第一篇:非正式的英语演讲稿怎么写
the pollution is so serious that we have to find effective solutions to it.as far as im concerned , the goverment should pass laws to reduce poiiuted air.some measures should be taken to purify the water bsfore it is poured into the rivers or seas.we should plant more trees to keep the soil in place.whats more, people should be further educated to realize the importance of the environment pritection.thus we will have clean and tidy environment.only in this way can we solve these problems.过临场发挥的还好吧!得分:8.3、三等奖„„>篇二:非正式英语 正式英语 非正式英语 正式英语 what’s your name? may i have your name? 您贵姓? 请问您贵姓大名? do you want some tea? could you like some tea? 您要喝茶吗? 请问您想喝茶吗?
这边请。请您往这边走好吗? * 不要说ok, sure, yeah等等,而要说certainly, sir.* hey, uh-huh, hang on 等等,也不适合在酒店中使用。* 别说“i don’t know.”回答“不知道”是非常不礼貌的说法。
可以说“just a moment, please.i’ll check that for you.”(请稍候,我来帮您确认),然后请有能力处理的人前来协助。* 对男性客人,尊称为sir;面对女性客人时尊称为ms.在招呼客人时,最好说“excuse me, sir(ms)”, 不要直接称呼mr.或ms.至于称呼小孩,可以直接使用excuse me,但是不可以直接称呼boy或girl.* 在面对语言不通的外籍人士时,一定要多加利用手势和肢体语言。但是使用手势时要特别小心,因为对于不同国家、民族而言,手势的意义也大不相同。
二.基本待客英语
(一)在正式的英语表现里,疑问基本句型可分为下列四种: 1.may i ~ 2.could you ~ 3.would you ~ 4.shall i ~? 只要理解这四种基本的句型,就可以处理大部分业务上的状况。1. 自己要做什么事时,就使用may i ~ may i have your name, please? 请问尊姓大名 may i have your check-out time, please? 请问您什么时候结帐离开? may i see your passport, please? 请让我看一下您的护照好吗? may i know your nationality, please? 请问您的国籍是什么? 2. 麻烦客人时,可使用could you ~ could you fill out the form, please? 请您填写这张表格好吗? could you write that down, please? 请您写下来好吗? could you draft the fax, please? 请您写下传真的草稿好吗? could you hold the line, please? 请不要挂电话好吗? 3. 询问客人的喜好或是做什么时,可使用would you ~ would you like tea or coffee? 请问您要喝茶还是咖啡? would you like to take a taxi? 请问您要搭计程车吗? would you mind sitting here? 请问您介意坐在这里吗? ** 只要在疑问词后加“would you ~”,就可以提出大部分的询问。when would you like to visit kunshan? 请问您想要何时参观昆山? when would you like to have lunch? 请问您想在哪里用餐? what time would you like to eat? 请问您想何时用餐? who would you like to contact? 请问您想和谁联络? which kind of room would you prefer? 请问您喜欢哪一种房间? how would you like to settle your bill? 请问您的账单如何处理? how long would you like to stay? 请问您要逗留多久? how many tickets would you like to buy? 请问您要买几张票? 4. 在提供建议协助、征求意见时,可使用shall i ~ 或would you like me to do ~? shall i draw the curtains? 请问需要我把窗帘拉上吗? shall i draw you a map? 请问要我为您画一张地图吗? shall i make the reservation for you? 请问要我为您安排预约吗?
(二)招呼语 good morning.(用于中午以前)good afternoon.(用于中午至下午六点以前)good evening.(用于下午六点过后)在这些招呼语的后面接句子,例如: good morning, sir.are you checking-out? 早上好,先生,请问您要退房吗?
中午好,先生,欢迎光临丽嘉酒店 good evening, ms.may i help you? 晚上好,小姐,请问我能为您服务吗?
后面也可以接上自己酒店名称、部门名称,如: good morning, sir.this is the front desk.may i help you? 早上好,先生。这里是服务台,请问您需要服务吗?
(三)回答 1.一般性的回答 i see, sir.我明白了,先生。certainly, sir.好的,先生。2.请对方再等一会儿 just a moment, please.请稍等。thank you for waiting.您久等了,先生。i am very sorry to have kept you waiting.很抱歉让您久等了。could you wait a little longer, please? 请您稍候好吗?篇三:英语演讲稿怎么写 1.根据听众对象,注意演讲的总体措词
演讲的总体措词是严肃一些还是活泼一些,是有较明显的说教口气还是用平等的口吻,等等,都要根据听众对象而定。如果场下听众是同龄的学生,那么演讲的内容只要风趣一些往往就能引起共鸣。但另一方面,如果听众大多是上了年纪的教师,太多的笑料反而会被认为“不严肃”,“不尊重”,而引起反感。
用英语演讲,不要用太多 i feel, i think,老是用i,显得十分主观,狭隘。如果通篇全是 i feel, i think 的内容,会给人觉得缺乏说服力。另外,perhaps, maybe 这样的词语,虽然有“客气,谦虚”的成分,但太多会让人觉得你演讲的内容有不可靠之处。
还有,在演讲中,要少用you,多用we。用you等于把自己与听众对立起来,而用we则拉近了与听众的距离。比如:you should not smoke.听上去像教训人,而 lets not smoke听起来是一个不错的建议。2.演讲要越短越好
英语演讲应该简洁扼要,直截了当。除非特别需要,一般不要采用中文中的那种迂回曲折的表达形式。据有关专家统计,一般人的注意力一次只能集中约13分钟。所以,演讲长度以10~15分钟为宜。下面是美国总统林肯所作的著名的盖茨堡演说,虽然全文只有短短200多个词,却带有振奋人心、扭转乾坤般的力量。其中 of the people, by the people, for the people(民有,民治,民享)已成为不朽佳句。对于中学生来说,这篇演讲现在读起来一定会觉得很难,但要写好英语演讲,这确实是值得认真研读的经典之作。gettysburg address four score and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure.the brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it far above our poor power to add or detract.the world will little note, nor long remember, what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here.it is for us, the living, rather to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced.it is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us,----that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion,----that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain,----that this nation, under god, shall have a new birth of freedom,----and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.其实,我们中学生练习写演讲稿,可以短些,从4~5分钟,500~600个词,围绕一个主题
开始练习。3.英语演讲稿的基本组成部分
从大的方面看,英语演讲词实际上是属于一种特殊的说明文或议论文,其基本组成部分是:
1)开始时对听众的称呼语
最常用的是 ladies and gentlemen,也可根据不同情况,选用 fellow students, distinguished guests, mr chairman, honorable judges(评委)等等。2)提出论题
由于演讲的时间限制,必须开门见山,提出论题。提出论题的方法有各种各样,但最生动,最能引起注意的是用举例法。比如:你要呼吁大家关心贫穷地区的孩子,你可以用亲眼看到的或者收集到的那些贫穷孩子多么需要帮助的实例开始。另外,用具体的统计数据也是一个有效的引出论题的方法,比如:你要谈遵守交通规则的话题,你可以从举一系列有关车辆、车祸等的数据开始。3)论证
对提出的论题,不可主观地妄下结论,而要进行客观的论证。这是演讲中最需要下功夫的部分。关键是要把道理讲清楚。常见的论证方法有举例法、因果法、对比法等等,可参见英语议论文的有关章节。4)结论
结论要简明扼要,以给听众留下深刻印象。5)结尾
结尾要简洁,不要拉拉扯扯,说个没完。特别是不要受汉语影响,说些类似“准备不足,请谅解”,“请批评指正”这样的废话。最普通的结尾就是:thank you very much for your attention。
4.英语演讲稿的语言特征 1)多用实词,多用短句,少用结构复杂的长句
在英语演讲中,and, but, so, then 等虚词要尽量少用,that, which 等词引导的定语从句也只会使句子结构变得复杂,而使听众难以跟上演讲者的思路,从而影响演讲的效果。相反,多使用实词,短句,可使得演讲内容更清晰,气势更磅礴。2)演讲要注意使用各种修辞手法,增加演讲的感染力和气势。英语演讲中常用的修辞手法有:渐进(climax)、对照(antithesis)、排比(parallelism)、警句(epigram)等等,例如: that government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth.(排比)这个民有、民治、民享的国家将不会从地球上消失。united, there is little we can not do;divided, there is little we can do.(对照)团结,我们便将无所不能;分裂,我们则会一事无成。let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty.(对照和渐进)让世界各国都知道,无论对我们怀有好感与敌意,我们将付出任何代价,肩负任何重任,面对任何艰辛,支持任何朋友,反对任何敌人,以确保自由的生存与成功。what we should fear most is the fear itself.(警句)我们最应恐惧的是恐惧本身。ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country.(对照)不要问你们的国家能为你们做些什么,而要问你们能为你们的国家做些什么。
设想一下,假如在我们的演讲中能融入上述这样运用得当的修辞手段,那我们的演讲将会变得多么有力与动人篇四:英语演讲译本 1.信头(heading)
信头是指写信人的地址和写信日期,一般写在或打在第一面信纸的右上角,先写地址再写日期,地址的写法是从小到大,先写门牌号、路号,再写区名、市名、省名,最后写国名。时间的写法对英国人和美国人而言是不同的。英国人习惯按日、月、年的顺序写,而美国人习惯按月、日、年的顺序写。例如: 英式:1st october,1999 美式:october 1,1999 在使用前一种形式时,月和年之间的逗号可用可不用,但是在后一种形式中,必需要使用逗号。
信头的写法有缩进式和齐头式。缩进式每行开头向右缩进一两个字母;齐头式左边对齐排列,如下所示: 缩进式 wang ming dept.of chemical engineering dalian university of technology dalian 116023 liaoning province p.r.china 齐头式 wang ming dept.of chemical engineering dalian university of technology dalian 116023 liaoning province p.r.china 2.信内地址(inside address)
信内地址要写出收信人的姓名和地址。一般给比较生疏的亲友的信和公事信件要写出信内地址,而熟悉朋友可以省去这一步骤。信内地址写出在日期下一两行的左上角,第一行写收信人的称呼姓名,然后写出地址。地质也是从小到大写出,分缩进式和齐头式两种。例如:
缩进式 the president oxford university england齐头式 jiang bin 64heping road p.r.china 3.称呼(salutation)称呼是对收信人的称谓。在信内地址下一两行处顶格写起,自成一行。末尾用逗号或冒号。
(1)当给一位熟悉的人写信时可以用dear 或是my dear。在英国,my dear 比dear亲切,而在美国,dear比my dear 亲切。
(2)当给一位你不知婚否的女性写信时,可以用ms.„„,这是指„„女士。
(3)在给不熟悉的人写信时,可以用dear sir, dear madam, dear sirs, gentleman 等等。
4正文(body of letter)
正文是一封信的主体部分。通常在称呼的下一行写出。正文也可采用齐头式或缩进式的方法。齐头式是反映每段开头一行和后面行并齐。缩进式是指每段的第一行向右缩进几个字母。信笺讲究简洁、效率。开头几句简单地寒暄后就不如正题,在结尾处要有祝愿和敬语。
常用的开头语有: i have received your letter of july ist.7月1 日来信已经收悉。i have the pleasure to tell you that „„.很高兴告诉你„„。i am very much delighted to receive your letter.非常高兴收到你的来信。it is my honor to inform you that „„很荣幸告诉你„„。常用的结束套话有: i am looking forward to hearing from you 盼早日回信。wish best regards.祝好。thank you for your help 感谢你的帮助!wish my best wishes for your success.祝你成功。
wishing you a happy holiday.祝假日愉快!hoping to hear from you soon.希望能尽快收到你的回信。
常用的结束语有: 一般非正式的关系: yours sincerely, yours truly, yours faithfully, most sincerely, faithfully yours, 亲密的关系: love, yours love, yours affectionately, with love, lovingly yours, yours ever, 上级和长者: yours respectfully, faithfully yours, 6署名(signature)
在结束语的下方是签名,先手写出,再打出来。如果收信人不认识写出信人,可以在署名前用括号标出mr.、miss或ms。在名称下面可注上头衔。如: yours sincerely, lucy blake(手写)lucy blake(miss)(打印)sales manager 7附言(postscript),附件(enclosure)在信件正文写作时可能漏掉了某些事,或临时发生了某事需要补充时,可以在信下面左下方写出上p.s.如果随信有附件可在爱左下端注明。如: enclosure:1.invoice(发票)2.resume(个人简历)
(二)英文书信实例
上面介绍了英文写信的主要组成部分以及各部分的写作特点,接下来我们将提供五种英文书信的范例。1祝贺信
当朋友有了喜事,如结婚、高升、获奖的时候,你可以向他写出一封祝贺信,表达你的嘱咐与恭贺。例文1 mechanical engineering department dalian university of technology dalian 116023 liaoning,china november28,1999 mr.wangximing mechanical engineering department massachusetts institute of technology cambridge, mass.02139 u.s.a.dear mr.wang, thank you for your letter of november 3,1999.i am sorry not to have written back earlier but time seems to pass so quickly.i learnt from your letter that you had received you masters degree.i would like to congratulate you on your splendid success.in this letter i am bringing you a piece of good news:your wife gave a birth of a boy last week and she ins in good health now.the baby weighed eight jin at birth.yesterday my wife and some other neighbors went to the hospital to see your wife and to congratulate her on the birth.she told them that she had been nursed with the best care since she was in hospital.now im taking the visiting school test in beijing.if i pass the examination, ill leave for america soon.if not, ill wait for another chance.ive never been to the u.s.a., and i know little about the institutions and customs there.i hope that you will write to me and tell me more about them.with best regards to you and your classmates.yours sincerely, zhang jiao2 感谢信
当别人帮了你一个忙时,你应该给他写封信,以示感激。例文2 dear john: thank you very much for the nice birthday present you have sent me!i have been longing for a dictionary for a long time.it will surly be very helpful to my study.its very nice of you to remember my birthday.ill make good use of the dictionary and ill think of you with gratitude and affection every time i use it.love, sally3邀请信 当邀请某位朋友参加活动,如交游、宴会时,可以写一封邀请信。信的语气应该谦逊,热情。例文3 dear mr.clark: we are wondering if you and mrs.clark want to have supper with us on friday, january 21st at seven oclock? sincerely yours, lucy wheeler4 申请信
当申请一项工作,或是申请一个学校留学时,都应该使用申请信。申请信应该简洁、明确、如实地反映你的才能、成绩、愿望和目标。
第二篇:非正式邀请函英语
非正式邀请函范文英语1Dear Mr./ Ms.:
Hello!We are honored to invite you to participate in the NGO Consultation Meeting of the 28th Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Asia-Pacific Regional Conference to be held at the 21st Century Hotel in Beijing from May 15 to 16.The theme of this meeting is: from agenda to action-following the NGO Forum on Food Sovereignty.The consultation meeting was hosted by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO)and the Asian Branch of the International Food Sovereignty Program Committee(IPC-Asia)and co-sponsored by the China International NGO Cooperation Promotion Association.At that time, more than 100 representatives from more than 80 non-governmental organizations in the Asia-Pacific region will attend the meeting.The declaration of this meeting will be read out at the 27th Asia-Pacific Regional Conference of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations on May 17-21.The main topics of this meeting include:.......
非正式邀请函范文英语2Hao Liguangs classmate:
Hello!I am a member of the organizing committee of the 20xx Xi an International Horticultural Exposition Lets Go Together Student Messenger Exchange Event.Zhou recommended that your students are talented and active.Therefore, the organizing committee sincerely invites you and your students to participate in the student messenger exchange event on both sides of the Taiwan Strait, so that your students can communicate with young students from all over the country and the world on behalf of your school and your region and spread cross-strait friendship.This activity was organized by the 20xx Xi an World Horticultural Exposition(hereinafter referred to as the Expo)to convey the core concepts of the Expo, such as Heaven and Man Chang an, Creative Nature and Harmonious Symbiosis between City and Nature, promote the spirit of Green Leading Fashion to young students, and further promote the concept of Green, Low Carbon and Environmental Protection to students.The form of participation is very simple.Students will have the opportunity to become a cross-strait communication envoy by uploading their works on the website of the event.The Expo will provide full financial support for communication so that students can use the platform to visit Taiwan and Xi an and communicate with international and national students.The activity does not restrict students background and encourages all students to participate in the activity through the website.For students, the website is pided into three sections of fashion, fun and personalization: flower language blessing, flower and life, flower in trend, and optional participation.Participatory activities are quick and simple and can be completed in three minutes.This is a platform to display creativity and talent of contemporary college students.Attending the event will not only have the opportunity to get cross-strait exchanges, but also have the opportunity to include his works in the book Plants Around Me to be published next year by Science Squirrels and Brainstorm Host Mr.Yuan Yue.Excellent T-Shirt works will also become the uniform clothing of cross-strait exchange ambassadors.I very much hope that you can participate in our activities, and also hope to help support this activity in your community and schools, and publicize the Lets Come Together student messenger exchange activities on both sides of the Taiwan Straits among students, and encourage more students to participate.Please see the annex for the introduction of this event.If you need a poster or souvenir, please feel free to contact the organizing committee.
非正式邀请函范文英语3Our garden took the opportunity of ZZZZ to hold the ZZZ Celebration 61 Parent-child Games on May 30, XXXX from 4: 00 p.m.to 6: 00 p.m., and sincerely invited parents and friends to come and join in the celebration of the childrens festival.Parent-child Games Program.I.Opening Ceremony from 4: 00 to 4: 15
Two, 4: 20-4: 50 Childrens Morning Exercises
3.5: 00-6: 00 Parent-child Games.Warm reminder
Please be a civilized parent to jointly maintain the order of the venue and keep the venue clean and tidy.Thank you for your cooperation!
Dear Mr./ Ms.:Hello!We are honored to invite you to participate in the NGO Consultation Meeting of the 28th Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Asia-Pacific Regional Conference to be held at the 21st Century Hotel in Beijing from May 15 to 16.The theme of this meeting is: from agenda to action-following the NGO Forum on Food Sovereignty.The consultation meeting was hosted by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO)and the Asian Branch of the International Food Sovereignty Program Committee(IPC-Asia)and co-sponsored by the China International NGO Cooperation Promotion Association.At that time, more than 100 representatives from more than 80 non-governmental organizations in the Asia-Pacific region will attend the meeting.The declaration of this meeting will be read out at the 27th Asia-Pacific Regional Conference of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations on May 17-21.The main topics of this meeting include:.......
非正式邀请函范文英语2Hao Liguangs classmate:
Hello!I am a member of the organizing committee of the 20xx Xi an International Horticultural Exposition Lets Go Together Student Messenger Exchange Event.Zhou recommended that your students are talented and active.Therefore, the organizing committee sincerely invites you and your students to participate in the student messenger exchange event on both sides of the Taiwan Strait, so that your students can communicate with young students from all over the country and the world on behalf of your school and your region and spread cross-strait friendship.This activity was organized by the 20xx Xi an World Horticultural Exposition(hereinafter referred to as the Expo)to convey the core concepts of the Expo, such as Heaven and Man Chang an, Creative Nature and Harmonious Symbiosis between City and Nature, promote the spirit of Green Leading Fashion to young students, and further promote the concept of Green, Low Carbon and Environmental Protection to students.The form of participation is very simple.Students will have the opportunity to become a cross-strait communication envoy by uploading their works on the website of the event.The Expo will provide full financial support for communication so that students can use the platform to visit Taiwan and Xi an and communicate with international and national students.The activity does not restrict students background and encourages all students to participate in the activity through the website.For students, the website is pided into three sections of fashion, fun and personalization: flower language blessing, flower and life, flower in trend, and optional participation.Participatory activities are quick and simple and can be completed in three minutes.This is a platform to display creativity and talent of contemporary college students.Attending the event will not only have the opportunity to get cross-strait exchanges, but also have the opportunity to include his works in the book Plants Around Me to be published next year by Science Squirrels and Brainstorm Host Mr.Yuan Yue.Excellent T-Shirt works will also become the uniform clothing of cross-strait exchange ambassadors.I very much hope that you can participate in our activities, and also hope to help support this activity in your community and schools, and publicize the Lets Come Together student messenger exchange activities on both sides of the Taiwan Straits among students, and encourage more students to participate.Please see the annex for the introduction of this event.If you need a poster or souvenir, please feel free to contact the organizing committee.
非正式邀请函范文英语3Our garden took the opportunity of ZZZZ to hold the ZZZ Celebration 61 Parent-child Games on May 30, XXXX from 4: 00 p.m.to 6: 00 p.m., and sincerely invited parents and friends to come and join in the celebration of the childrens festival.Parent-child Games Program.I.Opening Ceremony from 4: 00 to 4: 15
Two, 4: 20-4: 50 Childrens Morning Exercises
3.5: 00-6: 00 Parent-child Games.Warm reminder
Please be a civilized parent to jointly maintain the order of the venue and keep the venue clean and tidy.Thank you for your cooperation!
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第三篇:非正式组织
51.(1)此观点是错误的。
(2)非正式组织是指组织成员在共同工作的过程中,由于共同的情感、兴趣、爱好
等而形成的非正式团体。
(3)非正式组织的积极作用或正面影响:①可以满足员工心理上的需要;②可以增
进信息的沟通;③可以加强成员之间的合作精神;④可以起到一定的培训作用;⑤可以规范成员的行为;⑥可以促进组织目标的实现。
(4)非正式组织的消极作用或负面影响:①会对正式组织的工作产生不利的影响;②
会引发抵触情绪;③会束缚成员的个人发展;④会影响正式组织的变革。
(5)如何避免正式组织与非正式组织之间的冲突:①要正视它的存在,即要认识到
它存在的客观性、必要性,允许乃至鼓励其的存在;②要积极引导,使非正式组织目标与正式组织的目标相一致,引导其做出积极的贡献;③要通过建立组织文化规范非正式组织的行为;④要注意做好非正式组织中的“领导”或“关键性人物”的工作。
2、答:非正式组织是由组织人员间非正式交互行为而形成的社会关系网,是组织成员基于兴趣、爱好、利益、地域等因素所建立的交往系统。(3分)
非正式组织的特征有:形式上的不稳定性、人员构成上的不确定性、组织类别上的共生性和组织行为上的激烈性。(5分)
非正式组织的功能表现为:(1)、为组织成员提供满足感、受人尊敬的机会等;(2)、沟通意见和信息;(3)、调节正式组织,增加行政能量;(4)、建立良好的上下级关系。其消极作用有与正式组织目标冲突、反对变革、传播谣言等。(7分)
10、结合实际论述非正式组织在领导关系中的作用。
答:在任何组织或社会的构成中,非正式群体的存在既具有客观性,又具有必然性,许多组织目标和组织职能的实现都是直接通过或借助于非正式群体来完成的。由于非正式群体存在的广泛性和必然性以及在领导活动中所发挥的特殊作用,使其成为诸多群体类型中与领导关系关联最为密切、影响最为重要的一个因素,特别是在正式群体的沟通和指挥协调遇到问题时,非正式群体往往成为影响和制约领导关系的关键因素。
当非正式群体的组织结构和行为取向与正式群体保持一致或基本一致时,非正式群体往往发挥积极的作用,有助于营造良好融洽的领导关系。主要体现在:一是协调组织成员间的人际关系,缓和或改善和创造组织内部和谐的领导关系;三是促进组织目标的实现,提高领导效能。当非正式群体不配合正式群体的工作时,特别是非正式群体的领导行为与正式群体的领导行为发生严重冲突时,非正式群体就会发挥消极作,破坏既有的良好领导关系,或者激化矛盾,使得已经出现问题的领导关系进一步恶化,最终阻碍组织目标的实现。
第四篇:非正式组织
论非正式组织的作用
摘要:非正式组织是两个或两个以上个人的无意识地体系化、类型化了的多种因素的系统。本文阐述了非正式组织的界定及相关理论,分析了非正式组织对组织的积极作用与消极作用,最后提出怎样利用非正式组织来提高组织绩效的一些策略。
关键词:非正式组织 积极作用 消极作用 提高 组织绩效
非正式组织定义
(一)什么是非正式组织
非正式组织是指自发的无意识的,行动无规律,仅以感情、习惯、喜好、相互依赖来满足个人不同的心理需要的群体。
(二)非正式组织界定及相关理论
1、非正式组织界定:第一、非正式组织是“正式组织”的对称。非正式组织与正式组织相互交错地同时并存于一个单位、机构或组织之中,这是一种不可避免的现象。第二、非正式组织运行的原则是以情感的逻辑为重要标准,如:工作关系、兴趣爱好、血缘关系等。第三、非正式组织不一定有明确的目标,但有着共同的利益、观点、习惯或准则。非正式组织具有很强的群体规范,群体效率高,它从非正式组织成员的共同利益、共同需要、共同情趣和爱好出发,规范非正式组织成员的行为,调节内部关系。这些规范反映了组织成员的集体利益和要求,虽然不成文,但作用往往大于行政组
织明文规定的规则。第四、非正式组织自然形成领导核心,非正式组织的领导一般具有很高的声望,他的产生以依靠个人的人格魅力或者其他个人特质而自发形成。非正式组织虽然没有上级任命的领导,但实际上每个非正式组织都有自己的“领导”。这些人虽然没有组织赋予他们的职务、地位和权力,但由于其本身的特点,如知识丰富、技术水平高、办事公道、待人热情等等,故对其他成员具有特殊的影响力。他们在非正式组织中具有权威性,发挥着维护群体的相对稳定性和提供行为规则等作用。由于自然形成的领导在非正式组织中处于核心地位,因此成员的拥戴程度比正式组织高、号召力强。
2.非正式组织理论。对非正式组织的研究始于霍桑试验,梅奥在霍桑试验中发现了正式组织中还存在着一个在组织以外的群体,这个群体不是由正式成文规定而成,而是人们在工作过程中相互接触而产生的共同情感,自然形成的行为准则或惯例,即非正式组织。非正式组织是指未经组织规定的,组织成员在共同的学习工作中,基于心理、观点、情感、兴趣一致的基础上自然形成的联合体。按照马斯洛需要层次理论,每个人都有五个层次的需要:生理需要、安全需要、社交需要,尊重需要、自我实现需要。而其中的安全需要、社交需要和尊重需要是非正式组织成员之所以能凝聚在一起的主要因素。在正式组织中,一个人的行为是由组织目标和
组织任务规定的,成员之间的交流更多的是基于组织分配的工作层面的交流,这种刚性的、非人性化的组织形式,无法满足组织成员特定的情感、心理的需要。因为组织成员之间的差异性很大,比如年龄、受教育的经历、性格、兴趣等方面的不同,使得某些成员在正式组织中不能很好的融入该群体,易产生孤独感,长期处于这种状态,导致员工丧失集体归属感,自信心下降,这与企业倡导的合作文化背道而驰。同时,每个人在工作和生活中都难免遇到诸多困难,当这些烦恼和困难不能得到及时疏导,会影响一个人的精神状态,自然也会影响其工作状态。所以,组织成员的情感和心理的需求并不是关乎其个人的小事,而是关乎组织命运的大事。
(三)非正式组织的作用
非正式组织的作用对正式组织来讲具有两重性。当非正式组织行为取向与正式组织保持一致或基本一致时,非正式组织往往能发挥积极作用,有助于营造组织内部融洽的人际关系,促进组织目标的实现;当非正式组织不积极配合正式组织的工作时,特别是非正式组织的领导行为与正式组织的领导行为发生冲突时,非正式组织就会产生消极作用,破坏既有的人际关系,激化矛盾,涣散人心,阻碍组织目标的实现。如何利用积极作用,避免消极作用提高组织绩效。
非正式组织的作用具有两重性:一是积极的,一是消极的。企业管理者应正视这一点,引导其最大限度地发挥积极的一面,克服消极的一面。具体措施如下:
(一)正视并正确认识非正式组织。
在正式组织中存在着非正式组织是一种普遍的客观现实。作为领导者来说,应掌握本组织有多少非正式组织,并了解它们产生的原因、背景、思想倾向、成员构成、领导核心、行为目标及活动方式等,从而因势利导,发挥其积极作用,限制其消极作用。对待非正式组织,管理人员需要从思想上重视,从行动上给予正确引导,非正式组织就会有利于形成一个活泼、轻松的工作氛围,就会有利于提高生产效率。
(二)对不同类型的非正式组织采取不同的策略。
因为非正式组织的性质、作用不相同,为此,可以针对不同的情况区别对待。对积极的非正式组织,应采取支持和保护的原则,不仅允许其存在,而且要充分发挥它们的作用。对消极的非正式组织尽可能进行引导,使之转变为积极型。对具有破坏性的非正式组织要采取“分化瓦解”、“集体粉碎”的政策,特别对那些屡教不改者,要视情节轻重,给予适当处理。
(三)做好核心人物教育、疏导工作。
任何非正式组织,都有其核心人物。核心人物的意志和行为,对非正式组织的目标和规范有决定性影响。领导者应以同志式平等的态度关怀他们、信任他们,充分调动他们的积极性,并通过他们带动其他成员的积极行为。因此,做好核心人物的工作,往往会影响其身边一批人。
(四)注意健康舆论引导,加强正式组织建设。
健康舆论起着一种评价作用,它以议论、腐败、奖励等形式肯定或否定非正式组织的某些事实和行为,引起非正式组织成员思想上的注意和重视,促使他们调整自己的行为,扶正压邪,逐步使思想统一,行动一致。同时,还应加强正式组织的建设,创造良好的道德环境。
参考文献:管理学基础/王绪君编著。-北京:中央广播电视大学出版社,2001-6行政组织学/张成福主编。-北京:中央广播电视大学出版社,2008-5赢在中国式管理/曾仕强著。-广东经济出版社,2010-14 未来的组织形式/R.梅雷迪思.贝尔滨著。-北京:机械工业出版社,2001-4组织心理/凌文辁主编 刘毅著。北京:-机械工业出版社,2000
第五篇:非正式会议纪要
[日期]
工作组会议
会议目的: 会议发起人: 主持人: 出席人员:
会议类型: 会议记录:
[时间][地点]
会议准备工作: 所需会议资料:
议题: 讨论:
发言人:
结论:
待办事项
议题: 讨论:
负责人
完成时间
发言人:
结论:
待办事项
负责人
完成时间
议题: 讨论:
发言人:
结论:
待办事项
议题: 讨论:
负责人
发言人:
完成时间
结论:
待办事项
负责人
完成时间
列席人员:
会议使用设备:
备注: