What does a guide bee do if it finds the best food in the sweetest flowers? A.It will fly back to the hive to tell the others.B.It will take in as much food as it can.C.It will bring it back to the hive.D.It will change it into honey.40.What does the length of the dance mean? A.It tells the other bees which way to go to find the flowers.B.It tells the other bees how far they must fly to reach the flowers.C.It means that bees enjoy dancing.D.It means nothing.(9)We all have certain habits and we can have good habits or bad habits.This passage gives us some advice on how to be healthy.It tells us what we must do if we want to keep ourselves fit.Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.This is an old English saying.It means that we must go to bed early in the evening and get up early in the morning.Is this true? Perhaps it is.The body must have enough sleep.Children, for instance, need ten hours’ sleep every night.If we do not go to bed early, we cannot have enough sleep.Then we cannot think or do our work properly.We will not be wise or live a comfortable life.Some people go to bed late at night and get up late in the morning.This is not good for them.We must sleep at night when it is dark.The dark helps us to sleep well.When daytime comes, we must get up.It is the time for exercise.Exercise means doing something with the body.Walking, running, jumping, swimming, playing games are all good forms of exercise.If the body is not used, it becomes weak.Exercise keeps it strong.Exercise helps blood to move around inside the body.This is very important.Blood takes food to all parts of our bodies.The brains in our heads also need blood.We think with our brain.If we can keep our bodies healthy, and do exercises, we can think better!Our bodies also need air to breathe.Without air we cannot live.We must have plenty of clean, fresh air to breathe if we want to be in good health.So, people often sleep with their room windows open because they want to have plenty of clean, fresh air to breathe.In brief, you don’t know what happiness is until you lose it;you don’t know what health is until you are ill.―Health is of vital importance to life‖ sounds like a cliché to everyone, but it is absolutely true.41.Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.What does this statement mean? A.If one goes to bed early, he would be a wise man.B.If one gets up early, he would be a wealthy man.C.If one goes to bed early and gets up early, he would be a wealthy man.D.It is very important for us to form healthy habits.42.According to the text, if we don’t have enough sleep, ________.A.we won’t live comfortably B.we will do our work correctly C.we will think properly D.we will be wise 43.Exercise is ________.29 A.to do something with the body B.to do more homework C.to do more drills(训练)D.to get up early in the morning 44.Why is exercise helpful for health? Because ________.A.it helps us to sleep properly.B.people will die soon if they do not have enough exercises C.it helps take nutrition(营养)to every part of the body with blood circulation(血液循环)D.it helps us to think and do our work properly.45.Why do people often sleep with their room window open? A.Because they want enough clean and fresh air to breathe.B.Because they feel hot at night.C.Because they want to look after their garden.三、英译汉
1.Some people go to bed late at night and get up late in the morning.This is not good for them.We must sleep at night when it is dark.The dark helps us to sleep well.When daytime comes, we must get up.It is the time for exercise.Exercise means doing something with the body.Walking, running, jumping, swimming, playing games are all good forms of exercise.If the body is not used, it becomes weak.Exercise keeps it strong.Exercise helps blood to move around inside the body.This is very important.Blood takes food to all parts of our bodies.The brains in our heads also need blood.We think with our brain.If we can keep our bodies healthy, and do exercises, we can think better!
2.What happens to feelings that are not expressed? Many people say they don’t just disappear.They continue to exist under the surface and may come out in other forms.Anger that we don’t express to others can become anger that we turn against ourselves.Fears that we don’t talk about may make us become afraid of all things.We may appear to be brave, but we are fearful and anxious inside.Hurts and disappointments that we never express may make us become too 30 careful about getting close to others.3.At times my heart cries out with longing to see all these things.If I can get so much pleasure from mere touch, how much more beauty must be revealed by sight.Yet, those who have eyes apparently see little.The panorama of color and action which fills the world is taken for granted.It is human perhaps, to appreciate little that which we have and to long for that which we have not, but it is a great pity that in the world of light the gift of sight is used only as mere convenience rather than as a means of adding fullness to life.4.Which of your feelings do you let other people know about? Which do you keep to yourself? Sometimes it’s a good thing to say what you feel.At other times it’s better to keep quiet about your feelings.Sometimes it’s hard to know exactly what you feel.At other times feelings are so strong that you can not control them.People from different cultures have different ways of dealing with feelings.It is said that English people are cold.If they do feel anything, they will not let other people know.5.The little boy quietly went to his room and shut the door.The man sat down and started to get even madder about the little boy’s questioning.How dare he ask such questions only to get some money.After an hour or so, the man had calmed down, and started to think he may have been a little hard on his son.Maybe there was something he really needed to buy with that $10.00, and he really didn’t ask for money very often.The man went to the door of the little boy’s room and opened the door.―Are you asleep, son?‖ he asked.6.One hot summer day, Professor Rudd decided to take his children to the beach.The seaside town he planned to visit was a three-hour train ride away.To make the trip more interesting for his young children, he kept the name of the town a secret.Unfortunately, by the time Rudd had arrived at the train station, the poor forgetful man had forgotten the name of his destination
himself.Luckily, a friend of his happened to be in the station.He offered to take care of the children while Rudd went back home to find out where he was going.7.Tolerance will make everyone get on better with each other.Getting to know someone may help you understand why they do things differently.Something different does not exactly mean that it is bad.Tolerance teaches us to keep an even temper and open mind.You need to remember an old saying, ―treat others how you want to be treated‖.You would like to be treated kindly by your classmates, so it is important to treat them kindly too.If you tolerate something, it does not mean that you have to like it.Tolerance just means that you should respect the differences in others and not try to make them change.8.If you discover that you have problems getting along with your classmates or friends, the most important thing to learn is tolerance.Tolerance is the ability to realize and respect the differences in others.We can not change the way that other people do, so it is important to learn to live happily with them.Tolerance will make everyone get on better with each other.Getting to know someone may help you understand why they do things differently.Something different does not exactly mean that it is bad.Tolerance teaches us to keep an even temper and open mind.9.Later, after we turned in all the test papers, the teacher asked me to stay in the room.As soon as we were alone she began to talk to me about what it meant to grow up;she mentioned how important it was to stand on your own feet and be responsible for my own acts.For a long time she talked about honesty and emphasized that when people do something dishonest, they are really cheating themselves.She made me promise that I wouldn’t think seriously about what she said, and then she told me I could leave.I walked out of the room wondering why she chose to talk to me about all these things.10.The home of bees is called a bee-hive.Here hundreds — even thousands — of bees live.32
They work day and night building small walls of wax.Here they make their honey.This is the same honey that we eat.Where does the honey come from? Bees live on food from flowers.Have you ever seen bees flying around a flower garden? When a bee rests on a flower, it tries to go to the center of it.There it takes in as much food as its body can hold.Then it carries the food back to the hive.11.Perhaps the best example of universally understood body language is the smile.A smile can help us get through difficult situations and find friends in a world of strangers.A smile can open doors and tear down walls.It can be used to express almost any emotion.We can use a smile to apologize, to greet someone, to ask for help or to start a conversation.We can smile at ourselves in the mirror to make ourselves feel happier and stronger.And if we are feeling down or lonely, there is nothing better than to see the smiling face of a good friend.12.How do bees know where to find the best food in the sweetest flowers? One bee acts as a guide.When it discovers good flowers, it flies back to the hive to tell the others.It does this by dancing for them.The bee dances on one side.This tells the other bees which way to go to find the flowers, but that is not all.The bee dances for some time, and the length of its dance tells the other bees how far they must fly to reach the flowers.When the other bees see the dance, they know where the flowers are.They fly away and return with more food for the hive.33
第二篇：山东省委党校2018在职研究生入学考试复习题范文
《政治理论》复习参考题型
一、概念 1.按劳分配 2.独立自主
3.供给侧结构性改革 4.和平共处五项原则 5.基本经济制度 6.民主集中制 7.商品
8.社会主义初级阶段
9.社会主义初级阶段的基本路线 10.社会主义初级阶段主要矛盾 11.生态文明 12.实事求是 13.市场机制三要素 14.物质 15.一国两制
16.战时共产主义政策 17.政策
18.中国特色社会主义道路的内涵 19.五大发展理念 20.经济发展方式
二、辨析
1.按劳分配是与社会主义生产资料公有制相适应的分配方式
2.对立统一规律是辩证法的实质和核心 3.改革开放前后的历史不能相互否定 4.改革开放前后两个历史时期是根本对立的
5.工人阶级已经不是建设中国特色社会主义的主力军 6.供给侧结构性改革就是放松管制
7.加强和改进党的作风建设，核心问题是保持党同人民群众的血肉联系
8.经济工作是一切工作的生命线 9.商品交换会产生剩余价值
10.商品生产从产生到资本主义时期，经历了简单商品生产、资本主义商品生产。
11.社会主义经济制度的所有制基础是公有制 12.剩余价值的生产不具有无限性 13.围绕党的中心任务进行思想政治工作
14.我国社会主要矛盾的变化，改变了我们对我国社会主义所处历史阶段的判断。
15.先进文化是社会主义现代化建设的重要保证 16.一个国家的革命和建设只能依靠本国人民的力量 17.中国共产党是中国革命和社会主义事业的领导核心 18.主要矛盾和次要矛盾是固定不变的
19.中国共产党的领导地位是由党的先进性决定的 20.思想政治工作是一切工作的生命线
三、简答
1.辩证唯物主义认识论的三个基本结论 2.帝国主义的经济特征
3.加强党的执政能力建设的总体目标 4.价值规律的作用
5.简述和平共处五项原则的主要内容 6.简述列宁关于建设社会主义的理论思考 7.简述列宁主义的建党学说 8.简述新经济政策的主要内容
9.简述中国特色社会主义理论体系的基本问题 10.建设中国特色社会主义的总依据 11.劳动力商品价值的内容
12.毛泽东对思想政治工作重要性的阐述 13.毛泽东思想的活的灵魂
14.全面建成小康社会必须遵循的原则和新目标 15.全面建成小康社会的战略目标
16.全面推进依法治国必须遵循的基本原则 17.全面推进依法治国的总目标 18.如何规范收入分配关系
19.如何坚定中国特色社会主义的道路自信 20.深化政治体制改革的必要性 21.新民主主义革命“新”在何处 22.运用唯物辩证法应当注意的原则 23.资本的特殊性质
四、论述
1.“五位一体”总布局的内涵和特点
2.全面深化改革的总目标、立足点和战略部署 3.如何提高党的建设科学化水平 4.社会主义的历史必然性
5.实现党的领导核心地位必须坚持党要管党、从严治党的方针
6.试述坚持和拓宽中国特色社会主义道路必须坚持的原则
7.试述新形势下加强和规范党内政治生活的基本内容 8.试述中国特色社会主义制度的特点和优势
《现代管理学》复习参考题型
一、概念 1.法律监督 2.风险型决策 3.管理
4.管理的经济方法 5.管理的系统观念 6.管理的循环规律 7.管理共有规律 8.管理计划 9.管理技巧性规律 10.管理客体 11.管理派生规律 12.管理艺术 13.管理主体 14.广义的管理决策 15.行政监督 16.计划的效率性 17.经济监督 18.评价 19.确定型决策
20.现代管理技术 21.指导性计划 22.指令性计划
二、辨析
1.按照管理者的位置和层次，可以把管理者分为高层管理者、中层管理者和基层管理者。
2.按照管理者的职责，可以把管理者分为一般管理者和管理中的领导者。
3.按照管理者所管理的对象，可以把管理者分为行政管理者、经济管理者、科技管理者、文教卫生管理者等。4.把直线制和矩阵制有机结合起来是直线职能制组织形式最大的特点。
5.高级管理者需要管理艺术，而一般管理者不需要管理艺术。
6.管理的二重性是指管理具有经济属性和社会属性 7.管理的社会属性是指任何管理都是社会劳动或共同劳动的客观要求，都要按社会劳动或社会化大生产的客观规律办事。
8.管理的自然属性是指管理都是在一定的社会制度和国家体制下进行的，都会打上一定的社会和阶级烙印。9.管理决策需要面对各种复杂的情况，所以不能设计既定的决策程序。10.管理是科学性和艺术性的统一
11.激励的关键是管理者通过采取各种方式去激发人的内在动力
12.奖励有激励作用，而惩罚没有激励作用 13.决策是管理工作的核心 14.人也是管理客体的组成部分
15.设立专门的职能部门是直线制组织形式最大的特点 16.审计监督属于行政监督的范畴
17.实行集中决策、集中经营是事业部制组织形式最大的特点。
18.事业部制组织形式最大的特点是实行集中决策、集中经营
19.协调是管理者对管理活动中的各个要素之间的问题和关系进行的指挥和命令 20.预测是管理的核心
21.在管理中应树立组织改善环境的观念 22.在管理中应树立组织适应环境的观念 23.在管理中应树立组织重视环境的观念
三、简答
1.按照监督主体划分，监督有哪些种类？ 2.管理的权变观念 3.管理的人本观念 4.管理的系统观念
5.管理的择优观念主要包括哪些内容？ 6.管理的战略观念 7.管理决策应坚持的原则 8.管理客体有哪些特征？ 9.管理信息的特征 10.管理者素质 11.管理中的行政方法 12.管理中的控制类型 13.激励的方式有哪些？ 14.激励在管理中的作用 15.计划编制应坚持的原则 16.决策的“令人满意”准则 17.决策的依据和条件
18.目标管理与传统计划管理的主要区别 19.权变观念在管理中有什么作用？ 20.实施在管理中的作用
21.制定管理目标应遵循什么程序？
四、论述
1.联系实际，论述管理择优观念的主要内容？ 2.联系实际，论述管理中的监督有哪些功能？ 3.联系实际，论述管理中的决策应遵循的程序？ 4.联系实际，论述激励的方式有哪些？ 5.联系实际，论述如何科学实施发展战略？ 6.联系实际，论述协调的方式方法有哪些？ 7.联系实际，论述在管理中如何运用好用人艺术？ 8.联系实际，论述制定管理目标应坚持什么原则？
第三篇：2018年山东省委党校在职研究生入学考试《政治理论》复习参考题型
《政治理论》复习参考题型
一、概念
1.按劳分配：与社会主义生产资料公有制相适应的分配方式。基本要求是，以劳动为尺度精心个人收入分配，多劳多得，少劳少得，不劳不得。
2.独立自主：指国家的主权是独立的，不允许任何外来的干涉与侵犯，每个国家都有权根据自己的实际情况独立地、自主地处理本国对内对外的一切事务。独立自主是中国共产党在抗日民族统一战线中正确处理国共关系的原则，是毛泽东哲学思想的重要内容和活的灵魂之一。
3.供给侧结构性改革：解放和发展社会生产力，用改革的办法推进结构调整，减少无效和低端供给，扩大有效和中高端供给，增强供给结构对需求变化的适应性和灵活性，提高全要素生产率。要通过一系列政策举措，特别是推动科技创新、发展实体经济、保障和改善人民生活的政策措施，来解决我国经济供给侧存在的问题。
4.和平共处五项原则（P95）：中国共产党人提出的适用于处理同一切国家关系的崭新的国际关系准则。包括：互相尊重主权和领土完整，互不侵犯，互不干涉内政，平等互利，和平共处。
5.基本经济制度：指国家依据社会性质及基本国情，通过法律对社会经济秩序中生产资料归谁所有做出明确规定的经济制度，是社会经济在生产关系中最基本的规定，即所有制。
6.民主集中制：民主基础上的集中和集中指导下的民主，是高度民主和高度集中地统一，是正确规范党内政治生活、处理党内关系的基本准则和具体制度，是马克思主义政党的根本组织原则。
7.商品：用来进行等价交换的劳动产品，是使用价值和价值的统一体。
8.社会主义初级阶段：特指我国生产力落后、商品经济不发达条件下建设社会主义必然要经历的特定阶段。即从 1956 年社会主义改造基本完成到 21 世纪中叶社会主义现代化基本实现的整个历史阶段。党的十三大系统阐述了社会主义初级阶段理论和党在社会主义初级阶段的基本路线。这是对我国社会主义建设的历史经验,特别是改革开放以来新鲜经验的总结和概括。
9.社会主义初级阶段的基本路线：领导和团结全国各族人民，以经济建设为中心，坚持四项基本原则，坚持改革开放，自力更生，艰苦创业，为把我国建设成为富强、民主、文明、和谐的社会主义现代化国家而奋斗。
10.社会主义初级阶段主要矛盾：在现阶段，我国社会的主要矛盾是人民日益增长的物质文化需要同落后的社会生产之间的矛盾。这个主要矛盾，贯穿于我国社会主义初级阶段的整个过程和社会生活的各个方面，决定了我们的根本任务是集中力量发展社会生产力。只有牢牢抓住这个主要矛盾，才能清醒地观察和把握社会矛盾的全局，有效地促进各种社会矛盾的解决。
中国特色社会主义进入新时代，我国社会主要矛盾已经转化为人民日益增长的美好生活需要和不平衡不充分的发展之间的矛盾。
11.生态文明：人类为保护和建设美好生态环境而取得的物质成果、精神成果和制度成果的总和，是贯穿于经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设全过程和各方面的系统工程，反映了一个社会的文明进步状态。
12.实事求是：指从实际对象出发，探求事物的内部联系及其发展的规律性，认识事物的本质。通常指按照事物的实际情况办事。“实事”就是客观存在着的一切亊物，“是”就是客观亊物的内部联系，即规律性，“求”就是我们去研究。
13.市场机制三要素：市场机制包括价格、供求和竞争三大要素。三者之间互为因果，相互制约，各自发挥功能，又共同发挥作用。
14.物质：标志客观实在的哲学范畴，这种客观实在是人通过感觉感知的，它不依赖于我们的感觉而存在，为我们的感觉所复写、摄影、反映。P41 15.一国两制：“一个国家，两种制度”的简称。中国共产党为解决祖国内地和台湾和平统一的问题以及在香港、澳门恢复行使中国主权的问题而提出的基本国策。即在中华人民共和国内，内地坚持社会主义制度作为整个国家的主体，同时允许台湾、香港、澳门保留资本主义制度。“一国两制”政策以“一个中国”为原则，并强调“中华人民共和国是代表中国的唯一合法政府”。
16.战时共产主义政策：（1）实行工业国有化，剥夺剥夺者。（2）从粮食垄断、禁止私人买卖粮食到余粮征集制，国家以低价购买农民的“余粮”，以保证城市居民和红军有饭吃。（3）限制市场和私人贸易，实行商业国有化。（4）推行平均主义的分配制度，缩小社会成员之间的生活差距。（5）实行劳动义务制和劳动军事化，贯彻不劳动者不得食的原则。
17.政策：国家政权机关、政党组织和其他社会政治集团为了实现自己所代表的阶级、阶层的利益与意志，以权威形式标准化地规定在一定的历史时期内，应该达到的奋斗目标、遵循的行动原则、完成的明确任务、实行的工作方式、采取的一般步骤和具体措施。
18.中国特色社会主义道路的内涵：在中国共产党领导下，立足基本国情，以经济建设为中心，坚持四项基本原则，坚持改革开放，解放和发展社会生产力，建设社会主义市场经济、社会主义民主政治、社会主义先进文化、社会主义和谐社会、社会主义生态文明，促进人的全面发展，逐步实现全体人民的共同富裕，建设富强民主文明和谐的社会主义现代化国家。
19.五大发展理念：2015 年 10 月，中国共产党第十八届中央委员会第五次全体会议强调，实现“十三五”时期发展目标，破解发展难题，厚植发展优势，必须牢固树立并切实贯彻创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享的发展理念。这是关系我国发展全局的一场深刻变革。20.经济发展方式：经济发展方式是生产要素的分配、投入、组合和使用的方式。一般是指通过生产要素变化包括数量增加、结构变化、质量改善等，实现经济增长的方法和模式。
二、辨析
1.按劳分配是与社会主义生产资料公有制相适应的分配方式。
正确。按劳分配是与社会主义生产资料公有制相适应的分方式。按劳分配的基本要求是,以劳动为尺度进行个人收入分配,多劳多得,少劳少得,不劳不得。在公有制企业内部,劳动者以企业为单位统一经营公有生产资料,以货币形式统一分配劳动成果；在农村则实行以家庭承包经营为基础、统分结合的经营制度,以家庭为基本单位进行分配。按劳分配的主体地位是通过两个层次体现出来的:一是在全社会范围的收入分配中,按劳分配占最大比重,起主导作用;二是在公有制经济范围内劳动者的总收入中,按劳分配收入是最主要的收入来源。
实行按劳分配,是由社会主义社会的客观经济条件决定的。实行按劳分配,是坚持社会主义的重要内容。实行按劳分配,是推动社会主义市场经济发展的有效途径。
2.对立统一规律是辩证法的实质和核心。（P41—42）正确。对立统一规律是唯物辩证法的实质和核心。具体表现在：
第一，对立统一规律提供了理解辩证法其它规律和范畴的钥匙。第二，对立统一规律揭示了事物的源泉和动力。第三，对立统一规律区分了两种对立的发展观。第四，对立统一规律是辩证法和诡辩论的试金石。第五，对立统一规律提供了方法论的基本原则。3.改革开放前后的历史不能相互否定。
正确。中国共产党领导人民进行社会主义建设,有改革开放前和改革开放后两个历史时期,这是两个相互联系又有重大区别的时期,但本质上都是我们党领导人民进行社会主义建设的实践探索。中国特色社会主义是在改革开放历史新时期开创的,但也是在新中国已经建立起社会主义基本制度、并进行了 20 多年建设的基础上开创的。虽然这两个历史时期在进行社会主义建设的思想指导、方针政策、实际工作上有很大差别,但两者决不是彼此裂的,更不是根本对立的。不能用改革开放后的历史时期否定改革开放前的历史时期,也不能用改革开放前的历史时期否定改革开放后的历史时期。要坚持实事求是的思想路线,分清主流和支流,坚持真理,修正错误,发扬经验,吸取教训,在这个基础上把党和人民事业继绩推向前进。
4.改革开放前后两个历史时期是根本对立的。错误。同上。
5.工人阶级已经不是建设中国特色社会主义的主力军。（P223）
错误。工人阶级是我国的领导阶级，是先进生产力的代表，是推动中国先进生产力发展的主力军，建设中国特色社会主义必须全心全意地依靠工人阶级。所以，工人阶级仍然是建设中国特色社会主义的主力军。
6.供给侧结构性改革就是放松管制。
错误。供给侧结构性改革,重点是解放和发展社会生产力,用改革的办法推进结构调整,减少无效和低端供给,扩大有效和中高给,增强供给结构对需求变化的适应性和灵活性,提高全要素生产率。要通过一系列政策举措,特别是推动科技创新,发展实体经济、保障和改善人民生活的政策措施,来解决我国经济供给侧存在的问题。供给侧结构性改革的民键是放松管制、释放活力、让市场发大作用降低制度性我不,提商供给体系质量种提高投资有效性。要解决世界经济深层次问题,单纯靠货币刺源。
7.加强和改进党的作风建设，核心问题是保持党同人民群众的血肉联系。
正确。加强和改进党的作风建设，核心问题是保持党同人民群众的血肉联系。马克思主义执政党的最大危险，就是脱离群众。人民群众是我们党的力量源泉和胜利之本。失去了人民群众的拥护和支持，党的事业和一切工作就无从谈起。党要经受住长期执政、改革开放和发展社会主义市场经济的考验，就必须始终密切联系群众。在任何时候任何情况下，与人民群众同呼吸共命运的立场不能变，全心全意为人民服务的宗旨不能忘，坚信群众是真正英雄的历史唯物主义观点不能丢。
8.经济工作是一切工作的生命线。（P85）
错误。思想政治工作是一切工作的生命线。思想政治工作既包括党内的思想教育,也包括党对群众的思教育,本质上是群众工作。在中国革命和建设过程中,思想政治工作具有重要的地位和作用。它是经济工作和其他一切工作的命线。重视思想政治工作是中国共产党的优良传统。
9.商品交换会产生剩余价值。
错误。根据价值规律的要求,商品是按照等价原则进行交换的,因此单纯的商品交换过程不能产生剩余价值。剩余价值产生的关领就在于资本家在流通中找到一种特殊商品,它就是劳动力。劳动力是活的人体中存在的体力和脑力的总和。劳动力商品具有独特的使用价值。劳动力的使用就是劳动，劳动能创造新的价值,而且可以创造出比它自身更大的价值本家所以购买劳动力,就是因为劳动力的使用价值有这样一个特殊属性。因此,资本主义的生产过程,不仅是创造使用价值的劳动过程,也是价值增殖过程。只要资本家把工人的劳动时间延长到补偿劳动力价值所需要的时间以上,剩余价值就一定会产生出来,剩余价值就是由雇佣工人创造的并被资本家无偿占有的超过劳动力价值的价值。这就是剩余价值生产即资本主义剥削的秘密所在。
10.商品生产从产生到资本主义时期，经历了简单商品生产、资本主义商品生产。
正确。商品生产从产生到资本主义时期,经历了简单生产,资本主义商品生产。它们的共性是商品生产者通过交换追求各自的经济利益循等价原则;进行平等竞争,以货币为媒介；价值规律是商品生产的基本规律。商品生产在资本主义经济中具有重要地位和作用,它是资本主义生产方式产生的历史前提和起点。商品是资本主义的细胞形式，资本主义商品生产是高度社会化的商品生产。
11.社会主义经济制度的所有制基础是公有制。
正确。公有制是全体劳动者或部分劳动者共同占有生产资料。坚持公有制为主体，能够有效地实施宏观调控，从全局利益出发，集中力量办大事，促进经济高速发展。所以社会主义经济制度的所有制基础是公有制。
12.剩余价值的生产不具有无限性。（P17）
错误。资本主义是一种发达的商品生产,生产的直接目的是追求价值增殖,而价值本身没有质的不同,只有量的差别,而任何一个量都是一个有限量,这就决定了资本对剩余价值的追求是无限度同时,激烈竞争的压力也驱使资本家不能不这样做。
13.围绕党的中心任务进行思想政治工作。（P87）正确。思想政治工作是为党的中心工作服务的,因此必须紧紧围绕党的中心工作来进行,结合经济工作和其他工作一道去做。首先,思想政治工作之所以要结合经济工作和其他工作一道来做,是由思想政治工作的性质和任务决定的。其次,这是由思想政治工作的对象决定的。再次，这是由思想政治工作的目的决定的。
14.我国社会主要矛盾的变化，改变了我们对我国社会主义所处历史阶段的判断。
错误。尽管我国经济社会发生了巨大变化,但从根本上说,我国仍处于并将长期处于社会主义初级阶段的基本国情没有变,人民日益增长的物质文化需要同落后的社会生产之间的矛盾这一社会主要矛盾没有变,我国是世界最大发展中国家的国际地没有变。要全面建成小康社会,实现社会主义现代化和全体人民共同富裕,仍需付出长期的艰苦努力。
15.先进文化是社会主义现代化建设的重要保证。（P190）正确。第一,先进进文化为社会主义现代化提供思想保证。第二,先进文化为社会主义现代化建设提供精神动力。第三,先进文化为现代化建设提供智力支撑。
16.一个国家的革命和建设只能依靠本国人民的力量。（P109）
错误。一个国家的革命和建设主要是依靠本国人民的力量,要把立足点放在自力更生的基础上,以自力更生为主,力争外援为辅。一个国家革命的发生、发展和胜利,主要取决于内因,取决于本国的客观条件和革命政党、革命人民的主观努力。革命不能输出,革命也不不能输入。唯物辩证法认为,内因是事物变化的根据,外因是变化的条件,外因通过内因起作用。这一原理是独立自主、自力更生原则的哲学基础之一。
在民主革命时期,我党坚持依靠自己的努力,主张自力更生,最终实现了革命的胜利。在社会主义建设时期,我们同样独立自主地搞建设,在自力更生为主、争取外援为辅的路线指引下,建立了一个独立完整的工业体系和国民经济体系,为尔后的进一步现代化莫定了基础。
毛泽东在强调独立自主、自力更生时,也十分注意争取尽可能多的国际援助,认为国际援助是中国抗日战争和中国革命取得胜利的一个必要条件,认为社会主义建设必须打开对外工作的新局面，挫败各类封锁、鼓励中国的政策。
17.中国共产党是中国革命和社会主义事业的领导核心。（P226）
正确。党的领导核心地位是历史和人民的选择。中国共产党的领导核心地位是在领导中国人民进行革命、建设、改革的长期实践中形成的。自党成立以来,它带领各族人民完成了新民主主义革命,实现了民族独立和人民解放:完成了社会主义革命,确立了社会主义基本制度,取得了社会主义建设的伟大成就;进行了改革开放新的伟大革命,完善和发展了中国特色社会主义。这三件大事,不可逆转地结束了近代以来中国内忧外患、积贫积弱的悲慘命运,不可逆转地开启了中华民族不断发展壮大、走向伟大复兴的历史征程。历史和现实充分证明,中国共产党不愧为领导中国人民不断开创事业发展新局面的核心力量。
18.主要矛盾和次要矛盾是固定不变的。
错误。主要矛盾和次要矛盾不是固定不变的。在复杂事物发展过程中，处于支配地位，对事物发展起决定作用的矛盾叫主要矛盾，其他处于从属地位、对事物发展不起决定作用的矛盾叫次要矛盾。主要矛盾和次要矛盾相互依赖、相互影响，在一定条件下可以相互转化。
19.中国共产党的领导地位是由党的先进性决定的。（P77）正确。中国共产党坚持马克思主义基本原理同中国具体实践相结合，找到了中国革命的具体道路，广泛集中了工人阶级和人民群众中的先进分子，组织成一个严密统一的整体，发挥着巨大的组织优势，把全心全意为人民服务作为自己的根本宗旨。党的这种先进性，决定了它是全国各族人民的领导核心。
20.思想政治工作是一切工作的生命线。
正确。思想政治工作既包括党内的思想教育，也包括党对群众的思想教育。思想政治工作能够保证经济工作和其他工作的正确方向并提供精神动力；能够有助于正确处理人民内部矛盾，保障经济建设和其他工作顺利进行；能够提高人的思想政治水平，帮助人民掌握科学的思想方法和工作方法，正确地认识世界和改造世界。所以思想政治工作是一切工作的生命线。
三、简答
1.辩证唯物主义认识论的三个基本结论。（P41）
第一,认识对象是不依赖于我们的意识而客观存在的,划清了唯物主义认识论和唯心主义认识论的界限。
第二,世界上绝没有不可认识的东西,只有已被认识的东西和未被认识的东西之分。随着实践和科学的发展,今天没有认识东西在明天是可以认识的,划清了唯物主义反映论同不可知论的界限。
第三,认识是一个由浅入深、由低级到高级的发展过程,划清了辩证唯物主义的认识论和旧唯物主义的机械反映论的界限。
2.帝国主义的经济特征。（P32—33）
答：资本主义发展到垄断资本主义进而发展成帝国主义，有以下五个基本特征： 第一，垄断组织在经济生活中起决定作用。第二，在金融资本的基础上形成金融寡头的统治。第三，资本输出有了特别重要的意义。
第四，瓜分世界的资本家国际垄断同盟已经形成。第五，最大资本主义列强已把世界上的领土分割完毕。3.加强党的执政能力建设的总体目标。
总体目标是：通过全党共同努力，使党始终成为立党为公、执政为民的执政党，成为科学执政、民主执政、依法执政的执政党，成为求真务实、开拓创新、勤政高效、清正廉洁的执政党，归根到底成为始终做到“三个代表”、永远保持先进性、经得住各种风浪考验的马克思主义执政党，带领全国各族人民实现国家富强、民族振兴、社会和谐、人民幸福。
4.价值规律的作用。（P13）
答：价值规律是商品生产的基本规律,其主要作用： 第一，推动技术的进步和生产的发展，形成优胜劣汰的机制，推动技术的进步，效率的提高和生产的扩大。
第二，调节社会劳动在不同部门的分配。5.简述和平共处五项原则的主要内容。
和平共处五项原则是中国用于指导自己同各国发展关系的一贯原则，无论是社会制度不同的国家之间，还是社会制度相同的国家之间，都要坚持“互相尊重主权和领土完整、互不侵犯、互不干涉内政、平等互利、和平共处” 五项原则。
6.简述列宁关于建设社会主义的理论思考。（P54）
一、建设社会主义是一个长期的过程
二、要把大力发展生产力，提高劳动生产率摆在首位
三、应允许多种经济成分存在，利用和发展商品、货币和市场
四、利用资本主义、建设社会主义
五、及时地把改革提到日程上来
7.简述列宁主义的建党学说。（P48）
一、党是以马克思主义武装起来的，无产阶级先锋队组织。
二、党是一个有组织的，高度集中的整体。
三、党内实行民主集中制原则。
四、党是无产者的阶级联合的最高组织。8.简述新经济政策的主要内容。（P53）
一、用粮食税代替余粮征集制
二、工业企业停止推行国有化
三、大力发展商业，建立工业和农业的结合点
四、加强同资本主义国家的经济交往与合作。
9.简述中国特色社会主义理论体系的基本问题。（P116）
一、对什么是社会主义，怎样建设社会主义的探索和回答。
二、对建设什么样的党，怎样建设党的探索和回答。
三、对实现什么样的发展，怎样发展的探索和回答。
10.建设中国特色社会主义的总依据。（P126）
社会主义初级阶段，是党的理论和路线方针政策形成的根本依据和理论基础。坚持和发展中国特色社会主义，必须始终以社会主义初级阶段为总依据，清醒认识和准确把握这个最大的国情和最大的实际，由此来思考和解决当代中国的一切问题。
一、我国仍处于并长期处于社会主义初级阶段。
二、科学把握我国发展的新的阶段性特征.三、始终坚持党在社会主义初级阶段的基本路线。11.劳动力商品价值的内容。（P14）
一是维持劳动者自身生存所必需的生活资料的价值；二是维持劳动者家属所必需的生活资料的价值；三是劳动者学习专门的劳动技能所必需的教育或训练的费用。
12.毛泽东对思想政治工作重要性的阐述。
答：思想政治工作能够保证经济工作和其他工作的正确方向；思想政治工作能够为经济工作和其他工作提供精神动力；思想政治工作有助于正确处理人民内部矛盾，保障经济建设和其他工作顺利进行；思想政治工作能够提高人的思想政治水平，防止和克服各种资产阶级思想对革命队伍的侵蚀；思想政治工作能够帮助人民掌握科学的思想方法和工作方法，正确地认识世界和改造世界。
13.毛泽东思想的活的灵魂。
答：毛泽东思想的活的灵魂，是贯穿于毛泽东思想各个组成部分的立场、观点和方法，是辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义在中国革命和建设肿的创造性的运用和发展，具有鲜明的中国特色。实事求是、群众路线、独立自主三个方面既相对独立，又互相联系，辩证统一地共同构成毛泽东思想活的灵魂。
14.全面建成小康社会必须遵循的原则和新目标。（P246）全面建成小康社会必须遵循的原则是:坚持人民主体地位,坚持科学发展,坚持深化改革,坚持依法治国,坚持统筹国内际两个大局,坚持党的领导。
全面建成小康社会的新的目标是:经济保持中高速增长,在提高发展平衡性、包容性、可持续性的基础上,到 2020 年国内生产总值和城乡居民人均收入比 2010 年翻一番,产业迈向中高端水平,消费对经济增长贡献明显加大,户籍人口城镇化率加快提高。农业现代化取得明显进展,人民生活水平和质量普遍提高,我国国现行标准下农村贫困人口实现脱贫,贫困县全部摘帽,解决区域性整体贫困。国民素质和社会文明程度显著提高。生态环境质量总体改善。各方面制度更加成熟更加定型,国家治理体系和治理能力现代化取得重大进展。
15.全面建成小康社会的战略目标。
答：党的十八大提出了全面建成小康社会的战略目标，即经济持续健康发展；人民民主不断扩大；文化软实力显著增强；人民生活水平全面提高；资源节约型、环境友好型社会建设取得重大进展。
16.全面推进依法治国必须遵循的基本原则。（P244）
一、坚持中国共产党的领导。
二、坚持人民主体地位。
三、坚持法律面前人人平等是社会主义法律的基本属性。
四、坚持依法治国和以德治国相结合。
五、坚持从中国实际出发。
17.全面推进依法治国的总目标。（P244）
全面推进依法治国总目标是建设中国特色社会主义法治体系、建设社会主义法治国家。在中国共产党领导下,坚持中国特色社会主义制度,贯彻中国特色社会主义法治理论、形成完备的法律规范体系、高效的法治实施体系、严密的法治监督体系、有力的法治保障体系,形成成完善的党内法规体系,坚持依法治国、依法执政、依法行政共同推进,坚持法治国家、法治政府、法治社会一体建设,实现科学立法、严格执法、公正司法、全民守法,促进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化。
18.如何规范收入分配关系。
答：党的十八届三中全会提出，规范收入分配秩序，完善收入分配调控体制机制和政策体系，规范收入分配关系的基本政策：
第一、依法保护合法收入。第二、取缔非法收入。第三、整顿不合理收入。第四、调节过高收入。
第五，建立社会保障体系，缩小社会收入差距。19.如何坚定中国特色社会主义的道路自信。（P113）中国特色社会主义道路是人间正道,只有这条道路而没有别的道路能够引领中国进步、实实现人民幸福。对此,我们必须要倍加珍惜、充满自信、坚定不移。
第一、坚定中国特色社会主义的道路自信,必须头脑清醒,既不走封闭僵化的老路,也不走改旗易帜的邪路。
第二、坚定中国特色社会主义的道路自信,必须始终坚持党的基本理论、基本路线、基本纲领、基本经验、基本要求。
第三、坚定中国特色社会主义的道路自信，必须始终坚持党的思想路线。
20.深化政治体制改革的必要性。（P185）
第一、深化政治体制改革,是清除原有政治体制弊病的需要。第二、深化政治体制改革,是适应经济社会发展不断深化的需要。
第三、深化政治体制改革,是适应人民群众政治参与积极性不断提高的需要。
21.新民主主义革命“新”在何处。（P61）
那么,这种新民主主义革命“新”在何处呢?毛泽东在《新民主主义论》中作了比较全面的回登。第一,第一次世界大和俄国十月革命改变了整个世界历史的方向,划分了整个世界历史的时代。第二,革命领导权不同,不再由资产阶级领导,而是由无产阶级领导。第三,革命的前途不同,它不造成资产阶级专政,而造成各革命阶级在无产阶级领导之下的统一战线的专政,并最终过渡到社会主义。在上述区分中,革命领导权是区别新旧民主革命的主要标志。由于革命领导权不同,就导致了指导思想、革命力量、发展前途等方面的不同。
22.运用唯物辩证法应当注意的原则。（P44）
第一、坚持考察的客观性,客观地运用概念的灵活性,概念的灵活性,是由客观事物物本身的灵活性决定的。客观地运用它,就是唯物辩证法,而主观地运用它,就是折衷主义和诡辩论。
第二、坚持联系的全面性,把握事物全部关系的总和,正确地运用唯物辩证法,就要把握事物的全部关系的总和,防止抓住个别事例以偏概全,以个别现象歪曲事物的本质。
第三、坚持两点论基础上的重点论,把握事物联系中主要和次要、主流和支流之间的区别 a 世界上的各种事物甚至同一事物的不同方面所处的地位及其所起的作用是不同的,只有抓住起决定作用的主要因素,才能把握事物的主流和本质。
第四、坚持绝对性和相对性的统一,正确处理运动和静止的辨证关系诡辩论割裂绝对性与相对性的统一,认为既然一切事物都处在永恒运动变化之中,都是相对的,那么就没有什么稳定性和绝对性可言,犯了把相对绝对化的相对主义错误。对客观辩证法而言,必须坚持绝对性和相对性的辩证统一。
23.资本的特殊性质。（P16）
第一、资本是带来剩余价值的价值资资本的惟一动机、目的和本性就是追求剩余价值,实现价值增殖;第二,资本是资本主义的生产关系。马克思指出,资本不是物,而是属于一定历史社会形态的生产关系。资本的特殊社会本质是通过物体现着的资本家对雇佣工人的剥削关系;第三,资本是一个运动过程。资本只有在不断的运动中,才能生产和实现剩余价值,达到保值和增殖。一且停止运动,资本的生命就完结了。
四、论述 1.“五位一体”总布局的内涵和特点。（P132）
第一、五位一体的实质是要走生产发展、生活富裕、生态良好的文明发展道路。生产发展,是社会进步的前提。生活富裕,使全体社会成员共享发展成果,人类文明才能不断进步。生态好,实现人与自然然和谐相处,人类文明才能得到持久水续发展。因此把握这一总布局就是要坚持以生产发展为基础,以生活富裕为目的,以生态良好为条件,努力实现社会经济系统和自然生态系统的良性循环;就是要使社会生产力特别是先进生产力不断发展,国家的经济实力和综合国力不断增强,人们生活质量和富裕程度持续提高,享有的民主权利和法制保障更加充分,精神生活和精神追求更加丰富高尚,社会更加和谐稳定和充满活力,人们在良好生态环境中生产生活。
第二、五位一体总布局是一个相辅相成的有机整体。经济建设为中国特色社会主义提供物质基础,政治建设为中国得色社会主义提供政治保障,文化建设为中国特色社会主义提供精神动力社会建设为中国特色社会主义提供有利社会条件,生态文明建设则为中国特色社会主义提供基本的自然环境。五位一体的总布局,把社会主义物质文明、政治文明、精神文明、和谐社会建设以及生态文明建设和人的全面发展,统一于中国特色社会主义伟大实践,构成了实现社会主义现代化的基本纲纲领。
第三、五位一体的总布局反映了全面协遇可持续的基本要求和统筹兼顾的根本方法,是科学发展的鲜明体现。五位一体,是社会主义现代化建设各方面相协调,生产关系与生产力力、上层建筑与经济基基础相协调的总布局,既强调了经济社会发展各个方面相联系、相协调,也强调了人与人、人与社会、人与自然相联系、相协调。把握这一总布局,就要坚持总揽全局、统筹筹规划,立足当前、着眼长远,坚持实现阶段性目标和促进可持续发展的有机统一,满足人民物质文化需要和促进人的全面发展的有机统努力实现经济与社会、物质与精神神、人与自然的协调发展。
2.全面深化改革的总目标、立足点和战略部署。（P241）总目标是完善和发展中国特色社会主义制度,推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化。必须更加注重改革的系统性、整体性、协同性,加快发展社会主义市场经济、民主政治、先进文化、和谐社会、生态文明,让一切劳动、知识、技术、管理、资本的活力竟相进发,让一切创造社会财富的源泉充分涌流,让发展成果要多更公平惠及全体人民
全面深化改革,必须立足于我国长期处于社会主初级阶段这个最大实际,坚持发展仍是解法我国所有回题的关键这个重大战略判断,以经济建设为中心,发挥经济体制改革牵引作用,推动生产关系同生产力、上层层建筑同经济基础相适应推动经济社会持续健康发展全会对全面深化改革作出了系统部署。
第一、坚持和完善基本经济制度,深化经济体制改革。第二、加强社会主义民主政治制度建设,深化政治体制改革。第三、推进文化体制机制创新,深化文化体制改革。第四、推进社会事业改革创新,创创新社会治理体制。第五、加快生态文明制度建设,深化生态文明体制改革。第六,加理和改普党对全面深化改革的领导,深化党的建设制度改革。
3.如何提高党的建设科学化水平。
一是坚定理想信念，坚守共产党人精神追求。
二是坚持以人为本、执政为民，始终保持党同人民群众的血肉联系。
三是积极发展党内民主，增强党的创造活力。
四是深化干部人事制度改革，建设高素质执政骨干队伍。五是坚持党管人才原则，把各方面优秀人才积聚到党和国家事业中来。
六是创新基层党建工作，夯实党执政的组织基础。
七是坚定不移反对腐败，永葆共产党人清正廉洁的政治本色。八是严明党的纪律，自觉维护党的集中统一。4.社会主义的历史必然性。（P19）
资本主义生产方式的基本矛盾及其经济危机的周期性爆发,深刻地反映出资本主义制度的历史局限性,也体现出了社会主义的历史必然性。
首先,从生产社会化的本性要求来分析。生产社会化意味着生产资料使用方式的社会化、生产过程的社会化和生产成果的社会化。这些社会化发展到一定的高度时,特别是随着资本主义世界贫富两极分化及其造成的社会病态现象达到不能容忍的地步时,必然要求用社会公有制代替私有制.其次,从阶级产生和存在的经济原因来分析。当社会生产力发展到能够生产出极大丰富的产品来充分满足所有的人全面发展的需要时,不仅阶级存在的理由完全消失了,而且成为社会发展的障碍。这时,社会要向前发展,就必然要求消灭人类历后一个制制度,建立社会主义、共产主义制度
再次,从资本主义制度内部的变化趋势来分析。随着生产越来越社会化,资本的形式也越来越社会化。从最初的独资企业到合伙企业,到股份制企业,到垄断资本,到国家垄断资本,最后发展到扩过公司和国际垄断资本。此外，还有多种形式的社会投资机构。所有这些变化,虽然没有改变整个资本主义制度的基本性质,但确实在一定意义上显示了历史发展的趋势:资本主义的基本矛盾是不断地向着消灭私有制、建立新的公有制的大方向运行的。社会主义、共产主义必然代替资本主义,这不是单纯的逻辑推理,而是客观存在的趋势。
5.实现党的领导核心地位必须坚持党要管党、从严治党的方针。（P228）
历经革命、建设、改革,我们党已经从领导人民为夺取全国政权而奋斗的党,成为领导人民掌握全国政权并长期执政的党已经从受到外部封锁和实行计划经济条件下领导国家建设的党成为对外开放和发展社会主义市场经济条件下领导国家建设的党。在历史发展的新时期,世情、国情、党情发生着深刻的变化我们党面临着执政考验、改革开放考验、市场经济考验、外部环境考验,面临着精神懈怠的危险、能力不足的危险、脱离群众的危险、消极腐败的危险。因此,治国必先治党、治党务必从严，这是实现党的领导核心地位的强有力保证。
第一、党要管党、从严治党,是保持党的先进性和纯洁性,增强党的凝聚力和战斗力,巩固党的执政地位的重要保证。
第二、党要管党、从严治党,既深刻反映了国际国内形势的发展变化对党的建设的新要求,也是我们党以及世界上其他执政党成败兴衰的经验教训的深刻总结。
第三、党要管党、从严治党,是由我们党的性质所决定的。6.试述坚持和拓宽中国特色社会主义道路必须坚持的原则。第一、中国特色社会主义道路,既坚持以经济建设为中心,又坚持社会全面进步。
第二、中国特色社会主义道路,既坚持四项基本原则,又坚持改革开放。
第三、中国特色社会主义道路,既坚持不断解放和发展社会生产力,又坚持逐步实现全体人民共同富裕,不断促进人的全面发展。
第四、中国特色社会主义道路,既坚持立足中国,又坚持面向世界。
第五、中国特色社会主义道路,既不是对马克思主义经典作家论述的机械应用,也不是对别国发展道路、发展模式的模仿照搬,而是中国共产党领导全国各族人民,在科学社会主义基本原则同中国具体实实际相结合过程中所进行的独立自主的创造,是既适合中国国情又体现时代特征、既体现社会主义共性又凸显中国特色的创新发展道路。
7.试述新形势下加强和规范党内政治生活的基本内容。（P251-254）
8.试述中国特色社会主义制度的特点和优势。（P124）中国特色社会主义制度的形成,是中国共产党领导中国人民 90 多年奋斗、创造、积累的根本成就之一,是中国特色社会主义走向成熟的重要标志。它具有如下鲜明特点和独特优势: 第一、中国特色社会主义制度坚持社会主义的根本性质,集中体现了中国特色社会主义的特点和优势。
第二,、中国特色社会主义制度坚持以人为本,维护和实现最广大人民的根本利益。
第三、中国特色社会主义制度坚持民主集中制,既能充分反映人民意愿又有利于形成全体人民的统一意志。
第四、中国特色社会主义制度扎根实践沃土,是我们党和人民的伟大创造,充分体现了我国社会发展的具体条件和特点,也是对人类制度文明成果的丰富和发展。
第四篇：现代管理学--2018年山东省委党校在职研究生入学考试-复习题答案
现代管理学
一、概念
1、法律监督。P235是国家为了保障法律的实施所进行的监察督导活动.主要内容有：按照法定权限和程序，对国家工作人员发生职务上的犯罪及利用职权违法行为的监督，对普通公民触犯刑法构成犯罪的监督，对各种管理机构和管理活动的合法性监督等。承担此任务的主要是立法、司法、执法机构等。
2、风险型决策。P169任何决策都会面临一定的环境和条件，如果这些环境和条件是决策者主观不能掌控的，就叫自然状态，如果自然条件是不确定的，但决策者能根据预测情况计算出事情发生的概率，并根据概率对决策结果做出估计，这种决策就叫风险决策。
3、管理。P005一般来讲，管理是指在一定环境下，管理主体为了达到一定目的，运用一定的职能和方法，对管理客体施加影响和进行控制的过程。
4、管理的经济方法。P254。是指管理主体按照经济规律的客观要求，运用经济手段，通过调节各种经济利益关系，以引导组织和个人的行为，保证管理目标顺利实现的方法。
5、管理的系统观念。管理主体自觉运用系统理论和系统方法，对管理的要素、组织、过程进行系统分析，旨在优化管理的整体功能，取得较好效果的观念。
6、管理的循环规律。即任何管理都要经过计划、实施、检查、处理等几个基本阶段的循环，也就是美国管理学家戴明所说的P、D、C、A循环。这是一种大循环套小循环的循环，是螺旋式上升的循环。
7、管理的共有规律。P11指所有管理活动都共有的规律，也是一 些具有一般性、普遍性的规律。
8、管理计划。P188现代管理学讲的计划是广义的计划，指为实现组织既定的目标，对未来的行动进行规划和安排的活动。就是预先确定做什么、怎么做、何时做、由谁做的一种程序。
9、管理技巧性规律。P12有些科学的管理方法和管理技巧由于抓住了事物发展的普遍矛盾，对解决管理问题具有普遍适用性和规律性，我们称之为管理的技巧性规律。
10、管理客体。P005主要指由管理主体具有的管理权限、管理责任和管理能力所能达到的各种领域或系统。
11、管理派生规律。P11主要指从共有规律中派生出的规律。
12、管理艺术。P305管理者根据自己的知识、经验、智慧和直觉，迅速及时，随机应变，又准确有效地认识和解决问题的技巧和能力。
13、管理主体。P22指在管理过程中具有支配和影响作用的要素。可以是单个管理者，也可以是由管理群体组成的管理机构。
14、广义的管理决策。P168指人们为了达到一定的目的，运用科学的理论和方法，提出、选择并实施行动方案的全过程。
15、行政监督。P231是国家行政机关按照法定的权限、程序和方式，对行政机关自身的行政活动所进行的监督。
16、计划的效率性。P189计划不仅要保证组织目标的实现，还要合理利用资源和提高效率，就是要做正确的事又要正确的做事。指以实现组织的总目标和一定时期的总目标得到的利益，扣除为制定和执行计划所需要的费用和其他预计不到的损失之后的总额来测定的。
17、经济监督。P233是指由综合经济管理机关和专门经济监督机关，按照国家的方针、政策、法律及社会经济发展目标的要求，对社 会经济运行过程所进行的检查、监视、督促及控制的活动。
18、评价。P237指管理实施过程结束后，根据管理的成效，对管理过程的各项管理活动所进行全面的检查、比较、分析、论证和总结，从中得出规律性的启迪，以达到不断提高管理水平，取得更好的管理效益，实现管理良性循环的一种管理活动。
19、确定性决策。P169，见风险型决策。如果自然状态是确定的，决策者对决策问题的情况有充分了解，决策的结果是确定的，就叫。
20、现代管理技术。P277从广义上说是适应现代化大生产和现代化管理的要求，综合运用现代自然科学和社会科学的研究成果而形成的，能对现代条件下生产经营和其他社会活动进行有效管理的一系列方法、手段的综合。狭义上讲，是指以现代管理理论为基础，以定量分析为主的一系列管理方法和技术。
21、指导性计划。P195上级计划单位只规定方向、要求和一定幅度的指标，下达隶属部门和单位参考执行的一种计划形式。市场经济条件下，国家制订的经济计划，一般是这个。
22、指令性计划。P195由上级计划单位按照隶属关系下达，要求执行计划的单位和个人必须完成的计划。具有强制性、权威性、行政性和间接市场性。
二、辨析
1、按照管理者的位置和层次，可以把管理者分为高层管理者、中层管理者和基层管理者。P24 对。管理者越往高层，所面临的情势越复杂，所要解决的问题越带有综合性和全局性。他所要解决的主要是矛盾的特殊方面，所运用的主要是建立在科学基础上的高超的领导艺术。这种艺术很难用数学 方法来描述，简单的条文和书本难以综合归纳。管理者越往基层，所面临的问题越清晰、具体，采取的解决办法也很具体。
2、按照管理者的职责，可以把管理分为一般管理者和管理中的领导者。P23 对。一般管理者是在在管理活动中从事具体业务的工作人员，他们通过这些具体的业务，把领导的意图变为各种具体的管理活动。管理者中的领导者是指在管理机构中有一定的职务和权力，肩负一定的责任，按照事物发展的客观规律和一定的方针路线政策来组织指挥和控制人们所从事的社会和经济活动，实现既定目标。参加管理的人员都是管理者，但不都是管理者中的领导者。
3、按照管理者所管理的对象，可以分为行政管理者、经济管理者、科技管理者、文教卫生管理者等。
对。各类管理者中可以分的非常的具体，由于所管理的对象不同，因而所具有的专业知识和技能不同，所运用的方法不同。
4、把直线制和矩阵制有机结合起来是直线职能制组织形式最大的特点。P33 错。把直线制和职能制结合起来是直线职能制的最大特点。
5、高级管理者需要管理艺术，而一般管理者不需要管理艺术。错。不管是高级管理者还是一般管理者，想要进行卓有成效的管理活动，必须既有丰富的现代管理科学知识，又有高超的现代管理艺术。高级管理者在应对非常规管理活动中需要高超的管理艺术，一般管理者也需要管理艺术。
6、管理的二重性是指管理具有经济属性和社会属性。P7 错。管理的二重性是指管理具有自然属性（一般属性）和社会属 性（特殊属性）。
7、管理的社会属性是指任何管理都是社会劳动或共同劳动的客观要求，都要按社会劳动或社会化大生产的客观规律办事。P7 错。上述说的是管理的自然属性（一般属性）。管理的社会属性是指管理毕竟要在一定社会制度和国家体制下进行，都会打上一定的社会和阶级烙印。
8、管理的自然属性是指管理都是在一定的社会制度和国家体制下进行，都会打上一定的社会和阶级烙印。P7 错。同7。
9、管理决策需要面对各种复杂的情况，所以不能设计既定的决策程序。
10、管理是科学性和艺术性的统一。P9 对。管理既有科学性，又有艺术性，因此它既是一门科学，又是一门艺术。二者的关系是：科学性是艺术性的基础，艺术性是科学性的发挥。我们之所以说管理是一门科学，是因为它有一定的规律可循。根据管理的一般规律，人们可以研究总结出管理的一般原理、一般原则、一般程序和一般方法。在实践中，只有按照这些原理、原则、程序和方法办事，才能达到管理目标，取得较好的管理效果，这就是管理的科学性。我们之所以说管理是一门艺术，主要是因为，影响管理的因素不仅有确定性的因素，而且有不确定性的因素；不仅有稳定性的因素，而且还有突发性、偶然性因素；不仅有物质性、技术性的“硬”因素，而且还有观念性、文化性的“软”因素。影响管理的因素的这种复杂多变性，就决定了管理的艺术性。
11、激励的关键是管理者通过采取各种方式去激发人的内在动力。P218 对。从管理学角度讲，激励的关键是管理者通过采取各种方式去激发人的内在动力，使人产生一股内在动力，迸发积极性和创造性，朝着组织确定的目标努力的过程。比如在实施决策或计划中，管理者通过物质或精神奖励等方式肯定职工成绩。
12、奖励有激励作用，而惩戒没有激励作用。P220 错。奖励是激励一种有效方式，同样惩戒也是激励的一种方式。对某种行为的奖与罚，若运用恰当，都可以起到调动人的积极性、化消极因素为积极因素的作用。对鼓励先进、消除不良行为都有积极的作用。
13、决策是管理工作的核心。P172 对。决策贯穿于管理过程的始终，存在于一切管理领域，存在于其中的每个方面，每个层次，每个环节。当然，这并不是说“管理就是决策”；管理活动由决策和行为两部分组成，只有行为的选择，没有具体的行为，构不成管理；况且不准备实施的决策也是毫无意义的。
14、人也是管理客体的组成部分。P48 对。在管理活动中，人是管理主体，也是管理客体的主要组成部分，为此，在对管理客体进行研究时，必须对作为管理客体的人作特殊的研究。作为管理客体的人，不仅在所处地位和担负的职能上同作为管理主体的人有明显差别，而且在性质和作用上与作为客体的其他组成部分也有根本的不同。
15、设立专门的职能部门是直线制组织形式最大的特点。P31 错。这是职能制组织形式的最大特点，直线制组织形式的特点是管理的全部职能由单位的各级领导人负责，不另设职能部门。
16、审计监督属于行政监督的范畴。P234 错。审计监督属于经济监督的范畴。
17、实行集中决策、集中经营是事业部制组织形式最大的特点。P35 错。实行集中决策、分散经营是事业部制组织形式最大的特点。
18、事业部制组织形式最大的特点是集中据测、集中经营。错。事业部制组织形式最大的特点是集中据测、分散经营。
19、协调是管理者对管理活动中的各个要素之间的问题和关系进行的指挥和命令。P211 错。协调是指协商问题和调节关系，指管理者对管理活动中的各个要素之间的问题和关系进行协商和调节，而不是指挥和命令。
20、预测是管理的核心。P168 错。决策是管理的核心。
21、在管理中应树立组织改善环境的观念。P149 对。权变观念认为，管理的主要任务就是寻求组织和环境的最大一致性，而这个最大一致性就是以组织对环境的适应性为基础的。在管理中应树立组织改善环境的观念，就是要根据形势发展和客观条件的成熟程度，不断改善环境，为组织的发展创造一个与之相适应的新环境。
22、在管理中应树立组织适应环境的观念。P149 对。同21横线部分，在管理中应树立组织适应环境的观念，就是要根据环境条件，协调内部活动，使组织适应环境而生存发展。
23、在管理中应树立组织重视环境的观念。P149 对。同21横线部分，在管理中应树立组织重视环境的观念，就是 要高度重视环境，选择一个适合于组织发展的环境，并同环境监理密切的关系，不断改善和发展环境。
三、简答
1、按照监督主体划分，监督有哪些种类？P225 答：按照监督的主体划分，监督可分为党的监督、国家监督、社会监督和群众监督。
2、管理的权变观念。P145 答：所谓管理的权变观念，就是指在管理条件和管理环境不断发展变化的前提下，组织应因人、因事、因时、因地权宜生变，采取与之适应的管理方式和管理方法的观念。其核心内容就在于管理效果完全取决于组织与环境之间适应性。
3、管理的人本观念。P93 答：所谓管理的人本观念，是指在管理活动中，坚持一些从人出发，以调动和激发人的积极性和创造性为根本手段，以达到提高效率和人的不断发展为目的的观念。
4、管理的系统观念。P103 答：管理的系统观念是指管理主体自觉运用系统理论和系统方法，对管理要素、组织、过程进行系统分析，旨在优化管理的整体功能，取得较好效果的观念。
5、管理的择优观念主要包括哪些内容？P119 答：管理的择优观念包括很多内容，可从不同角度来归纳。从管理的目的的角度可以归纳为：质量第一的观念、时间第一的观念、效益第一的观念、人才第一的观念。
6、管理的战略观念。P126 答：所谓管理的战略观念，是指管理主体在管理实践中从全局和长远出发，对管理客体和管理过程进行总体谋划的管理观念体系。
7、管理决策应坚持的原则。P177 答：一般来讲，决策者在进行决策时应遵循以下几个原则：情况明了、系统思考、科学可行、民主集中制的原则。
8、管理客体有哪些特征？P45 答：管理客体有以下特征：客观性、系统性、规律性、可控性。
9、管理信息的特征。P75 答：管理信息有以下特征：有用性、综合性、经济型、共享性。
10、管理者素质。P29 答：一般来讲，管理者的素质包括以下内容：政治素质、品德素质、知识素质、业务素质。
11、管理中的行政方法。P258 答：行政方法是指管理主体运用行政权力，按照行政层次，通过下达各种行政命令、指示、决议、规定、指令性计划和规章制度等手段，直接控制组织和个人的行为，以保证管理目标实现的方法。主要特点是：权威性、直接性、垂直型。
12、管理中的控制类型。P298 答：管理中的控制主要是反馈控制或闭环控制。反馈控制类型有很多种，比如定制、程序、超前、过程、优化、自组织控制等。
13、激励的方式有哪些？P219 答：激励的方式有很多，在实施过程中常用的方法主要有：尊重、磋商、沟通、赞扬、奖罚、榜样、表率、目标激励。
14、激励在管理中的作用。P218 答：积极是调动人的积极性的有效手段，在管理中有着十分重要的作用，主要体现在：挖掘人的内在潜力，保持现有人员稳定并吸引所需人才，鼓励先进、鞭策后进。
15、计划编制应坚持的原则。P199 答：计划编制必须遵循以下原则：科学性，统筹兼顾，重点，弹性，瞻前顾后、综合平衡，群众性，计划修正原则。、决策的“令人满意”准则。P180 答：西蒙提出了有限理性的观念是符合实际的，因为在现实中很难达到最优化，或者达到最优化要花费很大的代价。在决策时，不能坚持要最理想的解答，常常只能满足于足够好或令人满意的决策,这种决策接近于最佳条件就可以了。比如在企业决策中，只要追求社当的市场份额，而不是最大的市场份额就可以。
17、决策的依据和条件。P175-176 答：决策的依据是事实，价值，环境、条件，条件是健全的决策组织体系、素质优良的决策工作人员。
18、目标管理与传统计划管理的主要区别。P72 答：1.计划管理是由计划部门自上而下下达计划指标，而目标管理在目标分解中，必须要经过自上而下、自下而上的目标协商。
2.计划管理一般强调计划的执行和组织实施，既强调“要我干”，而目标管理则把目标的完成看成是一种承诺的责任，实行自我控制，把“要我干”变成“我要干”。
3.计划管理的结果只可能是任务的完成和指标的实现，而目标管理则能达到任务完成和自我实现的结合，因而它不仅有利于提高工作效率，还有利于心理上的满足，并由此增强组织的凝聚力。目标，是确定，是已经下了决定的。计划，只是预计这样做。基本区别就在于一个是确定了不变的管理，另一个只是在预计这样管理。目标管理是先由企业制定一定时期的大目标，然后个部门和企业职工制定各自的分目标，积极主动，想方设法完成企业目标。计划管理是一般的计划工作，是总体性，全局性的。
19、权变观念在管理中有什么作用？P146 答：由于权变观念强调随着环境的不断变化，组织对因人、因事、因时、因地权宜生变，因而对管理者组织有效的管理活动有着重大的指导作用。主要是：有利于管理思想的不断更新，有助于指导管理者的管理实践活动，有利于管理理论的不断完善。
20、实施在管理中的作用。P207 答：实施是落实和完善决策、计划的环节和途径，实施是现代管理者的一项重要责任，实践是检验管理机构、管理措施是否科学合理的主要标准。
21、制定管理目标应遵循什么程序。P66 答：主要程序是：一是提出问题，二是收集信息，三是制定方案，四是确定方案，五是目标修正。
四、论述
1、联系实际，论述管理择优观念的主要内容。P119-123 答：管理的择优观念包括很多内容，可以从不同角度归纳，从管理的目的的角度，主要是以下几个方面：
一是质量第一的观念。二是时间第一的观念。三是效益第一的观念。四是人才第一的观念。
2、管理中的监督有哪些功能？P222 答：监督的功能是指监督活动在管理过程中所起的作用。从监督的涵义出发，监督具有制约、参与、预防和反馈4项功能。制约功能是指为了保证管理目标的顺利实现，对管理过程中的各个要素、各个环节、各个阶段进行的检查、牵制活动，确定了监督范围。参与功能是指为保证监督活动的有效性，使监督者参与每项管理活动，并在参与中实施监督，指出了监督的过程。预防功能是指监督除了检查、发现并纠正管理活动中出现的问题和偏差，还要善于发现和寻找各种对未来各种产生不利影响的现实因素和潜在因素，以预防、阻止各种错误和偏差的产生和出现，保证管理目标的顺利实现和管理最佳效益的获得，突出了监督的重点。反馈功能为监督提供依据，监督的首要工作是检查，通过检查，能及时发现管理中存在的各种问题和偏差，为管理者和管理部门及时采取有针对性的措施，纠正偏差、改进管理等提供迅速可靠的科学依据。这四个功能之间相互联系、相互配合，形成了监督的功能体系。
3、论述管理中的决策应遵循的程序。
答：决策是一个过程，决策程序包括决策每项工作所应进行的顺序和步骤，也包括在每个步骤上所应解决问题的范围和要求。为了保证决策的科学化、民主化，在决策中应遵循以下程序。
一是摆明问题。摆明问题是决策的起点，一切决策都是围绕问题进行的，必须弄清问题的性质、范围、程度等。要先进行广泛深入的调查研究，广泛听取群众的意见建议，尽可能的详细、全面地掌握问题。问题找的准，就为合理确定目标打下良好基础。二是确定目标。目标的确定，直接决定这方案的拟定，为此，决策的目标必须精准、具体，否则执行的人会茫然不知所措。
三是拟定方案。决策目标确定后就要围绕实现目标研究办法，这就是拟定方案了。比如开展一个活动，在充分调研，确定要实现的目标后，要实现目标就要采取具体措施，制定实施方案。
四是方案评估。多种方案出来了，就要对各种方案进行综合分析、评估，理论可行性、实践可行性等。
五是方案优化。六是跟踪决策。
4、激励的方式有哪些？P219 答：激励的方式方法很多，实施过程中常见的方法主要有以下几种：一是尊重激励，就是管理者对被管理者非常信任，给被管理者一定的自主权（决策，工作程序、方法等由被管理者自己决定），尊重被管理者的人格，尊重他们的自尊心、能激发他们的进取心，支持他们的创造性建议，有困难及时帮助，有问题主动帮其找出错误、主动承担责任、帮助指明改正方向等。
二是磋商激励。管理者不能对被管理者的行为横加干涉、指手画脚，而是要采取磋商的方式，用商量的口气和被管理者对话，可提高其内在激励力，发挥其最大潜能。
三是沟通激励。管理者同群众打成一片，彼此感情融洽，信息沟通，相互了解，这是一种非常好的激励方式。
四是赞扬激励。对下属的工作成绩给予肯定、表扬、鼓励，使下属感到自己的工作被领导认可，自己的价值能够经常得以实现、展现，会更加振奋精神、努力工作。五是奖罚激励，对根据被管理者的表现或者目标的实现程度、效果对其进行奖励或者惩罚，运用得当，都能激发被管理者的工作积极性。
榜样激励，按照一定标准，树立榜样，充分总结榜样的典型事迹进行宣传、奖励，告诉其他人这就是学习看齐的对象。
表率激励，管理者以自己的模范行为来激励人们。中国共产党在那么艰苦的环境中逐渐成为执政党，一个重要原因就是各级领导能够以身作则、率先垂范，全党全国人民受到极大激励，于是团结一心，共度难关。现在有些单位有令不行、有禁不止，很多时候是因为部分领导没有以身作则、做出表率，给群众一个非常不好的影响。
目标激励。任何组织，都必须制定目标，让人有工作目标，人们才能有努力奋斗的方向，才能让人们更明确地为实现目标努力。比如企业年初开会，定出每个部门的工作目标，然后按照时间、人员等分解，这样更容易让人们有积极性和主动性。
5.联系实际，论述如何科学实施发展战略？（P139—140）答：正确地实施发展战略，就必须以战略观念为指导，从全局考虑战略的转化、战略实施的选择和战略的及时调整。实施发展战 略的过程一般包括以下三个方面：
（1）拟定战略措施，并转化为政策、法令、计划。拟定战略措 施的目的在于，将战略方案这一概括性很强的纲领，转化为可具 体操作的政策、法令、计划，这是一个由概括到具体、有粗到细、由远及近的过程。在这个过程中，战略方案被加工提炼，从而更科学周密更符合实际。
（2）正确利用战略发展机制。战略发展机制是潜藏于经济社会 发展过程深层次的发展规律，发展机制对经济、社会的发展规模、速度个重点都产生决定性的影响。正确利用了战略发展机制，就等于把握了战略的本质特征和经济运行的客观规律，就能够自觉 地不失时机地选择实施战略的手段和途径。
（3）及时进行战略调整和战略转变。在一个战略期内，战略总 体目标虽已确定，但内外条件发生变化，战略重点、战略步骤、战略措施等也必须随之调整，这就是战略调整。战略转变则是战 略在质上的转变，包含两种情况：一是管理者战略指导思想上的 根本转变；二是管理者的战略指导思想总体上虽未根本，但内外条件发生变化，由于战略发展机制的内在作用，战略的类型、发展模式随之发生了转变。
6、论述协调的方式有哪些？P216 答：一是召开会议协调。这是最常见的协调方式，日常工作中，主要采取定期例会、合署办公会、现场会等方式。
二是个别谈心通气。很多情况下，矛盾的发生是由于沟通不到位、理解有偏差、信息不对称等原因造成的。选择合适的机会、合适的时间和地点，通过合适的方法和语言进行沟通协调，也能取得不错的效果，达到化解矛盾、沟通感情的目的。
三是调整机构。由于机构设置不合理造成的纠纷矛盾也是常见的，这个时候就需要按照职责分工和精简高效的原则进行机构调整，或增加或减少或合并，以此达到协调的目的。
四是调整人员。在实施决策、计划过程中，由于某些人员的不适应导致运转不灵的现象也是存在的，比如有些人能力不足、影响工作运转，只好调走，有些是关键部门的俩人严重不协调，只好调走矛盾的主要一方，还有的是部门之间的人员、任务分配不合理而进行的调 整。
协调还有很多方式，比如目标协调，制度协调，资金协调，物质协调等，都是不错的协调方式。
7、论述在管理中如何运用好用人艺术？P308 答：一是用人先要选好人。（什么是好人）毛泽东为我们指出了路线，即任人唯贤，只要有才，不管亲不亲都要用。还要重视人的品德，必须德才兼备。（怎么选好人）选好人还要注重途径，最根本的是坚持群众路线，树立群众观点，充分发扬民主，通过面向社会招聘，民主推荐，民主选举等方式，注意听取群众意见，认真调查研究，采取必要的考核考试，再综合决定是否选用。
二是用人所长，扬长避短。选好了人才，如果使用不当，或者使用中不能充分调动其积极性，那么人才的作用是不能很好发挥的，为此管理者必须擅长用人之道。要清除人才的长处和短处，扬其所长、避其所短，人尽其才。对不影响任务完成的短处，不比苛求，对影响人长处发挥的短处，要采取措施方式发生副作用，对严重影响工作的必须采取措施杜绝危害。
三是充分信任，尊重关心。要使各种人才充分发挥积极性、主动性和创造性，管理者必须充分的信任人才，尊重和关心人才。古语讲，疑人不用、用人不疑。解释信任、尊重和关心分别会怎样激励人才。
四是善于激励，赏罚分明。要根据成绩、赏罚分明，对成绩突出的，要突出奖励，对成绩不突出、玩忽职守的，要进行惩罚。
五是合理搭配，整体效能。要人尽其用，尽量让合适的人在一起工作，提高工作效率。
8、论述制定管理目标应坚持什么原则。P66 答：管理目标的制定，必须坚持正确的原则。这些原则主要是： 一是科学预测的原则。管理目标的制定，必须以科学预测为前提。必须要进行定性和定量、技术预测和实地调研，这样才能全面又准确，既有定性、又有定量，保证管理目标的制定科学性、可行性。
二是民主参与的原则。管理目标的制定，不仅仅是管理者、领导者的事情，更是被管理者的事情，必须广泛发动群众共同参与目标的制定，更多地听取群众的意见建议，集中群众的智慧，从而增强目标的科学性、民主性，而且更利于目标的执行。
三是方案优选的原则。制定目标，必须坚持方案优选的原则。在这个原则的基础上制定方案，首先要制定多个选择方案，然后通过科学决策和可行性研究，从众多的选择方案中选择出最满意的方案。这个方案要具有效益型、先进性和可行性。
四是信息反馈的原则。坚持上述三个原则制定管理目标，也不能保证目标的科学性、先进性和可行性，因为在目标制定过程中，人的认识有局限性，必须靠实践来检验，情况也在不断变化，因此必须坚持信息反馈原则，在制定和执行中不断的进行目标修正。
第五篇：2011年在职研究生入学考试各科练习题
各科练习题
说明：此练习题仅供辅导教师和考生在复习过程中进行练习及掌握考试题型之用，不是复习重点。请考生按照大纲进行全面复习。
政治理论
一、概念解释题
哲学的基本问题、商品、抽象劳动、价值规律、剩余价值、可变资本、实践、人民内部矛盾、党的三大优良作风、和平共处五项原则、感性认识、理性认识、主要矛盾、矛盾的普遍性、民主集中制、社会主义核心价值体系
二、辨析题
1．实践性是马克思主义哲学的唯一特点。
2．对新事物要肯定一切，对旧事物要否定一切。
3．具体劳动创造使用价值，抽象劳动创造价值，所以它们是两类独立存在的劳动。
4．市场经济以市场作为资源配置的基础性手段，但它并不排斥国家对经济的宏观调控。
5．发展才是硬道理，这里所说的―发展‖是指经济发展。
6．马克思主义认识论是以实践为基础的能动的革命的反映论。7．内因和外因作为同时存在的内部和外部的联系，对事物发展起着相同的作用。8．社会主义公有制的实现形式可以而且应当多样化。9．革命是解放生产力，改革是发展生产力。
10．中国共产党领导的多党合作与政治协商制度是中国的一项基本政治制度。
11、改革、发展、稳定三者之间的关系是辩证统一的。
12、实践作为检验真理的标准，既是绝对的又是相对的，是确定性和不确定性的统一。
13、社会主义民主政治只是为社会主义经济基础服务的有力手段。14.未来社会是一个自由人联合体。
15.代表中国最广大人民的根本利益，必须妥善处理人民内部的各种利益关系。16.我们党的执政地位不是一劳永逸、一成不变的。
三、简答题
1.简述马克思主义产生的社会历史条件。2.马克思主义的三个理论来源是什么？
3.马克思根据社会关系的历史发展与人的个性发展的内在联系把人的发展划分为哪三个大的历史阶段？
4.简述马克思对生产与消费之间关系的论述。5.列宁是如何论述唯心主义的认识论根源的？
6.列宁是如何论证对立统一规律是辩证法的核心和实质的？
7.列宁关于辩证法和形而上学两种发展观的论述。8.毛泽东是如何论述社会主义社会基本矛盾的？ 9.简述毛泽东关于人的自觉能动性的论述。
10.毛泽东是如何阐述“一般和个别相结合”工作方法的？ 11.如何理解毛泽东提出的“独立自主”方针？
12.邓小平是如何论述解放思想与实事求是二者之间关系的？
13.邓小平关于我国处在社会主义初级阶段这个重要论断的基本涵义是什么？ 14.为什么说社会主义和市场经济不存在根本矛盾？
15.为什么说没有民主就没有社会主义，就没有社会主义现代化？ 16.科学发展观的基本内涵是什么？
四、论述题
1.马克思关于资本主义积累的历史趋势的论述及其重大意义。
2.列宁关于“利用资本主义，建设社会主义”的思想及其重大意义。3.邓小平对社会主义根本任务的论述及其重大意义。
4.运用历史唯物主义关于社会存在与社会意识辩证关系的原理说明大力发展社会主义先进文化，建设社会主义精神文明的重大意义。
5.论如何把代表最广大人民根本利益的要求落到实处。
6.毛泽东“关于事物矛盾问题的精髓”的论述及其重大意义。7.论党的群众路线及其重大意义。
8.论邓小平关于“一国两制”的构想及其重大意义。
现代管理学
一、概念解释题
一般意义上的管理、管理的系统观念、管理的人本性、管理客体的系统性、确定型决策、管理的权变观念、管理的战略观念、磋商激励、不确定型决策、舆论监督、风险型决策、尊重激励、管理艺术、审计监督、经济监督、管理的经济方法
二、辨析题
1、管理的二重性是指管理过程中既有科学性又有艺术性。
2、管理幅度与管理层次呈正比例关系，即管理幅度越大，管理层次越多；管理幅度越小，管理层次越少。
3、按管理者的职责，可分为高层管理者、中层管理者和基层管理者。
4、管理机构的设计要坚持精简效能的原则。
5、管理就是以信息处理为中心。
6、以实现战略任务的途径分类，可分为企业发展战略、地区发展战略、部门发展战略和领域发展战略。
7、管理的权变观念强调权宜应变的科学性。
8、经济监督就是指的财政监督，即预算监督、预算外资金监督和财务监督。
9、有了管理的主体和管理的客体，就可以构成一个完整的管理活动。
10、管理的权变观念的核心内容，就在于管理效果完全取决于组织与环境之间的适应性。
11、一切管理客体都是客观存在的事务，因此一切客观事物都可以成为管理的客体。
12、系统理论认为，自然界和人类社会所构成的一切系统都是开放的。
13、管理的择优观念就是坚持选择最优和最佳的方案，以及最优的管理方法。
14、管理过程的最后一项职能是评价，评价既是管理过程的归宿，又是管理过程的出发点。
15、宏观经济政策，是国家中央政府为调控经济的有序和有效运行而制定的，因而它的调节作用是直接的。
16、经济方法运用的主要形式，就是通过市场来进行生产要素的基础性配置。
三、简答题
1、什么是管理的创新性？
2、管理者应具备的职责是什么？
3、为什么要树立组织适应环境的观念？ 4、20世纪60年代兴起的系统管理学派，认为系统管理有什么特点？
5、为什么说决策是管理工作的核心？
6、简要说明监督的功能。
7、去年以来，中央银行多次提高了存款准备金率，这种举措属于哪个管理方法？对现实经济调控有什么作用？
8、现代管理所讲的决策是广义的决策。理解广义决策应把握哪些要点？
9、管理机构的设计为什么要坚持责、权、利相一致的原则？
10、目标管理和传统的计划管理的主要区别是什么?
11、简述激励的作用。
12、为什么说决策是各级管理者的主要职责？
13、为什么要坚持超前监督的原则？
14、简述实施的特点。
15、为什么要坚持评价的激励性原则？
16、权变观念在管理中有什么作用？
四、论述题
1、人类社会的任何管理活动都有其一定的目的，即要达到一定的目标。因此，制定科学先进的和切实可行的管理目标是非常重要的。请您结合我们的工作实际，谈谈制定目标应遵循的原则。
2、对经济、社会发展等各个方面作出重大决策，是管理者特别是管理的领导者的重要职责，是管理工作的核心。决策正确与否，直接影响到经济、社会的发展水平和效率的高低。这方面，不论是企业还是地方各级政府，都有着成功的经验和失败的教训。请您结合实际，说明科学决策应遵循的原则。
3、管理过程结束以后，需要对其所获得的管理成绩和效果进行相应的评价，从中汲取经验和教训，以不断提高管理工作的水平。但在现实工作实践中，不少管理者往往对评价这一环节有所忽视，或者说重视不够。请您结合实际，谈谈评价在管理中的作用。
4、现代管理活动中，复杂多变的经济、社会及政治环境，要求管理者必须“高瞻远瞩”，把握事物未来的发展趋势；必须“胸有全局”，把握事物内部和外部的本质联系。所谓“高瞻远瞩”、“胸有全局”，就是指管理主体要确立管理的战略观念。请您联系实际，谈谈确立战略观念在现代管理中的地位和作用。
5、决策并不是简单的“拍板定案”，而是一个复杂的科学过程，要按照和遵循一定的程序进行。现实工作中，有一些管理者对这一科学程序重视不够，有的知之甚少。为了保证决策的科学化和民主化，请您说明决策过程中所要遵循的程序。
6、在过去漫长的计划经济时代里，我们习惯于用行政方法管理经济。但在今天的市场经济条件下，固然也离不开行政的方法，但它有明显的局限性，过分地运用它，会妨碍经济的发展。请您结合现实，谈谈行政方法的局限性以及如何正确地运用行政方法。
7、管理活动的效果和效率，很大程度上取决于管理中的人，特别是作为管理主体的人。如何用人，既是一门科学，更是一门艺术。请您结合自己的工作实际，谈谈用人的艺术。
8、近年来，中央一再提出以人为本、执政为民的理念，强调重视和优先解决民生问题。请您联系实际，说明为什么要树立以人为本的管理观念，即树立人本观念的必然性。
英语
一、单项选择
1.When I was young, I ________ to school every day.A.was walking B.walked C.had walked D.had been walking 2.Continuing education classes give some adults the chance ________ new skills.A.learn
B.to be learning
C.to learn
D.to have learned 3.Because of ________ you have done, things become much worse.A.that
B.whom
C.which
D.what 4.These questions ____C__ at tomorrow’s meeting.A.have been discussed
B.had been discussed C.will be discussed
D.shall be discussed
5.It is ____ in spring than in autumn.A.warmer
B.more warm
C.warmest
D.most warm 6.Miss White has been a secretary __________.A.every year
B.since 1997 C.ten years ago
D.in 1997 7.I called on her and found that she ________.A.went abroad
B.go abroad C.had gone abroad
D.has gone abroad 8 Telephone ________ in our everyday life.A.being used
B.uses C.is used
D.is using 9 The speaker raised his voice but still couldn’t make himself ________.A.hear of
B.to hear C.hearing from
D.heard 10.The Olympic Games, ________ in 776 B.C., did not include women players until 1912.A.first playing
B.to be first played
C.first played
D.to be first playing 11.When they arrived, the game ________.A.already start B.already started C.have already started D.had already started 12.Those books ________ to the library next Monday.A.can return
B.can be returned C.can returned
D.can return to 13.I’m sorry, but smoking ________ here.A.is allowed
B.is not allowed C.will be allowed
D.will not allow 14.They got to the bus station ________ than you did.A.more late
B.later C.more later
D.late 15.He talked of the people and books ________ interested him.A.who
B.whose
C.that
D.whom 16.Excuse ________, may I ask you a question? A.I
B.my
C.me
D.us
17.They never knew that pollution ________ a big problem.A.become
B.would become C.is going to
D.does become 18.You ________ where you leave your things.A.always forgets B.forget C.will always forget D.are always forgetting 19.He doesn’t live in the city, ________ ?.A.isn’t he
B.doesn’t he C.is he
D.does he 20.Now she is leaving London.She has stayed here ________.A.after 1980 B.in 1980 C.for 1980 D.since 1980 21.________ meeting will be put off(推迟)till next Monday.A.Tomorrow’s
B.Tomorrows’ C.Tomorrow
D.Tomorrows 22.The house ________ is very nice, but the compound(院子)is too small.A.himself
B.herself
C.itself
D.oneself 23.I told him not to go, but he ________ not listen.A.will B.would C.shall D.should 24.This time last year, Tom ________ with his friends in London.A.stayed
B.was staying C.is staying
D.stays 25.Let’s ________ and get something to eat.A.to go
B.go
C.going
D.goes 26.When they arrived at the airport, the plane ________.A.already take off B.already took off C.have already taken off D.had already taken off 27.Those books ________ to the library next Monday.A.can return
B.can be returned C.can returned
D.can return to 28.They got to the airport ________ than you did.A.more late
B.later C.more later
D.late 29.He talked of the people and books ________ interested him.A.who
B.whose
C.that
D.whom 30.He was writing an e-mail ________ I was watch TV in the hotel room.A.as soon as
B.after C.until
D.while
二、阅读理解
(1)I have often thought it would be a blessing if each human being were stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life.Darkness would make him more appreciative of sight, silence would teach him the joys of sound.Now and then I have tested my seeing friends to discover what they see.Recently I was visited by a very good friend who had just returned from a long walk in the woods, and I asked her what she had observed.―Nothing is particular,‖ she replied.I might have been incredulous had I not been accustomed to such responses, for long ago I became convinced that the seeing see little.How was it possible, I asked myself, to walk for an hour through the woods and see nothing worthy of note? I who cannot see find hundreds of things to interest me through mere touch.I feel the delicate symmetry of a leaf.I pass my hands lovingly about the smooth skin of a silver birch, of the rough bark of a pine.In spring I touch the branches of trees hopefully in search of a bud, the first sign of awakening nature after her winter’s sleep.Occasionally, if I am very fortunate, I place my hand gently on a small tree and feel the happy quiver of a bird in full song.I am delighted to have the cool waters of a brook rush through my open fingers.To me the pageant of seasons is a thrilling and unending drama, the action of which streams through my finger tips.At times my heart cries out with longing to see all these things.If I can get so much pleasure from mere touch, how much more beauty must be revealed by sight.Yet, those who have eyes apparently see little.The panorama of color and action which fills the world is taken for granted.It is human perhaps, to appreciate little that which we have and to long for that which we have not, but it is a great pity that in the world of light the gift of sight is used only as mere convenience rather than as a means of adding fullness to life.If I were president of a university, I should establish a compulsory course in ―How to Use Your Eyes‖.The professor would try to show his pupils how they could add joy to their lives by really seeing what passes unnoticed before them.He would try to awake their dormant and sluggish faculties.1.According to the text, it would be a blessing if________.A.every human being were stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life
B.every human being is stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life C.every human being is stricken blind and deaf D.every human being were stricken blind and deaf 2.Which of the following is the author’s opinion about the seeing people? A.Most of the seeing people see little.B.The seeing people cherished their gift of sight very much.C.The seeing people use their power of sight to the full.D.The seeing people use their gift of sight as a means of adding color to life.3.The author could not see by sight, but she ______.A.could find hundreds of things to interest her through mere touch B.knew more than the seeing
C.was very optimistic and could ―see‖ more than the seeing D.both A and C
4.According to the text, why would it be a blessing if each human being were stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life? A.Because darkness would make him more appreciative of sight, and silence would teach him the joys of sound.B.Because people seldom cherish what they have and if they lose what they have for a short time they would cherish what they have much more.C.Because people are always longing for what they don’t have.D.both A and B 5.We can infer from the text that _______.A.though the author was blind, she loved life and she knew well how to add fullness to life B.the author was a president of a university C.the author established a compulsory course in ―How to Use Your Eyes‖ D.the author appreciated little what she had and longed for what she had not.（2)We use both words and body language to express our thoughts and opinions and to communicate with other people.We can learn a lot about what a person is thinking by watching his or her body language.Words are important, but the way a person stands, folds his or her arms, or moves his or her hands can also give us information about his or her feelings.Just like spoken language, body language varies from culture to culture.Making eye contact – looking directly into someone’s eyes – is in some counties a way to show interest.In other countries, however, eye contact is rude or disrespectful.The gesture of OK, making a circle with one’s thumb and index finger, has different meanings in different cultures.In Japan, someone who sees another person making the gesture will think it means money.In France, a person seeing the same gesture will think it means zero.In Brazil and Germany, however, the gesture is rude.The thumbs-up gesture, meaning ―great‖ or ―good job‖ in the US, is rude in Nigeria, but in Germany and Japan it means the number one.The ―crazy‖ gesture, moving the index finger in a circle in front of the ear, means ―you have a phone call‖ in Brazil.While there are many different interpretations of our body language, some gestures seem to be universal.A good way of saying ―I am full‖ is moving the hand in circles over the stomach after a meal.If a person pats his or her stomach before a meal, it usually means ―I am hungry‖.Perhaps the best example of universally understood body language is the smile.A smile can help us get through difficult situations and find friends in a world of strangers.A smile can open doors and tear down walls.It can be used to express almost any emotion.We can use a smile to apologize, to greet someone, to ask for help or to start a conversation.We can smile at ourselves in the mirror to make ourselves feel happier and stronger.And if we are feeling down or lonely, there is nothing better than to see the smiling face of a good friend.6.We can get information about a person’s feelings from ________.A.his words B.the way he stands C.the way he folds his arms or move his hands D.both his words and his body language 7.Eye contact ________.A.has different meanings in different cultures B.is rude or disrespectful
C.has the same meaning in all the countries D.is a way to show interest 8.A good way of saying ―I’m full.‖ is ________.A.moving the hand in circles over the stomach after a meal B.resting one’s head on the back of one’s hand C.patting the stomach before a meal D.Both A and C 9.The ―crazy‖ gesture means ________ in Brazil.A.great B.the number one C.you have a phone call D.none of above 10.The gesture for OK, making a circle with one’s thumb and index finger, ________.A.all of the following B.means money in Japan C.means zero in France D.has different meanings in different cultures
(3)A man came home from work late again, tired and irritated, to find his 5-year-old son waiting for him at the door.―Daddy, may I ask you a question?‖
―Yeah, sure, what is it?‖ replied the man.―Daddy, how much money do you make an hour?‖
―That’s none of your business!What makes you ask such a thing?‖ the man said angrily.―I just want to know.Please tell me, how much do you make an hour?‖ pleaded the little boy.―If you must know, I make $20.00 an hour.‖
―Oh,‖ the little boy replied, head bowed.Looking up, he said, ―Daddy, may I borrow $10.00 please?‖
The father was furious.―If the only reason you wanted to know how much money I make is just so you can borrow some to buy a silly toy or some other nonsense, then you march yourself straight to your room and go to bed.Think about why you’re being so selfish.I work long, hard hours every day and don’t have time for such childish games.‖
The little boy quietly went to his room and shut the door.The man sat down and started to get even madder about the little boy’s questioning.How dare he ask such questions only to get some money.After an hour or so, the man had calmed down, and started to think he may have been a little hard on his son.Maybe there was something he really needed to buy with that $10.00, and he really
didn’t ask for money very often.The man went to the door of the little boy’s room and opened the door.―Are you asleep, son?‖ he asked.―No daddy, I’m awake,‖ replied the boy.―I’ve been thinking, maybe I was too hard on you earlier,‖ said the man.―It’s been a long day and I took my aggravation out on you.Here’s that $10.00 you asked for.‖ The little boy sat straight up, beaming.―Oh, thank you daddy!‖ he yelled.Then, reaching under his pillow, he pulled out some more crumpled up bills.The man, seeing that the boy already had money, started to get angry again.The little boy slowly counted out his money, then looked up at the man.―Why did you want more money if you already had some?‖ the father grumbled.―Because I didn’t have enough, but now I do,‖ the little boy replied.―Daddy, I have $20.00 now.Can I buy an hour of your time?‖ 11.What do you know about the man?
A.He made a lot of money.B.He often came home from work late.C.He often went to work late.D.He spent lots of time taking care of his son.12.Why was the boy waiting for his father at the door?
A.Because he missed his father very much.B.Because he was hungry.C.Because he wanted to borrow some money from his father.D.Because he had good news to tell his father.13.The man went to talk to his son because ________.A.he thought he might have been a little hard on his son.B.he wanted to ask his son some questions.C.he wanted to find out whether his son was asleep or not.D.his son was crying in his bedroom.14.The boy wanted to borrow some money from his father because ________.A.he wanted to buy a toy with the money
B.he wanted to buy a birthday present for himself
C.he didn’t have any money
D.he didn’t have enough money to buy an hour of his father’s time
15.What is the main idea of the passage?
A.Parents should give their children some pocket money.B.Parents should not neglect(忽视)their children no matter how busy they are.C.Parents should not be hard on their children.D.Children can buy time from their parents.(4)You may not realize it, but you are doing much more than just studying, when you are at school.School is also the place where you learn to get along well with people.But this is not always easy.What can you do if you just don’t like one of your classmates?
If you discover that you have problems getting along with your classmates or friends, the most important thing to learn is tolerance.Tolerance is the ability to realize and respect the differences in others.We can not change the way that other people do, so it is important to learn to live happily with them.Tolerance will make everyone get on better with each other.Getting to know someone may help you understand why they do things differently.Something different does not exactly mean that it is bad.Tolerance teaches us to keep an even temper and open mind.You need to remember an old saying, ―treat others how you want to be treated‖.You would like to be treated kindly by your classmates, so it is important to treat them kindly too.If you tolerate something, it does not mean that you have to like it.No one is asking you to change who you are or what you believe in.Tolerance just means that you should respect the differences in others and not try to make them change.It is important to practice tolerance, because it will make everyone’s lives easier.Learn to accept people for their different abilities and interests.The world is very different, and practicing tolerance in your own school and city can help make a difference.16.According to the author, what is tolerance? A.Tolerance is the ability that we have to change the way that other people do.B.Tolerance is the ability to realize and respect the differences in others.C.Tolerance is a weapon to fight against the enemy.D.Tolerance is the way to discover whether you have problems getting along with your classmates or friends.17.What does tolerance function(起作用)in getting along with your friends? A.It makes you change who you are and what you believe.B.It can help us understand why people do things differently.C.It warns us to keep an even tempter and open mind.D.It is important for us to learn tolerance.18.Why is tolerance important? A.Because it will make everyone’s lives easier.B.Because it will make everyone get on better with each other.C.Because it teaches us to respect the differences in others and not try to make them change.D.All of the above.19.―Treat others how you want to be treated‖, what does the sentence mean?
A.If you want to be treated kindly, you should treat others kindly too.B.If someone treats you badly, you will treat them kindly.C.You should change yourself to tolerate others.D.Others should change themselves to tolerate you.20.Which of the following is true according to the passage? A.If you tolerate something, you must change yourself.B.Tolerance can make you get on better with your classmates or friends, for it teaches you to keep an even temper and open mind.C.We can live happily with other people by changing the way they do.D.Practicing tolerance can not make any change in your life for the world is different.(5)I found out one time that doing a favor for someone could get you into a lot of trouble.One time when I was taking a final test, the girl next to me whispered something, but I couldn’t understand.So I leaned over her way and found out that she was trying to ask me if I had an extra pen.She showed me that hers was out of ink and would not write.I happened to have an extra one, so I took it out of my pocket and put it on her desk.Later, after we turned in all the test papers, the teacher asked me to stay in the room.As soon as we were alone she began to talk to me about what it meant to grow up;she mentioned how important it was to stand on your own feet and be responsible for my own acts.For a long time she talked about honesty and emphasized that when people do something dishonest, they are really cheating themselves.She made me promise that I wouldn’t think seriously about what she said, and then she told me I could leave.I walked out of the room wondering why she chose to talk to me about all these things.Later on, I found out that she thought I was cheating on the test.I tried to explain about the pen, but what she said was that it seemed very strange to her that I didn’t mention anything about the pen the day she talked to me right after the test.To this day, I am sure she continues to believe that I had cheated on that test.Appearances can be deceiving and it is difficult to know how others will perceive our action.21.Why did the girl say something to me in a low voice? A.Because she wanted to have a look on my paper.B.Because she couldn’t work out the question on the paper.C.Because she wanted to ask me for a pen.D.Because she wanted me to give her the answer to the questions.22.Why did the teacher let me stay after class? A.She wanted to give me a gift.B.She wanted to talk with me.C.She wanted to tell me a story.D.She wanted to make me do some cleaning.23.What did the teacher think about me? A.She thought I was not mature(成熟的).B.She thought I was an honest person.C.She thought I did a right thing.D.She thought I was cheating in the exam.24.Why didn’t the teacher believe that I didn’t cheat on the test? A.She saw I was cheating with her own eyes.B.Someone else told her about it.C.She thought if I didn’t cheat I would tell her the truth of the pen.D.She couldn’t believe anything I said.25.What can you infer(推断)from the passage? A.We can’t judge from the appearance(表面).B.We shouldn’t help others in the exam.C.We should tell the teacher in time if we help others.D.We shouldn’t cheat on the test.(6)We all have certain habits and we can have good habits or bad habits.This passage gives us some advice on how to be healthy.It tells us what we must do if we want to keep ourselves fit.Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.This is an old English saying.It means that we must go to bed early in the evening and get up early in the morning.Is this true? Perhaps it is.The body must have enough sleep.Children, for instance, need ten hours’ sleep every night.If we do not go to bed early, we cannot have enough sleep.Then we cannot think or do our work properly.We will not be wise or live a comfortable life.Some people go to bed late at night and get up late in the morning.This is not good for them.We
must sleep at night when it is dark.The dark helps us to sleep well.When daytime comes, we must get up.It is the time for exercise.Exercise means doing something with the body.Walking, running, jumping, swimming, playing games are all good forms of exercise.If the body is not used, it becomes weak.Exercise keeps it strong.Exercise helps blood to move around inside the body.This is very important.Blood takes food to all parts of our bodies.The brains in our heads also need blood.We think with our brain.If we can keep our bodies healthy, and do exercises, we can think better!Our bodies also need air to breathe.Without air we cannot live.We must have plenty of clean, fresh air to breathe if we want to be in good health.So, people often sleep with their room windows open because they want to have plenty of clean, fresh air to breathe.In brief, you don’t know what happiness is until you lose it;you don’t know what health is until you are ill.―Health is of vital importance to life‖ sounds like a cliché to everyone, but it is absolutely true.26.Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.What does this statement mean? A.If one goes to bed early, he would be a wise man.B.If one gets up early, he would be a wealthy man.C.If one goes to bed early and gets up early, he would be a wealthy man.D.It is very important for us to form healthy habits.27.According to the text, if we don’t have enough sleep, ________.A.we won’t live comfortably B.we will do our work correctly C.we will think properly D.we will be wise 28.Exercise is ________.A.to do something with the body B.to do more homework C.to do more drills(训练)D.to get up early in the morning 29.Why is exercise helpful for health? Because ________.A.it helps us to sleep properly.B.people will die soon if they do not have enough exercises C.it helps take nutrition(营养)to every part of the body with blood circulation(血液循环)
D.it helps us to think and do our work properly.30.Why do people often sleep with their room window open? A.Because they want enough clean and fresh air to breathe.B.Because they feel hot at night.C.Because they want to look after their garden.三、英译汉
1.At times my heart cries out with longing to see all these things.If I can get so much pleasure from mere touch, how much more beauty must be revealed by sight.Yet, those who have eyes apparently see little.The panorama of color and action which fills the world is taken for granted.It is human perhaps, to appreciate little that which we have and to long for that which we have not, but it is a great pity that in the world of light the gift of sight is used only as mere convenience rather than as a means of adding fullness to life.2.Which of your feelings do you let other people know about? Which do you keep to yourself? Sometimes it’s a good thing to say what you feel.At other times it’s better to keep quiet about your feelings.Sometimes it’s hard to know exactly what you feel.At other times feelings are so strong that you can not control them.People from different cultures have different ways of dealing with feelings.It is said that English people are cold.If they do feel anything, they will not let other people know.3.The little boy quietly went to his room and shut the door.The man sat down and started to get even madder about the little boy’s questioning.How dare he ask such questions only to get some money.After an hour or so, the man had calmed down, and started to think he may have been a little hard on his son.Maybe there was something he really needed to buy with that $10.00, and he really didn’t ask for money very often.The man went to the door of the little boy’s room and opened the door.―Are you asleep, son?‖ he asked.4.One hot summer day, Professor Rudd decided to take his children to the beach.The seaside town he planned to visit was a three-hour train ride away.To make the trip more interesting for his young children, he kept the name of the town a secret.Unfortunately, by the time Rudd had arrived at the train station, the poor forgetful man had forgotten the name of his destination himself.Luckily, a friend of his happened to be in the station.He offered to take care of the children while Rudd went back home to find out where he was going.5.The home of bees is called a bee-hive.Here hundreds — even thousands — of bees live.They work day and night building small walls of wax.Here they make their honey.This is the same honey that we eat.Where does the honey come from? Bees live on food from flowers.Have you ever seen bees flying around a flower garden? When a bee rests on a flower, it tries to go to the center of it.There it takes in as much food as its body can hold.Then it carries the food back to the hive.6.How do bees know where to find the best food in the sweetest flowers? One bee acts as a guide.When it discovers good flowers, it flies back to the hive to tell the others.It does this by dancing for them.The bee dances on one side.This tells the other bees which way to go to find the flowers, but that is not all.The bee dances for some time, and the length of its dance tells the other bees how far they must fly to reach the flowers.When the other bees see the dance, they know where the flowers are.They fly away and return with more food for the hive.
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