外文翻译—工业机器人及电动驱动系统

第一篇：外文翻译—工业机器人及电动驱动系统

Industrial Robots and Electric drive system There are a variety of definitions of the term robot.Depending on the definition used, the number of robot installations worldwide varies widely.Numerous single-purpose machines are used in manufacturing plants that might appear to be robots.These machines are hardwired to perform a single function and cannot be reprogrammed to perform a different function.Such single-purpose machines do not fit the definition for industrial robots that is becoming widely accepted.This definition was developed by the Robot Institute of America: A robot is a reprogrammable multifunctional manipulator designed to move material, parts, tools, or specialized devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks.Note that this definition contains the words reprogrammable and multifunctional.It is these two characteristics that separate the true industrial robot from the various single-purpose machines used in modern manufacturing firms.The term “reprogrammable” implies two things: The robot operates accommodate a variety of manufacturing tasks.The term “multifunctional” means that the robot can, through reprogramming and the use of different end-effectors, perform a number of different manufacturing tasks.Definitions written around these two critical characteristics are becoming the accepted definitions among manufacturing professionals.The first articulated arm came about in 1951 and was used by the U.S.Atomic Energy Commission.In 1954, the first programmable robot was designed by George Devil.It was based on two important technologies: Numerical control(NC)technology.Remote manipulator technology.Numerical control technology provided a form of machine control ideally suited to robots.It allowed for the control of motion by stored programs.These programs contain data points to which the robot sequentially moves, timing signals to initiate action and to stop movement, and logic statements to allow for decision making.Remote manipulator technology allowed a machine to be more than just another NC machine.It allowed such machines to become robots that can perform a variety of manufacturing tasks in both inaccessible and unsafe environments.By merging these two technologies, Devil developed the first industrial robot, an unsophisticated programmable materials handling machine.The first commercially produced robot was developed in 1959.In 1962, the first industrial robot to be used on a production line was installed by General Motors Corporation.This robot was produced by Animation.A major step forward in robot control occurred in 1973 with the development of the T-3 industrial robot by Cincinnati Milacron.The T-3 robot was the first commercially produced industrial robot controlled by a minicomputer.Numerical control and remote manipulator technology prompted the wide-scale development and use of industrial roots.But major technological developments do not take place simply because of such new capabilities.Something must provide the impetus for taking advantage of these capabilities.In the case of industrial robots, the impetus was economics.The rapid inflation of wages experienced in the 1970s tremendously increased the personnel costs of manufacturing firms.At the same time, foreign competition became a serious problem for U.S.manufacturers.Foreign manufacturers who had undertaken automation on a wide-scale basis, such as those in Japan, began to gain an increasingly large share of the U.S.and world market for manufactured goods, particularly automobiles.Through a variety of automation techniques, including robots, Japanese manufacturers, beginning in the 1970s, were able to produce better automobiles more cheaply than no automated U.S.manufacturers.Consequently, in order to survive, U.S.manufacturers were forced to consider any technological developments that could help improve productivity.Though a variety of automation techniques, including robots, Japanese manufacturers, beginning in the 1970s, were able to produce better automobiles more cheaply than no automated U.S.manufacturers.Consequently, in order to survive, U.S.manufacturers were forced to consider any technological developments that could help improve productivity.It became imperative to produce better products at lower costs in order to be competitive with foreign manufacturers.Other factors such as the need to find better ways of performing dangerous manufacturing tasks contributed to the development of industrial robots.However, the principal rationale has always been, and is still, improved productivity.One of the principal advantages of robots is that they can be used in settings that are dangerous to humans.Welding and parting are examples of applications where robots can be used more safely than humans, Even though robots are closely associated with safety in the workplace, they can, in themselves, be dangerous.Robots and robot cells must be carefully designed and configured so that they do not endanger human workers and other machines.Robot work envelopes should be accurately calculated and a danger zone surrounding the envelope clearly marked off.Red flooring strips and barriers can be used to keep human workers out of a robot’s work envelope.Even with such precautions it is still a good idea to have an automatic shutdown system in situations where robots are used.Such a system should have the capacity to sense the need for an automatic shutdown of operations.Fault-tolerant computers and redundant systems can be installed to ensure proper shutdown of robotics systems to ensure a safe environment.The robot electrically operated servo drive system sds is uses the moment of force and the strength which each kind of electric motor produces, directly or indirectly actuates the robot main body to obtain the robot each kind of movement implementing agency.The electric motor actuates which to the industry robot joint, the request has the maximum work rate quality compared to with the torque inertia compared to, rises up the dynamic torque, the is low inertia and broader also the smooth velocity modulation scope.Specially(hand fingernail)should use the volume, the quality as far as possible small electric motor like the robot terminal execution, when in particular requests the fast response, the servo motor must have a higher reliability and the stability, and has the bigger momentary overload ability.This is the servo motor in the industry robot the application precondition.The robot actuates the electrical machinery to the joint overriding demand the gauge natrium as follows: 1)rapidity.The electric motor from obtains the command signal to complete the active status time which the instruction requests to be supposed to be short.Response command signal time shorter, the electricity servosystem sensitivity higher, the fast response performance is better, generally is explains the servo motor fast response by the servo motor mechanical and electrical time-constant size the performance.2)the starting moment inertia is bigger than.In in the actuation load situation, requests the robot the servo motor starting moment in a big way, the rotation inertia is small.3)the control characteristic continuity and the straight line, along with the control signal change, the electric motor rotational speed can continuously change, sometimes also needs the rotational speed and the control signal has the direct ratio or approximately has the direct ratio.4)modulates velocity the scope to be wide.Can use to 1: 1,000 ~ 10,000 velocity modulation scopes.5)the volume small, the quality small, the axial size is short.6)can undergo the harsh movement condition, may carry on the extremely frequent pro and con to and adds and subtracts the fast movement, and can withstand the overload in the short time.Industry robot direct motor drive principle like chart 1 shows.The industry robot electrically operated servosystem general structure is three closed-loops control, namely electric current link, speed ring and snap ring.At present the overseas many electric motors produce the factory to develop the actuation product which suitably matches with the exchange servo motor, the user act according to oneself need the function stress to choose the different servo-control way differently, in the ordinary circumstances, exchanges the servo driver below, passable has carried on the artificial hypothesis to its internal function parameter to realize the function: 1)position control way;2)speed control way;3)torque control mode;4)position, speed mixed mode;5)position, torque mixed mode;6)speed, torque mixed mode;7)torque limitation;8)the position deviation oversized reports to the police;9)speed PID parameter establishment;10)speed and acceleration forward feed parameter establishment;11)zero floats compensates the parameter establishment;12)adds and subtracts the fast time establishment and so on 1.direct current servo motor driver direct current servo motor driver to use the pulse-duration modulation(PWM)the servo driver, changes through the change pulse width adds in the motor armature beginnings and ends average voltage, thus changes the electric motor the rotational speed.The PWM servo driver has the velocity modulation scope width, the low-speed characteristic well, responds, the efficiency quickly high, the overload capacity is strong and so on the characteristic, often takes the direct current servo motor driver in the industry robot.2.synchronized types exchange servo motor driver same direct current servo motor actuates the system to compare, the synchronized type exchange servo motor driver has the torque rotation inertia electronics brush and commutation spark merit and so on to be higher than, not to have, obtains the widespread application in the industry robot.The synchronized type exchange servo motor driver usually uses the electricity flow pattern pulse-duration modulation(PWM)the inversion and has the electric current link for the inner rim, the speed ring for the outer ring multi-closed-loop control system, realizes to the three-phase permanent magnetism synchronization servo motor electric current control.According to its principle of work, the actuation current waveform and the control mode difference, it may divide into two kind of servosystems: 1)rectangular wave electric current actuation permanent magnetism A.C.servomechanism.2)sinusoidal current actuation permanent magnetism A.C.servomechanism.Uses the rectangular wave electric current actuation the permanent magnetism exchange servo motor to be called not brushes the direct current servo motor, uses he sinusoidal current actuation the permanent magnetism exchange servo motor to be called not brushes the exchange servo motor.3.direct drives so-called direct drives(DD)the system, is the load conductive coupling which the electric motor if actuates in the same place, middle does not have any reduction gear.The same traditional electric motor servo actuates to compare, the DD actuation reduced the reduction gear, thus reduced the gap which in the system transmission process the reduction gear produces and becomes less crowded, enormously increased the robot precision, simultaneously also reduced because the reduction gear friction and the transmission torque pulsation creates the robot control precision reduces.But DD actuation because has above merit, therefore mechanical rigidity good, may the high speed high accuracy movement, also has the part few, the structure simple, is easy to service, the reliable higher characteristic, in the high accuracy, in the high speed industry robot application more and more brings to people's attention.As the DD actuation technology essential link is the DD electric motor and its the driver.Below it should have the characteristic: 1)outputs the torque in a big way: For tradition drive type in servo motor output torque 50 ~ 100 times.2)torque pulsation small: The DD electric motor torque pulsation may suppress in the output torque 5% ~ in 10%.3)efficiency: With uses the reasonable impedance matching the electric motor(under tradition drive type)to compare, the DD electric motor is works under the power conversion worse exploitation conditions.Therefore, the load is bigger, more favors to selects a bigger electric motor.At present, the DD electric motor mainly divides into changes the magnetic resistance and changes the magnetic resistance mixed type, has following two kind of structures pattern: 1)the double stator structure changes the magnetic resistance DD electric motor;2)the central stator structure changes the magnetic resistance mixed type DD electric motor.5.special drivers 1)piezoelectricity driver.It is well known, has made using the piezoelectricity part electricity or the electrostriction phenomenon should the variant acceleration instrument and the ultrasonic sensor, the piezoelectricity driver use the site of electrical energy controls several microns to several hundred microns displacements in is higher than the micron level big strength, therefore the piezoelectricity driver generally uses in the special use miniature robot assembly system.2)ultrasonic wave electric motor.3)the vacuum electric motor, uses in the vacuum robot which under the ultra pure environment works, for example uses in to transport the semiconductor silicon chip the ultra vacuum robot and so on.

第二篇：工业机器人机械手外文翻译

外 文 翻 译

Introduction to Robotics

Mechanics and Control

机器人学入门

力学与控制

系

别： 机械与汽车工程系 专学业生

名姓

称： 机械设计制造及其自动化 名： 郭仕杰

学

号：

06101315 指导教师姓名、职称： 贺秋伟 副教授

完成日期 2014 年2 月28日 Introduction to Robotics

Mechanics and Control

Abstract This book introduces the science and engineering of mechanical manipulation.This branch of the robot has been in several classical field based.The main related fields such as mechanics, control theory, computer science.In this book, Chapter 1 through 8 topics ranging from mechanical engineering and mathematics, Chapter 9 through 11 cover control theory of material, and twelfth and 13 may be classified as computer science materials.In addition, this book emphasizes the computational aspects of the problem;for example, each chapter it mainly mechanical has a brief section calculation.This book is used to teach the class notes introduction to robotics, Stanford University in the fall of 1983 to 1985.The first and second versions have been through 2002 in use from 1986 institutions.Using the third version can also benefit from the revised and improved due to feedback from many sources.Thanks to all those who modified the author's friends.This book is suitable for advanced undergraduates the first grade curriculum.If students have contributed to the dynamics and linear algebra course in advanced language program in a basic course of statics.In addition, it is helpful, but not absolutely necessary, let the students finish the course control theory.The purpose of this book is a simple introduction to the material, intuitive way.Specifically, does not need the audience mechanical engineer strict, although much of the material is from the field.At the Stanford University, many electrical engineers, computer scientists, mathematicians find this book very readable.Here we only on the important part to extract.The main content

1、Background

The historical characteristics of industrial automation is popular during the period of rapid change.Either as a cause or an effect of automation technology, period of this change is closely linked to the world economy.Use of industrial robots, can be identified in a unique device 1960's, with the development of computer aided design(CAD)system and computer aided manufacturing(CAM)system, the latest trends, automated manufacturing process.The technology is the leading industrial automation through another transition, its scope is still unknown.In the northern America, machinery and equipment used in early 80's of the 20th century, the late 80's of the 20th century a short pull.Since then, the market more and more(Figure 1.1), although it is affected by economic fluctuations, all the market.Figure 1.2 shows the robots were installed in a large number of annual world industrial zone.Notably, the number of Japan's report is different from other areas: they count the number of machine of robot in other parts of the world are not considered robot(instead, they would simply be considered “factory machines”).Therefore, the reported figures for the Japanese exaggerated.One of the main reason for the growth in the use of industrial robots is that they are falling costs.Fig.1.3 shows that, in the last century 90's ten years, robot prices dropped although human labor costs.At the same time, the robot is not only cheaper, they become more effective and faster, more accurate, more flexible.If we factor these quality adjusted to the number, the use of robots to decrease the cost of even than their price tag faster.More cost-effective in the robot they become, as human labor to become more expensive, more and more industrial work become robot automation candidate.This is the most important trend to promote the industrial robot market growth.The second trend is, in addition to the economic, as robots become more can become more tasks they can do, may have on human workers engaged in dangerous or impossible.Industrial robots perform gradually get more complex, but it is still, in 2000, about 78% installation welding or material handling robot in USA robot.A more challenging field, industrial robots, accounted for 10% unit.This book focuses on the dynamics and control of the most important forms of industrial robot, manipulator.What is the industrial robot is sometimes debate.Equipment, as shown in Figure 1.4 is always included, and CNC milling machine(NC)is usually not.The difference lies in the programmable complex place if a mechanical device can be programmed to perform a variety of applications, it may be an industrial robot.This is the part of a limited class of tasks are considered fixed automation.For the purpose of this difference, do not need to be discussed;the basic properties of most materials suitable for various programmable machine.In general, the mechanical and control research of the mechanical hand is not a new science, but a collection of the theme from the “classic” field.Mechanical engineering helps to machine learning methods for static and dynamic conditions.The mathematical description of movement of the tool manipulator space supply and other attributes.Provide design evaluation tool to realize the motion and force the desired algorithm control theory.Electrical engineering technology applied in the design of electrical engineering technology for sensor applied in design and industrial robot interface sensor, are programmed to perform the required task of basic computer science and the equipment.Figures：

FIGURE 1.1: Shipments of industrial robots in North America in millions of US

dollars

FIGURE 1.2: Yearly installations of multipurpose industrial robots for 1995-2000 and

forecasts for 2001-2004

FIGURE 1.3: Robot prices compared with human labor costs in the 1990s

FIGURE 1.4:The Adept 6 manipulator has six rotational joints and is popular in many applications.Courtesy of Adept Technology, Inc.2、Control of mechanical arm In the study of robots, 3D spatial position we constantly to the object of interest.These objects are all manipulator links, parts and tools, it deals, and other objects in the robot's environment.In a coarse and important level, these objects are described by two attributes: the position and direction.Of course, a direct interest in the topic is the attitude in which we represent these quantities and manipulate their mathematics.In order to describe the human body position in space and direction, we will always highly coordinate system, or frame, rigid object.Then we continue to describe the position and orientation of the reference frame of the coordinate system.Any framework can be used as a reference system in the expression of a body position and direction, so we often think of conversion or transformation of the body of these properties from one frame to another description.The 2 chapter discusses the Convention methods of dealing with job descriptions discussed method of treating and post convention described positioning and manipulation of coordinate system the quantity and mathematics different.Well developed skills relevant to the position and rotation of the description and is very useful in the field of rigid robot.Kinematics is the science of sports, the movement does not consider the force which resulted in it.In the scientific research of kinematics, a position, velocity, acceleration, and the location variable high order derivative(with respect to time of all or any of the other variables(S)).Therefore, the kinematics of manipulator is refers to the geometric and temporal characteristics of all movement.The manipulator comprises nearly rigid connection, which is the relative movement of the joint connection of adjacent links.These nodes are usually instrument position sensor, so that adjacent link is a relative position measurement.In the case of rotating or rotary joint, the displacement is called the joint angle.Some robots including sliding(or prism)connection, in which the connection between the relative displacement is a translation, sometimes called the joint offset.The manipulator has a number of independent position variables are specified as the mechanism to all parts of the.This is a very general term, any mechanism.For example, a four connecting rod mechanism has only one degree of freedom(even with three members of the movement).In the case of the typical industrial robots, because the robots is usually an open kinematic chain, because each joint position usually define a variable, the node is equal to the number of degrees of freedom.The free end of the link chain consisting of the manipulator end effector.According to the application of robot, the end effector can be a starting point, the torch, electromagnet, or other device.We usually by mechanical hand position description framework description tool, which is connected to the end effector, relative to the base, the base of the mobile manipulator.In the study of mechanical operation of a very basic problem is the kinematics.This is to compute the position of mechanical static geometric problems in hand terminal positioning.Specifically, given a set of joint angles, the forward kinematics problem is to compute the position and orientation relative to the base of the tool holder.Sometimes, we think this is a change from the joint space is described as a manipulator position that Cartesian space description.“This problem will be discussed in the 3 chapter.In the 4 chapter, we will consider the inverse kinematics problem.The problems are as follows: the end effector position and direction of the manipulator, computing all possible joint angle, can be used to achieve the position and direction of a given.(see Figure 1.7.)This is a practical problem of manipulator is fundamental.This is quite a complex geometry problem, the conventional solution in tens of thousands of humans and other biological systems time every day.In a case like a robot simulation system, we need to create computer control algorithm can make the calculation.In some ways, the solution to this problem is the most important element in the operating system.This is quite a complex geometry problem, the conventional solution in tens of thousands of humans and other biological systems time every day.In a case like a robot simulation system, we need to create computer control algorithm can make the calculation.In some ways, the solution to this problem is the most important element in the operating system.We can use this problem as a mapping on 3D Descartes ”position“ space ”position“ in the robot joint space.This need will occur when the 3D spatial objects outside the specified coordinates.Lack of this kind of algorithm some early robot, they just transfer(sometimes by hand)required for the position, and then be recorded as a common set of values(i.e., as a position in joint space for later playback).Obviously, if the playback position and motion pattern recording and joint of the purely robot in Cartesian space, no algorithm for the joint space is necessary.However, the industrial robot is rare, the lack of basic inverse kinematics algorithm.The inverse kinematics problem is not a simple forward kinematics of A.The equation of motion is nonlinear, their solution is not always easy(or even possible in a closed form).At the same time, the existing problems of solutions and multiple solutions occur.The study of these problems provides an appreciation of what the human mind nervous system is achieved when we, there seems to be no conscious thought, object movement and our arms and hands operation.Manipulator is a solution of the presence or absence of a given definition of work area.A solution for the lack of means of mechanical hands can not reach the desired position and orientation, because it is in the manipulator working area.In addition to static positioning problem, we can analyze the robot motion.Usually, the analysis in the actuator velocity, it is convenient to define a matrix called the Jacobi matrix of the manipulator.The speed of Jacobi matrix specified in Descartes from the velocity mapping space and joint space.(see Figure 1.8.)This mapping configuration of the manipulator changes the natural changes.At some point, called a singularity, this mapping is not to make the transformation.This phenomenon are important to the understanding of the mechanical hand designers and users.Figures：

FIGURE 1.5: Coordinate systems or ”frames“ are attached to the manipulator and to

objects in the environment.FIGURE 1.6: Kinematic equations describe the tool frame relative to the base frame

as a function of the joint variables.FIGURE 1.7: For a given position and orientation of the tool frame, values for the joint variables can be calculated via the inverse kinematics.FIGURE 1.8: The geometrical relationship between joint rates and velocity of the end-effector can be described in a matrix called the Jacobian.3、Symbol Symbol is always the problems in science and engineering.In this book, we use the following convention: First: Usually, uppercase variables vector or matrix.Scalar lowercase variables.Second：Tail buoy use(such as the widely accepted)indicating inverse or transposed matrix.Third：Tail buoy not subject to strict conventions, but may be that the vector components(for example, X, Y, Z)or can be used to describe the PBO / P in a position of the bolt.Fourth：We will use a lot of trigonometric function, we as a cosine symbol angle E1 can adopt the following methods: because the E1 = CE1 = C1.In the vector sign note general: many mechanics textbook treatment number of vector at a very abstract level and often used vector is defined relative to expression in different coordinate systems.The most obvious example is, in addition to vector is relative to a given or known a different frame of reference.This is usually very convenient, resulting in compact structure, elegant formula.For example, consider the angular velocity, connected in series with the last body ° W4 'four rigid body(such as the manipulator links)relative to the fixed seat chain.Due to the angular velocity vector addition, angular velocity equation at last link we can write a very simple vector:

However, unless the information is relative to a common coordinate system, they cannot be concluded, therefore, although elegant, equation(1.1)calculation.Most of the ”work“.A case study of the manipulator, such statements,(1.1)work coordinate system hidden bookkeeping, which is often we need to practice.Therefore, in this book, we put the symbol reference frame vectors, we don't and carrier, unless they are in the same coordinate system.In this way, we derive expressions for computing numerical solution, ”bookkeeping" problem can be directly applied to the actual.Summary The robot is a typical electromechanical integration device, it uses the latest research results of machinery and precision machinery, microelectronics and computer, automation control and drive, sensor and information processing and artificial intelligence and other disciplines, with the development of economy and all walks of life to the automation degree requirements increase, the robot technology has been developing rapidly, the emergence of a variety of robotic products.The utility of robot products, not only can solve many practical problems difficult to solve by manpower, and the promotion of industrial automation process.At present, the research and development of robot relates to many aspects of the technology, the complexity of system structure, development and development cost is generally high, limiting the application of the technology, to some extent, therefore, the development of economic, practical, high reliability of robot system with a wide range of social significance and economic value.Based on the design of mechanical structure and drive system, the kinematics and dynamics of the cleaning robot is analyzed.Kinematics analysis is the basis of path planning and trajectory control of the manipulator, the kinematics analysis, inverse problem can complete the operation of space position and velocity mapping to drive space, using the homogeneous coordinate transformation method has been the end of manipulator position and arthrosis transform relations between the angle, geometric analysis method to solve the inverse kinematics problem of manipulator, provides a theoretical basis for control system design.The robot dynamics is to study the relationship between the motion and force of science, the purpose of the study is to meet the need of real-time control, this paper use straightaway language introduced the related mechanical industrial robots and control knowledge for us, pointing the way for our future research direction.Robot is a very complicated learning, in order to go into it, you need to constantly learn, the road ahead is long, I shall search.机器人学入门

力学与控制

摘要

本书介绍了科学与工程机械操纵。这一分支学科的机器人已经在几个经典的领域为基础的。主要的相关的领域是力学，控制理论，计算机科学。在这本书中，第1章通过8个主题涵盖机械工程和数学，第9章通过11个盖控制理论材料，第12和13章可能被归类为计算机科学材料。此外，这本书强调在计算方面的问题；例如，每章这方面主要以力学有一个简短的章节计算考虑。这本书是从课堂笔记用来教机器人学导论，斯坦福大学在1983的秋天到1985。第一和第二版本已经通过2002在从1986个机构使用。第三版也可以从中受益的使用和采用的修正和改进由于许多来源的反馈。感谢所有那些谁修正了作者的朋友们。这本书是适合高年级本科生一年级的课程。如果学生已经在静力学的一门基础课程有助于动力学和线性代数课程可以在高级语言程序。此外，它是有帮助的，但不是绝对必要的，让学生完成入门课程控制理论。本书的目的是在一个简单的介绍材料，直观的方式。具体地说，观众不需要严格的机械工程师，虽然大部分材料是从那场。在斯坦福大学，许多电气工程师，计算机科学家，数学家发现这本书很易读。在这里我们仅对其中重要部分做出摘录。

主要内容

1、背景

工业自动化的历史特点是快速变化的时期流行的方法。无论是作为一个原因或一个效果，这种变化的时期自动化技术是紧密联系在一起的世界经济。利用工业机器人，成为可识别在1960年代的一个独特的装置，随着计算机辅助设计（CAD）系统和计算机辅助制造（CAM）系统的特点，最新的趋势，制造业的自动化过程。这些技术是领先的工业自动化 通过另一个过渡，其范围仍然是未知的。在美国北部，在早期有机器设备多采用世纪80年代，其次是上世纪80年代后期一个简短的拉。自那时起，市场越来越多的（图1.1），虽然它是受经济波动，是所有市场。图1.2显示的机器人被安装在大数每年世界各国的工业区。值得注意的是，日本的报告数量有所不同从其他地区一样：他们算一些机器的机器人在世界的其他地方都没有考虑机器人（而不是，他们会简单地认为是“工厂的机器”）。因此，该报告的数字为日本有些夸大。

在工业机器人的使用增长的一个主要原因是他们正在下降成本。图1.3表明，在上世纪90年代的十年中，机器人的价格下降了虽然人类的劳动成本增加。同时，机器人不只是越来越便宜，他们变得更有效更快，更准确，更灵活的。如果我们的因素这些质量调整成数，使用机器人的成本下降甚至比他们的价格标签更快。在他们的工作机器人变得更具成本效益的，作为人类劳动继续变得更加昂贵，越来越多的工业工作成为机器人自动化的候选人。这是最重要的趋势推动了工业机器人的市场增长。第二个趋势是，除了经济，随着机器人变得更能成为他们能够做的更多以上的任务，可能对人类工人从事危险的或不可能的。工业机器人执行逐步得到更多的应用复杂的，但它仍然是，在2000年，大约78%安装在美国进行焊接或材料搬运机器人的机器人。

一个更具挑战性的领域，工业机器人，占10%装置。这本书着重于力学和最重要的形式控制的工业机器人，机械手。到底什么是工业机器人是有时辩论。设备，如图1.4所示是总是包括在内，而数控（NC）铣床通常不。区别在于的可编程的复杂的地方如果一个设备机械设备可以被编程为执行各种应用程序，它可能是一个工业机器人。这是最机部分有限的一类的任务被认为是固定的自动化。为目的本文的区别，不需要讨论；大多数材料的基本性质适用于各种可编程机。

总的来说，其力学和控制机械手的研究不是一个新的科学，而只是一个收集的主题从“经典”的领域。机械工程有助于机器学习方法静态和动态的情况下。数学描述空间供应工具机械手的运动和其他属性。控制理论提供了工具以实现所期望的运动和力的应用评价算法设计。电气工程技术施加在传感器的设计电气工程技术施加在传感器的设计和工业机器人接口，与计算机科学的基础这些设备进行编程以执行所需任务。

附图：

图1.1在数以百万计的人在美国北部的工业机器人的出货量美元

图1.2 年安装的多用途的工业机器人1995-2000年和2001年至2004年预测

图1.3 机器人的价格与上世纪90年代的人类劳动成本的比较

图1.4 娴熟的6臂有六个转动关节（流行于众多制造行业）

2、力学和机械臂的控制

机器人的研究中，我们不断的关注对象的位置三维空间。这些对象是机械手的链接，零件和工具，它的交易，并在机器人的环境的其他对象。在一个粗而重要的水平，这些对象是由两个属性描述：位置和方向。当然，一个直接感兴趣的话题是态度在我们所代表的这些量和操纵他们的数学。

为了描述人体在空间中的位置和方向，我们将始终高度坐标系统，或框架，严格的对 象。然后我们继续相对于一些参考描述该帧的位置和方向坐标系统。任何框架可以作为一个参考系统内的表达一个身体的位置和方向，所以我们经常认为转化或改变身体的这些属性从一帧到另一个的描述。2章讨论了公约的方法处理与职位描述讨论了公约的方法处理与职位描述定位和操纵这些量与数学不同的坐标系统。发展良好的技能有关的位置和旋转的描述甚至在刚体机器人领域是非常有用的。

运动学是科学的运动，对运动不考虑力这导致它。在运动学的科学研究，一个位置，速度，加速度，和所有的高阶导数的位置变量（相对于时间或任何其他变量（S））。因此，机械手的运动学研究是指所有的运动的几何和时间特性。机械手包括近刚性连接，这是由关节连接允许相邻链接的相对运动。这些节点通常仪表有位置传感器，使邻近的链接是相对位置测量。在旋转或旋转接头的情况下，这些位移被称为关节角度。一些机器人包含滑动（或棱镜）连接，其中之间的联系相对位移是一个翻译，有时也被称为联合偏移量。机械手具有数独立的位置的变量会被指定为定位该机制的所有部分。这是一个总称，任何机制。为例如，一个四连杆机构只有一个自由度（即使有三运动的成员）。在典型的工业机器人的情况下，因为机器人通常是一个开放的运动链，因为每个关节的位置通常定义一个变量，节点的数目等于自由度。

在链接组成的机械手的末端执行器的自由端链。根据机器人的应用，末端执行器可以是一个抓手，焊枪，电磁铁，或其他装置。我们一般通过描述工具的框架描述的机械手的位置，这是连接到端部执行器，相对于底座，所对移动机械手的基础。在机械操作的研究一个非常基本的问题就是了运动学。这是计算的位置的静态几何问题机械手的末端定位。具体而言，给定一组关节角，正向运动学问题是计算位置和方向工具架相对于底座。有时，我们认为这是改变从关节空间描述为一个机械手位置的表示笛卡尔空间的描述。“这个问题将在3章探讨。在4章中，我们将考虑的逆运动学问题。这个问题提出了如下：给出了末端执行器的位置和方向机械手，计算所有可能的关节角度，可以用来实现这个给定的位置和方向。（见图1.7。）这是一个根本性的问题机械手的实际应用。这是一个相当复杂的几何问题，常规的解决在人类和其他生物系统时间每天成千上万。在一个案例像一个机器人仿真系统，我们需要创建的控制算法计算机可以使这个计算。在某些方面，这个问题的解决方案是在操作系统中最重要的元素。

这是一个相当复杂的几何问题，常规的解决在人类和其他生物系统时间每天成千上万。在一个案例像一个机器人仿真系统，我们需要创建的控制算法计算机可以使这个计算。在某些方面，这个问题的解决方案是在操作系统中最重要的元素。

我们可以把这个问题作为一个映射在三维笛卡尔的“位置”空间的“位置”在机器人的关节内的空间。这需要自然会出现每当目标外部三维空间指定的坐标。一些早期的机器人缺乏这种算法，他们只是转移（有时用手）所需的的位置，然后被记录为一组共同的值（即，作为一个位置关节空间）用于以后回放。显然，如果机器人用纯粹的模式记录和关节的位置和运动的播放，没有算法有关的关节空间的笛卡尔空间是必要的。然而，是罕见的工业机器人，缺乏基本的逆运动学算法。逆运动学问题不是简单的正向运动学一个。由 于运动方程是非线性的，他们的解决方案并不总是容易（甚至可能在一个封闭的形式）。同时，对存在的问题解和多解的出现。这些问题的研究提供了一个欣赏什么人的心灵神经系统是实现当我们，似乎没有有意识的思考，移动和我们的双臂和双手操作的对象。一个解的存在或不存在的定义工作区一个给定的机械手。一个解决方案的缺乏意味着机械手不能达到所需的位置和方向，因为它在机械手的外工作区。

除了处理静态定位问题，我们不妨分析机器人的运动。通常，在执行机构的速度分析，它是方便的定义一个矩阵的数量称为机械手的雅可比矩阵.指定的速度雅可比矩阵在笛卡尔从关节空间的速度映射空间。（见图1.8。）这种映射配置的自然变化机械手的变化。在某些点，称为奇点，这映射是不使转化。这一现象的理解是设计师和用户的重要机械手。

附图：

图1.5 坐标系统或“帧”连接到机械手环境中的物体

图1.6运动学方程描述刀具架相对于底座作为一个联合变量的函数

图1.7 对于一个给定的位置和方向的工具框架，值为关节变量可以通过逆运动学计算

图1.8 联合率和速度之间几何关系端部执行器可以在一个矩阵描述了所谓的雅可比矩阵

3、标识符号

符号一直是科学和工程问题。在这本书中，我们使用以下公约： 第一、通常，大写变量表示的向量或矩阵。小写的变量的标量。第二、尾标使用（如被广泛接受的）指示逆或转置矩阵。

第三、尾标不受严格的公约，但可能表明向量的组件（例如，X，Y，Z）或可用于述在PBO / P一个螺栓的位置。

第四、我们将使用许多三角函数，我们为一个余弦符号角E1可以采用下列方式：因

为E1 = CE1 = C1。

在一般的矢量符号注：许多力学教材处理矢量在一个非常抽象的层次上的数量和经常使用向量定义相对于在表达不同的坐标系统。最明显的例子是，除了向量是给定的或已知的相对于不同的参考系。这是通常很方便，导致结构紧凑，有优雅的公式。为例如，考虑角速度，在串联连接的最后一次身体°W4 '四刚体（如机械手的链接）相对的固定座链。由于角速度矢量相加，我们可以写一个非常简单的向量的最后环节的角速度方程：

然而，除非这些量是相对于一个共同的坐标表示系统，他们不能总结，所以，虽然优雅，方程（1.1）隐藏大部分的“工作”的计算。为研究个案机械手，这样的陈述，（1.1）隐藏簿记的工作坐标系统，这往往是我们需要实践的想法。因此，在这本书中，我们把符号参考框架向量，我们不要和载体，除非他们在同一坐标系统。在这种方式中，我们推导出的表达式，解决“记账”问题可直接应用于实际的数值计算。

总结

机器人是典型的机电一体化装置，它综合运用了机械与精密机械、微电子与计算机、自动控制与驱动、传感器与信息处理以及人工智能等多学科的最新研究成果，随着经济的发展和各行各业对自动化程度要求的提高，机器人技术得到了迅速发展，出现了各种各样的机器人产品。机器人产品的实用化，既解决了许多单靠人力难以解决的实际问题，又促进了工业自动化的进程。目前，由于机器人的研制和开发涉及多方面的技术，系统结构复杂，开发和研制的成本普遍较高，在某种程度上限制了该项技术的广泛应用，因此，研制经济型、实用化、高可靠性机器人系统具有广泛的社会现实意义和经济价值。在完成机械结构和驱动系统设计的基础上，对物料抓取机械手运动学和动力学进行了分析。运动学分析是路径规划和轨迹控制的基础，对操作臂进行了运动学正、逆问题的分析可以完成操作空间位置和速度向驱动空间的映射，采用齐次坐标变换法得到了操作臂末端位置和姿态随关节夹角之间的变换关系，采用几何法分析了操作臂的逆向运动学方程求解问题，对控制系统设计提供了理论依据。机器人动力学是研究物体的运动和作用力之间的关系的科学，研究的目的是为了满足是实时性控制的需要，本文用通俗易懂的语言为我们介绍了工业机器人的相关力学与控制的知识，为我们以后的研究方向指明了道路。机器人的研究是一门非常复杂的学问，为了深入去探究它的方方面面，就需要不断的去学习，正所谓路漫漫其修远兮，吾将上下而求索。

第三篇：3自由度工业机器人(外文翻译)

动态优化的一种新型高速，高精度的三自由度机械手

①

彭兰（兰朋）②，鲁南立，孙立宁，丁倾永

(机械电子工程学院，哈尔滨理工学院，哈尔滨 150001，中国)(Robotics Institute。Harbin Institute of Technology，Harbin 150001，P。R。China)

摘要

介绍了一种动态优化三自由度高速、高精度相结合，直接驱动臂平面并联机构和线性驱动器，它可以提高其刚度进行了动力学分析软件ADAMS仿真模拟环境中，进行仿真模拟实验.设计调查是由参数分析工具完成处理的，分析了设计变量的近似的敏感性，包括影响参数的每道光束截面和相对位置的线性驱动器上的性能.在适当的方式下，模型可以获得一个轻量级动态优化和小变形的参数。一个平面并联机构不同截面是用来改进机械手的.结果发生明显的改进后的系统动力学仿真分析和另一个未精制一个几乎是几乎相等.但刚度的改进的质量大大降低，说明这种方法更为有效的。

关键词: 机械手、ADAMS、优化、动力学仿真

0 简介

并联结构机械手（PKM）是一个很有前途的机器操作和装配的电子装置，因为他们有一些明显的优势，例如：串行机械手的高负荷承载能力，良好的动态性能和精确定位的优点等.一种新型复合3一DOF臂的优点和串行机械手，也是并联机构为研究对象，三自由度并联机器人是少自由度并联机器人的重要类型。三自由度并联机器人由于结构简单，控制相对容易，价格便宜等优点，具有很好的应用前景。但由于它们比六自由度并联机器人更复杂的运动特性，增加了这类机构型综合的难度，因此对三自由度并联机器人进行型综合具有理论意义和实际价值。本文利用螺旋理论对三自由度并联机器人进行型综合，以总结某些规律，进一步丰富型综合理论，并为新机型的选型提供理论依据，以下对其进行阐述。

如图-1所示 机械手组成的平面并联机构(PPM)包括平行四边形结构和线性驱动器安装在PPM.两直接驱动电机c整合交流电高分辨率编码器的一部分作为驱动平面并联机械装置.线型致动器驱动的声音线圈发动机.这被认为是理想的驱动短行程的一部分.作为一个非换直接驱动类，音圈电机可以提供高位置敏感和完美的力量与中风的角色，高精密线性编码作为回馈部分保证在垂直方向可重复性。

另一方面，该产品具有较高的刚度比串行机械手，因为它的特点和低封闭环惯性转矩。同时，该系统可以克服了柔性耦合力学弹性、齿轮、轴承、被撕咬支持，连接轴和其他零件，包括古典驱动设备，因此该机械手是更容易得到动力学性能好、精度高。

图-1 3自由度的混合结构的机械手

当长度的各个环节的平面并联机时，构决定于运动学分析和综合[4-7]，机械优化设计的首要任务，应加大僵硬、降低质量.关于几个参数模型.这是它重要和必要的影响，研究了各参数对模型表现以进一步优化。本文就开展设计研究工具，通过参数分析亚当斯，又要适当的方式来获得一个轻量级的优化和小变形系统。仿真模型

ADAMS(Automatic Dynamic Analysis 0f Mechanical System)自动机械系统动力学分析是一个完美的软件，对机械系统动力学模拟可处理机制包括有刚性和灵活的部分，仿真模型可以创造出机械手的亚当斯环境 如图-2。OXYz是全球性的参考帧，并OXYz局部坐标系，两个直流驱动电机、交流和02M O1A表示，与线性驱动器CH被视为刚性转子转动惯量电机传动的120kg/cm2。大众的线性驱动器是1.5kg，连接AB、德、03F和LJ被视为柔性体立柱、横梁GK，通用公司和公里，形成一个三角形，也被当作柔性传动长度的链接是决定提前运动学设计为AB =O3F = 7cm，DE=IJ=7cm，GK= 7cm，GM =11.66cm，= 8.338cm。其它维度，这个数字是01A = 02M =7cm，CB=CD=HJ 2.5cm。EF=EG=JK= 3cm。

虽然总平面并联机构的运动都是在水平、垂直和水平刚度必须在竖向刚度特征通常低于水平僵硬，因为它的角色在垂直悬臂梁的截面尺寸计算每一束平面并联机构和相对位置的线性驱动器是两个非常僵硬的影响因素的系统。

运动支链可分为三类：“主动链（由驱动器赋予确定独立运动的支链。一般是单驱动器控制一个自由度的运动），从动链（不带驱动器、被迫作确定运动的支链。又分为以下两种：约束链：独立限制机构自由度的从动链。冗余链：重复限制机构自由度的从动链）复合链（有单驱动器、但限制一个以上的机构自由度的支链，实际是主动链与约束链的组合）-并联机构是由这几种支链用不同形式组合起来的。动链中的约束链除了可以提高机构刚度和作为测量链外，其更主要的作用是用来约束动平台的某一个或几个自由度，以使其实现预期的运动。

图-2 仿真模型 仿真模拟结果

在本节中，平均位移的末端是用来描述动态刚度，这是在不同的配置在不同的线性驱动器向前，从最初的位置的目的地，一般的竖向位移的机械手是作为目标来研究竖向刚度，平均差别的横坐标、纵坐标点之间有一个刚性数学模型，模型，作为目标来研究水平刚度。

并联机器人的构型设计即型综合是并联机器人设计的首要环节，其目的是在给定所需自由度和运动要求条件下，寻求并联机构杆副配置、驱动方式和总体布局等的各种可能组合。国内的许多学者正致力于这方面的研究，其中比较有代表性的有如下几种方法：”黄真为代表的约束综合法；杨廷力等人的结构综合法；代表的李代数综合法。以上各种方法自成体系，各有特点，都缺乏理论的完备性。本文提出添加约束法，是从限制自由度的角度出发，增加约束，去除不需要的自由度，因每条主动链只有一个驱动装置，让其控制一个自由度，其余自由度通过纯约束链去除，这样可以使主、从动运动链的作用分离，运动解耦，有利于控制。具有三自由度的并联机床，当采用条主动支链作为驱动时，机构就需要约束另三个自由度，通过选择无驱动装置的从动链来完成，则整个机构成为有确定运动的三自由度的并联机构。黄真等提出的约束综合法对完全对称的少自由度并联机器人机构进行了型综合，完全对称的支链结构相同，都属于复合链，每条支链除都有一个单驱动器，控制一个自由度外，还应约束一个以上自由度才能使机构的六个自由度全部受控，使机构有确定的运动。

2.1 截面效应

扭转变形位移的连结将会引起的，所以，扭转常数的横截面，重力是研究装系统来研究，采取扭转刚度的垂直切片lxx不变的各个环节和梁作为设计变量的变化，从 0.1 x 105mm4 与 3.5 x 105 mm4。

图-3 不断的效果在垂直变形扭转

图-3显示了平均位移与截面扭转常数末端的各个环节和梁，根据它的变化速率的环节，是最大的，AB是链接，LJ依次分别GK梁和KM有在竖向刚度性能。其他的仿真结果表明，水平位移之间的差异进行比较，结果表明该模型体育智力H和刚性模型变化小就改变了恒定不变的时候扭加载惯性力的线性驱动器，但是水平位移的变化，这意味着在这种模拟竖向变形的生产水平位移系统机械手。注意端面线性驱动器的主要原因是水平变形、线性驱动器机器人是由两个节点C和H.所以，我们计算了不同的Z-coordinate摄氏度之间，如图所示，在图4-扭转常数的影响差别的链接德。其次是最有效的通用和连接梁，连接O3F，梁GK有效果。

因此，应采取AB和连接区段大扭常数的免疫力，竖向刚度较大并行扭转不变的链接德也使较少的均匀性，降低线性驱动器不可以降低水平变形。

图-4 在不影响扭不变

如图-

5、6所展示的影响是区域惯性转矩的设计变量是区域刚度和惯性转矩的各个环节和梁lz，图显示增加lw卡尔减少的速度高于垂直位移的不断增加Ixx扭转。这个Yxx AB、梁的链接，链接O3F是Iyy三个主要因素决定了竖向刚度。

图-6 所示 链接的AB、梁公里，连接03F也是其中的三个主要因素决定的均匀性线性传动装置、不同的分析结果表明，Izz效果好，具有至少两个垂直和水平刚度，这意味着这种结构，具有足够的水平，降低Izz刚度的链接和增加Iyy AB、梁的链接，链接O3F公里的好方法，优化系统。

图-5 瞬间的惯性效应对垂直位移

图-6 转动惯量不平衡的影响

2.2影响的线性驱动器的相对位置

线性执行器的惯性是主要载荷之一，在机械手的运动，不同的相对应的垂直位置产生不同的变形，图7显示了绝对平均的最终效应垂直位移时驱动马达以恒定的加速度旋转，我们可以看到，过低或过高的相对位置会造成比格变形，最好的位置是一对Z = 24毫米的地方大概是从中间环节连接O3F到 AB.图-7

影响线性驱动器的相对位置

分析改进的机械手

根据上述模拟结果，所有改进的机械手的设计，时间如下：链接截面AB，DE，lJ 与30mm的基础和高度，10毫米的厚度;链接O3F和矩形空心梁与30mm的基础和高度工型钢，l0mm法兰和6mm网;梁竞，通用汽车与8mm的坚实基础和30mm高的矩形。

图-8 梯形运动姿态

图-9中回应的是机械手，相比之下，图-10中提高初始的反应，在其中所有的链接和机械手的矩形截面梁的坚实基础，用30毫米，高度的差异是曲线，C和H的曲线积分，二是垂直位移的末端，改进系统中最大位移0.7Um最初的0.12Um相比，争论的振动激励后仍停留在O.06Um±0.15% s±O.05Um相比的初始变形改善系统的初始小于前者具有较少的惯性，因为在相同的步伐不断加快，保持振动瓣膜差不多一样，它对这整个系统中来说，仍然改善系统的刚度，几乎相当于初始制度，针对大规模的平面并联机构在该系统相比下降了30%，这样的初始优化是有效的。

图-9、图-10 动态响应

结论

本文设计了一种新型三自由度机械手变量的敏感性进行了研究在ADAMS环境中，可以得出以下结论：

1）机器人具有较大的水平刚度，最终水平位移，效应主要是由机械手垂直变形造成的，因此，更重要的是增加的幅度比刚度竖向刚度。

2）参数Ixx，Iyy并链接'截面刚度Izz有不同的效应，Iyy已经对垂直刚度的影响最大，Ixx在第二位的是，Ixx具有在垂直刚度的影响最小，他们都较少对水平比垂直刚度刚度。3）横截面的不同环节都有不同的影响，连线竖向刚度AB和德应该使用区扭转常数和惯性力矩大，如变形、长方形、横梁KM，线 03F应该使用区段形梁等重大时刻转动惯量、横梁GK，和GM 可以使用尽可能的一小部分，从而降低了质量。4）最佳的线性驱动器的相对位置可以减少变形，最好的位置是垂直的平行结构。5）改进的机械手的动态分析表明该优化设计方法研究的基础上的效率。

参考文献

[

l

]

Dasgupta B，Mmthyunjayab T S。The Stewart platform manipulator：a review。Mechat~m and Machine Theory，200o。35(1)：15—40

[ ] Xi F，Zhang D，Xu Z，et al。A comparative study on tripod u ts for machine Lo0ls。Intemational Journal of Machine TooLs&Manufacture，2003，43(7)：721—730

[ ]

Zhang D，Gosselin C M。Kinetostatic analysis and optimization of the Tricept machine tool family。In：Proceedings of Year 2000 Parallel Kinematic Machines International Conference，Ann Arbor，Michigan，2001，174—188 [ ]

Gosselin C M，Angeles J。A globe preference index for the kinematic optimum of robotic manipulator。ASME Journal of Mechanical，l991，113(3)：220—226 [ ]

Gao F，I，iuX J，GruverW A。Performance evaluation of two-degree-of-freedom planar parallel robots。Mechanism and Machine Theory，l998，33(6)：661-668

[ ] Huang T，Li M，Li Z X，et al。Optimal kinematic design of 2-DOF oaralel manipulator with well shahed workspace bounded by a specified conditioning index IEEE Transactions of Robot and Automation，2004，20，(3)：538—543 [ ] Gosselin C M，Wang J。singularity loci ofplanarparallel manipulator with revoluted actuators。Robotics and Autonomousm，1997，2l(4)：377 398 [ ] Yiu Y K，Cheng H，Xiong Z H，et al。on the dvnamies of Parallel Mmfipulators Proc。Of

IEEE Inemational conference on Robotics& Automation。20o1。3766 3771 [ ] Chakarov D。Study ofthe antagoni~ie stifness of parallel manipulators with actuation redundancy。Mechanism and Machine

Theory，2004，39(6)：583—60l [ 10 ] Shab~a A A。Dynamics of Multibody systems。Cambridge：Cambridge university press，l998。270-3 l0

第四篇：工业机器人的发展外文翻译

The development of industrial robots

Industrial robot is a robot, it consists of a CaoZuoJi.Controller.Servo drive system and detection sensor device composition, it is a kind of humanoid operating automatic control, can repeat programming, can finish all kinds of assignments in three difficulties in authorship space the electromechanical integration automation production equipment, especially suitable for many varieties, become batch flexible production.It to stabilize and improve the product quality, raise efficiency in production, improve working conditions of the rapid renewal plays an extremely important role.Widely used industrial robots can gradually improve working conditions, stronger and controllable production capacity, speed up product updating and upgrading.Improve production efficiency and guarantee the quality of its products, eliminate dull work, save labor, provide a safe working environment, reduces the labor intensity, and reduce labor risk, improve the machine tool, reduce the workload and reduce process production time and inventory, enhance the competitiveness of enterprises.As technology advances, the development of industrial robot, the process can be divided into three generations--generation, for demonstration reproduce, and it mainly consists of robot hand controller and demonstration teaching machines composed, can press advance box to record information guide action, the current industry repeated reappearance application of execution most.The second to feel robot, such as powerful sleep touch and vision, it has for some outside information feedback adjustment ability, currently has entered the application stage.Third generation of intelligent robot it has sense and understanding ability, in the external environment for the working environment changed circumstances, can also successfully complete the task, it is still in the experimental research phase.The United States is the birthplace of the robot, as early as in 1961, America's ConsolidedControlCorp and AMF companies developed the first practical demonstration emersion robot.After 40 years of development, the United States in the world of robotics has been in the lead position.Still Its technology comprehensive, advanced, adaptability is strong.Japan imported from America in 1967, the first robot in 1976 later, with the rapid development of the microelectronics and the market demand has increased dramatically, Japan was labor significant deficiencies in

enterprise, industrial robots by “savior”'s welcome, make its Japanese industrial robots get fast development, the number of now whether robots or robot densities are top of the world, known as the “robot kingdom,” said.The robot introduced from Germany time than Britain and Sweden about late 1956, but the Labour shortages caused by war, national technical level is higher social environment, but for the development and application of industrial robot provides favorable conditions.In addition, in Germany, for some dangerous prescribed, poisonous or harmful jobs, robot instead of ordinary people to the labor.This is the use of robots exploit a wide range of markets, and promote the development of the industrial robot technology.At present, the German industrial robots total of the world, which only behind to Japan.The French government has been more important robot technology, and through a series of research program, support established a complete science and technology system, make the development of the French robot smoothly.In government organization project, pay special attention to the robot research based technique, the focus is on the application research on in robot.And by industry support the development application and development of work, both supplement each other, make robots in France enterprises develop rapidly and popularize and make France in the international industrial machine with indispensable if position.British jamie since the late 1970s, promote and implement a department measures listed support the development of policies and make robots British industrial robots than today's robot powers started to early, and once in Japan has made the early brilliance.However, at this time the government for industrial robots implemented the constraining errors.This mistake in Britain dust, the robot industry in Western Europe was almost in the bottom of it.In recent years, Italy, Sweden, Spain, Finland, Denmark and other countries because of its own domestic robots market in great demand, development at a very fast pace.At present, the international on industrial robot company mainly divided into Japanese and European series.In AnChuan of Japanese are mainly the ethical products, the oTC, panasonic, FANLUC, not two more, etc.The products of the company kawasaki The main Asiatic KUKA, German CLOOS, Sweden's ABB, Italy CO work pelatiah U and Austria GM company.Industrial robot in China started in early 1970s, after 30 years development, roughly experienced three stages: in the 1970s and 1980s budding transplanter and the application of the 1990s initialization period.With the 20th century 70's world technology rapid development, the application of industrial robots in world created a climax, in this context, our country in 1972 start developing their industrial robots.Enter after the 1980s, with the further reform and opening, in high technology waves pound, our research and development of robot technology from the government's attention and support, “during the seventh state funds, thanked the parts were set robot and research, completed demonstration emersion type industrial robot complete technology development, developed spray paint, welding, arc welding and handling robot., the national high technology research and development program begin to carry out, after several years research and made a large number of scientific research.Successfully developed a batch of special robot.From 9O 2O century since the early, China's national economy achieve two fundamental period of transformation into a a new round of economic restructuring and technological progress, China's industrial robots upsurge in practice and have made strides, and have developed spot welding, welding, assembling, paint, cutting, handling, palletizing etc various USES of industrial robot, and implement a batch of robot application engineering, formed a batch of industrial robots for our country industrialization base, the industrial robot soar laid a foundation.But compared with the developed countries, China also has the very big disparity of industrial robots.Along with the development of industrial robot depth and the breadth and raise the level of robot, industrial robots are has been applied in many fields.From the traditional automobile manufacturing sector to the manufacturing extensions.Such as mining robots, building robots and hydropower system used for maintenance robots, etc.In defense of military, medicine and health, food processing and life service areas such as the application of industrial robots will be more and more.The manufacturing of automobiles is a technology and capital intensive industry, is also the most widely used of industrial robots, accounting for almost to the industry for more than half of the industrial robots.In China, the industrial robot first is also used in automobile and engineering machinery industries.In car production of industrial robot is a major in the equipment, the brake parts and whole production of arc welding, spot welding, painting, handling, glue, stamping process used in large amounts.Our country is forecast to rise period, entered the automobile ownership in the next few years, car will still growing at around 15 percent annually.So the next few years the industrial robot demand will show high growth trend, about 50% in growth, industrial robots in our automobile industry application will get a rapid development.Industrial robot in addition to the wide application of in the automotive industry in electronic, food processing, nonmetal processing, daily consumer goods and wood furniture processing industries for

industrial robots demand is growing rapidly.In Asia, 2005 72,600 sets, installation industrial robots, compared with 2004 grew by 40%, and application in electronic industry accounted for about 31%.In Europe, according to statistics, since 2004 and 2005 in l: tI industry robot in the food processing industry increased 17% the application of left and right sides, in the application of nonmetal processing industry increased 20%, and daily necessities in consumption industries increased by 32% in wood furniture processing industry, up 18% or so.Industrial robot in oil has a wide application in, such as sea oil drilling, oil platforms, pipeline detection, refinery, large oil tank and tank welding etc all can use robots to complete.In the next few years, sensing technology, laser technology, engineering network technology will be widely used in industrial robots work areas, these technologies can cause the industrial robot application more efficient, high quality, lower cost.It is predicted that future robots will in medical and health care, biological technology and industry, education, relief, ocean exploitation, machine maintenance, transportation and agriculture and aquatic products applied field.In China, the industrial robot market share are mostly foreign industrial robots enterprise holds.Before the gunman in the international, domestic industrial robots enterprise facing great pressure of competition.Now China is from a ”manufacturing power“ to ”manufacturing power forward,“ Chinese manufacturing industry faces and the international community, participate in the international division of labor in the great challenge of industrial automation increase immediate, government must can increase the funds for robots and policy support, will give the industry of industrial robots development into new momentum.With independent brand ”devil robot" MoShi special technology company dedicated to providing solutions to the mainboard and robot, is willing with all my colleagues a build domestic industrial robot happy tomorrow!

References Electronic Measurement and Intrumenttations,Cambridge University Press,1996

工业机器人的发展

工业机器人是机器人的一种，它由操作机．控制器．伺服驱动系统和检测传感器装置构成，是一种仿人操作自动控制，可重复编程，能在三难空间完成各种作业的机电一体化的自动化生产设备，特别适合于多品种，变批量柔性生产。它对稳定和提高产品质量，提高生产效率，改善劳动条件的快速更新换代起着十分重要作用。

广泛的应用工业机器人，可以逐步改善劳动条件，更强与可控的生产能力，加快产品更新换代。提高生产效率和保证产品质量，消除枯燥无味的工作，节约劳动力，提供更安全的工作环境，降低工人的劳动强度，减少劳动风险，提高机床，减少工艺过程中的工作量及降低停产时间和库存，提高企业竞争力。

随着科技的不断进步，工业机器人的发展过程可分为三代，第—代，为示教再现型机器人，它主要由机器手控制器和示教盒组成，可按预先引导动作记录下信息重复再现执行，当前工业中应用最多。第二代为感觉型机器人，如有力觉触觉和视觉等，它具有对某些外界信息进行反馈调整的能力，目前已进入应用阶段。第三代为智能型机器人它具有感知和理解外部环境的能力，在工作环境改变的情况下，也能够成功地完成任务，它尚处于实验研究阶段。

美国是机器人的诞生地，早在1961年，美国的ConsolidedControlCorp和AMF公司联合研制了第一台实用的示教再现机器人。经过40多年的发展，美国的机器人技术在国际上仍一直处于领先地位。其技术全面、先进，适应性也很强。

日本在1967年从美国引进第一台机器人，1976年以后，随着微电子的快速发展和市场需求急剧增加，日本当时劳动力显著不足，工业机器人在企业里受到了“救世主”般的欢迎，使其日本工业机器人得到快速发展，现在无论机器人的数量还是机器人的密度都位居世界第一，素有“机器人王国”之称。德国引进机器人的时间比英国和瑞典大约晚了五六年，但战争所导致的劳动力短缺，国民的技术水平较高等社会环境，却为工业机器人的发展、应用提供了有利条件。此外，在德国规定，对于一些危险、有毒、有害的工作岗位，必须以机器人来代替普通人的劳动。这为机器人的应用开拓了广泛的市场，并推动了工业机器人技术的发展。目前，德国工业机器人的总数占世界第二位，仅次于日本。

法国政府一直比较重视机器人技术，通过大力支持一系列研究计划，建立了一个完整的科学技术体系，使法国机器人的发展比较顺利。在政府组织的项目中，特别注重机器人基础技术方面的研究，把重点放在开展机器人的应用研究上。而由工业界支持开展应用和开发方面的工作，两者相辅相成，使机器人在法国企业界得以迅速发展和普及，从而使法国在国际工业机器人界拥有不可或缺的一席之地。

英国纪70年代末开始，推行并实施了一系措施列支持机器人发展的政策，使英国工业机器人起步比当今的机器人大国日本还要早，并曾经取得了早期的辉煌。然而，这时候政府对工业机器人实行了限制发展的错误。这个错误导致英国的机器人工业一蹶不振，在西欧几乎处于末位。近些年，意大利、瑞典、西班牙、芬兰、丹麦等国家由于自身国内机器人市场的大量需求，发展速度非常迅速。目前，国际上的工业机器人公司主要分为日系和欧系。日系中主要有安川、oTC、松下、FANLUC、不二越、川崎等公司的产品。欧系中主要有德国的KUKA、CLOOS、瑞典的ABB、意大利的CO毗U及奥地利的工GM公司。

我国工业机器人起步于20世纪70年代初期，经过30多年发展，大致经历

了3个阶段：70年代萌芽期，80年代的开发期和90年代的应用化期。随着20世纪70年代世界科技快速发展，工业机器人的应用在世界掀起了一个高潮，在这种背景下，我国于1972年开始研制自己的工业机器人。进入20世纪80年代后，随着改革开放的不断深入，在高技术浪潮的冲击下，我国机器人技术的开发与研究得到了政府的重视与支持，“七五”期间，国家投入资金，对工定机器人及零部件进行攻关，完成了示教再现式工业机器人成套技术的开发，研制出了喷漆，点焊，弧焊和搬运机器人。，国家高技术研究发展计划开始实施，经过几年研究，取得了一大批科研成果。成功地研制出了一批特种机器人。

从2O世纪9O年代初期起，我国的国民经济进入实现两个根本转变期，掀起了新一轮的经济体制改革和技术进步热潮，我国的工业机器人又在实践中迈进了一大步，先后研制了点焊，弧焊，装配，喷漆，切割，搬运，码垛等各种用途的工业机器人，并实施了一批机器人应用工程，形成了一批工业机器人产业化基地，为我国机器人产业的腾飞奠定了基础。但是与发达国家相比，我国工业机器人还有很大差距。

随着工业机器人发展的深度和广度以及机器人智能水平的提高，工业机器人已在众多领域得到了应用。从传统的汽车制造领域向非制造领域延伸。如采矿机器人、建筑业机器人以及水电系统用于维护维修的机器人等。在国防军事、医疗卫生、食品加工、生活服务等领域工业机器人的应用也越来越多。汽车制造是一个技术和资金高度密集的产业，也是工业机器人应用最广泛的行业，几乎占到整个工业机器人的一半以上。在我国，工业机器人最初也是应用于汽车和工程机械行业中。在汽车生产中工业机器人是一种主要的制动化设备，在整车及零部件生产的弧焊、点焊、喷涂、搬运、涂胶、冲压等工艺中大量使用。据预测我国正在进入汽车拥有率上升时期，在未来几年里，汽车仍将每年15％左右的速度增长。所以未来几年工业机器人的需求将会呈现出高速增长趋势，年增幅达到50％左右，工业机器人在我国汽车行业的应用将得到快速发展。

工业机器人除了在汽车行业的广泛应用，在电子，食品加工，非金属加工，日用消费品和木材家具加工等行业对工业机器人的需求也快速增长。在亚洲，2005年安装工业机器人72，600台，与2004年相比，增长了40％，而应用在电子行业的就占了31％左右。在欧洲地区，据统计2005年与2004年相l：tI业机器人在食品加工行业的应用增长了17％左右，在非金属加工行业的应用增长了20％左右，在日用品消费行业增长了32％，在木材家具加工行业增长了18％左右。工业机器人在石油方面也有广泛的应用，如海上石油钻井、采油平台、管道的检测、炼油厂、大型油罐和储罐的焊接等均可使用机器人来完成。在未来几年，传感技术，激光技术，工程网络技术将会被广泛应用在工业机器人工作领域，这些技术会使工业机器人的应用更为高效，高质，运行成本低。据预测，今后机器人将在医疗、保健、生物技术和产业、教育、救灾、海洋开发、机器维修、交通运输和农业水产等领域得到应用。

在我国，工业机器人市场份额大部分被国外工业机器人企业占据着。在国际强手面前，国内的工业机器人企业面临着相当大的竞争压力。如今我国正从一个“制造大国”向“制造强国”迈进，中国制造业面临着与国际接轨、参与国际分工的巨大挑战，对我国工业自动化的提高迫在眉睫，政府务必会加大对机器人的资金投入和政策支持，将会给工业机器人产业发展注入新的动力。拥有自主品牌“妖怪机器人”的莫士特科技公司致力于提供机器人主板和解决方案，愿与各界同仁一道打造国产工业机器人的美好明天！

第五篇：机器人外文翻译

沈阳航空工业学院学士学位论文

机 器 人

工业机器人是在生产环境中以提高生产效率的工具，它能做常规乏味的装配线工作，或能做那些对于工人来说是危险的工作，例如，第一代工业机器人是用来在 核电站中更换核燃料棒，如果人去做这项工作，将会遭受有害的放射线的辐射。工业机器人亦能工作在装配线上将小元件装配到一起，如将电子元件安放在电路印制板，这样，工人就能从这项乏味的常规工作中解放出来。机器人也能按程序要求用来拆除炸弹，辅助残疾人，在社会的很多应用场合下履行职能。

机器人可以认为是将手臂末端的工具、传感器和（或）手爪移到程序指定位置的一种机器。当机器人到达位置后，它将执行某种任务。这些任务可以是焊接、密封、机器装料、拆卸以及装配工作。除了编程以及系统的开停之外，一般来说这些工作可以在无人干预下完成。如下叙述的是机器人系统基本术语：

1.机器人是一个可编程、多功能的机械手，通过给要完成的不同任务编制各种动作，它可以移动零件、材料、工具以及特殊装置。这个基本定义引导出后续段落的其他定义，从而描绘出一个完整的机器人系统。

2.预编程位置点是机器人为完成工作而必须跟踪的轨迹。在某些位

沈阳航空工业学院学士学位论文

置点上机器人将停下来做某些操作，如装配零件、喷涂油漆或焊接。这些预编程点贮存在机器人的贮存器中，并为后续的连续操作所调用，而且这些预编程点想其他程序数据一样，可在日后随工作需要而变化。因而，正是这种编程的特征，一个工业机器 人很像一台计算机，数据可在这里储存、后续调用与编译。

3.机器手是机器人的手臂，它使机器人能弯曲、延伸和旋转，提供这些运动的是机器手的轴，亦是所谓的机器人的自由度。一个机器人能有3~16轴，自由度一词总是与机器人轴数相关。

4.工具和手爪不是机器人自身组成部分，但它们是安装在机器人手臂末端的附件。这些连在机器人手臂末端的附件可使机器人抬起工件、点焊、刷漆、电弧焊、钻孔、打毛刺以及根据机器人的要求去做各种各样的工作。

5.机器人系统还可以控制机器人的工作单元，工作单元是机器人执行任务所处的整体环境，该单元包括控制器、机械手、工作平台、安全保护装置或者传输装置。所有这些为保证机器人完成自己任务而必须的装置都包括在这一工作单元中。另外，来自外设的信号与机器人通讯，通知机器人何时装配工件、取工件或放工件到传输装置上。机器人系统有三个基本部件：机械手、控制器和动力源。

A.机械手

沈阳航空工业学院学士学位论文

机械手做机器人系统中粗重工作，它包括两个部分：机构与附件，机械手也用联接附件基座，图21-1表示了一机器人基座与附件之间的联接情况。

机械手基座通常固定在工作区域的地基上，有时基座也可以移动，在这种情况下基座安装在导轨回轨道上，允许机械手从一个位置移到另外一个位置。

正如前面所提到的那样，附件从机器人基座上延伸出来，附件就是机器人的手臂，它可以是直动型，也可以是轴节型手臂，轴节型手臂也是大家所知的关节型手臂。

机械臂使机械手产生各轴的运动。这些轴连在一个安装基座上，然后再连到拖架上，拖架确保机械手停留在某一位置。

在手臂的末端上，连接着手腕（图21-1），手腕由辅助轴和手腕凸缘组成，手腕是让机器人用户在手腕凸缘上安装不同的工具来做不同的工作。

机械手的轴使机械手在某一区域内执行任务，我们将这个区域为机器人的工作单元，该区域的大小与机械手的尺寸相对应，图21-2列举了一个典型装配机器人的工作单元。随着机器人机械结构尺寸的增加，工作单元的范围也必须相应的增加。

机械手的运动有执行元件或驱动系统来控制。执行元件或驱动系统

沈阳航空工业学院学士学位论文

允许各轴力经机构转变为机械能，驱动系统与机械传动链相匹配。由链、齿轮和滚珠丝杠组成的机械传动链驱动着机器人的各轴。

B.控制器

机器人控制器是工作单元的核心。控制器储存着预编程序供后续调用、控制外设，及与厂内计算机进行通讯以满足产品更新的需要。

控制器用于控制机械手运动和在工作单元内控制机器人外设。用户可通过手持的示教盒将机械手运动的程序编入控制器。这些信息储存在控制器的储存器中以备后续调用，控制器储存了机器人系统的所有编程数据，它能储存几个不同的程序，并且所有这些程序均能编辑。

控制器要求能够在工作单元内与外设进行通信。例如控制器有一个输入端，它能标识某个机加工操作何时完成。当该加工循环完成后，输入端接通，告诉控制器定位机械手以便能抓取已加工工件，随后，机械手抓取一未加工件，将其放置在机床上。接着，控制器给机床发出开始加工的信号。

控制器可以由根据事件顺序而步进的机械式轮鼓组成，这种类型的控制器可用在非常简单的机械系统中。用于大多数机器人系统中的控制器代表现代电子学的水平，是更复杂的装置，即它们是由微处理器操纵的。这些微处理器可以是8位、16位或32位处理器。它们可以使得控制器在操作过程中显得非常柔性。

沈阳航空工业学院学士学位论文

控制器能通过通信线发送电信号，使它能与机械手各轴交流信息，在机器人的机械手和控制器之间的双向交流信息可以保持系统操作和位置经常更新，控制器亦能控制安装在机器人手腕上的任何工具。

控制器也有与厂内各计算机进行通信的任务，这种通信联系使机器人成为计算机辅助制造（CAM）系统的一个组成部分。

存储器。给予微处理器的系统运行时要与固态的存储装置相连，这些存储装置可以是磁泡，随机存储器、软盘、磁带等。每种记忆存储装置均能贮存、编辑信息以备后续调用和编辑。

C.动力源

动力源是给机器人和机械手提供动力的单元。传给机器人系统的动力源有两种，一种是用于控制器的交流电，另一种是用于驱动机械手各轴的动力源，例如，如果机器人的机械手是有液压和气压驱动的，控制信号便传送到这些装置中，驱动机器人运动。

沈阳航空工业学院学士学位论文

液压与气压系统

仅有以下三种基本方法传递动力：电气，机械和流体。大多数应用系统实际上是将三种方法组合起来而得到最有效的最全面的系统。为了合理地确定采取哪种方法。重要的是了解各种方法的显著特征。例如液压系统在长距离上比机械系统更能经济地传递动力。然而液压系统与电气系统相比，传递动力的距离较短。

液压动力传递系统涉及电动机，调节装置和压力和流量控制，总的来说，该系统包括：

泵：将原动机的能量转换成作用在执行部件上的液压能。阀：控制泵产生流体的运动方向、产生的功率的大小，以及到达执行部件流体的流量。功率大小取决于对流量和压力大小的控制。

执行部件：将液压能转成可用的机械能。

介质即油液：可进行无压缩传递和控制，同时可以润滑部件，使阀体密封和系统冷却。

联接件：联接各个系统部件，为压力流体提供功率传输通路，将液体返回油箱（贮油器）。

油液贮存和调节装置：用来确保提供足够质量和数量并冷却的液体。

沈阳航空工业学院学士学位论文

液压系统在工业中应用广泛。例如冲压`钢类工件的磨削几一般加工业、农业、矿业、航天技术、深海勘探、运输、海洋技术，近海天然气和石油勘探等行业，简而言之，在日常生活中有人不从液压技术中得到某种益处。

液压系统成功而又广泛使用的秘密在于它的通用性和易操作性。液压动力传递不会象机械系统那样受到机器几何形状的制约，另外，液压系统不会像电气系统那样受到材料物理性能的制约，它对传递功率几乎没有量的限制。例如，一个电磁体的性能受到钢的磁饱和极限的限制，相反，液压系统的功率仅仅受材料强度的限制。

企业为了提高生产率将越来越依靠自动化，这包括远程和直接控制生产操作、加工过程和材料处理等。液压动力之所以成为自动化的组成部分，是因为它有如下主要的特点：

1.控制方便精确

通过一个简单的操作杆和按扭，液压系统的操作者便能立即起动，停止、加减速和能提供任意功率、位置精度为万分之一英寸的位置控制力。图13-1是一个使飞机驾驶员升起和落下起落架的液压系统，当飞行向某方向移动控制阀，压力油流入液压缸的某一腔从而降下起落架。飞行员向反方向移动控制阀，允许油液进入液压缸的另一腔，便收回起落架。

2.增力 一个液压系统（没有使用笨重的齿轮、滑轮和杠杆）能简单

沈阳航空工业学院学士学位论文

有效地将不到一盎司的力放大产生几百吨的输出。

3.恒力或恒扭矩

只有液压系统能提供不随速度变化而变化的恒力或恒扭矩，他可以驱动对象从每小时移动几英寸到每分钟几百英寸，从每小时几转到每分钟几千转。

4.简便、安全、经济

总的来说，液压系统比机械或电气系统使用更少的运动部件，因此，它们运行与维护简便。这使得系统结构紧凑，安全可靠。例如 一种用于车辆上的新型动力转向控制装置一淘汰其他类型的转向动力装置，该转向部件中包含有人力操纵方向控制阀和分配器。因为转向部件是全液压的，没有方向节、轴承、减速齿轮等机械连接，使得系统简单紧凑。

另外，只需要输入很小的扭矩就能产生满足极其恶劣的工作条件所需的控制力，这对于因操作空间限制而需要小方向盘的场合很重要，这也是减轻司机疲劳度所必须的。

液压系统的其他优点包括双向运动、过载保护和无级变速控制，在已有的任何动力、系统中液压系统也具有最大的单位质量功率比。

尽管液压系统具有如此的高性能，但它不是可以解决所有动力传递问题的灵丹妙药。液压系统也有缺点，液压油有污染，并且泄露不可能完全避免，另外如果油液渗漏发生在灼热设备附近，大多数液压油能引起火灾。

沈阳航空工业学院学士学位论文

气压系统

气压系统是用压力气体传递和控制动力，正如名称所表明的那样，气压系统通常用空气（不用其他气体）作为流体介质，因为空气是安全、成本低而又随处可得的流体，在系统部件中产生电弧有可能点燃泄露物的场合下（使用空气作为介质）尤其安全。

在气压系统中，压缩机用来压缩并提供所需的空气。压缩机一般有活塞式、叶片式和螺旋式等类型。压缩机基本上是根据理想气体法则，通过减小气体体积来增加气体压力的。气压系统通常考虑采用大的中央空气压缩机作为一个无限量的气源，这类似于电力系统中只要将插头插入插座边可获得电能。用这种方法，压力气体可以总气体源输送到整个工厂的各个角落，压力气体可通过空气滤清器除去污物，这些污染可能会损坏气动组件的精密配合部件如阀和汽缸等，随后输送到各个回路中，接着空气流经减压阀以减小气压值适合某一回路使用。因为空气不是好的润滑油，气压系统需要一个油雾器将细小的油雾注射到经过减压阀减压空气中，这有帮助于减少气动组件精密配合运动件的磨损。

由于来自大气中的空气含不同数量的水分，这些水分是有害的，它可以带走润滑剂引起的过分磨损和腐蚀，因此，在一些使用场合中，要用空气干燥器来除去这些有还的水分。由于气压系统直接向大气排

沈阳航空工业学院学士学位论文

气，会产生过大的噪声，因此可在气阀和执行组件排气口安装销声器来降低噪声，以防止操作人员因接触噪声及高速空气粒子有可能引发的伤害。

用气动系统代替液压系统有以下几条理由：液体的惯性远比气体大，因此，在液压系统中，当执行组件加速减速和阀突然开启关闭时，油液的质量更是一个潜在的问题，根据牛顿运动定律，产生加速度运动油液所需的力要比加速同等体积空气所需的力高出许多倍。液体比气体具有更大的粘性，这会因为内摩擦而引起更大的压力和功率损失；另外，由于液压系统使用的液体要与大气隔绝，故它们需要特殊的油箱和无泄露系统设计。气压系统使用可以直接排到周围环境中的空气，一般来说气压系统没有液体系统昂贵。

然而，由于空气的可压缩性，使得气压系统执行组件不可能得到精确的速度控制和位置控制。气压系统由于压缩机局限，其系统压力相当低（低于250psi），而液压力可达1000psi之高，因此液压系统可以是大功率系统，而气动系统仅用于小功率系统，典型例子有冲压、钻孔、夹紧、组装、铆接、材料处理和逻辑控制操作等。