第一篇:网络教学系统外文翻译
SQL server
原文:
SQL server
SQL SQL is Structured Query Language English acronym, which means for the Structured Query Language.SQL language is the main function of establishing ties with the various databases, for communication.In accordance with ANSI(American Nationa l Standards Institute)requirements,SQL as a relational database management system standard language.SQL statements can be used to implement a wide range of operations, such as updating the data in the database, extract data from the database and so on.At present, the vast majority of the popular relational database ma nagement systems such as Oracle, Sybase, Microsoft SQL Server , Access, adopted the standard SQL language.Although many databases on the SQL statement for the redevelopment and expansion, but including the Select, Insert, Update, Delete, Create, and Drop, including the standard SQL commands can be used to complete almost all the database operations.SQL Server
SQL Server is a relational database management system.It was originally proposed by Microsoft Sybase and Ashton-T ate three companies jointly developed in 1988 with the introduction of the first OS / 2 version.After the introduction of Windows NT in, Microsoft and Sybase in the development of SQL Server on the split,Microsoft will migrate to SQL Server on Windows NT system, focusing on promoting the development of SQL Server version of Windows NT.Sybase is more focused on SQL Server in the UNIX operating system applications.SQL Server 2000 is Microsoft Launches the SQL Server data base management system, the inherited version of SQL Server 7.0 version of the merits, at the same time it increases than many of the more advanced features.Good scalability with ease of use and related high degree of software
integration, across from the running Microsoft Windows 98 laptop running Microsoft Windows 2000 large-scale multi-processor servers such as the use of multiple platforms.SQL Server 2005
SQL Server 2005 is a comprehensive database platform, the use of integrated business intelligence(BI)tools to provide enterprise-class data management.SQL Server 2005 relational database engine for data and structured data to provide a more secure and reliable storage function that allows you to build and manage high availability for business an d high-performance data applications.SQL Server 2005 data engine is the enterprise data management solutions for the core.The SQL Server 2005 combines the analysis, reporting, integration and notifications.This makes your business can build and deploy cost-effective BI solutions that help your team through the Scorecard, Dashboard, Web services and data applications to mobile devices to all areas of business.With Microsoft Visual Studio, Microsoft Office System and the new development kit(including the Business Intelligence Development Studio)to enable the close integration of SQL Server 2005 unique.Whether you're a developer , database administrator , information worker or decision-makers, SQL Server 2005 that can provide you with innovative solutions to help you benefit from more data.Microsoft SQL Server 2008
SQL Server 2008 is a major product version, it introduced many new features and Key improvements made to date it has become the strongest and most comprehensive version of SQL Server.The article described in detail in Microsoft SQL Server 2008's new features, advantages and features ……
Microsoft's data platform to meet these data explosion and the next generation of data –driven applications that demand and support the data platform vision: mission-critical enterprise data platform, dynamic development, relational data and
business intelligence.Microsoft data platform vision SQL Server's vision
Many factors have led to an explosion of information storage.A new type of information, such as pictures and digital video, and RFID tags obtained from the sensor information, the company's digital information in the rapid growth of the number.Compliance with the norms and requirements of the development of globalization, the security of information storage and are available at any time.At the same time, the cost of disk storage significantly reduced so that every dollar invested can store more data.Users to move quickly in a large amount of data to find relevant information.In addition, on any device they want to use this information, and plan to use every day , such as the Microsoft Office system applications.The explosion of data and user expectations for an increase in the management of the company has created many challenges.Microsoft? data platform vision to provide a solution to meet these needs, this solution is companies can store and manage the use of many data types, including XML, e-mail, time /calendar , files, documents, geographic, etc., at the same time provide a rich set of services to interact with the data: search, query , data analysis, reporting, data integration, synchronization and powerful.Users can access from the creation to archive to any device, from desktop to mobile devices The platform has the following characteristics:
Trustedallows the company to reduce development and management of their data infrastructure of the time and cost.Intelligence-provides a comprehensive platform for users in your time of need to send him to observe and information.A trusted
(A)the protection of your information
In the past the basis of SQL Server 2005 on, SQL Server 2008 made the following enhancements to expand its security: * Simple data encryption
SQL Server 2008 can be the entire database, data files and log files for encryption, without requiring changes to applications.Encrypt enable companies to meet compliance with the norms and their concern about data privacy requirements.Simple and the benefits of data encryption including the use of any scope or ambiguous search query data encryption to enhance data security to prevent unauthorized user access, as well as data encryption.These can change the applications have been conducted.* Foreign key management
SQL Server 2008 for the encryption and key management provides a comprehensive solution.In order to meet evolving data center for more information on the needs of security , to the supplier's investment company to manage the security key.SQL Server 2008 by supporting third-party key management and hardware security module(HSM)products to provide for the needs of a very good support.* Enhanced the review
SQL Server 2008 allows you to review the operation of your data, resulting in improved compliance and security.Review of more than modification of data, including all of the information, but also on the data when reading the information.SQL Server 2008 as server with enhanced configuration and management review of such a function, which allows the company to meet the needs of a variety of norms.SQL Server 2008 can also define a database review of each specification, so the review can be configured for each separate database for the development.For a specific configuration object for the review so that review of the implementation of better performance, higher flexibility in configuration.(Ii)to ensure business sustainability
* Improved database mirroring
SQL Server 2008 on SQL Server 2005, and provides a more reliable database mirroring to enhance the platform.The new features include: Automatic page repair.SQL Server 2008 through a request for cooperation from the mirror to be the wrong machine to copy pages to the main computer and the image can be transparent to repair the data page 823 and 824 errors.To improve performance.SQL Server 2008 reduced the output of the log stream in order to enable database mirroring the network bandwidth required to achieve the minimum.————lubenv Access2000 FORTUEN [J].卷次:14刊期:5 September 2007.译文:
SQL SQL是英文 Structured Query Language 的缩写,意思为结构化查询语言。SQL 语言的主要功能就是同各种数据库建立联系,进行沟通。按照 ANSI(美国国家标准协会)的规定,SQL被作为关系型数据库管理系统的标准语言。SQL 语句可以用来执行各种各样的操作,例如更新数据库中的数据,从数据库中提取数据等。目前,绝大多数流行的关系型数据库管理系统,如 Oracle, Sybase, Microsoft SQL Server , Access 等都采用了 SQL 语言标准。虽然很多数据库都对 SQL 语句进行了再开发和扩展,但是包括 Select, Insert, Update, Delete, Create,以及Drop 在内的标准的 SQL 命令仍然可以被用来完成几乎所有的数据库操作。
SQL Server SQL Server是一个关系数据库管理系统。它最初是由Microsoft Sybase和 Ashton-Tate三家公司共同开发的,于1988年推出了第一个OS/2版本。
在 Windows NT推出后, Microsoft与 Sybase在 SQL Server的开发上就分道扬镳了,Microsoft将SQL Server移植到Windows NT系统上,专注于开发推广 SQL Server的Windows NT版本。Sybase则较专注于SQL Server在UNIX操作系统上的应用。SQL Server 2000是Microsoft公司推出SQL Server数据库管理系统,该版本继承SQL Server 7.0版本的优点,同时又比它增加了许多更先进的功能.具有使用方便可伸缩性好与相关软件集成程度高等优点,可跨越从运行 Microsoft Windows 98的膝上型电脑到运行Microsoft Windows 2000的大型多处理器的服务器等多种平台使用。
SQL Server 2005 SQL Server 2005是一个全面的数据库平台,使用集成的商业智能(BI)工具提供了企业级的数据管理。SQLServer2005数据库引擎为关系型数据和结构化数据提供了更安全可靠的存储功能,使您可以构建和管理用于业务的高可用和高性能的数据应用程序。
SQLServer2005数据引擎是本企业数据管理解决方案的核心。此外SQLServer2005结合了分析、报表、集成和通知功能。这使您的企业可以构建和部署经济有效的BI解决方案,帮助您的团队通过记分卡、Dashboard、Web services和移动设备将数据应用推向业务的各个领域。与Microsoft Visual Studio、Microsoft Office System以及新的开发工具包(包括Business Intelligence Development Studio)的紧密集成使SQLServer2005与众不同。无论您是开发人员、数据库管理员、信息工作者还是决策者,SQLServer2005都可以为您提供创新的解决方案,帮助您从数据中更多地获益。
微软 SQL Server 2008 SQL Server 2008是一个重大的产品版本,它推出了许多新的特性和关键的改进,使得它成为至今为止的最强大和最全面的SQL Server版本。Server 2008 中的新的特性、优点和功能……
微软的这个数据平台满足这些数据爆炸和下一代数据驱动应用程序的需求,支持数据平台愿景:关键任务企业数据平台、动态开发、关系数据和商业智能。
Microsoft 数据平台愿景 SQL Server 的愿景
许多因素致使产生了信息存储爆炸.有了新的信息类型,例如图片和视频的数字化,和从RFID 标签获得的传感器信息,公司的数字信息的数量在急剧增长。遵守规范和全球化的发展要求信息存储的安全性和在任何时候都可用。同时,磁盘存储的成本显著地降低了,使得公司投资的每一美元可以存储更多的数据。用户必须快速的在大量的数据中找到相关的信息。此外,他们想在任何设备上使用这个信息,并且计划每天使用,例如 Microsoft Office系统应用程序。对数据爆炸和用户期望值的增加的管理为公司制造了许多挑战。数据平台愿景提供了一个解决方案来满足这些需求,这个解决方案就是公司可以使用存储和管理许多数据类型,包括 XML、e-mail、时间/日历、文件、文档、地理等等,同时提供一个丰富的服务集合来与数据交互作用:搜索、查询、数据分析、报表、数据整合,和强大的同步功能。用户可以访问从创建到存档于任何设备的信息,从桌面到移动设
备的信息
这个平台有以下特点:
· 可信任的——使得公司可以以很高的安全性、可靠性和可扩展性来运行他们最关键任务的应用程序。
· 高效的——使得公司可以降低开发和管理他们的数据基础设施的时间和成本。
· 智能的——提供了一个全面的平台,可以在你的用户需要的时候给他发送观察和信息。
一、可信任的
(一)保护你的信息
在过去的SQL Server 2005的基础之上,SQL Server 2008做了以下方面的增强来扩展它的安全性:
* 简单的数据加密
SQL Server 2008可以对整个数据库、数据文件和日志文件进行加密,而不需要改动应用程序。进行加密使公司可以满足遵守规范和及其关注数据隐私的要求。简单的数据加密的好处包括使用任何范围或模糊查询搜索加密的数据、加强数据安全性以防止未授权的用户访问、还有数据加密。这些可以在不改变已有的应用程序的情况下进行。
* 外键管理
SQL Server 2008为加密和密钥管理提供了一个全面的解决方案。为了满足断发展的对数据中心的信息的更强安全性的需求,公司投资给供应商来管理公司内的安全密钥。SQL Server 2008 通过支持第三方密钥管理和硬件安全模块(HSM)产品为这个需求提供了很好的支持。
* 增强了审查
SQL Server 2008使你可以审查你的数据的操作,从而提高了遵从性和安全性。审查不只包括对数据修改的所有信息,还包括关于什么时候对数据进行读取的信息。SQL Server 2008具有像服务器中加强的审查的配置和管理这样的功能,这使
得公司可以满足各种规范需求。SQL Server 2008还可以定义每一个数据库的审查规范,所以审查配置可以为每一个数据库作单独的制定。为指定对象作审查配置使审查的执行性能更好,配置的灵活性也更高。
(二)确保业务可持续性
* 改进了数据库镜像SQL Server 2008 基于SQL Server 2005,并提供了更可靠的加强了数据库镜像的平台。新的特性包括:
·页面自动修复。SQL Server 2008通过请求获得一个从镜像合作机器上得到的出错页面的重新拷贝,使主要的和镜像的计算机可以透明的修复数据页面上的 823和824错误。
· 提高了性能.SQL Server 2008压缩了输出的日志流,以便使数据库镜像所要求的网络带宽达到最小。
第二篇:网上购物系统外文翻译
重庆三峡学院毕业设计外文翻译[肖伟]-网上购物系统设计与实现
重庆三峡学院 毕业设计(论文)
文献综述和外文翻译
设计(论文)题目
网上购物系统设计与实现
学
院:
计算机科学与工程学院
专
业:
软件工程
年
级:
2008级
姓
名:
肖伟
指导教师:
朱丙丽
完成日期:
2011 年 12 月 29 日 重庆三峡学院毕业设计外文翻译[肖伟]-网上购物系统设计与实现
文献综述
摘要:Servlet程序在服务器端运行,动态地生成Web页面与传统的CGI和许多其他类似CGI的技术相比,Java Servlet具有更高的效率,更容易使用,功能更强大,具有更好的可移植性,更节省投资。
关键字:JSP技术,Servlet,HTTP服务 1.1Servlet的功能
Servlets是运行在Web或应用服务器上的Java程序,它是一个中间层,负责连接来自Web浏览器或其他HTTP客户程序的请求和HTTP服务器上的数据库或应用程序。Servlet的工作是执行西门的任务,如图1.1所示。
图1.1Web中间件的作用
(1)读取客户发送的显式数据。
最终用户一般在页面的HTML表单中输入这些数据。然而,数据还有可能来自applet或定制的HTTP客户程序。
(2)读取由浏览器发送的隐式请求数据。
图1.1中显示了一条从客户端到Web服务器的单箭头,但实际上从客户端传送到Web服务器的数据有两种,它们分别为用户在表单中输入的显式数据,以及后台的HTTP信息。两种数据都很重要。HTTP信息包括cookie、浏览器所能识别的媒体类型和压缩模式等。
(3)生成结果。
这个过程可能需要访问数据库、执行RMI或EJB调用、调用Web服务,或者直接计算得出对应的响应。实际的数据可能存储在关系型数据库中。该数据库可能不理解HTTP,或者不能返回HTML形式的结果,所有Web浏览器不能直接与数据库进行会话。即使它能够做到这一点,为了安全上的考虑,我们也不希望让它这么做。对应大多数其他应用重庆三峡学院毕业设计外文翻译[肖伟]-网上购物系统设计与实现
程序,也存在类似的问题。因此,我们需要Web中间层从HTTP流中提取输入数据,与应用程序会话,并将结果嵌入到文档中。(4)向客户发送显式数据(即文档)。
这个文档可以用各种格式发送,包括文本(HTML或XML),二进制(GIF图),甚至可以式建立在其他底层格式之上的压缩格式,如gzip。但是,到目前为止,HTML式最常用的格式,故而servelt和JSP的重要任务之一就式将结果包装到HTML中。(5)发送隐式的HTTP响应数据。
图1.1中显示了一条从Web中间层到客户端的单箭头。但是,实际发送的数据有两种:文档本身,以及后台的HTTP信息。同样,两种数据对开发来说都式至关重要的。HTTP响应数据的发送过程涉及告知浏览器或其他客户程序所返回文档的类型(如HTML),设置cookie和缓存参数,以及其他类似的任务。1.2动态构建网页的原因
预先建立的文档可以满足客户的许多请求,服务器无需调用servlet就可以处理这些请求。然而,许多情况下静态的结果不能满足要求,我们需要针对每个请求生成一个页面。实时构建页面的理由有很多种:
1、网页基于客户发送的数据。
例如,搜索引擎生成的页面,以及在线商店的订单确认页面,都要针对特定的用户请求而产生。在没有读取到用户提交的数据之前,我们不知道应该显示什么。要记住,用户提交两种类型的数据:显示(即HTML表单的数据)和隐式(即HTTP请求的报头)。两种输入都可用来构建输出页面。基于cookie值针对具体用户构建页面的情况尤其普遍。
2、页面由频繁改变的数据导出。
如果页面需要根据每个具体的请求做出相应的改变,当然需要在请求发生时构建响应。但是,如果页面周期性地改变,我们可以用两种方式来处理它:周期性地在服务器上构建新的页面(和客户请求无关),或者仅仅在用户请求该页面时再构建。具体应该采用哪种方式要根据具体情况而定,但后一种方式常常更为方便,因为它只需简单地等待用户的请求。例如,天气预报或新闻网站可能会动态地构建页面,也有可能会返回之前构建的页面(如果它还是最新的话)。
重庆三峡学院毕业设计外文翻译[肖伟]-网上购物系统设计与实现
3、页面中使用了来自公司数据库或其他数据库断数据源的信息。
如果数据存储在数据库中,那么,即使客户端使用动态Web内容,比如applet,我们依旧需要执行服务器端处理。想象以下,如果一个搜索引擎网站完全使用applet,那么用户将会看到:“正在下载50TB的applet,请等待!”。显然,这样很愚蠢;这种情况下,我们需要与数据库进行会话。从客户端到Web层再到数据库(三层结构),要比从applet直接到数据库(二层结构)更灵活,也更安全,而性能上的损失很少甚至没有。毕竟数据库调用通常是对速度影响最大的步骤,因而,经过中间层可以执行高速缓存和连接共享。
理论上讲,servelt并非只用于处理HTTP请求的Web服务器或应用服务器,它同样可以用于其他类型的服务器。例如,servlet能够嵌入到FTP或邮件服务器中,扩展他们的功能。而且,用于会话启动协议服务器的servlet API最近已经被标准化(参见http://jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=116)。但在实践中,servelt的这种用法尚不流行,在此,我们只论述HTTP Servlet。1.3 Servlet相对于“传统”CGI的优点
和传统CGI及许多类CGI技术相比,Java servelt效率更高、更易用、更强大、更容易移植、更安全、也更廉价。
1、效率
应用传统的CGI,针对每个HTTP请求都用启动一个新的进程。如果CGI程序自身相对比较简短,那么启动进程的开销会占用大部分执行时间。而使用servelt,Java虚拟机会一直运行,并用轻量级的Java线程处理每个请求,而非重量级的操作系统进程。类似地,应用传统的CGI技术,如果存在对同一CGI程序的N个请求,那么CGI程序的代码会载入内存N次。同样的情况,如果使用servlet则启动N个线程,单仅仅载入servlet类的单一副本。这种方式减少了服务器的内存需求,通过实例化更少的对象从而节省了时间。最后,当CGI程序结束对请求的处理之后,程序结束。这种方式难以缓存计算结果,保持数据库连接打开,或是执行依靠持续性数据的其他优化。然而,servelt会一直停留在内存中(即使请求处理完毕),因而可以直接存储客户请求之间的任意复杂数据。
2、便利
Servelt提供大量的基础构造,可以自动分析和解码HTML的表单数据,读取和设置 重庆三峡学院毕业设计外文翻译[肖伟]-网上购物系统设计与实现
HTTP报头,处理cookie,跟踪会话,以及其他次类高级功能。而在CGI中,大部分工作都需要我们资金完成。另外,如果您已经了解了Java编程语言,为什么还有学校Perl呢?您已经承认应用Java技术编写的代码要比Visual Basic,VBScript或C++编写的代码更可靠,且更易重用,为什么还有倒退回去选择那些语言来开发服务器端的程序呢?
3、强大
Servlet支持常规CGI难以实现或根本不能实现的几项功能。Servlet能够直接于Web服务器对话,而常规的CGI程序做不到这一点,至少在不使用服务器专有API的情况下是这样。例如,与Web服务器的通信使得讲相对URL转换成具体的路径名变得更为容易。多个servelt还可以共享数据,从而易于实现数据库连接共享和类似的资源共享优化。Servelt还能维护请求之间的信息,使得诸如会话跟踪和计算结果缓存等技术变得更为简单。
4、可移植性
Servelt使用Java编程语言,并且遵循标准的API。所有主要的Web服务器。实际上都直接或通过插件支持servlet。因此。为Macromedia JRun编写的servlet,可以不经过任何修改地在Apache Tomcat,Microsoft Internet Information Server,IBM WebSphere。iPlanet Enterprise Server。Oracle9i AS 或者StrNine WebStar上运行。他们是java2平台企业版的一部分,所以对servlet的支持越来越普遍。
5、廉价
对于开发用的网站、低容量或中等容量网站的部署,有大量免费或极为廉价的Web服务器可供选择。因此,通过使用servelt和jsp,我们可以从免费或廉价的服务器开始,在项目获得初步成功后,在移植到更高性能或高级管理工具的昂贵的服务器上。这与其他CGI方案形成鲜明的对比,这些CGI方案在初期都需要为购买专利软件包投入大量的资金。
价格和可移植性在某种程度上是相互关联的。例如,Marty记录了所有通过电子邮件向他发送问题的读者的所在国。印度接近列表的顶端,可能仅次于美国。Marty曾在马尼拉讲授过jsp和servlet培训课程,那儿对servelt和jsp技术抱很大的兴趣。
那么,为什么印度和菲律宾都对这项技术着呢感兴趣呢?我们推测答案可能分两部分。首先,这两个国家都拥有大量训练有素的软件开发人员。其次,这两个国家的货币
重庆三峡学院毕业设计外文翻译[肖伟]-网上购物系统设计与实现
对美元的汇率都极为不利。因此,从美国公司那里购买专用Web服务器会消耗掉项目的大部分前期资金。
但是,使用servlet 和JSP,他们能够从免费的服务器开始:Apache Tomcat。项目取得成功之后,他们可以转移到性能更高、管理更容易,但需要付费的服务器。他们的servelt和jsp不需要重写编写。如果他们的项目变得更庞大,他们或许希望转移到分布式环境。没有问题:他们可以转而使用Macromedia JRun Professional,该服务器支持分布式应用。同样,他们的servelt和jsp没有任何部分需要重写。如果项目变得极为庞大,错综复杂,他们或许希望使用Enterprise JavaBeans来封装他们的商业逻辑。因此,他们可以切换到BEA WebLogic或Oracle9i AS。同样,不需要对servlet和jsp做出更改。最后,如果他们的项目变得更庞大,他们或许将他从Linux转移到运行IBM WebSphere的IBM大型机上。他们还是不需要做出任何更改。
6、安全
传统CGI程序中主要的漏洞来源之一就是,CGI程序常常由通过的操作系统外壳来执行。因此,CGI程序必须仔细地过滤掉那些可能被外壳特殊处理的字符,如反引导和分号。实现这项预防措施的难度可能超出我们的想象,在广泛应用的CGI库中,不断发现由这类问题引发的弱点。
问题的第二个来源是,一些CGI程序用不自动检查数组和字符串边界的语言编写而成。例如,在C和C++中,可以分配一个100个元素的数组,然后向第999个“元素“写入数据——实际上是程序内存的随机部分,这完全合法。因而,如果程序员忘记执行这项检查,就会将系统暴露在蓄意或偶然的缓冲区溢出攻击之下。
Servelt不存在这些问题。即使servelt执行系统调用激活本地操作系统上的程序,它也不会用到外壳来完成这项任务。当然,数组边界的检查以及其他内存包含特性是java编程语言的核心部分。
7、主流
虽然存在许多很好的技术,但是,如果提供商助支持他们,或开发人员不知道如何使用这些技术,那么它们的优点又如何体现呢?servelt和jsp技术得到服务器提供商的广泛支持,包括Apache,Oracle,IBM,Sybase,BEA,Maromedia,Causho,Sun/iPlanet,New Atlanta,ATG,Fujitsu,Lutris,Silverstream,World Wide Web Consortinrm,以及其他服务器。存在几种低廉的插件,通过应用这些插件,Microsoft IIS和Zeus 重庆三峡学院毕业设计外文翻译[肖伟]-网上购物系统设计与实现
也同样支持servlet和jsp技术,它们运行在Windows,Unix/Linus,MacOS,VMS,和IBM大型机操作系统之上。它们用在航空业、电子商务、在线银行、web搜索引擎、门户、大型金融网站、以及成百上千您日常光顾的其他网站。
当然,仅仅是流行并不能证明技术的优越性。很多泛美的例子。但我们的立场是:服务器端Java本非一项新的、为经证实的技术。
An Overview of Servlet and JSP Technology Abstract: Servlet program running in the server-side, dynamically generated Web page with the traditional CGI and many other similar compared to CGI technology, Java Servlet with a more efficient, easier to use, more powerful and has better portability, more savings to invest.Key words: JSP Technology, Servlet, HTTP server
1.1 A Servlet's Job Servlets are Java programs that run on Web or application servers, acting as a middle layer between requests coming from Web browsers or other HTTP clients and databases or applications on the HTTP server.Their job is to perform the following tasks, as illustrated in Figure 1-1.Figure 1-1 1.Read the explicit data sent by the client.The end user normally enters this data in an HTML form on a Web page.However, the data could also come from an applet or a custom HTTP client program.2.Read the implicit HTTP request data sent by the browser.Figure 1-1 shows a single arrow going from the client to the Web server(the layer where servlets and JSP execute), but there are really two varieties of data: the explicit data that the end user enters in a form and the behind-the-scenes HTTP information.Both varieties are critical.The HTTP information includes cookies, information about media types and compression schemes the browser understands, and so on.3.Generate the results.This process may require talking to a database, executing an RMI or EJB call, invoking a Web service, or computing the response directly.Your real data may be in a relational database.Fine.But your database probably doesn't speak HTTP or return results in HTML, so the Web browser can't talk directly to the database.6 重庆三峡学院毕业设计外文翻译[肖伟]-网上购物系统设计与实现
Even if it could, for security reasons, you probably would not want it to.The same argument applies to most other applications.You need the Web middle layer to extract the results inside a document.4.Send the explicit data(i.e., the document)to the client.This document can be sent in a variety of formats, including text(HTML or XML), binary(GIF images), or even a compressed format like gzip that is layered on top of some other underlying format.But, HTML is by far the most common format, so an important servlet/JSP task is to wrap the results inside of HTML.5.Send the implicit HTTP response data.Figure 1-1 shows a single arrow going from the Web middle layer(the servlet or JSP page)to the client.But, there are really two varieties of data sent: the document itself and the behind-the-scenes HTTP information.Again, both varieties are critical to effective development.Sending HTTP response data involves telling the browser or other client what type of document is being returned(e.g., HTML), setting cookies and caching parameters, and other such tasks.1.2 Why Build Web Pages Dynamically? many client requests can be satisfied by prebuilt documents, and the server would handle these requests without invoking servlets.In many cases, however, a static result is not sufficient, and a page needs to be generated for each request.There are a number of reasons why Web pages need to be built on-the-fly: 1. The Web page is based on data sent by the client.For instance, the results page from search engines and order-confirmation pages at online stores are specific to particular user requests.You don't know what to display until you read the data that the user submits.Just remember that the user submits two kinds of data: explicit(i.e., HTML form data)and implicit(i.e., HTTP request headers).Either kind of input can be used to build the output page.In particular, it is quite common to build a user-specific page based on a cookie value.2.The Web page is derived from data that changes frequently.If the page changes for every request, then you certainly need to build the response at request time.If it changes only periodically, however, you could do it two ways: you could periodically build a new Web page on the server(independently of client requests), or you could wait and only build the page when the user requests it.The right approach depends on the situation, but sometimes it is more convenient to do the latter: wait for the user request.For example, a weather report or news headlines site might build the pages dynamically, perhaps returning a previously built page if that page is still up to date.重庆三峡学院毕业设计外文翻译[肖伟]-网上购物系统设计与实现
3.The Web page uses information from corporate databases or other server-side sources.If the information is in a database, you need server-side processing even if the client is using dynamic Web content such as an applet.Imagine using an applet by itself for a search engine site: “Downloading 50 terabyte applet, please wait!” Obviously, that is silly;you need to talk to the database.Going from the client to the Web tier to the database(a three-tier approach)instead of from an applet directly to a database(a two-tier approach)provides increased flexibility and security with little or no performance penalty.After all, the database call is usually the rate-limiting step, so going through the Web server does not slow things down.In fact, a three-tier approach is often faster because the middle tier can perform caching and connection pooling.In principle, servlets are not restricted to Web or application servers that handle HTTP requests but can be used for other types of servers as well.For example, servlets could be embedded in FTP or mail servers to extend their functionality.And, a servlet API for SIP(Session Initiation Protocol)servers was recently standardized(see http://jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=116).In practice, however, this use of servlets has not caught on, and we'll only be discussing HTTP servlets.1.3 The Advantages of Servlets Over “Traditional” CGI Java servlets are more efficient, easier to use, more powerful, more portable, safer, and cheaper than traditional CGI and many alternative CGI-like technologies.1.Efficient With traditional CGI, a new process is started for each HTTP request.If the CGI program itself is relatively short, the overhead of starting the process can dominate the execution time.With servlets, the Java virtual machine stays running and handles each request with a lightweight Java thread, not a heavyweight operating system process.Similarly, in traditional CGI, if there are N requests to the same CGI program, the code for the CGI program is loaded into memory N times.With servlets, however, there would be N threads, but only a single copy of the servlet class would be loaded.This approach reduces server memory requirements and saves time by instantiating fewer objects.Finally, when a CGI program finishes handling a request, the program terminates.This approach makes it difficult to cache computations, keep database connections open, and perform other optimizations that rely on persistent data.Servlets, however, remain in memory even after they complete a response, so it is straightforward to store arbitrarily complex data between client requests.2.Convenient Servlets have an extensive infrastructure for automatically parsing and
重庆三峡学院毕业设计外文翻译[肖伟]-网上购物系统设计与实现
decoding HTML form data, reading and setting HTTP headers, handling cookies, tracking sessions, and many other such high-level utilities.In CGI, you have to do much of this yourself.Besides, if you already know the Java programming language, why learn Perl too? You're already convinced that Java technology makes for more reliable and reusable code than does Visual Basic, VBScript, or C++.Why go back to those languages for server-side programming? 3.Powerful Servlets support several capabilities that are difficult or impossible to accomplish with regular CGI.Servlets can talk directly to the Web server, whereas regular CGI programs cannot, at least not without using a server-specific API.Communicating with the Web server makes it easier to translate relative URLs into concrete path names, for instance.Multiple servlets can also share data, making it easy to implement database connection pooling and similar resource-sharing optimizations.Servlets can also maintain information from request to request, simplifying techniques like session tracking and caching of previous computations.4.Portable Servlets are written in the Java programming language and follow a standard API.Servlets are supported directly or by a plugin on virtually every major Web server.Consequently, servlets written for, say, Macromedia JRun can run virtually unchanged on Apache Tomcat, Microsoft Internet Information Server(with a separate plugin), IBM WebSphere, iPlanet Enterprise Server, Oracle9i AS, or StarNine WebStar.They are part of the Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition(J2EE;see http://java.sun.com/j2ee/), so industry support for servlets is becoming even more pervasive.5.Inexpensive A number of free or very inexpensive Web servers are good for development use or deployment of low-or medium-volume Web sites.Thus, with servlets and JSP you can start with a free or inexpensive server and migrate to more expensive servers with high-performance capabilities or advanced administration utilities only after your project meets initial success.This is in contrast to many of the other CGI alternatives, which require a significant initial investment for the purchase of a proprietary package.Price and portability are somewhat connected.For example, Marty tries to keep track of the countries of readers that send him questions by email.India was near the top of the list, probably #2 behind the U.S.Marty also taught one of his JSP and servlet training courses(see http://courses.coreservlets.com/)in Manila, and there was great interest in servlet and JSP technology there.Now, why are India and the Philippines both so interested? We surmise that the answer is twofold.First, both countries have large pools of well-educated software developers.Second, both countries have(or had, at that time)highly 重庆三峡学院毕业设计外文翻译[肖伟]-网上购物系统设计与实现
unfavorable currency exchange rates against the U.S.dollar.So, buying a special-purpose Web server from a U.S.company consumed a large part of early project funds.But, with servlets and JSP, they could start with a free server: Apache Tomcat(either standalone, embedded in the regular Apache Web server, or embedded in Microsoft IIS).Once the project starts to become successful, they could move to a server like Caucho Resin that had higher performance and easier administration but that is not free.But none of their servlets or JSP pages have to be rewritten.If their project becomes even larger, they might want to move to a distributed(clustered)environment.No problem: they could move to Macromedia JRun Professional, which supports distributed applications(Web farms).Again, none of their servlets or JSP pages have to be rewritten.If the project becomes quite large and complex, they might want to use Enterprise JavaBeans(EJB)to encapsulate their business logic.So, they might switch to BEA WebLogic or Oracle9i AS.Again, none of their servlets or JSP pages have to be rewritten.Finally, if their project becomes even bigger, they might move it off of their Linux box and onto an IBM mainframe running IBM WebSphere.But once again, none of their servlets or JSP pages have to be rewritten.6.Secure One of the main sources of vulnerabilities in traditional CGI stems from the fact that the programs are often executed by general-purpose operating system shells.So, the CGI programmer must be careful to filter out characters such as backquotes and semicolons that are treated specially by the shell.Implementing this precaution is harder than one might think, and weaknesses stemming from this problem are constantly being uncovered in widely used CGI libraries.A second source of problems is the fact that some CGI programs are processed by languages that do not automatically check array or string bounds.For example, in C and C++ it is perfectly legal to allocate a 100-element array and then write into the 999th “element,” which is really some random part of program memory.So, programmers who forget to perform this check open up their system to deliberate or accidental buffer overflow attacks.Servlets suffer from neither of these problems.Even if a servlet executes a system call(e.g., with Runtime.exec or JNI)to invoke a program on the local operating system, it does not use a shell to do so.And, of course, array bounds checking and other memory protection features are a central part of the Java programming language.7.Mainstream There are a lot of good technologies out there.But if vendors don't support them and developers don't know how to use them, what good are they? Servlet and JSP technology is supported by servers from Apache, Oracle, IBM, Sybase, BEA,10 重庆三峡学院毕业设计外文翻译[肖伟]-网上购物系统设计与实现
Macromedia, Caucho, Sun/iPlanet, New Atlanta, ATG, Fujitsu, Lutris, Silverstream, the World Wide Web Consortium(W3C), and many others.Several low-cost plugins add support to Microsoft IIS and Zeus as well.They run on Windows, Unix/Linux, MacOS, VMS, and IBM mainframe operating systems.They are the single most popular application of the Java programming language.They are arguably the most popular choice for developing medium to large Web applications.They are used by the airline industry(most United Airlines and Delta Airlines Web sites), e-commerce(ofoto.com), online banking(First USA Bank, Banco Popular de Puerto Rico), Web search engines/portals(excite.com), large financial sites(American Century Investments), and hundreds of other sites that you visit every day.Of course, popularity alone is no proof of good technology.Numerous counter-examples abound.But our point is that you are not experimenting with a new and unproven technology when you work with server-side Java.
第三篇:外文翻译
微孔的加工方法
正如宏观加工一样,在微观加工中孔的加工也许也是最常用的加工之一。孔的加工方法有很多种,每一种都有其优点和缺点,这主要取决于孔的直径、深度、工作材料和设备要求。这篇文章主要介绍了内冷却钻头钻孔、无冷却钻孔、插铣、电火花以及激光加工微孔的几种方法。
易于孔加工的操作
无论孔有多大,在加工时将冷却液导入到刀尖,这都有助于排屑并能降低刀具和工件表面产生的摩擦热。尤其是在加工深细孔时,有无冷却液对加工的影响更大,因为深细孔加工的刀具比较脆弱,再加上刀具对切屑的二次切削和切屑的堆积会积累大量的热,而热量是碳化物刀具的主要“天敌”,它会加快刀具的失效速度。
当使用外冷却液时,刀具本身会阻止切削液进入切削加工位置。也就是到3-5倍的直径深度后切削液就会很难流入到刀尖。副哈维工具有限公司的副总工程师杰夫戴维斯说,这时就该选用带有内冷却液的钻头。
另外,在加工小孔时采用的外冷却液的冷却方式产生的利要大于弊,当钻头进入工件时,已经流入孔的冷却液产生的压力有时会缴坏钻头,戴维斯说。
刀具生产商提供的标准钻头的直径从0.039到 0.125英寸,能加工深度小雨12倍的直径的深孔,同时提供直径从0.002到0.020英寸的不带内冷却液的钻头。
尽管有内冷却能力,但还是不够的,冷却液需要一定的流动速度从而能够将切屑清出孔外。戴维斯强调,冷却液的最低压力应为600-800磅/平方英寸,加工状况还会随着所施加的压力的增加而提高,他补充道。
为了防止这些冷却液通口被杂物堵塞,戴维斯还推荐在钻头加上一5微米孔径或更加精密的冷却液滤清器。
另外,他还推荐在加工孔时有必要在工件的上方先技工一个定心或导向孔,以防止刀具偏斜,并有助于保证所加工孔的垂直度。当选用定心钻时,应使选择的定心钻刀尖上的坡口角小于等于其后内冷钻的坡口角。定心钻的直径还要稍微大一些。例如,如果定心钻的坡口角为120,内冷却钻头的坡口角为140,并且定心钻的直径小于内冷却钻的直径。在加工时内冷却钻的拐角处会与定心孔干涉而容易脱落,戴维斯说:这将导致钻头损坏。
虽然没加强调,但是加工细深孔时,喙式进给是一种很好的加工方式。戴维斯建议,根据工件的材料不同。每次喙式进给的深度最好为孔径的30%--50%。这种加工方式便于排出切屑,使切屑不在加工孔中堆积。润滑及冷却
为了更加有助于徘屑,戴维斯推荐在金属加工中使用油基金属切削液代替水基冷却液,因为油具有较高的润滑效果。但是如果车间更加青睐于使用水基冷却液,液体中应该包括EP(极压)添加剂,增加润滑和减少发泡。如果产生很多泡沫,戴维斯说,“切屑就不会按着预定的方式排出。”
他还补充道,另一种提高润滑并且提高刀具寿命的方法是道具涂层,例如氮铝化钛(TiAIN)。TiAIN具有很高的硬度,当钻削像不锈钢这样的难加工金属材料时,带有TiAIN涂层的刀具能有效的减少热冲击。
威斯康星洲简斯维尔微型刀具公司的总经理大卫伯顿,对微加工刀具的小批量涂层有不同的看法,他说:“对直径小于0.020英寸的刀具涂层,会对刀具的加工质量到刀具寿命等每一加工方面都产生消极影响”。因为小刀具涂层不能做的足够薄,这样涂层就会改变刀具的前角和后角,从而不利于加工。
不过,更薄的涂层的开发正在继续,伯顿表示,现在微型刀具公司除了生产销售微型铣刀、刨刀和微型钻头外,还在和其他公司合作致力于开发一种亚细微涂层。伯顿说:“我们计划这种涂层刀君会在六月到一年的时间内上市”。
微型钻公司的产品主要是用于电路板加工钻头,但也可用于有效的切屑金属。所有的刀具都没带内冷能力。“我有一个客户想要在不锈钢上面钻一个0.004英寸的孔,他当时非常惊讶这能用一把加工电路板的钻头完成”。伯顿还补充到,采用喙式进给并选择高的主轴速度可以提高钻头的效率。
微加工刀具要使用多高的转速,这主要依赖于车间所使用的数控机床和刀具的直径,所需的转速随刀具直径的增加而加快(注:切削速度公式为 sfm=刀具直径×0.26×主轴转速)。
虽然相对较低,但伯顿的客户也成功 的应用过每分钟5000转的加工速度。伯顿说:“我们建议我们的用户找到一个震动最小的最高转速-----最佳加工速度。”
为了减少震动,在用小的切削力通过刀具的前倾面的去除适当的金属时,应使渗入到工件中的切削载荷连续而充足,如果钻头承受的切削载荷太轻,刀具前倾面的磨损速度就会加快,刀具变钝,从而影响刀具的使用寿命。这在加工细孔时应更加注意。
“用户们常常使用较轻的切削载荷来延长刀具的使用寿命,”伯顿说,“这恰恰会加快切削刃的磨损,并在刀刃宽出切屑的位置形成圆弧,刀具会变得像磨削工具一样把材料强行除掉,只能成为废刀。”伯顿认为,直径大于0.001英寸的刀具切削抗力小于0.0001时,切削力抗力就已经太小了,即使刀具不会断裂,过早的摩擦也会导致刀具寿命缩短。
太多的跳动也可能是破坏性的,但是影响有多少还值得商榷。伯顿指出,公司打算设计一台具有0.0003英寸偏差的机器,用以建立室内最坏情况下的铣削场景,还将能够加工0.004英寸宽的槽。“这迟早会实现的”。
他还补充:“你还可以试想一下0.0003英寸的跳动和只有正常水平三分之一的切削载荷,也就是说0.0001到0.00015,刀具将会立即破坏,因为刀具的一个徘屑槽会承受所有的载荷,然后徘屑槽的后面就会破坏。”
他还指出,在钻孔时,小于0.0003英寸的偏差是可以接受的,因为当钻头深入孔内时,钻头末端的切削刃在外圆柱非加工表面的引导下会继续切削。偏差的最小值随着深度和直径比值的增加而迅速减少,这是因为当钻头越深入工件,徘屑槽的吸震能力越差。最后强烈的跳动导致刀柄绕着刀具的轴线转动,而刀尖还仍然保持稳定,从而产生是刀具最终断裂的集中应力。插铣
虽然通常没有直径小于0.002英寸的标准微型钻头,但可以用微型端铣刀来“冲”孔。“每当人们想加工一个小于0.002英寸的孔时,他们可以选用端铣刀,效果也不错。”伯顿说道。但这样加工的孔不能太深,因为刀具体不长,没有大的深度直径比率,因此一把直径为0.001英寸的端铣刀只能加工最深0.20英寸的孔,而同样直径的钻头可以加工得更深,因为钻头的设计使载荷全部作用在刀尖上,进而传到刀柄上被吸收。
市面上能提供最小5微米的端铣刀,但是并没有大量销售。“当人们想买这样的刀具时,我非常严肃的试着说服他们不要买,因为我们不喜欢制作这样的刀具。”伯顿说到。这种刀具主要问题是。不但这种刀具的硬质合金齿处于亚细微尺寸,而且当一把刀有多个齿时,每个齿的尺寸还要保持一致。伯顿道:“一把直径5微米的端铣刀在其基体上就夹持大约10个刀齿。”
他还补充说,他曾经看到过带有0.微米的粉末冶金硬质合金刀具,这是商业上能提供齿的尺寸的一半,但它还包括0.5和0.6微米的小齿。“如果齿的尺寸不统一,小齿是发挥不出作用的。” 坠电火花加工
应用坠电火花的电火花加工是一种微孔加工方式。这不同于将电导线穿过工件的电火花加工方式,应用坠电火花加工的微孔更加精密和精确,但同时花费也会很高。
坠电火花加工深细孔时,要用一根导电管作为电极。加工小而浅的孔时,需要用到一根导线或棒,“我们尽量用导管做电极。位于密歇根州的牧野公司总经理Jeff Kiszonas说道,导管的排渣孔能使加工的孔有大的深度直径比,并能够在加工中将孔底的熔渣排出孔外。他又补充道”但是另一方面,没人能制造出小于一定直径的导管。“一些供应商能提供直径小于0.003英寸的导管可以加工出0.0038英寸的孔。
现在Makino公司生产的双边坠电火花加工设备能够加工出 0.00044 英寸的微孔,这种设备主要用于孔的精加工。最近,在日本这种机床的开发人员用两分钟加工了八个这样的孔,并用四十秒穿透了0.0010英寸厚的碳化钨板。加工电极为一个因钨合金棒,由于电火花加工中再电极和工件间存在放电间隙,所以,所加工孔的直径会比电极直径大0.00020英寸。
当加工上述尺寸的孔时,旋转的导棒上包裹着通电的放电导线。精加工时需要一个w轴附件,用来夹持电极导向的模具,另外还需要一个中间导向件,当电极旋转时用来防止其弯曲和摆动。应用这种加工方式的机床适合于加工直径小于0.005英寸的孔。
另一种坠电火花加工微型孔机床是三菱VA10机床,它用精加工孔的钻摸附件来装卡和引导精制导线来腐蚀金属,伊利诺伊州的MC机械系统公司产品加工经理丹尼斯德利说:“这是一种标准的电火花加工,但是借助于安装在机器上的附件,我们同样可以加工细孔”。他还补充说在电火花加工中用2000转/分的转速旋转的导线可以加工小于0.0004英寸的孔。钨电极电火花加工
电火花加工是一中典型的慢加工,加工微孔时这表现得也很明显。“电火花加工非常慢,并且随着加工精度的增加而减慢”Midvale公司(Midvale公司是一个位于犹他州,主要生产24伏低电压电火花加工设备和基于精密电火花加工的公司)的总裁迪恩约根森说。
钨电极的生产是应用反极性接法,经机械加工、研磨加工使之直径达到10微米、粗糙度为0.000020英寸。应用1-微米的电极加工10.5到11微米的孔,并能加工盲孔。用于加工最小孔的最大工件厚度为0.002英寸,加工50微米直径的孔时工件的厚度能达到0.004英寸。
在激光加工之后用电火花加工是生产高精度孔的一种比较不错的方法,约根森已经决定重新研发最好的加工设备。“我们需要重新研发所有电子控件、程序软件和机械”。约根森说重新研发这些软件和继续额需要花费180000到200000美元。
车间里多数精加工为100美元/小时,包括特殊金属的电火花加工,如:X射线加工金和铂、光加工不锈钢、阴极射线加工钨和钽。约根森说道,电火花加工还不适合加工半导体材料,如聚晶金刚石。光加工
除了硬质合金和钨电极外,光也是一个不错的微孔加工的“刀具”材料。虽然大多数来钻孔的激光都是处于红外光谱范围,但是根据宾尼法尼亚州的Ex One Co。、Iiwin公司的激光技术主管兰迪吉尔摩介绍,他们采用的是绿色光柱的超脉冲技术。不像其他种类的微加工光束,超脉冲是一种纳秒级激光,它绿色光束的波长为532纳米。这种技术产生的激光一对脉冲时间为4到5纳秒,每对脉冲的间隔为50到100纳秒。这种技术的加工方式成倍的提高了加工效率。“与其他激光加工相比,这种技术大大的提高了金属去除率”。吉尔摩说:“由于这种激光脉冲短,所以很大程度上减少了对工件材料的热损伤。”
超脉冲激光加工孔的最小直径为45微米,不过这种加工最常用在H系列钢材料的柴油机喷嘴90微米到110微米孔的加工。吉尔摩提到,根据排放标准的要求这种孔的直径要缩小到50微米到70微米,因为越小的孔越能使燃料充分燃烧。
另外,这种技术加工的孔还带有一个负的锥度,就是入口直径小于出口直径,这有利于燃料的流动。
这种技术的另一种常用的应用是在航空涡轮叶片上打冷却孔。虽然叶轮只有1.5mm到2mm厚,但吉尔摩解释说,这种孔要带有25°的入口倾角,以使冷空气贴着孔壁流动,更好的起到冷却作用,这就是说钻孔的长度达到5mm。他说:“温度是航空发动机的主宰,叶轮运行的环境温度越高,燃料的利用率越高,得到的推力越大。
为了加强这技术的竞争力,Ex One 公司研发了一种专利材料,将这种材料注入中空的部件体内,可以防止光柱所加工孔以下壁体的烧伤。光加工之后,可以将这种材料完全清理掉。
“光加工的一种缺点是,光柱在遇到另一个实体之前就会一直传播”吉尔摩说:“加工柴油机喷嘴时,这会损坏相对壁的内表面”。
超脉冲加工设备的价格为650000到800000美元,虽然这要高于电火花加工设备,但是光加工不会用到电极。“激光加工用光做刀具”吉尔摩说:“它节省了电极的开支”。
根据其应用的不同,机械钻削加工、插铣、电火花加工和光加工在微孔加工中都占有一席之地。牧野公司的Kiszonas说:“用户也比较向往有更多的微孔加工方法供其选择”。
第四篇:外文翻译
本科生毕业设计(论文)外文资料译文
设计(论文)题目:
学生姓名:徐凯学号:0965251027分院:信息与机电工程分院班级: 091指导教师:袁鸿斌职称:讲师填表日期:2013年3月6日
杭州师范大学钱江学院教学部制
第五篇:外文翻译
当今时代是一个自动化时代,交通灯控制等很多行业的设备都与计算机密切相关。因此,一个好的交通灯控制系统,将给道路拥挤,违章控制等方面给予技术革新。随着大规模集成电路及计算机技术的迅速发展,以及人工智能在控制技术方面的广泛运用,智能设备有了很大的发展,是现代科技发展的主流方向。本文介绍了一个智能交通的系统的设计。该智能交通灯控制系统可以实现的功能有:对某市区的四个主要交通路口进行控制:个路口有固定的工作周期,并且在道路拥挤时中控制中心能改变其周期:对路口违章的机动车能够即时拍照,并提取车牌号。在世界范围内,一个以微电子技术,计算机和通信技术为先导的,一信息技术和信息产业为中心的信息革命方兴未艾。而计算机技术怎样 与实际应用更有效的结合并有效的发挥其作用是科学界最热门的话题,也是当今计算机应用中空前活跃的领域。本文主要从单片机的应用上来实现十字路口交通灯智能化的管理,用以控制过往车辆的正常运作。
研究交通的目的是为了优化运输,人流以及货流。由于道路使用者的不断增加,现有资源和基础设施有限,智能交通控制将成为一个非常重要的课题。但是,智能交通控制的应用还存在局限性。例如避免交通拥堵被认为是对环境和经济都有利的,但改善交通流也可能导致需求增加。交通仿真有几个不同的模型。在研究中,我们着重于微观模型,该模型能模仿单独车辆的行为,从而模仿动态的车辆组。
由于低效率的交通控制,汽车在城市交通中都经历过长时间的行进。采用先进的传感器和智能优化算法来优化交通灯控制系统,将会是非常有益的。优化交通灯开关,增加道路容量和流量,可以防止交通堵塞,交通信号灯控制是一个复杂的优化问题和几种智能算法的融合,如模糊逻辑,进化算法,和聚类算法已经在使用,试图解决这一问题,本文提出一种基于多代理聚类算法控制交通信号灯。
在我们的方法中,聚类算法与道路使用者的价值函数是用来确定每个交通灯的最优决策的,这项决定是基于所有道路使用者站在交通路口累积投票,通过估计每辆车的好处(或收益)来确定绿灯时间增益值与总时间是有差异的,它希望在它往返的时候等待,如果灯是红色,或者灯是绿色。等待,直到车辆到达目的地,通过有聚类算法的基础设施,最后经过监测车的监测。
我们对自己的聚类算法模型和其它使用绿灯模拟器的系统做了比较。绿灯模拟器是一个交通模拟器,监控交通流量统计,如平均等待时间,并测试不同的交通灯控制器。结果表明,在拥挤的交通条件下,聚类控制器性能优于其它所有测试的非自适应控制器,我们也测试理论上的平均等待时间,用以选择车辆通过市区的道路,并表明,道路使用者采用合作学习的方法可避免交通瓶颈。
本文安排如下:第2部分叙述如何建立交通模型,预测交通情况和控制交通。第3部分是就相关问题得出结论。第4部分说明了现在正在进一步研究的事实,并介绍了我们的新思想。
The times is a automation times nowadays,traffic light waits for much the industey equipment to go hand in hand with the computer under the control of.Therefore,a good traffic light controls system,will give road aspect such as being crowded,controlling against rules to give a technical improvement.With the fact that the large-scale integrated circuit and the computer art promptness develop,as well as artificial intelligence broad in the field of control technique applies,intelligence equipment has had very big development,the main current being that modern science and technology develops direction.The main body of a book is designed having introduccd a intelligence traffic light systematically.The function being intelligence traffic light navar’s turn to be able to come true has:The crossing carries out supervisory control on four main traffic of some downtown area;Every crossing has the fixed duty period,charges centrefor being able to change it’s period and in depending on a road when being crowded;The motro vehicle breaking rules and regulations to the crossing is able to take a photo immediately,abstracts and the vehicle shop sign.Within world range ,one uses the microelectronics technology,the computer and the technology communicating by letter are a guide’s,centering on IT and IT industry information revolution is in the ascendant.But,how,computer art applies more effective union and there is an effect’s brought it’s effect into play with reality is the most popular topic of scientific community,is also that computer applications is hit by the unparalleled active field nowadays.The main body of a book is applied up mainly from slicing machine’s only realizing intellectualized administration of crossroads traffic light,use operation in controlling the vehicular traffic regularity.Transportation research has the goal to optimize transportation flow of people and goods.As the number of road users constantly increases, and resources provided by current infras-tructures are limited, intelligent control of traffic will become a very important issue in thefuture.However, some limitations to the usage of intelligent tra?c control exist.Avoidingtraffic jams for example is thought to be beneficial to both environment and economy, butimproved traffic-flow may also lead to an increase in demand [Levinson, 2003].There are several models for traffic simulation.In our research we focus on microscopicmodels that model the behavior of individual vehicles, and thereby can simulate dynam-ics of groups of vehicles.Research has shown that such models yield realistic behavior[Nagel and Schreckenberg, 1992, Wahle and Schreckenberg, 2001].Cars in urban traffic can experience long travel times due to inefficient traffic light con-trol.Optimal control of traffic lights using sophisticated sensors and intelligent optimizationalgorithms might therefore bevery beneficial.Optimization of traffic light switching increasesroad capacity and traffic flow, and can prevent tra?c congestions.Traffic light control is acomplex optimization problem and several intelligent algorithms, such as fuzzy logic, evo-lutionary algorithms, and reinforcement learning(RL)have already been used in attemptsto solve it.In this paper we describe a model-based, multi-agent reinforcement learningalgorithm for controlling traffic lights.In our approach, reinforcement learning [Sutton and Barto, 1998, Kaelbling et al., 1996]with road-user-based value functions [Wiering, 2000] is used to determine optimal decisionsfor each traffic light.The decision is based on a cumulative vote of all road users standingfor a traffic junction, where each car votes using its estimated advantage(or gain)of settingits light to green.The gain-value is the difference between the total time it expects to waitduring the rest of its trip if the light for which it is currently standing is red, and if it is green.The waiting time until cars arrive at their destination is estimated by monitoring cars flowingthrough the infrastructure and using reinforcement learning(RL)algorithms.We compare the performance of our model-based RL method to that of other controllersusing the Green Light District simulator(GLD).GLD is a traffic simulator that allows usto design arbitrary infrastructures and traffic patterns, monitor traffic flow statistics such asaverage waiting times, and test different traffic light controllers.The experimental resultsshow that in crowded traffic, the RL controllers outperform all other tested non-adaptivecontrollers.We also test the use of the learned average waiting times for choosing routes of cars through the city(co-learning), and show that by using co-learning road users can avoidbottlenecks.