2011年职称英语理工类阅读理解新增篇目[范文]

第一篇：2011年职称英语理工类阅读理解新增篇目[范文]

2011年职称英语理工类阅读理解

新增文章篇目(名师押题)第二篇 World Crude Oil Production May Peak a Decade Earlier Than Some Predict 第六篇 Waving With Light *第三十四篇 Batteries Built by Viruses *第三十八篇 Longer Lives for Wild Elephants +第四十五篇 Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like Others +第四十六篇 Marvelous Metamaterials

注：

1、+表示A级文章；*表示B即文章；其他为C级文章； 2、2011年词汇部分与2010年教材相比未作任何变化。

第二篇

World Crude Oil Production May Peak a Decade Earlier Than Some Predict

In a finding that may speed efforts to conserve oil, scientists in Kuwait predict that world conventional crude oil production will peak in 2014.This prediction is almost a decade earlier than some other predictions．Their study is in ACS’ Energy1＆Fuels．

Ibrahim Nashawi and colleagues point out that rapid growth in global oil consumption has sparked a growing interest in predicting “peak oil”．“Peak oil ”is the point where oil production reaches a maximum and then declines.Scientists have developed several models to forecast this point, and some put the date at 2020 or

2later.One of the most famous forecast models is called the Hubbert model.It assumes

3that global oil production will follow a bell shaped curve.A related concept is 4that of “Peak Oil.” The term “Peal Oil” indicates the moment in which world wide production Will peak, afterwards to start on irreversible decline．

The Hubbert model accurately predicted that oil production would peak in the United States in 1970.The model has since gained in popularity and has been used to forecast oil production worldwide． However, recent studies show that the model is insufficient to account for more complex oil production cycles of some countries．Those cycles can be heavily influenced by technology changes, politics, and other factors, the scientists say.The new study describes development of a new version of the Hubbert model that provides a more realistic and accurate oil production forecast．Using the new model, the scientists evaluated the oil production trends of 47 major oil-producing

6countries, which supply most of the world’s conventional crude oil． They estimated that worldwide conventional crude oil production will peak in 2014, years earlier

7than anticipated.The scientists also showed that the world's oil reserves are being reduced at a rate of 2.1 percent a year.The new model could help inform energy-related decisions and public policy debate, they suggest.词汇：

Conserve v． 保护，保存 crude oil原油

spark v．闪耀；激发；鼓舞 curve n．曲线

irreversible adj．不可逆的，不可改变的 insufficient adj.充分的，不足的

注释：

1．ACS' Energy & Fuels：ACS是American Chemical Society(美国化学学会)的缩写。该学会成立于l876年，现已成为世界最大的科技协会。多年来，ACS一直致力于为全球化学研究机构、企业及个人提供高品质的文献资讯及服务。ACS出版的期刊有34种，这些期刊在化学领域中是被引用次数最多的化学期刊，Energy＆Fuels即是其中一本。

2．the Hubbert model：赫伯特模型是美国地质学家M．King Hubbert于1956年创建的，这是一个随时间增长的模型，Hubbert将其引入油气田开发，经推导使其成为一个可以预测油气田累积产量、瞬时产量、年产量和可采储量等多项开发指标的多功能预测模型。3．a bell shaped curve：钟形曲线

4．that of peak oil：that指代concept。5．account for：说明，解释

6．conventional crude oil：常规原油

7．oil reserves：石油储量。通常使用复数形式reserves。

练习：

1．Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word “sparked” appearing in paragraph 2? A．flashed B．stimulated C．changed D．ended 2．The term “a bell shaped curve” appearing in paragraph 2 indicates that global oil production will A．take the shape of a flat curve． B．keep growing． C．keep declining．

D．start to decline after global oil production peaks． 3．Which of the following is NOT true of the Hubbert model? A．It successfully predicted that oil production peaked in the U．S．in l 970． B．It has been used to predict oil production in many countries．

C．It is insufficient to explain oil production cycles in some countries． D．It provides a very realistic and accurate oil production．

4．What is the major achievement of the new study mentioned in the last paragraph? A．It predicts global oil production will peak in 2014． B．It predicts oil production will decline in 47 countries． C．It confirms further the effectiveness of the Hubbert model． D．It discovers a new trend of Worldwide oil production． 5．Who develop the new version of the Hubbert model? A．American scientists． B．Kuwaiti scientists． C．British scientists．

D．Scientists of 47 major oil-producing countries．

答案与题解：

1．B spark一词做及物动词使用时有“发动”、“激发”的意思，在此意为stimulated，即“引发”，这个句子的意思是：全球石油消费的快速增长已引发了对“石油峰值”预测的兴趣。2．D此句接下来的句子中所提到的a related concept即是与a bell shaped curve相关的概念，也就是说，接下来的这个句子对a bell shaped curve做了解释，即世界石油生产达到最大峰值后将下降。

3．D 文章的第三段告诉我们，Hubbert预测模型精确地预测到美国石油生产于1970年将达到峰值。这一模型自受到公认后，已用于预测世界石油生产。第四段说，这一模型对于某些国家更加复杂的石油生产周期而言，其计算尚不充分。这些生产周期受到技术的改变、政策和其他因素的很大影响。所以，A、B和C都是对Hubbert模型的正确说明。

4．A选项

8、C和D所述内容均未在文章中提到。最后一段告诉我们，科学家使用新的模型评估了47个主要的产油国家的石油生产趋势，并预计全球常规原油生产到2014年将达最高峰值。所以，A是答案。

5．B 短文第一段的第一个句子提供了答案。

第六篇

Waving With Light In the Sierra Madre mountain range of west central Mexico, the native Huichol 2people live much the way their ancestors did--without electricity.That’s because

3it’s too expensive to string power lines to the remote mountain areas where they live.To help support themselves, the Huichol create beautiful artwork.They sell their art in cities hundreds of miles away from their villages.And without electricity--at home or on the road, they can only work during daylight hours.When it gets dark, they must stop whatever they’re doing.Now, a team of scientists, designers, and architects is using new technologies to provide the Huichol with light after the sun sets．The scientists’ technique involves weaving tiny electronic crystals into fabrics that can be made into clothes, bags, or other items.By collecting the sun’s energy during the day, these lightweight fabrics provide bright white light at night．Their inventors have named the fabrics “Portable Lights.” Portable Lights have the potential to transform the lives of people without electricity around the world, says project leader Sheila Kennedy．

“Our invention,” Kennedy says, “came from seeing how we could transform technology we saw every day in the United States and move it into new markets for people who didn't have a lot of money．” At the core of Portable Light technology are devices called high-brightness

6light-emitting diodes，or HB LEDs．These tiny lights appear in digital clocks，televisions，and streetlights．

LEDs are completely different from the light bulbs．Most of those glass bulbs belong to a type called incandescent lights．Inside，electricity heats a metal coil to about 2，200 degrees Celsius．At that temperature，bulbs give off light we can see．

Ninety percent of energy produced by incandescent lights, however, is heat——and invisible．With all that wasted energy, bulbs burn out quickly．They are also easily broken．

LEDs，on the other hand，are like tiny pieces of rock made up of molecules that are arranged in a crystal structure．When an electric current passes through an LED，the crystal structure produces light．Unlike incandescent bulbs, they Can produce light of various colors．Within an LED, the type of molecules and their particular arrangement determines what color is produced．

词汇：

Portable adj．轻便的，手提式的

light—emitting diode(LED)发光二极管 bulb n．灯泡；球状物 incandescent adj．白灼的 coil n．线圈，卷，圈

molecule n．分子

注释：

1．Sierra Madre mountain range of west central Mexico：墨西哥中西部的马德雷山脉o Sierra；一词在西班牙语中本身就包含了“山脉”的意思，确切地说是“呈齿状起伏的山脉”，因为在西班牙语中Sierra有“锯子”的意思。2．Huichol people：维克人。他们是居住在墨西哥中西部地区马德雷山脉的土著印地安人。该地区山路崎岖，所以西班牙人未涉足于此，墨西哥文化也没能影响维克人的土著文化。据估计，维克印地安人现仅存约一万人。3．string power lines：架设输电线。

4．Now，a team of scientists„is usin9：a team of scientists可以视作单数，也可以视作复数。本句用作单数，所以后接的谓语动词是is。

5．At the core of：此处the core of意为the basic or most important part of(最重要的部分)。

6．At the core of Portable Light technology are devices called high—brightness light—emitting diodes, or HB LEDs：本句是倒装句，主语是“devices called high—brightness light—emitting diodes，or HB LEDs”，谓语动词是“are”。high．brightness light．emitting diodes可译为“高亮度发光二极管。

练习：

1．To make a living, the Huichol create artwork and A．sell it to tourists in their villages．

B．sell it in cities far away from their villages． C．display it in their village museum．

D．keep it in their homes to attract tourists． 2．Why can Portable Lights emit light? A．Electronic crystals are woven into fabrics．

B．Items such as clothes and bags are used to carry lights． C．The sun's energy is collected during the day． D．All of the above．

3．What does Sheila Kennedy say about Portable Lights? A．This invention can change the lives of people，both rich and poor． B．They are widely used in the United States．

C．Portable Lights can help poor people around the world to get light． D．They are expensive to make but easy to carry．

4．What is the most important part of the Portable Light technology? A．HB LEDs B．Glass Bulbs．

C．Incandescent lights． D．Heated metal coils．

5．LEDs are different from light bulbs in that A．LEDs are incandescent lights while light bulbs are not． B．LEDs have a metal coil while light bulbs have not． C．LEDs emit colored light while most light bulbs don't．

D．LEDs are made up of tiny pieces of rock while light bulbs are not．

答案与题解：

1．B 短文的第一段提供了答案，该段告诉我们，维克人为了谋生，制作工艺品，并到几百英里以外的城市去销售。

2．D文章的第二和第三段包括了A、B和C所述内容。所以D是答案。

3．C 短文的第四和第五段提供了答案。短文第四段的句子说了Potable Lights可以在世界范围内改变穷乡僻壤用不上电的人们的生活，C准确地表达了这层意思，所以是答案0 A不是答案，说Potable Lights能改变富人穷人的生活，不符合原文的意思。短文没有提及Portable Lights在美国使用，也没有说Portable Lights是否花费很大。所以B和D都不是答案。4．A第六段的第一句提供了答案。Portable Lights技术的最主要部分是high—brightness light—emitting diodes，即高亮度发光二极管。

5．C短文的第六段对light bulbs进行了描述。第二句中的those glass bulbs即指第一句中的light bulbs。因此，LEDs不是incandescent lights(白炽灯)，也没有金属丝。所以A和B均是错误的选择。最后一段的第一个句子LEDs，on the other hand，are like tiny pieces of rock made up of molecules that are arranged in a crystal structure中的like pieces of rock，不等于 pieces。

*第三十四篇

Batteries Built by Viruses What do chicken pox，the common cold, the flu，and AIDS have in common? They’re all disease caused by viruses，tiny microorganisms that can pass from person to

1person．It's no wonder that when most people think about viruses, finding ways t0 2steer clear of viruses is what's on people's minds． Not everyone runs from the tiny disease carders, though．In Cambridge, 4Massachusetts, scientists have discovered that some viruses can be helpful in an unusual way．They are putting viruses to work, teaching them to build some of the world's smallest rechargeable batteries．

Viruses and batteries may seem like an unusual pair，but they're not so strange

5for engineer Angela Belcher，who first came up with the idea．At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)in Cambridge, she and her collaborators bring together different areas of science in new ways．In the case of the virus-built batteries, the scientists combine what they know about biology, technology and production techniques． Belcher's team includes Paula Hammond，who helps put together the tiny batteries, and Yet-Ming Chiang，an expert on how to store energy in the form of a battery．“We’re working on things we traditionally don’t associate with nature．” says Hammond． Many batteries are already pretty small．You can hold A．C and D batteries in your hand．The coin—like batteries that power watches are often smaller than a penny．However。every year，new electronic devices like personal music players or cell phones get smaller than the year before．As these devices shrink, ordinary batteries won't be small enough to fit inside．

The ideal battery will store a lot of energy in a small package．Right now，Belcher's model battery，a metallic disk completely built by viruses，looks like a regular watch battery．But inside，its components are very small—so tiny you can only see them with a powerful microscope．

How small are these battery parts? To get some idea of the size，pluck one hair from your head．Place your hair on a piece of white paper and try to see how wide your hair is—pretty thin，right? Although the width of each person's hair is a bit different，you could probably fit about l o of these virus—built battery parts，side to side，across one hair．These microbatteries may change the way we look at 7viruses．

词汇：

chicken pox水痘

microorganism n．微生物 metallic adj．金属的

collaborator n．合作者，协作者 pluck v．拔，摘，采

注释：

1．no wonder：不足为奇的，难怪 2．steer clear of：避开，绕开 3．though：意思为“然而，可是”。在句中使用时通常放在句末。4．Cambridge，Massachusetts：马萨诸塞州的剑桥市。本文第三段提到的the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)in Cambridge即指坐落于剑桥市的麻省理工学院。麻省理工学院于1861年由著名自然科学家威廉·巴罗吉杰斯创立。这是美国的一所私立研究型大学，培养高级科技人才和管理人才，是以理工科为主的、世界一流的综合性大学。5．came up with：提出

6．A，C and D batteries：A、C、D均为电池型号。

7．These microbatteries may change the way we look at viruses：这些微型电池可能会改变我们看待病毒的方式。作者想表达的意思是：人们一直认为病毒有害无益，现在病毒可用来制作电池，人们对病毒的看法可能会因此而发生变化。

练习：

1．According to the first paragraph，people try to A．kill microorganisms related to chicken pox，the flu，etc． B．keep themselves away from viruses because they are invisible．

C．stay away from viruses because they are causes of various diseases． D．cure themselves of virus—related diseases by taking medicines． 2．What is Belcher's team doing at present? A．It is finding ways to get rid of viruses．． B．It is mass—producing microbatteries． C．It is making batteries with viruses． D．It is analyzing virus genes．

3．What expression below is opposite in meaning to the word “shrink” appearing in paragraph 5？ A．Broaden． B．Spread． C．Extend． D．Expand：

4.Which of the following is true of Belcher's battery mentioned in paragraph 6？ A．It is made of metal．

B．It is a kind of watch battery．

C．It can only be seen with a microscope．

D．It is a metallic disk with viruses inside it． 5.How tiny is one battery part? A．Its width is one tenth of a hair． B．It equals the width of a hair． C．It is as thin as a piece of paper． D．Its width is too tiny to measure．

答案与题解：

1．C短文第一段的大致意思是，许多疾病都由病毒引起，诸如水痘、感冒和艾滋病，所以人们想尽办法躲避病毒。这是C所表达的意思。A不是正确选择，因为文章并没有说人们想

方设法去杀死病毒。B的后半句的内容(病毒肉眼看不见)和D的内容(吃药治疗病毒引起的疾病)文中没有提到.2．C短文的第二段明确提供了答案。

3．D 根据上下文，shrink在此的意思是“收缩”，即“缩小”。所以，它的反义词是expand(增大，扩张)。C不是正确选择，因为extend的意思是become longer，即“延伸”或“加长”。A的意思是“加宽”，也不是答案。B的意思是“伸展，展开”，在一定的上下文里也可以做shrink的反义词，但在第五段这个语境里，B不是最佳选择。

4．D第六段第二句中提到的metallic disk是指“金属圆盘”，它是微型电池的外形，其内部是由病毒构成的电池部件。微型电池不是由金属组成的，所以A不是答案。本段提到，这种电池looks like a regular watch battery，与手表里电池外形相似，但并不等同手表电池，所以B也不是正确选择。文章只是说电池的部件(但并没有说整个电池)小到只能用显微镜才能看到，所以C也不是正确的选择。D才是第六段所要表达的主要内容，因此是答案。

5．A 短文最后一段的第四句(“you could probably fit about lo of these virus-built battery parts，side to side，across one hair”)提供了本题的答案。

*第三十八篇

Longer Lives for Wild Elephants Most people think of zoos as safe places for animals，where struggles such as difficulty finding food and avoiding predators don't exist.Without such problems，lanimals in zoos should live to a ripe old age． But mat may not be true for the largest land animals on Earth.Scientists have known that elephants in zoos often suffer from poor health．They develop diseases，joint problems and behavior changes．Sometimes．they even become infertile．or unable to have babies．

To learn more about how captivity affects elephants, a team of international scientists compared the life spans of female elephants born in zoos with female elephants living outdoors in their native lands．Zoos keep detailed records of all the animals in their care，documenting factors such as birth dates，illnesses，weight and death．These records made it possible for the researchers to analyze 40 years of data on 800 African and Asian elephants in zoos across Europe．The scientists compared the life spans of the zoo．born elephants with the life spans of thousands

3of female wild elephants in Africa and Asian elephants that work in logging camps，over approximately the same time period．

The team found that female African elephants born in zoos lived an average of l 6.9 years．Their wild counterparts who died of natural causes lived an average of 56 years——more than three times as long．Female Asian elephants followed a similar pattern．In zoos, they lived l 8．9 s years, while those in the logging camps lived 41.7 years．

Scientists don't yet know why wild elephants seem to fare so much better than their zoo-raised counterparts．Georgia Mason，a biologist at the University of Guelph

4in Canada who led the study, thinks stress and obesity may be to blame．Zoo elephants don't get the same kind of exercise they would in the wild，and most are very fat．Elephant social lives are also much different in zoos than in the wild，where they live in large herds and family groups．

Another finding from the study showed that Asian elephants born in zoos were more likely to die early than Asian elephants captured in the wild and brought to zoos．Mason suggests stress in the mothers in zoos might cause them to have babies that are less likely to survive．

The study raises some questions about acquiring more elephants to keep in zoos．While some threatened and endangered species living in zoos reproduce successfully and maintain healthy populations，that doesn't appear to be the case with elephants．“Currently，zoos al e net consumers of elephants，not net producers，” Mason says．

词汇：

Predator n．食肉动物 Ripe adj．成熟的

Infertile adj．不生育的 Captivity n．监禁；束缚

Fare v．过活，生活

Obesity adj．过度肥胖；肥胖症

注释： 1．1ive to a ripe old age：这是一种固定用法，意思是live to an age that is considered to be very old(长寿，高寿)。

2．be true for：或者be true of：对„„适用。短文中第二段第一句：But that may not be true for the largest land animals on Earth．这里，作为主语的that指的是第一段所陈述的内容。这个句子要传达的意思是：动物园对其他动物来说是一个安栖之地，而对大象来说却不然。

3．logging camps：伐木场。Loggin9作为名词，意思是：伐木业。

4．stress and obesity may be to blame：压力和肥胖是问题的根源。be to blame：该受责备，应承担责任。

练习：

1．According to the first two paragraphs，unlike other zoo animals，zoo elephants A．have difficulty eating food． B．1ive to a ripe old age．

C：are not afraid of predators． D．develop health problems．

2．Which of the following about the international scientists' research on the life spans of elephants is NOT true?(See paragraph 3)? A．They compared zoo elephants with wild elephants．

B．They kept detailed records of all the elephants in their care． C．They analyzed the records of the elephants kept in zoos．

D．The zoo-born elephants they studied are kept in European zoos． 3．What do the scientists find in their research? A．Female elephants live longer than male elephants．

B．Female zoo elephants live longer than their wild counterparts．

C．Female zoo elephants die much earlier than their wild counterparts． D．Elephants in zoos and those in the wild enjoy the same long life spans． 4．What are the possible causes of stress and obesity zoo—raised elephants generally suffer from? A．They do not like living in herds． B．They do not get enough exercise．

C．They do not live with their families． D．Both B and C．

5．Which of the following does the author suggest in the last paragraph? A．It may not be a wise policy to keep elephants in the zoo． B．Elephants are no longer an endangered species．

C．Zoo-born elephants should be looked after more carefully． D．Zoos should keep more animals except elephants．

答案与题解：

1．D短文的第一段告诉我们，人们通常认为动物园内的动物没有猎食的困难，也不受其他 猎食动物的威胁，所以一般寿命较长。但第一段并没有提及大象。第二段则说，动物园内的大象却不然，它们面临很多健康问题。所以，除了D以外，其他选项均不符合这两段内容。

2．B 第三段告诉我们，动物园，而不是这些研究人员，保存了所有园内动物的详细相关信息。所以应该选择8。其他三个选项均能在该段中找到相关内容。

3．C短文的第四段提供了答案。该段告诉我们，野生的雌性大象的平均寿命是动物园里的雌性大象平均寿命的3倍还多。

4．D短文的第五段提供了答案。该段第三句的意思是：动物园里的大象不像野生大象那样活动，因此非常肥胖。他们也不像野生大象那样过着群居的生活，即live in herds and family groups。

5．A短文通篇陈述了大象在动物园内的生存问题，最后一段是全文的总结。该段第一句指出，对动物园大象的研究向人们提出了一个问题：是否应该将更多的大象关进动物园。该段还重复了第一、第二段的观点：其他动物在动物园能够很好地繁衍生息，而大象却不能。所以，A是正确选择。B、C、D均没有在文中被提及。

+第四十五篇

Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like Others Low—salt foods may be harder for some people to like than others，according

lto a study by a Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences food scientist．The research indicates that genetic factors influence some of the difference in the levels of salt we like to eat．

Those conclusions are important because recent，well—publicized efforts to

2reduce the salt content in food have left many people struggling to accept fare

3that simply does not taste as good to them as it does to others，pointed out John

4Hayes，assistant professor of food science，who was lead investigator 0n the study． Diets high in salt Can increase the risk of high blood pressure and stroke．That is why public health experts and food companies are working together on ways to help consumers lower salt intake through foods that are enjoyable to eat．This study increases understanding of salt preference and consumption． The research involved 87 carefully screened participants who sampled salty foods

5such as soup and chips，on multiple occasions，spread out over weeks．Test subjects were 45：men and 42 women, reportedly healthy，ranging in age from 20 t0 40 years．The sample was composed of individuals who were not actively modifying their dietary intake and did not smoke cigarettes．They rated the intensity of taste on a commonly used scientific scale，ranging from barely detectable to strongest sensation of any kind．

“Most of us like the taste of salt．However，some individuals eat more salt，both because they like the taste of saltiness more，and also because it is needed to block other unpleasant tastes in food,” said Hayes.“Supertasters, people who experience tastes more intensely, consume more salt than nontasters do.Snack foods have saltiness as their primary flavor, and at least for these foods, more is better, so the supertasters seem to like them more.” However, supertasters also need higher levels of salt to block unpleasant bitter tastes in foods such as cheese，Hayes noted．“For example，cheese is a wonderful blend of dairy flavors from fermented milk，but also bitter tastes from ripening that are blocked by salt，” he said．“A supertaster finds low-salt cheese unpleasant

6because the bitterness is too pronounced．”

Hayes cited research done more than 75 years ago by a chemist named Fox and a geneticist named Blakeslee，showing that individuals differ in their ability to taste certain chemicals．As a result，Hayes explained，we know that a wide range in taste acuity exists，and this variation is as normal as variations in eye and hair color．

“Some people，called supertasters，describe bitter compounds as being extremely bitter，while others，called nontasters，find these same bitter compounds to be tasteless or only weakly bitter．”he said．“Response to bitter compounds is one of many ways to identify biological differences in food preference because 7supertastin is not limited to bitterness．(476)

词汇：

Publicize v．引起公众对„的注意；(用广告)宣传

Dietary adj．饮食的；规定食物的 Ferment v．(使)发酵 Geneticist n．遗传学家 Acuity n．敏锐；尖锐

注释：

1．Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences：即Penn State University--College of Agricultural Sciences宾州州立大学农学院。Penn是Pennsylvania的缩写，是美国宾夕法尼亚州名。宾州州立大学建于1855年：在全国共有24个分校。在句中，Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences用作定语，修饰food scientist。

2．Well-publicized efforts to reduce the salt content in food：大力宣传减少食物含盐量的做法

3．1eft many people struggling to accept fare that simply does not taste as good to them as it does to others：使得许多人努力去接受适合其他人而不适合他们口味的食物。fare相当于food。

4．1ead investigator：研发项目负责人

5．„carefully screened participants who sampled salty foods as soup and chips．on multiple occasion，spread out over weeks：„„经过仔细筛选的实验参与者，他们在几周内的不同时间里品尝了汤和薯条等含盐食物。

6．too pronounced：此处pronounced为形容词，意为very noticeable，conspicuous(明显的，显著的)。

7．supertasting：超重味感

练习：

1．In paragraph 2，John Hayes points out that A．it is good to health to eat food without salt． B．many people reject low—salt food completely．

C．many people accept low—salt tasteless food reluctantly D．food with reduced salt tastes better． 2．The fourth paragraph describes briefly A．how to select subjects and what to do in the research． B．how to identify supertasters and nontasters．

C．why to limit the number of subjects to 87 persons． D．why to select more male subjects than female ones． 3.The article argues that supertasters A．1ike the；taste of saltiness to block sweet tastes in food． B．1ike snack foods as saltiness is their primary flavor．

C．consume less salt because they don t like intensive tastes． D．1ike to share salty cheese with nontasters．

4.Which of the following applies to supertasters in terms of bitter taste? A．They like bitterness in foods as well as saltiness．

B．They like high．salt cheese as it has intense bitter taste． C．They prefer high—salt cheese．which tastes less bitter．． D.They prefer high-salt cheese as it is good to health．

5.What message do the last two paragraphs carry? A．Taste acuity is genetically determined．

B．Taste acuity is developed over time after birth． C．Taste acuity is related to one's eye and hair color． D．Taste acuity is still a mysterious subject in science．

答案与题解：

1．C 根据短文的第二段内容，很多人因为食物中的含盐量降低，所以必须做出很大努力(struggling)去适应，而低盐食物对于他们来说，口味很不好(fare that simply does not taste„good to them)。选项C有accept reluctantly(勉强接受)表达了这层意思，所以是正确的选择。A、B、D三个选项均是错误的。

2．A第四段介绍了科学家是如何设计这项研究的，它包含了研究对象的人数、性别、人选条件、咸度味感分级表等。选项A概括了这方面的内容，所以是答案。而选项B、C、D所述内容均不符合该段的意思。

3．B 短文的第五段提供了答案o supertaster在这里的意思是：口味重的人，在本文中，nontaster是其反义词，即，口味清谈的人。该段告诉我们，口味重的人消耗更多的盐；因为快餐食品的主要味道就是咸味，而且咸度越高，口味越好，所以口味重的人对快餐较为偏爱。选项B表达了上述内容，所以是答案。

4．C 短文第六段提供了答案。该段告诉我们，奶酪发酵会产生苦味，supertasters不喜欢苦味，而高含盐量可以盖住奶酪里的昔味，这是他们偏爱高盐奶酪的原因。所以，只有C是正确选择。

5．A 文章第七段中，Hayes引用了75年前一位遗传学专家的实验。从这项实验中，Hayes得出的结论是，Taste acuity(味觉敏度)上的差异与他们头发和眼睛的颜色上的差异是同一类现象，也就是说，都是与生俱来的。第八段又说，这是一种biological difference(生物差异)，所以A是答案。B说味觉敏度是后天形成的，显然与作者的结论相左0℃说味觉敏度的差异与头发和眼睛的颜色上的差异有关，显然是错误的。D的内容在最后两段都没有提到，所以不会是答案。

+第四十六篇

Marvelous Metamaterials 1 Invisibility cloaks would have remained impossible，forever locked in science

2fiction．had it not been for the development of metamaterials.In Greek, “meta” means beyond, and metamaterials car do things beyond what we see in the natural world—like shuffle light waves around an object，and then bring them back 3together．If scientists ever manage to build a full—fledged invisibility cloak，it will probably be made of metamaterials．

“We are creating materials that don't exist in nature, and that have a physical phenomenon that doesn't exist in nature,” says engineer Dentcho Genov.“That is the most exciting thing.” Genov designs and builds metamaterials--such as those used in cloaking--at Louisiana Tech University in Ruston, Louisiana.An invisibility cloak will probably not be the first major accomplishment to come from the field of metamaterials．Other applications are just as excitin9．In many labs，for example，scientists are working on building a hyperlens．A lens is a device——usually made of glass——that can change the direction of light waves．Lenses are used in microscopes and cameras to focus light，thus allowing a researcher to see small things or a photographer to capture image of things that are far away．

A hyperlens，however，would be made of metamaterials．And since metamaterial s can do things with light that ordinary materials can't，the hyperlens would be a powerful t001．A hyperlens would allow researchers to see things at the smallest scale imaginable—as small as the wavelength of visible light． Genov points out that the science of metamaterials is driven by the imagination：If someone call think of an idea for a new behavior for fight，then the engineers can find a way to design a device using metamaterials．“We need people who can imagine,” he says．

Since 2006，many laboratories have been exploring other kinds of metamaterials that don't involve just visible light．In fact，scientists are finding that almost any kind of wave may respond to metamaterials． At the Polytechnic University of Valencia in Spain．Jose Sanchez-Dehesa is working with acoustics, or the science of sound．Just as an invisibility cloak shuffles waves of light，an “acoustic” cloak would shuffle waves of sound in a way that's not found in nature．In an orchestra hall, for example．an acoustic cloak could redirect the sound waves——so someone sitting behind a column would hear the same concert as the rest of the audience．without distortion．

Sanchez-Dehesa，an engineer，recently showed that it's possible to build such an acoustic cloak，though he doubts we'11 see one any time soon．“In principle，it is possible,” he says，but it might be impossible to make one, he adds．

Other scientists are looking into ways to use larger metamaterials as shields

6around islands or oil rigs as protection from tsunamis．A tsunami is a giant．destructive wave．The metamaterial would redirect the tsunami around the rig or island．and the wave would resume its ioumey on the other side without causing any harm．

词汇：

Cloak n．斗篷，披风 Metamaterial n．超材料

full—fledged adj．完全成熟的，完全合格的 Hyperlens n．超透镜 Acoustics n．声学 Tsunami n.海震，海啸

注释：

1．Invisibility cloaks：隐形衣。在《哈利·波特与死亡圣器》(Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows)一书中，哈利通过邓布利多的转交继承了他父亲的隐形衣。该书是英国女作家J．K．罗琳创作的哈利·波特系列小说的第7部。

2．„had it not been for the development of metamaterials：„„如果超材料尚未得到开发的话。该句使用的是虚拟过去时的倒装结构。虚拟过去时表示与过去事实相反的假设；因为是倒装结构，所以将情态动词had提到主语之前。如使用正常语序，该句可写为．．．．if it had not been for the development of metamaterials．

3．“meta” means beyond．and metamaterials can do things beyond what we see in the natural world—like shuffle light waves around an object and then bring them back together：“meta”的词义是“超越”，metamaterials(超材料)能做出我们在自然界看不到的事情，例如将光波移动到某个物体周围，然后将光波全部收回。

4．Louisiana Tech University in Ruston，Louisiana：路易斯安那理工大学，位于路易斯安那州拉斯顿市。该校为公立大学，1894年建校，是美国最为重要的研究型大学之一。5．the Polytechnic University of Valencia in Spain：瓦伦西亚理工大学，位于西班牙东南部的瓦伦西亚市，该校建于l968年。． 6．oil rigs：石油钻塔

练习：

1．What is true for metamaterials? A．They will always remain in science fiction． B．They are already a reality． C．They are nonexistent in nature．

D．Scientists begin to use them to build invisible cloaks． 2．A hyperlens is a more powerful tool than a traditional lens A．as it can allow scientists to see small things．

B．as it can help photographers to capture images far away． C．even if it is made of ordinary materials．

D．as it can help scientists to see even the wavelengths of visible light． 3．Scientists at the Polytechnic University of Valencia try to invent A．an acoustic cloak that can shuffle waves of light． B．an invisible cloak that can shuffle waves of sound． C．an acoustic cloak that can shuffle waves of sound． D．a cloak that is made of materials found in nature． 4．According to Sdnchez—Dehesa，A．it is of great possibility to build an acoustic cloak soon．

B．it is possible to build an acoustic cloak in theory but far from．reality． C．it is totally impossible to build an acoustic cloak.D．it is theoretically impractical to build an acoustic cloak．

5．What ways are some scientists looking into to protect the island and oil；rig from tsunamis?(Read the last paragraph．

A．Surround them with metamaterials as protective shields．

B．Stopping the tsunami with metamaterials hours before it reaches them． C．Building them with larger metamaterials to keep away tsunamis．

D．Using the equipment made of metamaterials to forecast arrival of a tsunami．

答案与题解：

1．C A不是正确答案，因为短文一开始的句子使用了虚拟语态，句子的意思是：如果超材料尚未得到开发的话„„。也就是说，科学家已经在研发超材料。短文的后面部分也进一步提到科学家正致力于超材料的开发。但是因为超材料尚未研发成功，科学家更没有开始使用超材料来制造隐身衣，所以B和D也不是正确选择。第二段的第一句提供了答案。

2．D A、B所述功效均是第三段中普通的lens能够达到的功效，所以不是正确选择。Hyperlens不是用普通材料制成，所以C也是错误选择。短文第四段对hyperlens做了描述，结合第四段内容可以得到D选项提供的结论。3．C 短文的第七段提供了答案。该段的大意是：瓦伦西亚理工大学的研究者Jose Sanchez．-Dehesa试图研发acoustic cloak，其原理与invisible cloak相同，只是acoustic cloak移动声波(shuffle waves of sound)，而不是移动光波(shuffle waves of light)。所以，只有C是正确的选择。

4．B 短文的第八段提供了答案。工程师Sanchez-Dehesa认为，成功开发acoustic cloak在理论上是可能的，但他对是否能成功表现出怀疑。

5．A 短文的最后一段告诉我们，科学家也在研究如何将超材料应用于抵御海啸的袭击。可以在岛屿周围使用超材料作为防护(shields)，因为超材料可以让海啸改变行走方向(redirect tsunarni)。A表达了这层意思，所以是答案。文章没有说，在海啸到达之前数小时用超材料将海啸档住，B不是答案。文章没有建议用超材料建造海岛和石油钻塔，C不是答案。D的内容是用超材料制作海啸预警器，文章中没有提及，也不是答案。

第二篇：2012年职称英语理工类阅读理解新增文章(翻译)

2012年职称英语理工类翻译

新增文章

阅读理解（6篇）

第六篇 Making Light of1 Sleep 第十九篇 Graphene's Superstrength1 *第三＋八篇 “Life Form Found” on Saturn's Titan *第四十篇 Teaching Math, Teaching Anxiety +第四＋五篇 Teaching Math, Teaching Anxiety +第四十六篇Ants Have Big Impact on Environment as “Ecosystem Engineers” 注：

1、+表示A级文章；*表示B即文章；其他为C级文章

2、阅读理解 3、2012年词汇部分与2011年教材相比未作任何变化

理工类C级 第六篇 不要太在意睡眠

我们每个人的大脑里都有一个像我们床边的闹钟一样的生物钟。人脑里的生物钟24小时走一圈，这一圈也就是一次完整的昼夜节律，正是这个节律决定了我们吃饭、睡觉和起床的时间。

青春期时，人的生物钟在定时方面会发生变化，生物钟会提前。这时，青少年会比以前睡得晚，所以当你妈妈告诉你该睡觉时，你的生物钟可能会让你多推迟几小时，并且电脑或电视光线可能会导致你熬夜到更晚。

生物钟的这种变化对青少年说是正常的，但熬夜到太晚会打乱你生物钟与昼夜时间循环之间的平衡，这样就会带来一些问题，例如：早晨很难按时起床。位于美国罗得州布郎大学睡眠方面的研究员Mary Carskadon说：“当青少年睡眠不足时会打不起精神，这将影响到他们心情、学习和思考问题的状态。”

其实生物钟与闹钟一样，也是可调的，事实上，生物钟每天都在进行着自我调节，其方式就是通过你眼睛接收到光线的变化。

很早之前，科学家就知道了昼夜光线强弱的变化对生物钟调节起到了重要的作用，长久以来，研究者们认为眼睛所接受到的平衡生物钟的光信号同样作用于人类的视觉系统。

但最近几年的研究发现，人类眼睛有两个感光系统，一个是视觉系统，而另一个是感知昼夜的系统。

第十九篇 石墨烯的超强力量

当今重大科学技术均以“微型”来呈现，新手机和个人电脑每年都在变得更小，这就意味着电子设备要求内部零件更小，工程师们正在寻求制造这些零件的方法，他们逐渐把目光投向了石墨烯——一种由碳元素构成的超薄材料。这种材料将改变电子设备的未来。

今年的诺贝尔物理学奖颁发给了来自英国曼切斯特大学的Andre Geim和Kostya Novoselov，以表彰他们对石墨烯的发现。Novoselov说：“石墨烯不仅小，而且它是世界上所能找到的最薄材料。”他把它称作“神奇材料”。石墨烯极薄，25 000片石墨烯叠放在一起才与一张普通白纸一样厚。如果把一片石墨烯放在手指上，你根本就不会发现，因为你没办法看到它。

碳是宇宙中最多的一种元素，已知的生命体中都含有碳。石墨烯一个只有一个碳原子厚度的单层。你不用费心寻找石墨烯，它就在我们身边。

如果你想得到这种高技术材料，一支笔、一张纸和一小段胶条就足够了。用铅笔在纸上涂黑一片区域，将胶条粘在上面，当你拉开胶条你会发现它粘起了很薄的一片铅笔涂的阴影，这一片阴影就叫做石墨烯，一种世界上最软的矿物质。

现在，再将胶条粘上另外一张纸上，把它拉起来，你会得到更薄的一层。想象一下当你重复做，直到在纸上得到最薄的一层物质，这层物质只有一个原子的厚度，你根本无法看到。石墨是由一层层的石墨烯组成的，所以当你得到最薄的一层时，你已经找到了石墨烯。

理工类B级 第三十八篇 土卫六上发现了生命迹象

科学家们说，在土卫六上发现了外星生命迹象并宣布了这一发现。美国国家航空航天局(NASA)的研究者们对卡西尼号探测器所传回来的数据进行了分析，数据表明，土星卫星中最大的一颗卫星有以甲烷为基础的生命的存在迹象。

据报道，科学家们已经找到了在土卫六高浓度氢气大气层里“呼吸”的原始外星生命的线索。

他们认为，氢气在到达布满甲烷河流湖泊的土卫六类似行星一样的表层前就已经被吸收了。这就证明在这个不及半个地球大小的卫星表面有某种微生物在依靠氢气生存。

美国国家航空航天局的科学家Chris Mckay说，“我们提出有氢气的消耗，是由于它是土卫六上生命赖以生存的显而易见的气体，就像我们地球上用氧气呼吸一样。如果这些迹象最终证明是生命的迹象，它会加倍令人兴奋，因为它会代表完全不同于地球上水基生命的第二种生命。”

时至今日，尽管地球上的依赖液体水的微生物在甲烷里生长良好或把它作为废物排出，科学家在任何地方都没有探测到这种生命的形式。在土卫六上，绝对温度达到90度(相当于摄氏-273．15度)，依赖于甲烷的微生物不得不用某种液

体物质作为生存的介质，这种液体不是水，水在土卫六上会冻成冰块，不能融化。我们知道，冰块太冷不能维持生命。

科学家们原指望太阳与大气层中的化学物质相互作用会在土卫六上产生一层乙炔。但卡西尼号在它的表面没有探测到乙炔。

Mark Allen是美国宇航局土卫六项目组的主要负责人，他说道，既然在土卫六的表面没有探测到乙炔，那就充分说明上面没有生物。

Allen说：“科学界的保守主义者们建议，要做出土卫六上有生物的结论，首先必须对土卫六上所有没有生物的观点做出回应；要排除土卫六上可能没有生物的观点，我们任重道远。极为可能的是，一种化学过程而非生物学能解释这些结果。”

第四十篇 教数学，教焦虑

在最新一项关于小学生学数学的研究中，芝加哥大学的心理学家Sian Beilock和Susan Levine 发现，女教师的想法和女学生的学习之间有着惊人的联系：如果女教师对自己的数学能力感到焦虑，她的女学生很可能认为男孩子数学比女孩学得更好。

“如果一直由对数学有焦虑的女教师教授数学，就会对她们的数学成绩产生雪球效应”，Levine说。换言之，女孩子们最后从老师那里获得的是对数学的焦虑。该研究表明，如果女孩子们在一个认为男孩比女孩数学好的环境中成长，那么她们的数学可能会不如在更自信的状态下学得好。

如同学生，教师也会觉得某些学科难学和难教，这就是研究者所言的“焦虑”：不自在或担心。

此研究发现，教师对数学的焦虑能够传染给她的女学生们。该研究的研究对象包括65个女孩，52个男孩和17位在中西部教一二年级的教师。学生们在学年的开始和结束时都进行数学测试，研究者们比较得分。

研究者们测试学生是否认为数学明星一定会是男孩。然后研究者们测试教师，试图找出哪些教师对数学感到焦虑，研究者们问教师们当碰到数学问题诸如阅读销售清单时的感受，如果一位教师一看到销售清单的数字就感到紧张，那么她很可能对数学存在焦虑。

平均来说，教师的焦虑不会影响到男孩子。但是，一般说来，如果教女孩子的教师有数学焦虑症，那么女孩子们在学年结束时测试得分比其他的女孩要低。另外，在关于是否认为数学明星应该是男孩的测试中，有20个女孩认为男孩数学比女孩好，这20个女孩的老师都是女性，且都患有数学焦虑症。

来自密苏里大学的心理学家David Geary说“这是一个有趣的研究，但是这只是初步结果，需要用更大的调查样本进行重复验证”。

理工类A级 第四十五篇 小而聪明

12月14日，美国国家航空航天局发射了一个体积小而威力大的望远镜，它的名字叫“WISE”(聪明)，大约只有一个垃圾盒子那么宽。你可千万不要轻视这个小东西，WISE可是一款高强数码相机，它将在人类已知的宇宙里拍摄任何你所能想到的天体，包括小行星、那些只能看到微弱的光和因燃烧而无法观察到的天体，以及自行星和恒星诞生以来的巨大尘埃云。

Ned Wright是主持WISE项目的科学家，他说：“我十分兴奋，因为我们就要看到以前从未看到过的那部分宇宙”。

到达宇宙空间后，WISE由于受极地轨道重力作用，一直在围绕地球旋转。(这意味着，每转一圈，它就离南极和北极靠近)。它的镜头是向外的，远离地球。每11分钟WISE就会抓拍天空一个不同的部分。六个月之后，它将把整个天空拍摄完毕。

然而，WISE拍摄的相片不会像我们日常的数码相片。WISE是Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer(广域红外戡测探测器)的缩写。正如名字所示，WISE能拍到发出红外线辐射物体的相片。

辐射是波浪状行进的一种能量。人能看到的光，包括大家熟悉的、在彩虹里看到的光谱就是射线的一个例子。当普通的数码相机给一棵树照相时，它能接收到树反射回来的、可见的光波。光波通过镜头进入到相机里，相机对它进行加工，然后把图像合成。

红外线的波长比可见光长，所以，普通的数码相机捕捉不到他们，人眼也看不到这种射线。尽管人们看不到，人的皮肤能感受到较长红外线带来的温暖。

这就是为什么WISE能捕捉到其他望远镜看不到的物体的主要原因。宇宙中，不是所有的东西都以可见光的方式呈现出来。例如，小行星是在太空中漂浮的大岩石，但是小行星吸收射到他们表面的大部分光。他们不能反射光，所以要看到他们很困难。但他们却释放出红外线，所以，象WISE这样的红外线望远镜才能够捕捉到它们的图像。WISE的任务就是拍摄成千上万的小行星图像。

WISE的另一任务是为另外一种太空深处的天体一褐矮星拍照。这种天体是“失败的”恒星，它们是一些不够大，不能像太阳的能量那样启动相同的反应。褐矮星只能缩小和冷却。他们发出的光如此之微弱，人们根本看不到，但是在红外频谱中，它们是发光的。

第四十六篇 蚂蚁作为“生态系统工程师”对环境影响巨大

埃克斯特大学所做的研究表明，蚂蚁作为“生态系统工程师”和食肉动物的行为对当地的环境影响巨大。该研究发表在动物生态杂志上，它表明蚂蚁对当地的环境有两大显著的影响。

第一，通过筑巢而挪动土壤或采集食物，蚂蚁影响土壤的营养水平。这可间接影响当地从腐生物到食物链高层的许多动物种群的数量。

第二，它们捕食的动物种类很多，包括那些被大量工蚁攻击的大猎物。

Dirk Sanders是该大学生态和保护中心所做的此项研究的作者，他说：“蚂蚁是高效的食肉动物，而且能大量繁殖。它们具有很强的领地意识，并且会竭尽全力对抗其他的食肉动物来保卫自己的领地。所有这些都意味着蚂蚁对周围环境影响巨大。”

“在该研究中，我们第一次对蚂蚁带来的影响程度及微妙程度进行研究。所得的发现是：尽管是食肉动物，蚂蚁的出现能促使其他动物族群在数量和品种上的增长。并对当地的环境起到切实重要的作用，对大草原的食物链影响巨大。”Sanders说。

该研究在德国进行，它对花园黑蚂蚁和一般的红蚂蚁在不同混合程度和不同密度下的影响力进行研究。黑蚂蚁和红蚂蚁在整个欧洲包括英国都能找到。研究发现，一个地区的蚂蚁密度小，而其他动物尤其是食草动物和腐生物的数量和种类会增多。如果蚂蚁的密度大，就不可能产生同样的影响，或者产生相反的影响，这表明，蚂蚁的掠食活动会抵消蚂蚁给环境带来的积极影响。

Dr Frank van Veen是本研究的另一作者，他说：“我们的发现是：如果蚂蚁的数量少，其对土壤的营养水平的影响会对动物族群产生积极的效果。但是如果蚂蚁的数量增加，其捕食的影响会达到最大化，因此会抵消蚂蚁通过生态工程给环境带来的积极影响”。

蚂蚁是生态系统的重要组成部分，不仅因为它占有很大部分的生物量，而且因为其作为生态系统工程师的角色。蚂蚁具有难以想象的多样性，但极易受人类的影响，这就使它的多样性有显著的减少。然而，科学家还不清楚人类对蚂蚁这种干扰如何破坏蚂蚁对生态系统的维护作用。蚂蚁通过变动物理的和化学的环境，通过对植物、微生物和其他土壤生物的影响而对生态环境起至关重要的作用。

第四十五篇 小而聪明

12月14日，美国国家航空航天局发射了一个体积小而威力大的望远镜，它的名字叫“WISE”（聪明），大约只有一个垃圾盒子那么宽。你可千万不要轻视这个小东西，WISE可是一款商强数码相机，它将在人类已知的宇宙里拍摄任何你所能想到的天体，包括小行星、那些只能看到微弱的光和因燃烧而无法观察的天体，以及自行星和恒星诞生以来的巨大尘埃云。

Ned Wright是主持WISE项目的科学家，他说：“我十分兴奋，因为我们就要看到以前从未看到过的那部分宇宙”。

到达宇宙空间后，WISE由于受极地轨道重力作用，一直在围绕地球旋转。（这意味着，每转一圈，它就离南极和北极靠近）。它的镜头是向外的，远离地球。每11分钟WISE就会抓拍天空一个不同的部分。六个月之后，它将把整个天空拍摄完毕。

然而，WISE拍摄的相片不会像我们日常的数码相片。WISE是Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer（广域红外勘测探测器）的缩写。正如名字所示，WISE能拍到发出红外线辐射物体的相片。

辐射是波浪状行进的一种能量。人能看到的光，包括大家熟悉的、在彩虹里看到的光谱就是射线的一个例子。当普通的数码相机给一棵树照相时，它能接收到树反射回来的、可见的光波。光波通过镜头进入到相机里，相机对它进行加工，然后把图像合成。

红外线的波长比可见光长，所以，普通的数码相机捕捉不到他们，人眼也看不到这种射线。尽管人们看不到，人的皮肤能感受到较长红外线带来的温暖。

这就是为什么WISE能捕捉到其他望远镜看不到的物体的主要原因。宇宙中，不是所有的东西都以可见光的方式呈现出来。例如，小行星是在太空中漂浮的大岩石，但是小行星吸收射到他们表面的大部分光。他们不能反射光，所以要看到他们很困难。但他们却释放出红外线，所以，像WISE这样的红外线望远镜才能够捕捉到它们的图像。WISE的任务就是拍摄成千上万的小行星图像。

WISE的另一任务是为另外一种太空深处的天体一褐矮星拍照。这种天体是“失败的”恒星，它们是一些不够大，不能像太阳的能量那样启动相同的反应。褐矮星只能缩小和冷却。他们发出的光如此之微弱，人们根本看不到，但是在线外频谱中，它们是发光的。

第四十六篇 蚂蚁作为“生态系统工程师”对环境影响巨大

埃克斯特大学所做的研究表明，蚂蚁作为“生态系统工程师”和食肉动物的行为对当地的环境影响巨大。该研究发表在动物生态杂志上，它表明蚂蚁对当地的环境有两大显著的影响。

第一，通过筑巢而挪动土壤或采集食物，蚂蚁影响土壤的营养水平。这可间接影响当地从腐生物到食物链高层的许多动物种群的数量。

第二，它们捕食的动物种类很多，包括那些被大量工蚁攻击的大猎物。Dirk Sanders是该大学生态和保护中心所做的此项研究的作者，他说：“蚂蚁是高效的食肉动物，而且能大量繁殖。它们具有很强的领地意识，并且会竭尽全力对抗其他的食肉动物来保卫自己的领地。所有这些都意味着蚂蚁对周围环境影响巨大。”

“在该研究中，我们第一次对蚂蚁带来的影响程度及微妙程度进行研究。所得到的发现是：尽管是食肉动物，蚂蚁的出现能促使其他动物族群在数量和品种上的增长。并对当地的环境起到切实重要的作用，对大草原的食物链影响巨大。”Sanders说。

该研究在德国进行，它对花园黑蚂蚁和一般的红蚂蚁在不同混合程度和不同密度下的影响力进行研究。黑蚂蚁和红蚂蚁在整个欧洲包括英国都能找到。研究发现，一个地区的蚂蚁密度小，而其他动物尤其是食草动物和腐生物的数量和种类会增多。如果蚂蚁的密度大，就不可能产生同样的影响，或者产生相反的影响，这表明，蚂蚁的掠食活动会抵消蚂蚁给环境带来的积极影响。

Dr Frank van Veen是本研究的另一作者，他说：“我们的发现是：如果蚂蚁的数量少，其对土壤的营养水平的影响会对动物族群产生积极的效果。如果蚂蚁的数量增加，其捕食的影响会达到最大化，因此会抵消蚂蚁通过生态工程给环境带来的积极影响。”

蚂蚁是生态系统的重要组成部分，不仅因为它占有很大部分的生物量，而且

因为其作为生态系统工程师的角色。蚂蚁具有难以想象的多样性，但极易受人类的影响，这就使它的多样性有显著的减少。然而，科学家还不消楚人类对蚂蚁这种干扰如何破坏蚂蚁对生态系统的维护作用。蚂蚁通过变动物理的和化学的环境，通过对植物、微生物和其他土壤生物的影响而对生态环境起至关重要的作用。

2012年职称英语理工、综合和卫生教材（电子版已经发布，欢迎下载）

第三篇：职称英语阅读理解讲义(理工类)

新东方在线 [www.xiexiebang.comgineering“ projects that might be used to counteract global warming.”I use the analogy of methadone1 ,“ says Stephen Schneider, a climate researcher at Stanford University in California who was among the first to draw attention to global.warming.”If you have a heroin addict, the correct treatment is hospitalization, and a long rehab.But if they absolutely refuse, methadone is better than heroin.“ Basically the idea is to apply ”sunscreen“ to the whole planet.One astronomer has come up with a radical plan to cool Earth: launch trillions of feather-light discs into space, where they would form a vast cloud that would block the sun's rays.It's controversial, hut recent studies suggest there are ways to deflect just enough of the sunlight reaching the Earth's surface to counteract the warming produced by the greenhouse effect.Global climate models show that blocking just 1.8 per cent of the incident energy in the sun's rays would cancel out the warming effects produced by a doubling' of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.That could be crucial, because even the most severe emissions-control measures being proposed would leave us with a doubling of carbon dioxide by the end of this century, and that would last for at least a century more.第十八篇 石油匮乏

全世界每天都要消耗相当于亿桶石油的能源。地球上的大部分能源来自于太阳。事实上，每分钟到达地球表层的来自于太阳的能源就足已满足我们一整年的需求，我们只是需要有效地加以利用而已。到目前为止，石油一直是一种较便宜、易获得的能源。但当供应缩减时，情况就会改变，我们就不能像现在这样不加节制地消耗石油了。

在蒸汽工业命时代，高能煤成为首选燃料之前，燃木能满足大部分能源需求。现在，煤仍然大量地运用于发电站，满足我们四分之一的能源需求。但自从我们开始大量开采石油后，煤的使用就已经在逐渐衰退。煤是使用效率最低、最不健康、最不环保的化石燃料，但因其供应充足——煤的储量是石油的6倍，煤的使用量又有所回升。

今天，石油作为一种从地表层挖掘出，用于生产汽油、柴油和其他各种化学物质的矿物油，供应着大约40%的世界能源需求，其中大部分用于供给机动车辆；美国消耗着世界四分之一的石油，同时排放出大约全球1/4的温室气体。

大部分的石油来自中东，牛东拥有50％的世界已勘探石油储存量。其他的石油产地包括俄罗斯、北美、挪威、委内瑞拉和北海。阿拉斯加北极国家野生动物保护区最新成为美国能源的又一主要供应地，减少了美国对国外进口石油的依赖。

尽管意见和评价各有不同，但大多数专家预测人类将在50年之内轻而易举地耗尽现行的所有储备石油。未来的几十年，当供不应求时我们会很快陷入能源危机。当常规能源不容易获得时，代之使用的可能是诸如油页岩和沥青砂等能源。石油也可从煤中提炼获得。

自从我们开始使用化石燃料，我们已经释放出4000亿吨碳。当化石燃料全部用完时，世界温度将上升13摄氏度。更恐怖的是，这将会导致所有热带雨林的破坏和北极冰的溶解。新东方在线 [www.xiexiebang.comic or home, it‘s telling other ants that it‘s deads.What keeps ants from hauling away the living dead ? Choe found that Argentine ants have two additional chemicals on their bodies, and these tell nearby ants something like, ―Wait— I‘m not dead yet.” So Choe‘s research turned up two sets of chemical.signals in ants: one says, ―I‘m dead,‖ the other set says, ―I‘m not dead yet.”

Other scientists have tried to figure out how ants know when another ant is dead.If an ant is knocked unconscious, other ants leave it alone until it wakes up.That means ants know that unmoving ants can still be alive.Choe suspects that when an Argentine ant dies, the chemical that says ―Wait-I‘m not dead yet‖ quickly goes away.Once that chemical is, gone, only the one that says ―I‘m dead‖ is left.―It‘s because the dead ant no longer smells like a living ant that it gets carried to the graveyard, not because its body releases new unique chemicals after death ,‖ said Choe.When other ants detect the ―dead‖ chemical without the ―not dead yet‖ chemical, they haul away the body.This was Choe‘s hypothesis.To test his hypothesis, Choe and his team put different chemicals on Argentine ant pupae.When the scientists used the ―I‘m dead‖ chemical, other ants quickly hauled the treated pupae away.When the scientists used the ―Wait — I‘m not dead yet‖ chemicals, other ants left the treated pupae alone.Choe believes this behavior, shows that the ―not dead yet‖ chemicals override the ―dead‖ chemical when picked up by adult ants.And that when an ant dies, the ―not dead yet‖ chemicals fade away.Other nearby ants then detect the remaining ―dead‖ chemical and remove the body from the nest.46 新东方在线 [www.xiexiebang.com ] 2011职称英语强化班网络课堂电子教材系列

阅读理解中文朗读

第三十九篇 克隆农场

工业化农场很快会进入一个大产量的新领域。美国的公司正在开发一项需要大规模克隆小鸡的技术。一旦一个具有所期望特性的小鸡被孵化出来或被基因改造，每小时成千上万的鸡蛋会孵出如出一辙的小鸡滚下生产线。每年上百万的克隆小鸡能被孵化出来，从而为鸡场提供以相同比例生长，重量相同并且味道相同的小鸡。

这至少是美国国家科技院的梦想，科技院给OnrigenTherapeuticsofBurlinggame,California，以及EmbrexofNorthCaroling470万基金以资助研究。这个预想为担忧增加鸡场小鸡痛苦的动物福利组织拉响了警报。

那好像并没有让使家禽养殖业气馁，然而，他们想使抗痛小鸡吃得更少，长得更快，―养殖者希望减少投入但仍获得相同的产量，‖MikeFitzgeraldofOrigen说，为了达到这个要求，Origen致力于―制造一个有效克隆体的小鸡，‖他说，正常的克隆技术对鸟类无效，因为卵不能被移动或移植。然而，公司正试图大量繁殖刚产下的受精卵中提取的胚胎的干细胞。技巧是在细胞开始显示其差别前对其进行培育，这样它们还保持多能性。‖Fitzgerald说。

运用早已形成的技术，这些干细胞会被注入刚孵出的，已受精的，要接受细胞植入的鸡蛋的胚胎中，形成一个嵌合体的小鸡。严格地说，嵌合体的小鸡不是克隆鸡，因为它既有植入的细胞又有本身的细胞。但Fitzgerald说，如果小鸡身体的95%是由被植入的细胞发展而来的就足够了。―在家禽界，不是100%也没关系。‖

Origen面临的另一个挑战是提高生产量。为了做到这点，他和Embrex合作研制了一个可将疫苗注入50000个鸡蛋中的仪器。Embrex正试图改造那个仪器，从而使胚胎和注射的细胞落在准确的位置而不杀死它。

在将来，Origen设想将不同品种小鸡的干细胞冷冻，如果定单要某一种小鸡，成百万的卵能在几个月甚至几个星期被生产出来，目前，维持市场可能需要的各种小鸡对养殖者来说太昂贵了，那要花数年的时间培育足够多的小鸡以生产出农民需要的上百万鸡蛋。

Clone Farm Factory farming could soon enter a new era of mass production.Companies in the US are developing the technology needed to ―clone‖ chickens on a massive scale.Once a chicken with desirable traits has been bred or genetically engineered, tens of thousands of eggs, which will hatch into identical copies, could roll off the production lines every hour.Billions of clones could be produced each year to supply chicken farms with birds that all grow at the same rate, have the same amount of meat and taste the same.This, at least, is the vision of the US‘s National Institute of Science and Technology, which has given Origen Therapeutics of Burlingame, California, and Embrex of North Carolina $4.7 million to help fund research.The prospect has alarmed animal welfare groups, who fear it could increase the suffering of farm birds.That‘s unlikely to put off the poultry industry, however, which wants disease resistant birds that grow faster on less food.―Producers would like the same meat quantity but to use reduced inputs to get there,‖ says Mike Fitzgerald of Origen.To meet this demand, Origen aims to ―create an animal that is effectively a clone‖, he says.Normal cloning doesn‘t work in birds because eggs can‘t be removed and implanted, Instead, the company is trying to bulk-grow embryonic stem cells taken from fertilized eggs as soon as they‘re laid.―The trick is to culture the cells without them starting to distinguish, so they remain pluripotent,‖ says Fitzgerald.Using a long-established technique, these donor cells will then be injected into the embryo of a freshly laid, fertilized recipient egg, forming a chick that is a ―chimera‖.Strictly speaking a

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chimera isn‘t a clone, because it contains cells from both donor and recipient.But Fitzgerald says it will be enough if, say, 95 percent of a chicken‘s body develops from donor cells.―In the poultry world, it doesn‘t matter if it‘s not 100 percent,‖ he says.Another challenge for Origen is to scale up production.To do this, it has teamed up with Embrex, which produces machines that can inject vaccines into up to 50,000 eggs an hour.Embrex is now trying to modify the machines to locate the embryo and inject the cells into precisely the right spot without killing it.In future, Origen imagines freezing stem cells from different strains of chicken.If orders come in for a particular strain, millions of eggs could be produced in months or even weeks.At present, maintaining all the varieties the market might call for is too expensive for breeders, and it takes years to bread enough chickens to produce the billions of eggs that farmers need.第四十篇 污染云团在太平洋两岸均被测量

科学家密切地关注去年春天的烟雾污染，使用卫星跟踪被污染云团跨过太平洋，在北美洲经由卡加拉、加拿大到达亚利桑那州。现在看来，这是第一次，太平洋两岸的研究人员对同一云团同时进行了详尽的测量，这片云团中既含有戈壁沙漠的灰尘也含有来自工业污染的碳氢化合物。

华盛顿一所大学的化学博士生Health Price发现被空气中微粒反射的光线的数量比正常年份的这个时间多出了550%。这片污染云团所含的各种被测污染物质的程度比正常标准都高。Price说，“但惟一近乎惊人的事是个别微粒的含量。”

这片在西部停留的云团被新闻媒体广泛报道，对这片云团的测量一直延伸到了科罗拉多州的阿斯彭滑雪圣地。

在太平洋西岸进行的浮质细小固体特性实验，是一项旨在了解空气中的物质怎样影响地球气候的工程。额外的测量也在同一时间在同一地区由国家航空航天局发起的一个工程中进行。

知道污染云团正在华盛顿州靠近，Price于4月14日将测量设备运到一架租来的比奇飞机上并发往西北海岸的Neah海湾。从取自15,000英尺到220,000英尺不同高度的样品中，她测量了灰尘、臭氧、一氧化碳和碳氢化合物的含量。“从我的副驾驶座，灰尘厚得用肉眼可以看到，”Price说。

现在，她正试图将她的研究成果和太平洋彼岸的两个研究小组的研究结果进行比较与对比，在那里的一个地方污染云团的面积比日本还大。卫星拍摄到的图片上清晰可见的大片云团充分地警告Price云团已向华盛顿靠近。“你能看到这两团黑糊糊的云从蒙古沙漠升起并在亚洲上空变大，然后越过太平洋，最终到达北美洲，”她说。她打算继续测量华盛顿沿岸的空气样品并寻找来自亚洲以外的明显被污染的云团。“我们希望看看能否得到来自欧洲的空气污染信号，因为电脑中的模型显示欧洲的污染源也能穿越太平洋，”她说。“然而，我们预计欧洲的空气污染，对北美洲造成的影响能小于亚洲污染气团。”

Air Pollution Cloud Measured on Both Sides of Pacific Scientists watched closely last spring as a haze of pollution, which had been tracked by satellite as it crossed the Pacific Ocean, settled over a large swath of North America from Calgary, Canada, into Arizona.Now it appears that, for the first time, researchers on both sides of the Pacific took detailed measurements of the same plume, a could that contained Gobi dessert dust as well as hydrocarbons from industrial pollution.Heather Price, a University of Washington doctoral student in chemistry, found that the

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amount of light reflected by the particles in the air was more than 550 percent greater than normal for that time of year.The mass of Asian air contained elevated levels of all pollutants measured.Price said, ―but the only thing that came close to being alarming was the level of particulate matter.‖

The haze that settled across the western part of the country was widely reported by the news media, and it was measured as far inland as the ski slopes of Aspen, Colo.Readings on the western side of the Pacific came from the Aerosol Characterization Experiments, a project aimed at understanding how particles in the atmosphere affect Earth‘s climate.Additional measurements were taken in the same region at the same time under a project sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.Knowing the pollution was approaching Washington state, Price loaded sensing equipment aboard a rented Beechcraft on April 14 and flew to Neah Bay on the state‘s Northwest coast.Taking samples at various levels from 15,000 feet to 20,000 feet in altitude, she monitored10 quantities of dust, ozone, carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons.―From my copilot‘s seat, the dust was thick enough to see with the naked eye,‖ Price said.Now she‘s trying to correlate her findings with those of the two research teams operating on the other side of the Pacific, where at one point the pollution plume was larger than Japan.The huge size of the cloud showed up clearly in satellite images that gave price plenty of warning the haze was on its way.―You can see these two blobs coming out of the deserts of Mongolia and growing over Asia, then getting swept out over the ocean and finally setting over North America,‖ she said.She intends to continue measuring air samples off the Washington coast and will be looking for air masses with evidence of pollution originating somewhere other than Asia.―We‘d like to see if we can get a signature of pollution coming from Europe because computer models suggest that European sources also can be transported across the pacific,‖ she said.―However, we expect that sources in Europe will contribute less than Asian sources.‖

三、职称英语阅读理解文章译文(参加理工A级考试需要掌握文章)第四十一篇 全球变暖“缺油”

根据本周在瑞典乌普萨拉大学新发表的一个具有争议性的分析，石油和天然气会在全球变暖这一世界末日的场景到来之前耗尽。作者警告说，在使大气中含有足够的二氧化碳造成冰冠融化和温度升高等场景出现之前，石化燃料会先消耗殆尽。来自政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）的专家为自己的预测变化说,他们是根据一系列的石油及天然气存量来预测，并指出燃煤可减轻填补不足的差额。不过所有人都同意燃煤将会对地球造成更糟的影响。

IPCC的全球冰雪融化预测推动了1997年京都协议书的签订，签署国同意将缩减二氧化碳的总排放量。IPCC预测了一系列包含从无节制的使用石化燃料至快速过度到较环保能源所将产生的未来场景。但是乌普萨拉大学的地质学家Anders Sivertsson, Kjell Aleklett 和Colin Campbell表示，即使是IPCC最保守的40个预测场景，也没有足够的石油和天然气存量使其成真。

尽管乌普萨拉大学对石油和天然气存量的估算差别很大，但越来越多的研究者认为2010年将是石油供应的高峰期，紧接着就是天然气。他们的分析表明石油和天然气的存储总量在35，000亿桶左右。而IPCC最乐观的估算是50，000亿桶左右。对世界石油和天然气存量的平均预测是8，000亿桶，这甚至是瑞典人估算值的两倍。

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Nebojsa Nakicenovic 是奥地利维也纳大学的能源专家和经济学家。他领导了多达80人的IPCC研究小组并做出了上述预测。他说，IPCC对世界燃料的存量估计仍然站得住脚。他认为和保守的瑞典人相比，IPCC的估算考虑到一些范围更广的、国际认定的燃料存在。

即使石油和天然气消耗殆尽，“还有大量的地下煤可以开采，”他说，煤的燃烧能使IPCC的预言成为现实。但他指出，这一转换会 灾难性的后果。煤比石油和天然气脏，每一能量单位的使用会产生更多的二氧化碳，并释放出大量的微粒。他说最近的研究给政策制定者们泼了盆冷水。

Too Little for Global Warming Oil and gas will run out1 too fast for doomsday global warming scenarios to materialize, according to a controversial new analysis presented this week at the University of Uppsala in Sweden.The authors warn that all the fuel will be burnt before there is enough carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to realize predictions of melting ice caps and searing temperatures.Defending their predictions, scientists from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change say they considered a range of estimates of oil and gas reserves, and point out that coal-burning could easily make up the shortfall.But all agree that burning coal would be even worse for the planet.The IPCC's predictions of global meltdown pushed forward the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, an agreement obliging signatory nations to cut CO2 emissions.The IPCC considered a range of future scenarios, from unlimited burning of fossil-fuels to a fast transition towards greener energy sources.But geologists Anders Sivertsson, Kjell Aleldett and Colin Campbell of Uppsala University say there is not enough oil and gas left even the most conservative of the 40 IPCC scenarios to come to pass.Although estimates of oil and gas reserves vary widely, the researchers are part of a growing group of experts who believe that oil supplies will peak as soon as 2010, and gas soon after.Their analysis suggests that oil and gas reserves combined amount to the equivalent of about 3,500 billion barrels of oil considerably less than the 5,000 billion barrels estimated in the most optimistic model envisaged by the IPCC.Even the average forecast of about 8,000 billion barrels is more than twice the Swedish estimate of the world's remaining reserves.Nebojsa Nakicenovic, an energy economist at the University of Vienna, Austria who headed the 80-strong IPCC team that produced the forecasts, says the panel's work still stands.He says they factored in a much broader and internationally accepted range of oil and gas estimates than the ”conservative“ Swedes.Even if oil and gas run out, ”there's a huge amount of coal underground that could be exploited“, he says that burning coal could make the IPCC scenarios come true, but points out that such a switch would be disastrous.Coal is dirtier than oil and gas and produces more CO2 for each unit of energy, as well as releasing large amounts of particulates.He says the latest analysis is a ”shot across the bows'' for policy makers.第四十二篇 可再生能源

现今，汽油满足了世界上约百分之四十的能源需要，大多用来为汽车提供燃料。煤仍被使用，主要是在发电站，以解决我们四分之一的能源需求。但煤却是最无效率，最不健康，最不环保的矿物燃料。天然气的储量可填补部分石油短缺。但这些储量也不能维持到22世纪。许多专家预计，我们很容易在50年内耗尽可采掘的燃料储备。我们将很快遇到能源危机。我们需要立即发展可持续的方案来为未来提供能源。污染少的可再生能源为我们提供了一个更现实的长期解决方案。这些能源也会对世界上的穷人有益。“可再生”是指这些能源

第四篇：职称英语理工类词汇

参加2010年职称英语考试没有一定语法知识的储备，是无法正确理解所读文章的内容并做出正确判断的，在职称英语备考中对于语法知识的复习也是非常重要的。2010职称英语语法的复习是备考中既重要又让考生头痛的环节。

非谓语动词的用法详解，可以帮助考生更好的掌握非谓语动词的相关考点，为进行阅读学习打下良好的语法基础。

非谓语动词也叫非限定动词或动词的非谓语形式。非谓语动词主要包括动名词、不定式和分词(现在分词和过去分词)，即动词的非谓语形式除了不能独立作谓语外，具有动词的部分语法特征，可以承担句子的任何成分。

一、动名词 1.定义：

动名词是由动词或动词短语转换而成的名词性结构，其构成的形式是在动词或动词短语的动词后面加上ing。

2.功能：

动名词(或动名词短语)在句中起名词的作用，可用作主语、表语、宾语(动词或介词的宾语)和定语等。

(1)作主语

e.g.Reading aloud is very helpful.朗读是很有好处的。(2)作表语

e.g.In the ant city, the queen's job is laying eggs.在蚂蚁王国，蚁后的工作是产卵。

(3)作宾语(动词或介词的宾语)e.g.We have to prevent the air from being polluted.我们必须阻止空气被污染。

(4)作定语

e.g·He can't walk without a walking-stick.他没有拐杖不能走路。

3.考点：

动名词在职称英语中往往不是不直接进行考察，而是把动名词结构放在英语的句子中，然后考察考生对句含动名词结构的这个句子的句意的准确了解。所以，考生在复习中主要需要弄清楚动名词在英语句子中的四种语法功能。

4.与分词做定语的区别：

现在分词由原形动词+ing构成，如designing，leaving，stopping等现在分词作定语时，表示正在进行的动作，或经常性的动作，或表示现状。由此可见现在分词与动名词结构在“形”上相似。考生需要能区分现在分词作定语和动名词作定语的情况。动名词作定语往往表示所修饰的名词的功能/用语，现在分词作定语强调分词结构中的动作正在进行。

Give the note to theloudly-speaking(现在分词作定语)man.请把便条交给坐在正在高声说话的人。

I‟d like to buy a washing(动名词作定语)maching。(a machine for washing).我想要一台洗衣机。

5.常接动名词作宾语的动词：

acknowledge，advocate，anticipate，appreciate，advise，avoid，admit，consider，delay，deny，dislike，enioy，escape，excuse，fancy，favor，finish，f1orgive，imagine，include，involve，justify，keep，mind，miss，pardon，practice，postpone，permit，report，resent，resume，risk，resist，suggest，tolerate

6.动名词的习惯用法与句型： be busy/active doinz sth。

have difficulty/trouble/problems/struggle(in)doing sth。It's no good/use doing sth。

have a good/hard/difficuh time doing sth。spend/waste time doing sth。

There is no point/sense/harm/use/good(in)doing sth。cannot help doing sth。There is no use doing sth

二、不定式

1、动词不定式形式：(to)+do具有名词、形容词、副词的特征;否定式：not+(to)do

2、不定式的句法功能：(1)作主语：

To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard。To lose your heart means failure。

动词不定式短语作主语时，常用it作形式主语，真正的主语不定式置于句后，例如上面两句可用如下形式：

It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes。

It means failure to lose your heart。常用句式有：

1、It+be+名词+to do。

2、It takes sb.+some time+to do。

3、It+be+形容词+of sb +to do。

4、It+be+形容词+for sb.+to do。

常用careless，clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise,等表示赞扬或批评的形容词，不定式前的sb。可作其逻辑主语。

(2)作表语：

Her job is to clean the hall。He appears to have caught a cold。(3)作宾语：

常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式(宾语)后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语(不定式)后置，放在宾语补足语后面，例如：

Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.动词不定式也可充当介词宾语，如： I have no choice but to stay here。

He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike。

动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用，如： He gave us some advice on how to learn English。

(4)作宾语补足语： 在复合宾语中，动词不定式可充当宾语补足语，如下动词常跟这种复合宾语：want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite。

此外，介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用，如： With a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the cinema。

有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等与不带有to的不定式连用，但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to, 如： I saw him cross the road./He was seen to cross the road。

(5)作定语：

动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系：

①动宾关系：

I have a meeting to attend。

注意：不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词，如：

He found a good house to live in。The child has nothing to worry about。

如果不定式修饰time, place, way，可以省略介词： He has no place to live。

This is the best way to work out this problem。

如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者，不定式可用主动式也可用被动式：

Have you got anything to send? Have you got anything to be sent? ②说明所修饰名词的内容：

We have made a plan to finish the work。

③被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语：

He is the first to get here。

3、难点解析

(1)接不定式或动名词在意思上有区别的动词： fmean to do想要(做某事)propose to do打算(做某事)mean doing意味(做某事)propose doing建议(做某事)forget to do忘记(要做的事)remember to do记得(要做某事)forget doing忘记(已做的事)remember doing记得(已做过的事)

regret to do(对将要做的事)遗憾go on to do继而(做另一件事)regret doing(对已做过的事)后悔go on doing继续(做原来的事)

fstop to do停下来去做另一件事 stop doing停止正在做的事

(2)下列动词短语中的to是介词，后面应接动名词或名词： object to，resort to，react to，contribute to，look forward to，be accustomed to，be committed to.be exposed to，be subjected to，be devoted to，be dedicated to，be opposed to，be reconciled to，be contrary to

三、分词 1.分词作定语

1)分词作定语既可以放在所修饰的词之前，作前置定语，也可以放在所修饰的词后面，作后置定语。其作用相当于一个定语从句。例如：

Where are the reserved seats?(=Where are the seats which have been reserved?)

预定的座位在哪里?

This is a pressing problem.(=This is a problem which is pressing。)

这是一个紧迫的问题。

2)分词作后置定语可分为限制性(紧跟在所修饰的中心词之后)和非限制性(用逗号与其所修饰的中心词分开)两种，其作用分别相当于一个限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。例如： The funds raised(= which have been raised)are mainly used for helping the homeless。

筹集的资金主要用来帮助那些无家可归的人。

There are many students waiting(= who are waiting)to get examined。

有许多学生在等待检查。This book，written(= which is written)in simple English，is suitable for beginners。

本书是用浅显的英语写的，适合初学者。

3)分词常和形容词、副词或名词构成合成形容词作定语。例如：

The flower-carrying girl must be waiting for someone。那位手持鲜花的姑娘一定在等人。

The newly-built building is our office building。这座新建的大楼是我们的办公楼。

4)有些不及物动词的过去分词作定语，并不表示被动的意思而是表示完成。这类过去分词常作前置修饰语。例如：

There are a lot of fallen leaves in autumn。秋天有许多落叶。

The film describes the story about the police who pursue an escaped man。

这部电影描述的是警察抓逃犯的事。

常用的这一类词有：fallen，faded，returned，retired，risen，grown up，vanished等。

2.分词作宾语补足语

1)跟分词作宾补的动词有：catch，have get，keep，hear，find，feel，leave，make，want，start，notice，observe，watch，set等。例如：

When they returned home from the holiday，they found their house stolen。

当他们度假完回到家时，发现房子被盗了。(过去分词表示被动)2)在复合宾语中，用现在分词作宾补，说明宾语是动作的发出者，形成逻辑上的主谓关系;用过去分词作宾补，表示宾语是动作的承受者，构成逻辑上的动宾关系。例如：

There was so much noise that the speaker couldn't make himself heard。

由于十分吵闹，讲话人没法让人听到他的声音。

When he awoke，he found himself being looked after by an old woman。

他醒来的时候发现一位老大娘正在照顾他。

3.分词作状语

1)分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、让步、条件、方式或伴随状况。通常可转换成相应的状语从句;表示方式或伴随状况的可以转换成并列句或非限制性定语从句。例如：

Confined to bed(= Because she was confined to bed)，she needed to be waited on in everything。

她卧病在床，什么事都需要人伺候。(作原因状语)

Having only book knowledge(= If you only have book knowledge)，you will not be

able to work well。

如果只有书本知识，你就不可能做好工作。(作条件状语)They stood there waiting for the bus.(=They stood there and waited for the bus。)

他们站在那里等公共汽车。(作方式状语)

2)现在分词和过去分词作状语时的用法比较

不管是现在分词还是过去分词作状语，如果单独作状语，其逻辑主语必须和主句的主语一致。分词作状语通常可以转换成一个相应的状语从句，如果状语从句中的谓语动词为被动结构，就用过去分词;如果状语从句中的谓语动词为主动结构，就用现在分词。有时为了强调，分词前可带连词when，while，if，though，as if，unless等一起作状语，以便使句子的意思更清楚、更连贯。例如：

Working hard(If you work hard)，you will succeed。如果你努力，你会成功的。

Defeated(= Though he was defeated)，he remained a popular boxer。

虽然他被击败了，但他仍然是一个受人喜爱的拳击手。4.分词的独立结构

1)分词作状语时，要特别注意其逻辑主语必须和谓语动词的主语一致。否则，分词必须有自己的主语，这种带主语的分词被称为分词的独立结构，或叫独立主格。在句中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件等。例如：

The project finished，they had a two weeks' leave。完成那个计划后，他们休了两周假。He being absent，nothing could be done。由于他缺席，什么事也没法干。

2)独立结构有时也可以用“with/ without +名词(或代词的宾语)+ 分词”的结构，表示伴随状况。例如：

They sat there silently，(with)their eyes fixedon the lake。他们静静地坐在那里，眼睛看着湖面。

With him helping me，I felt lucky。

有他的帮助，我感到很幸运。5.容易混淆的现在分词和过去分词 像 interesting 和 interested 一类的分词在意义和用法上很容易混淆，一般可作如下区分：

(1)一部分表示“情感;心情”等意义的动词的现在分词有“令人……的;具有……性质的”的意思，常用来说明人或事物的特征或性质。如：

The president made an inspiring speech at the meeting yesterday。

(2)它们的过去分词有“感到……的”的意思，用来指人的感觉或所处的状态，因而它的主语一般不可能是指物的词。如：

He was too excited to fall asleep。

这类容易混淆的分词常见的有： encouraging, encouraged;disappointing, disappointed;exciting, excited;inspiring, inspired;interesting, interested;puzzling, puzzled;astonishing, astonished;surprising, surprised 等。

经典例题解析：

1.The Olympic Games, ______ in 776 B.C,did‟t include women players until 1919.A.first playing B.to be first played C.first played D.to be first playing 析：根据题干，必须选表示被动的选项，故排除A、D;因B选项表“将要被举行”意，不合题干之用，只有C选项(相当于which was first played)才合用。

2.European football is played in 80 countries, ______ it the most popular sport in the world。

A.making B.makes C.made D.to make 析：B、C是谓语动词，在此不可用。D项to make或表目的，或表“将要使得”，这都不合题干情景。只有A.making,可作状语，表结果。再举一现在分词作结果状语例： The bus was held up by the snowstorm,causing the delay。公共汽车被大风雪所阻，因而耽误了。

3.Little Jim should love ______ to the theatre this evening。A.to be taken B.to take C.being taken D.taking 析：根据this evening,应选表示将来义的选项，C、D应排除。Take后无宾语，必然要用被动式，故答案为A。

4.John was made ______ the truck for a week as a punishment。A.to wash B.washing C.wash D.to be washing 析：根据be made to do sth。句式，可定答案为A。5.The patient was warned ______ oily food after the operation。have/gain access to可以获得

gain/have an advantage over胜过，优于 take advantage of利用，趁…之机 d0/try one‟s best尽力，努力 make the best of充分利用，妥善处理

A.to eat not B.eating not C.not to eat D.not eating

析：根据warn sb。(not)to do sth。句式，可排除B、D两项;又根据非谓语动词的否定式not总是在首位的规律，又可排除A，而定C。

6.——I usually go there by train.——Why not ______ by boat for a change?

A.to try going B.trying to go C.to try and go D.try going 析：此题可根据why not后直接跟原形动词规律而一举确定正确答案为D。若将B项改为try to go，则要根据其与try going意义之别来确定答案。依据题干对话内容，乙方是建议甲方尝试乘船变变花样，所以答案仍为D。

7.______ a reply,he decided to write again。A.Not receiving B.Receiving not

C.Not having received D.Having not received

析：非谓语动词的否定式not应置于首位，B、D皆为错误形式。A项不能表达先于decided的动作，只有选C项才表没收到信在先，决定再写信在后，所以C为正确答案。

8.Charles Babbage is generally considered ______ the first computer。

A.to invent B.inventing C.to have invented D.having mvented 析：consider表“考虑”意时，其后动词用doing形式，此处不表“考虑”，而表“认为”，这时consider后作宾语补足语或主语补足语多为to do,to have done,to be等形式。据此可排除B、D两个选项。又因A表“要发明”意，不合题用，只有C表“发明了”意，才合题用，故选C。

2010职称英语词汇表：职称英语理工类词汇（1）重难点词组

1)动词词组根据其后的搭配又可分为①动+名;②动+介;③动+副;

2)后接动名词的固定搭配、形容词词组、易混词组 动词+名词形式

catch one‟s breath屏息，歇口气 take care of照顾，照料 take charge of担任，负责 take a delight in以…为乐 take…into account考虑 pay the way for为...铺平道路 pay attention to注意 get the best of 胜过 get the.better of打败，致胜 take care小心.当心 take a chance冒险一试 keep company with与…交往 make a/the difference有影响，很重要 put into effect实行，生效 take effect生效，起作用 keep an eye on留意，照看 find fault埋怨，挑剔 come/go into force生效，实施

be friends with对…友好，与…交上朋友 keep one‟s head保持镇静

carry/bring into effect使生效，使起作用 come/go into effect生效，实施 catch one eye引人注目 make a face做鬼脸 catch fire着火

make friends交朋友，友好相处 make fun of取笑，嘲弄 lose heart丧失勇气，失去信心 get hold of抓住，掌握

throw/cast light on使明白，阐明 have…in mind记住，考虑到，想到 come/go into operation使投入生产，使运转 keep/hold pace with跟上，与...同步 take place发生，进行

come to the point说到要点，扼要地说 get/learn by heart记住，背诵

keep house管理家务，做家务 bear/keep in mind记住 make up one‟s mind下决心 put…in order整理，检修 play a part in起作用 take the place of代替

bring/carry into practice实施，实行 make progress进步，进展 make sense讲得通，有意义 keep in touch保持联系 lose touch失去联系 put…to use使用，利用 lead the way带路，引路 make way让路，开路 give rise to引起，使发生 catch the sight of发现，突然看见 take one‟s time不急不忙，从容进行keep track通晓事态，注意动向 make use of利用 give way让路，让步 make one‟s way前进，进行 keep one‟s word遵守诺言 attempt at企图，努力 interference in干涉 appeal to呼吁，要求 attitude to/towards态度，看法 influence 0n影响

interference with妨碍，打扰 introduction to介绍 lots of大量，很多 a matter of(关于...)的问题

reply to回答，答复 a lot(of)许多(的)，大量(的)fall in love with相爱，爱上 a number of若干，许多 a series of一系列，一连串 其他固定搭配 credit card信用卡 next door隔壁 face to face面对面地 a few有些，几个

a little一点，稍微，一些，少许 quite a little相当多，不少 the moment(that)一……就 I.D.card身份证 no doubt无疑，必定 out of doors在户外

as a matter of fact实际情况，真相 quite a few还不少，有相当数目的little by little逐渐地 no matter无论 no more不再

fair play公平竞赛;公平对待 rest room厕所，盥洗室 side by side肩并肩，一个挨一个 step by step逐步 all the time一直，始终 once in a while偶尔，有时 word for word逐字地 in demand有需要，销路好 primary school小学 heart and soul全心全意

ahead 0ftime提前 once upon a time从前 no wonder难怪，怪不得 decline with thanks婉言谢绝 动词+介词形式 account for说明(原因等)allow for考虑到 arrive at达成，得出 ask for请求，要求 begin with从开始 break off断绝，结束

break up中止，结束;打碎，折断 aim at瞄准，针对 appeal to呼吁，要求 ask after询问，问候 attach to附属于，隶属于 break into闯入 break through突破 bring about带来，造成 bring down打倒，挫伤;降低 bringforth产生，提出 bringforward提出

bring up教育，培养，使成长 call for邀请;要求，需求 call off放弃，取消

call on/upon访问，拜访;号召，呼吁care for照管，关心;喜欢，意欲 early on继续下去;从事，经营 come to总计，达到;苏醒，复原 count up把…相加 bring out使出现;公布;出版 build up积累;堵塞;树立，逐步建立;增进;锻炼 call forth唤起，引起;振作起，鼓起 catch at抓住(东西)call up召集，动员;打电话 carry off夺去

carry out贯彻，执行;实现 count on依靠;期待，指望 cover up掩饰，掩盖 deal with处理，对付，安排 fill in/out填充，填定 get into进入，陷入 g0 into进入;研究，调查 go through经历，经受;详细检查 go without没有...也行 keep to保持，坚持 live up t0不辜负

cut across走捷径，抄近路 d0 without没有...也行 get at得蓟，接近;意思是 go after追求

go for竭力想到得;喜爱;支持，拥护 go with伴随，与…协调 improve on改进 lie in在于

live 0n/by靠…生活，以…为食 look after照管，照料 look for寻找，寻求 look over检查.查看，调查

2010职称英语词汇表：职称英语理工类词汇（2）break down损坏，分解，瓦解 break in闯入;打断;插嘴

make for走向，驶向;有助于 play with以...为消遣，玩弄 run for竞选

see to注意，负责，照料，修理 live through度过，经受过 look at看望，注视

look into调查，观察，过问;窥视 look through仔细查看，浏览，温习occur t0被想到，被想起 refer to参考，查阅，涉及，提到 run into撞上，偶然碰见 send for派人去请，召唤;索取 send in呈报，递交，送来 set aside挑出，拨出，留出;拒绝 stand by支持，帮助;袖手旁观 stand against反抗，抵抗 take after与…相像

take in接受，吸收;了解，理解 touch on关系到，涉及 turn to变成;求助于，借助于 serve as作为，用作 sit for参加

stand for代替，代表，意味着 stick to坚持，忠于，信守 take for把…认为是，把…看成是 take to喜欢，亲近turn into变成

turn 0ff关上：出产;解雇 动词+副词形式

break out光出;突然发生，爆发 burn out烧掉

catch on理解，明白

check out结账后离开;检验，核查 cheer up使高兴，使振奋 clear up收拾;澄清;放晴 come off实现，成功，奏效 come out出版;出现，显露;结果是 bring to使恢复知觉

burn up烧起来，旺起来;烧完 check in办理登记手续 check up(on)校对，检查，检验 clear away扫除，收拾 make it clear that弄清楚 come on来吧，快点;出场，上演 come round(around)来访;苏醒，复原come up走近，上来;发生，被提出 cut back削减，减少 cut in(汽车)抢道;插嘴，打断 cut out删除

die down渐渐消失，平息 draw in(火车、汽车)到站 dress up穿上盛装，打扮得很漂亮 dry out干透，使干 come through经历，脱脸 cross out删去，取消 cut down削减，降低 cut 0ff切断;删去;停止 cut short突然停止 die out消失，来绝

draw up写上，画上;草拟;停住 drop bv/in顺便来访 dry up干涸，枯竭

drop 0ff减弱，减少 fall behind落后 fall throug}l落空，失败 find out查明

get around/round走动，旅行;(消息)传开 get by通过，经过 get in进入;收获，收集 get over克服;(从病中)恢复过来 have got t0(d0)不得不，必须 drop out退出，离队 fall out争吵;结果是 feed in输入

get across解释清楚，使人了解 get away逃脱，离开 get down从...下来;写下

get 0ff从…下来;离开，动身，开始 get through结束，完成;接通电话 get together集合，聚集 give away泄露;分送 give in交上，投降，屈服 give out分发，放出 go ahead开始，前进;领先

go down下降，降低;被载人，传下去 got out外出;熄灭 go round/around足够分配 go through通过，审查，完成 get up起床;增加，增强 give back送还，恢复 give off放出，释放 give up停止，放弃 go by过去 go off爆炸，发射;动身，离开 go over检查，审查;复习，重温 go under下沉，沉没;失败;破产 g0 up上升，增加;建起 hand in交上，递交 hand out分发，散发，发给 hang about闲荡，徘徊，逗留 hand down流传下来，传给，往下传 hand on传下来，依次传递 hand over交出，移交，让与 hang back犹豫，踌躇，畏缩 hang on抓紧不放，继续下去 have back要回，收回

hold back踌躇，退缩;阻止，抑制 hold out维持，支持;坚持，不屈服 hang up挂断(电话)have 0n穿着，戴着 hold 0n继续，握住不放

hold up举起，阻挡，使停止;抢劫 hurry up(使)赶快，迅速完成 keep down控制，压制，镇压;压低 keep up保持，维持;继续，坚持 let in让...进入，放…进来 let out放掉，放出，发出 look back回顾，回头看 look on旁观，观看;看待，视作 look in顺便看望

make out of用…做，从…得出 keep back阻止，阻挡;隐瞒，保留 keep off不接近，避开 let down放下，降低;使失望

let off放(烟，烟火)，开(枪)line up排队，使排成一行 look out留神，注意，提防，警惕 look up查阅，查考;寻找(某人)make out辨认，区分;理解，了解 make up构成，拼凑;赔偿;化装 pass away去世，逝世 pass to转到，讨论，传到 pay back偿还，回报

pay down即时交付，用现金支付 mix up混淆，混合，搞糊涂 pass 0ff中止，停止 pass out失去知觉，昏倒 pay 0ff还清(债)pay up全部付清

pick out选出，挑出，拣出;辨认

pick up拾起，(偶然)得到;(车船)中途搭(人)，学会 pull down拆毁.拉倒;拉下，降低 pull in(车)停下，进站，船(到岸)pull on穿，戴 pull together齐心协力 put aCrOSS解释清楚，说明 put away放好，收好;储存 put forward提出

put on穿上，戴上;上演。put right改正(错误)，整理 pull 0ff脱(帽、衣)

pull out拔出，抽出;(车、船)驶出 pull up(使)停下 put aside储存，保留

put down记下，放下;镇压，平定 put in驶进

put out熄灭，关(灯);出版，发布;生产

put up提起，举起，提(价);为…提供住宿，投宿 nng off挂断电话

rub down撞倒，撞沉;追捕，追查

run over略读，略述;辗过，浏览，匆匆复习see through看穿，识破;干完，干到底 set down卸下，放下，记下，记入 set off出发，动身;引起，使发生 set up创立，建立，树立;资助 show off炫耀，卖弄 rub out擦掉，拭去

2010职称英语词汇表：职称英语理工类词汇（3）add up to合计，总计 break away(from)脱离，逃跑 come true实现，达到 come up with提出，提供 do away with废除，去掉‟

have nothing to do with和…毫无关系 make believe假装 catch up with追上，赶上 come up to达到，符合

concern with关心，挂念;从事于 have something to do with和…有点关系 fall back on求助于，转而依靠 fall in with符合，与…一致 as follows如下

get through到达，完成，及格 be fed up with感到厌烦

get along/0n with有进展，有进步 get somewhere有些;结果

run 0ff复印，打印 see 0ff给…送行

set back推迟，延缓，阻碍 set forth阐明，陈述 set out陈列，显示;动身;制定 show in领人

show up使呈现，使醒目 sitin列席，旁听 speed up使加速 stand up站起来，耐用.step in插入，介入 take away 其他固定搭配

get down to开始，着手 get the better 0f占上风，胜过 give onese~away泄露，露马脚

give way to给…让路，对…让步，被…代替 go back on违背 go before居前

have to/have got t0不得不，必须 help oneself自取所需(食物)keep out of躲开，置身…之外 get out of逃避，改掉 have get有

give oneself up自首，投降，投案 go along with陪同前往，随行 g0 in for从事，致力于，追求 hang on to紧握住，坚持下去 have t0 do with与…有关 hold on t0紧紧抓住，坚持 keep up with向...看齐，跟上…

let alone不干涉;更不用说 let go放开，松手

look down 0n看不起，轻视 be made up of由…构成，由…组成 never mind不要紧，没关系 put up with容忍，忍受 run out of用完，用尽，耗尽 lend itself to适用于，对…有用 let loose放开，放松，释放 live up to做到，不负 look up to尊敬，敬仰 make up for补偿，弥补 put in for申请

refer t0...as把…称作，把...当做

2010职称英语词汇表：职称英语理工类词汇（4）above all首先，毕竟 at a11完全，根本 all over遍及，到处 not at all一点也不

leave alone听其自然，更不用说 one after another一个接一个

anything but除…以外任何事(物)，根本不 as for至于，就…方面说 after all终于，毕竟;虽然这样 all but几乎，差一点 in all总共，总计

aU out全力以赴，竭尽全力 alongwith与…一起 one another互相 as...as像…一样 as if好像，仿佛 as though好像，仿佛

serve right活该，给应得的待遇 set in来临，流行 stand up for为...辩护;维护 come to stay木已成舟 take…as把…作为

think better 0f改变主意，重新考虑 throw down推倒 set out to打算，着手

stand up t0面对，坚决抵抗;经得起 stay by守在一边

think 0f…as把…看做是，以为…是 throw about乱丢(东西)，乱花(钱)throw(a)light on照亮，阐明

其他重要的固定搭配 as well也，又

not as/so...as不如…那样 back of在…后部，在...背部 had better最好还是，应该 but for除...以外，倘没有，除非

either...or或…或，不是…就是;无论...还是even if/though即使，虽然 as to至于，关于

as well as(除...之外)也，既...又 back and forth往返，来来往往地 because 0f由于，因为 both…and既…又…，两个都 each other互相 or else否则，要不然 even then即使那样 except for除…之外 by far...得多，最

so far迄今为止 if only要是…就 in itself本身

at least至少，最低程度 a little一点;一些，少许 quite a little相当多，不少 as/so far as远至，到...程度 far from远非，远离 first of aⅡ首先，第一 by itself独自，单独 at last最终，终于

no less than决不少于，不亚(次)于 little by little逐渐地 as/so long as只要，如果 no longer不再，已不 many a许多的 more 0r less或多或少

no more than不过，仅仅;和...一样 make the most of充分利用

every now and then有时，时时，偶尔now and then时而，不时 0ff and on断断续续，不时地 a great/good many 0f许多，大量 nlore and mole越来越 no more不再

at(the)most最多，至少，不超过 neither…nor既不…也不 just now刚才，一会儿以前 now that既然，由于 and so on等等

all at once突然;同时，一起

once(and)for all一劳永逸，限此一次 by oneself独自地，单独地 other than不同于 all right好，行

ever since从那时起，自那时以来 ever so非常，极其

so…as to结果是;如此...以至于 at once立刻，马上 once more再一次，又一次 every other每隔一个地 over and over(again)一再，再三 all round周围，处处 and so on/forth等等 or so大约，左右 sofar迄今为止

s0 that以便，为的是;结果是 such as像....that is(=i.e.)就是说，即 up t0起来，从事于，忙于;直至

what if如果……将会怎样，即使…又如何whether…0r是…还是，不管…还是 and yet可是，然而 abide by坚持;遵守

adapt to(使)适应，适合;改编 so…that如此...以至于 such…that那样的…以致 as though好像

what about(对于)…怎么样 g0 wrong发生故障，出毛病 as yet到目前(那时)为止 accustom t0使习惯 adhere t0粘附，胶着;坚持 cling to粘住;依附;坚持 compensate for补偿，赔偿 conceive 0f设想，构思;以为 consult with商量，商议

apologize(一ise)to sb.for sth.道歉，认错 collide with抵触

comply with照做，遵照，应允 conform to遵守，依照，符合，顺应 cooperate with合作，协作，相配合 cope with竞争，对抗;对付，应付;妥善处理 derive from导出，由...来 dispose 0f处理。处置 deduce from演绎，推断 deviate from背离，偏离 dispose for布置，安排 dwell on凝思;详述 impose on把...强加给

originate in/from起源，发生;首创，创造 preside at/over主持 reconcile t0/with使一致 restrain from抑制，制止 scrape through擦过，勉强通过 hinder from阻止，妨碍 intervene in干涉，干预;插入 participate in参与，参加;分享

prevait over/against取胜，占优势;流行，盛行 reign over统治;盛行

sacrifice for，to牺牲，献出j献祭

2010职称英语词汇表：职称英语理工类词汇（5）hear of听到，听说

specialize in专攻，专门研究，专业化 testify t0证明，证实 queue up排队，排队等待 correspondence with通信 dependence on依靠;依赖;信赖 exposure t0受到 objeetion to反对，异议 proficiency in熟练，精通 thirst for渴望，热望

flare up突然燃烧起来;突然发怒 acquaint sb.with使认识，使了解 congratulation on祝贺

dissatisfaction with/at不满，不平longing for渴望

preference for，to偏爱，喜爱;优惠;优选 requirement for需要，需要的东西，要求by comparison比较起来 in sequence依次，逐一 in accordance with与…一致 be accustomed to习惯于 be bound to必定，一定 to and fr0来来回回 on schedule按预定时间 at stake在危险中，利害攸关 on behalf 0f代表…，为了...on the sly偷偷地，冷不防地 in excess 0f超过

at random随机地，任意地 on sight一见就…，立即 要求掌握的基本短语结构 put into effect生效

get out of control失控 come to a conclusion得出结论 decline invitation辞谢邀请 put into use使用，应用 put into practice落实 be satisfied with满足 hardly…when刚…就… avoid doing sth.避免干某事 come about发生，出现 in support of支持 bring about发生，引起 be different from与…不同 out of the question绝不可能 in time及时 indifferent to不在乎 above all最重要的 prepare for准备 first of a11首先 get to开始;到达 at the moment此刻 be on sale 出售 carry through完成 be in demand需要

the key to…的答案(线索、办法)cure sb.of治好某人… aIl the way从远道，从头至尾 glance at瞥见，一瞥 take interest in对…发生兴趣 be on good terms with sb.与某人友好take charge of负责 take a chance冒一下险

clean up打扫;清除 hundreds of数以百计的 in proportion to按...的比例 be beneficial to对…有益 put out扑灭

entrust sb.with sth.委托某人某事 break into tears(cheers)突然哭(欢呼)起来 in no way决不 make an attempt试图 come uD with提出 call on号召 on the way在途中 keep on with坚持 make up for弥补 break away from从...脱离 give rise to导致 be subiected to遭受 not on any account决不 a multitude of大量(接复数名词)run into陷入

be involved in卷入，陷入 超纲的其它固定搭配 be satisfied of相信 may(might)as well还是…好 rule out排斥

agree on/upon取得一致意见 argue about争论

take(make)a stand for捍卫 take(make)a stand against反对 come after跟随 lie up躺着休息 without question毫无疑问 beside the question离题 bring to mind使人想起 compile dictionary编字典 ask for要价

refresh one§memory使人记起 present sb.with sth.送给某人某礼物 against oneg will违心地 in one's will在…遗嘱中 with ease容易，不费力 fall off下降

televise live实况转播 go on strike罢工 at will随意

of one's free will出于自愿 at ease不拘束 fall away背离

for the moment暂时，目前 have intention of有意，打算 have not the least idea of不知道 have desire to do sth.想做某事 be particular about讲究 pass through通过，经过 bv the moment到…时 no intention of无意，不打算 have no desire for对…没有欲望 have sth.in stock有现货 carry about随身携带 pass by从…旁边经过 pass over不注意，忽视 get out使…出去

be of little value没什么价值 pull back撤退 pull along沿…拉 die off死去，凋谢

something of在某种程度(意义)上 pass for被认为(当做)now that既然，由于 at oneg wits end不知所措 pull round掉头，转向;康复 die away(渐渐)消失 drop down落下

do sth.for a living靠做某事谋生 make a name of oneseff出名，扬名 put sb.throu曲为某人接通电话 beyond oneg power超出某人的能力 ahead of schedule提前 turn away转变方向;拒绝 be answerable for应对...负责 glimpse of瞥见，一瞥

entitle sb.(to do)sth.给予某人(干)某事的权利 part with放弃，离开 turn back翻过来 lay up搁置;贮存 be lacking in缺乏

in correspondence with与….联系(通信)be it that即使

in connection with与…相连 be advantageous to对...有利 in debt to sb.欠某人的债

assure sb.of sth.使某人对某事放心 dwell on细想，详解 put(set)right使恢复正常，纠正错误 offthe way远离正道 escape doing sth.躲避干某事 within the limit of在…范围内 go dim(大脑)混沌

2010职称英语词汇表：职称英语理工类词汇（6）1.just，tair just合乎情理的 fair事情公平的 2.frank，honest，sincere frank坦城的 honest诚实的 sincere真诚的 3.admire，respect admire羡慕 respect尊敬

4.alter。change，transform alter(局部)发生变化

change(整体)发生变化

transform(物质本质/性质)发生变化 5.cure.heal cure治愈疾病 heal治愈伤口 6.damage，destroy damage(部分)破坏/损坏 destroy(彻底地)毁坏 7.decrease，deduce decrease在数量和程度上减少 deduce在尺寸或速度上减少 8.assure，ensure，insure assure使(人)相信，放心，保证

in the mood for sth.对某事有心境‟ set a limit to限制 call at访问

go blank(头脑)变成空白 go faint晕过去 ensure确保，保证 insure保险 9.1ater.1ately，latter later稍后，以后 lately近来，最近latter(多指两者中的)后者 1o.adjacent和adjloining

这些词都有next to“紧挨”的意思。

adiacent“毗邻的，邻近的”，但它们可能并不相互直接接触。adioining和conti‟guous指相互接触，通常之间有一个edge或boundary。

11.advise和advice

advise”劝告”(动词);advice“劝告”(名词)。

12affect和effect

affect”影响”vt.，它的第二个意思是“假装”，Though she attectes indifference,I Knew She was really very upset

effect n.“结果”，“效力”。vt.“产生”，“导致”，它比“to cause，to bring out'‟更为正式。His aim was to effect a radical change in the party structure.13.all ready和already

all ready意思是“COBpletely prepared'‟ already'„已经”。He had already had his hmeh.14.altogether和all together altogether(in total)“总共”，all together意思是“in a group'‟。如：We put the sheep all together in one field.这两个词还可以分开。We put all the sheep together in one field.15.besides和beside

besides意思是“in addition to”“加之，还有，另外”;而beside“在……旁边”，“在……一侧”。Duncan is the tall man standing beside my father.站在我爸爸旁边的高个子男子是邓肯。16.coherence和cohesion coherence”统一,一致性”;cohesion“结合力，团结”，The cohesion or molecules分子的结合力。，17.compare with和 compare to compare with'„和……比起来”

compare to”好比”。He compared the moon to a silver plate.他把月亮比成一个大银盘。

18.impel和compel impel“推动，驱使，激励”。impel sb.to do sth.激励某人做某事;compel”强迫，胁迫，迫使”。compel sb.to oneg will强迫人服从自己。

19.complement和compliment

complement“补足(物)，补全”，“补足语”。

compliment”恭维话，赞辞，敬意”;Your presence is a great compliment.承蒙光临，不胜荣幸。

2o.continual和continuous continual“连续，继续”;“频繁的”;continual bouts of toothache一阵接一阵的牙痛。(这中间可能有停顿或间断。)continuous”连续”(指从不间断的);we've had three weeks of continuous rain.我们这里连续三周下雨不停。

21.might和could might表明“possibility'‟。

could应该用来表明“permission”.Mum said we could(might)go to the football match.22.council和counsel council“议事机构”，委员会a cabinet council内阁会议。counsel”商议，劝告”;follow sb.'s counsel close牢记某人忠告。23.economical和economic economic“经济学的，经济上的”an economic survey of Scotland苏格兰经济调查;an economic block.ade经济封锁;economical”节俭的，经济的”;He's had to learn to be more economical now that his only in.come is a small pension.24.historical和historic

imply“含有……的意思”;Do you realize what his words imply?你理解他说话的含意吗?I do not imply that you are wrong.我的意思不是说你错了。

26.intense和intensive.intense“激烈的，强烈的”，“紧张的”an intense light强烈的灯光;intense heat酷热;an intense life奋发图强的生活。

intensive“加强的，集中的”;“深入细致的，彻底的”;an intensive bombardment密集炮击;an inten—sive study彻底的研究;an intensive reading精读(opp.Extensive reading泛读)。

27.apt和prone

它们都具有“tending to or in the habit of¨的意思，但是prone只用于人。Elderly people are prone to falls，often because of arthritic joints or dizziness.28.1oose和lose loose“松的，宽的”。

lose”丢失”;lose oneg balance失去平衡，跌倒;lose oneg head被搞糊涂。

29.magical和magic

它们都和magic有关系，但是magical也有“wonderful，entrancing'‟的意思。

3o.masterly和masterful

masterly(showing great skill or the skill of a master)“熟练的;名家的”。

Masterful(showing power or authority)“主人派头的，专横的”;Youi'e so strong and masterful.2010职称英语词汇表：职称英语理工类词汇（7）

1.修饰功能 2.副词的位置

A短语之中depend largely on，different fundamentally from stem largely from，result partially from B副+限+形+名adv.+限定词+n转 almost all，not a woman

approximately 272，nearly a hundred 23 boys C并列连词之后，从属连词之前

historical”有关历史的“，“历史的”，the historical period历史阶段;historical personage历史人物。„historic“历史上有名的，有历史意义的”，historic town历史名城。

25.infer和imply

and thus，and thereby，and therefore;

and then，and even，and also;and not，and yet;or even long before，simply because，ever since，only if，even though infer”猜想，臆测”，“推断”;infer a motive from an effect从效果推知动机。

3.用于修饰比较级 rather，much，even，far，vastly，fairly，a lot，considerably so主要用作副词，代词;such主要用作形容词和代词。这两个a bit，a little，a little/bit，slightly，somewhat 4.greatly只修饰动词及分词，much不修饰形容词原形 great/greater great/greatly 5.副词的最高级可不加定冠词 flies live longest in the cool temperature.6.so与such的用法 lead引导，指引 leave使，让 like喜欢 mean意欲，打算 need需要

oblige不得不

order命令 permit允许 persuade劝导 pray请求 prefer喜欢，宁愿 press迫使 prompt促使

pronounce断定，表示 recommend劝告，推荐 remind提醒 report报告 request请求 require要求

show(how)/summon传唤 teach教 tell告诉 tempt劝诱 train训练 urge激励，力说

词都可以与that搭配使用，形成“如此…以至于…”的语意，在“so…that-.'‟结构中so是副词，在“such…that…”的结构中such是形容词，因为词性的不同，所以考生使用这两个词的时候要注意：such修饰名词性结构，so修饰形容词或副词。

She had such茧自缚a fright(名词)that she fainted.她吓得昏倒了。

It is so small(形容词)that you cannot see it.小得你看不出来。2010职称英语词汇表：职称英语理工类词汇（8）

want想要 wish希望 经典例句：

1.They are training these dogs to sniff out drugs.他们训练狗嗅出毒品来。

2.11l get somebody to repair the machine.我去找人修理机器。

3.I recommend you to do what he says.我劝你照他说的去做。

4.The radio urged people t0 contribute to the Red Cross.电台要求人们向红十字会捐助。

A.下面的动词要求不定式做宾语 afford负担得起 aim针对 agree同意 appear似乎，显得 arrange安排 ask问 attempt企图 bear随 begin开始 beg请求

bother扰乱，烦恼 eare关心，喜欢 cease停止 choose选择 claim要求

contrive设法，图谋 consent同意，赞同 decide决定 decline推却 demand要求 design设计，预定 desire愿望 determine决定 destine洽谈室 dread害怕 enable能够 endeavour努力 expect期望 fail不能 forget忘记 happen碰巧 hate憎恨，厌恶 hesitate犹豫 hope希望 incline有......倾向 intend想要 admit承认

advocate提倡，主张 appreciate感激，欣赏avoid避免 cant help不禁 cant stand受不了 consider考虑 cease停止 commence开始 complete完成 confess坦白

contemplate细想 defer拖延 delay延迟 deny否认 detest嫌恶 dislike不喜欢 discourage使沮丧 dread可怕 endure忍受 enjt，y享有，喜爱 envy嫉妒 escape逃跑，逃避 excuse借口 fancy幻想，爱好 hate讨从 keep保持

2010职称英语词汇表：职称英语理工类词汇（9）loathe不喜欢，讨厌 mention提到.说到 mind介意，留意 miSS错过 pardon原谅，饶怒 permit允许 postpone延迟;延期 practice实践 prevent阻止 resume恢复 risk冒险 suggest建议 save营救，储蓄 stand坚持忍受 tolerate宽容，忍受 understand明白，理解 典型例句：

I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.我很感激两年前给我出国学习的机会。，“should(可省略)动词原形”用于如下结构中的that从句中： A.用于表示意原、建议、命令、提议，请求等动词后的that宾语从句中，这类动词有：

ask要求 beg请求 demand要求 insist坚持

(3)动名词作介词的宾语。

move建议，动员

几乎所有介词都可用动名词作宾语。主要有以下搭配关系：

A：动 介 动名词(we insist 0n your leaving…)

B：名词(形容，不及物动词)介词to(不要把它视为动词不定式的标志)。

下面大纲中所列短语中的”tof‟为介词：(be)contrary t0与……相反(be)opposed to反对 be used t0习惯于 resort to诉诸于 be accustomed to习惯于 be committed to委身于 with regard t0关于 contribute to贡献等 with a view to为……起见 in contrast t0与……成对比(照)be exposed t0/be dedicated to致力= as t0关于

be devoted to献身于

react to对……反应

look forward to期待

2010职称英语词汇表：职称英语理工类词汇（10）

C：动 副 介 动名词

Look forward to her coming soon.D：形容词(或具有形容词性质的一ed分词)介词 ing(详见形容词词组)

advise建议

command命令

desire渴望 intend打算 propose提议 arrange安排 decide决定 determine决定 maintain坚持，主张 objeet反对

order命令prefer建议require需要

request要求resolve下决心recommend推荐 suggest建议stipulate约定规定urge强调，促进 vote公认，提议decree颁布(法令)prey请求

B.用于it is 形容词或过去分词 主语从句中，这类形容词或分词有：

advisable明智的，合理的decided决定的crucial关键的

appropriate恰当的determined决定的commanded命令的

arranged安排的essential紧要的，基本的complied遵照

anxious焦急的imperative迫切的important重要的

desirable合意的better较好的，更好insistent坚持的

desired想要的asked请求keen渴望的

incredible难以置信的adamant坚定不移的natural自然的

insisted坚持的necessary必要的suggested建议 urgent紧迫的ordered命令shocked震惊的 vital极其重要的possible可能的strange奇怪的 preferable好一点proposed提议proposed提议 requested要求的required要求的recommended推荐 resolved决定的probable可能的pity可惜，憾事 shame遗憾

C·表示建议、要求，命令，请求等含义的名词引导表语从句和同位语从句;常考的有：

advice忠告decision，demand，desire，insistence，motion提议

necessity必要性order命令

preference偏爱，选择proposal，pray恳求 recommendation推荐request要求 requirement要求resolution决心 suggestion劝告，忠告 典型例句：

1.He ordered that parking be prohibited on Main street during the rush hour

2.It is appropriate that some time be devoted to thorough study of the results of the Aoollo mission.

第五篇：2014职称英语新增文章——理工类B级完美版

2014职称英语教材理工类B级新增文章

一、阅读判断

第8篇：What Is a Dream?（B级）

What Is a Dream?

For centuries, people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about.Some psychologists say that this nighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning.Others, however, think that dreams are an important part of our lives.In fact, many experts believe that dreams can tell us about a person's mind and emotions.Before modem times, many people thought that dreams contained messages from God.It was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way.The Austrian psychologist, Sigmund Freud, was probably the first person to study dreams scientifically.In his famous book, The interpretation of Dreams(1900), Freud wrote that dreams are an expressions of a person's wishes.He believed that dreams allow people to express the feelings, thoughts, and fears that they are afraid to express in real life.The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung was once a student of Freud' s.Jung, however, had a different idea about dreams.Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer.He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams.For example, people who dream about falling may learn that they have too high an opinion of themselves.On the other hand, people who dream about being heroes may learn that they think too little of themselves.Modem-day psychologists continue to develop theories about dreams.For example, psychologist William Domhoff from the University of California, Santa Cruz, believes that dreams are tightly linked to a person's daily life, thoughts, and behavior.A criminal, for example, might dream about crime.Dornhoff believes that there is a connection between dreams and age.His research shows that children do not dream as much as adults.According to Domhoff, dreaming is a mental skill that needs time to develop.He has also found a link between dreams and gender.His studies show that the dreams of men and women are different.For example, the people in men's dreams are often other men, and the dreams often involve fighting.This is not true of women's dreams.3 Domhoff found this gender difference in the dreams of people from 11 cultures around the world, including both modem and traditional ones.Can dreams help us understand ourselves? Psychologists continue to try to answer this question in different ways.However, one thing they agree on this: If you dream that something terrible is going to occur,you shouldn't panic.The dream may have meaning, but it does not mean that some terrible event will actually take place.It's important to remember that the world of dreams is not the real world.词汇：

psychologist n.心理学家 psychiatrist n.精神病学家（医生）Austrian adj.奥地利的 gender n.性别

注释：

1.SigmundFreud西格蒙德.费洛伊德(1856-1939)，犹太人，奥地利精神病医生及精神分析学家。精神分析学派的创始人。他认为被压抑的欲望绝大部分是属于性的，性的扰乱是精神病的根本原因。著有《性学三论》《梦的释义》《图腾与禁忌》《日常生活的心理病理学》《精神分析引论》《精神分析引论新编》等

2.Carl Jung:卡尔.荣格，瑞士著名精神分析专家，分析心理学的创始人

3.For example.the people in men’s dreams are often other men，and the dreams often involve fighting.This is not true of women’s dreams.例如，男人做梦会梦到男人，并且常与打斗有关;女人做梦与男人则不同。

练习：

1.Not everyone agrees that dreams are meaningful.A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned

2.According to Freud,people dream about things that they cannot talk about.A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned

3.Jung believed that dreams did not help one to understand oneself.A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned

4.In the past,people believed that dreams involved emotions.A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned

5.According to Dornhoff,babies do not have the same ability to dream as adults do.A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned

6.Men and women dream about different things.A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned

7.Scientists agree that dreams predict the future.A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned

1.A这句话恰好表达了本文第一段的意思。即有些心理学家认为，人脑睡眠中的活动没有特别意义;而有些人则认为，梦可以揭示人的思维和情感。.2.A第三段的最后一句讲的是弗洛伊德认为梦反映了人们在现实情况下害怕表达的情感、想法或恐惧。此句与本叙述一致。

3.B第四段的第二句和第三句：Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer.(荣格认为梦的用途是向做梦者传递一个信息)He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams.(他认为人们通过思考所做的梦能够更好地了解自己)。他给出了两个例子来说明他的论点。

4.C文中没有提及。

5.A依据第六段，Domhoff研究得出：婴儿不像成人做那么多的梦，做梦是一种需要时间提高的技能。这就说明了婴儿不具备成人做梦的能力。

6.A本文第七段讲述了做梦与性别的关系。第二句更指出男人和女人做的梦是不同的。

7.B最后一段的倒数第二句讲的是：梦可能会有意义，但并不表示一些恐怖事情就一定会发生。因而不能预测未来。

译文：

什么是梦？

许多世纪以来，人们都对他们梦到的奇异事情感到疑惑。一些心理学家认为，这种大脑的夜间活动并没有特殊含义。另一些人则认为，梦是生命中重要的一部分。实际上，许多专家认为，梦能揭示人的心理和情感活动。

近代以前，很多人认为梦传递的是上帝的信息。直到20世纪，人们才开始从科学的角度研究梦。奥地利心理学家西格蒙德·弗洛伊德或许是第一个用科学的方法研究梦的人。在他的著作《梦的解析》(1900)中，弗洛伊德写道，梦是一个人愿望的表达。他认为梦打开了一扇窗，让人们得以表达在生活中不敢表达的情感、思想和恐惧。

瑞士精神病学家卡尔·荣格曾是弗洛伊德的学生，但他对梦的看法与弗洛伊德不同。他认为，做梦的目的是要给做梦的人传递一种信息。而人们想想自已做的梦，便能对自己有一个更深刻的了解。比如，如果梦到从高处坠落，那么他应该反思自己是不是白视过高。反过来，如果梦中自己成了英雄，应该想想平时可能太看低自己了。

现代心理学家还在继续发展关于梦的理论，来自位于圣克鲁兹的加利福尼亚大学的威廉·多姆霍夫就是其中一位。他认为，梦境和一个人的日常生活、思想和行为都紧密相关，比方说，一个罪犯就可能梦到犯罪。

多姆霍夫还认为，梦和年龄也有关系。他的研究表明，孩子不像成人做梦做的那么多。他认为，做梦也是一项心理机能，也需要随着年龄增长而发展。多姆霍夫还发现梦和性别之间的关系。通过研究，他发现男性和女性的梦境常常是不同的。例 如，在男性梦境中出现的通常是其他男性，而且常与打斗有关，而女性的梦境则不是这样。多姆霍夫通过研究包括来自现代文化以及传统文化背景在内的11种不同文化背景的人群梦境中的性别差异得出了上述结论。

梦能帮助我们更好地理解自己吗？心理学家还在尝试通过不同方式来解答这个问题，不过，有一件事他们是意见一致的：如果你梦到有不好的事要发生，不要慌张。梦可能会有意义，但也不意味着你梦到的一些恐怖事情就一定会发生。要记住，梦中的世界并不是真实的世界。

第10篇：The Biology of Music（B级）

The Biology of Music

Humans use music as a powerful way to communicate.It may also play an important role in love.But what is music, and how does it work its magic? Science does not yet have all the answers.What are two things that make humans different from animals? One is language, and the other is music.It is true that some animals can sing(and many birds sing.better than a lot of people).However,the songs of animals, such as birds and whales, are very limited.It is also true that humans, not animals ,have developed musical instruments.Music is strange stuff.It is clearly different from language.However, people can use music to communicate things--especially their emotions.When music is combined with speech in a song, it is a very powerful form of communication.But, biologically speaking, what is music?

If music is truly different from speech, then we should process music and language in different parts of the brain.The scientific evidence suggests that this is true.Sometimes people who suffer brain damage lose their ability to process language.However, they don't automatically lose their musical abilities.For example, Vissarion Shebalin, a Russian composer, had a stroke in 1953.It injured the left side of his brain.He could no longer speak or understand speech.He could, however, still compose music until his death ten years later.On the other hand, sometimes strokes cause people to lose their musical ability, but they can still speak and understand speech.This shows that the brain processes music and language separately.By studying the physical effects of music on the body, scientists have also learned a lot about how music influences the emotions.But why does music have such a strong effect on us? That is a harder question to answer.Geoffrey Miller, a researcher at University College, London, thinks that music and love have a strong connection.Music requires special talent, practice, and physical ability.That's why it may be a way of showing your fitness to be someone's.mate.For example, singing in tune or playing a musical instrument requires fine muscular control.You also need a good memory to remember the notes.And playing or singing those notes correctly suggests that your hearing is in excellent condition.Finally ,when a man sings to the woman he loves(or vice versa), it may be a way of showing off.However ,Miller's theory still doesn't explain why certain combinations of sounds influence our emotions so deeply.For scientists, this is clearly an area that needs further research.词汇：

automatically adv.自动地

note n．音符 stroke n．中风

注释：

1.It is also true that humans，not animals，have developed musical instruments：人研制出了乐器，而动物则不能。develop：研制，例如：Scientists are developing new drugs to treat cancer.科学家们正在研发新药用以治疗癌症。

练习：

1.Humans,but not animals, can sing.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned

2.People can use music to communicate their emotions.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned.3.We use the same part of the brain for music and language.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned

4.Geoffery Miler has done research on music and emotions.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned

5.It's hard for humans to compose music.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned

6.Memory is not an important part in singing in tune.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned

7.Scientists does not know all the answers about the effects of music on humans.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned

答案与题解：

1.B 第二段的第三句：It is true that some animals can sing(and many birds sing better than a lot of people).可以看出有些动物会唱歌，而不只人类会唱歌。

2.A第三段的第三句：However，people can use music to communicate things—especially their emotions.这句清楚表明，人们可以用音乐来表达情感。

3.B第四段说明：科学证明人们用大脑的不同区域处理语言和音乐。在第五段，作者用Vissarion Shebalin的例子进一步说明人脑处理语言和音乐的位置不同，Shebalin中风以后不能讲话也听不懂别人的话，但他却能创作乐曲。

4.A 第六段的第四句：Geoffrey Miller，a researcher at University College，London，thinks that music and love have a strong connection.这句说明Miller对音乐和爱(情感)的关系进行了研究，他得出的结论是：音乐和爱有密切的关联。

5.C文中没有提及创作乐曲是否困难。

6.B第六段有一句：You also need a good memory to remember the notes.此句说明必须具备好的记忆力记音符才能唱得符合调子。

7.A最后一段讲的是：科学家们需要做更多的研究才能解释为什么有些声音影响我们的情感会如此之深。也就是说，科学家不能全部解释音乐对人类的影响。译文：第十篇 音乐生物学

人们把音乐作为一种高效的交流方式，在爱情中它也可能会起到重要的作用。但是音乐是什么？它又是如何起到神奇的效果？科学界还没有给出答案。

哪两项事物使得人类不同于动物？一个是语言，另一个是音乐。当然一些动物会唱歌(并且许多鸟唱得比很多人都好听)，但是，动物的歌声是有限的，比如鸟类和鲸鱼。同样，是人类而不是动物开发出了乐器。

音乐是个奇怪的东西，它与语言有明显的不同。但是，人们能够用音乐去传达——尤其是情感。当音乐与歌曲中的语言结合在一起的时候，它就是一种强有力的表达方式。但是，从生物学来讲，音乐是什么？

如果音乐与语言真的不同，那么我们应该在大脑的不同区域内对音乐和语言进行加工处理，科学证据也证实了这一点。

有时，受过脑损伤的人会丧失他们处理语言的能力。但是，他们不会自动地丢失音乐才能。比如，维沙翁·舍巴林，一位苏联作曲家，在1953年得了中风。他的大脑的左半边受到损害，他再也不能说话或是理解别人的话，但是他仍然能够谱曲，直到十年后他离开人世。另一方面，中风有时会使人们丧失音乐能力，但是他们仍然能够说话也能听懂别人的话。这就说明大脑是分别加了处理音乐和语言的。通过研究音乐在人身体上的物理效应，科学家也了解到许多关于音乐是如何影响情感的。但是，为什么音乐对我们有如此强烈的影响？这是一个更难回答的问题。伦敦大学学院的研究员杰弗里·米勒认为音乐和爱有紧密的关，音乐需要特殊才能、练习和体能。这也许是一种方式让你展示你适合做某人的伴侣。比如，按调唱歌或者弹奏乐器需要有很好的肌肉控制力。你也需要有好的记忆力来记住音符。能正确地演奏或者唱出这些音符也证明你的听力也非常好。所以，当一个男人唱给他心爱的女人时(反之亦然)音乐就可能成为一种展示的方式。

然而，米勒的理论仍然不能解释为什么声音的特定结合可以深深地影响我们的情感。对于科学家来说，这显然是一个需要深入研究的领域。

二、阅读理解

第29篇：I'll Be Bach（B级）

I'll Be Bach

Composer David Cope is the inventor of a computer program that writes original works of classical music.It took Cope 30 years to develop the software.Now most people can't tell the difference between music by the famous German composer J.S.Bach(1685-1750)and the Bach-like compositions from Cope's computer.It all started in 1980 in the United States, when Cope was trying to write an opera.He was having trouble thinking of new melodies, so he wrote a computer program to create the melodies.At first this music was not easy to listen to.What did Cope do? He began to rethink how human beings compose music.He realized that composers' brains work like big databases.First, they take in all the music that they have ever heard.Then they take out the music that they dislike.Finally, they make new music from what is left.According to Cope, only the great composers are able to create the database accurately, remember it, and form new musical patterns from it.Cope built a huge database of existing music.He began with hundreds of works by Bach.The software analyzed the data: it broke it down into smaller pieces and looked for patterns.It then combined the pieces into new patterns;Before long,the program could compose short Bach-like works.They weren't good, but it was a start.Cope knew he had more work todo-he had a whole opera to write.He continued to improve the software.Soon it could analyze more.complex music.He also added many other composers, including his own work, to the database.，A few years later, Cope's computer program, called “Emmy”, was ready to help him with his opera.The process required a lot of collaboration between the composer and Emmy.Cope listened to the computer's musical ideas and used the ones that he liked.With Emmy, the opera took only two weeks to finish.It was called Cradle Falling, and it was a great success!Cope received some of the best reviews of his career, but no one knew exactly how he had composed the work.Since that first opera, Emmy has written thousands of compositions.Cope still gives Emmy feedback on what he likes and doesn't like of her music ,but she is doing most of the hard work of composing these days!

词汇：

original adj．有独创性的 collaboration n．合作 review n．评论

feedback n．反馈

注释：

1.J.S.Bach：约翰?塞巴斯蒂安?巴赫(德语：Johann Sebastian Bach，1685年3月31日--1750年7月28日)，巴洛克时期的德国作曲家，杰出的管风琴、小提琴、大键琴演奏家，同作曲家亨德尔和泰勒曼齐名。巴赫被普遍认为是音乐史上最重要的作曲家之一，并被尊称为“西方‘现代音乐’之父”，也是西方文化史上最重要的人物之一。

练习：

l.The music composed by David cope is about

A classical music.B pop music.C drama.D country music.2.By developing a computer software, David Cope aimed A to be like Bach.B to study Bach.C to write an opera.D to create a musical database

3.What did Cope realize about a great composer's brain?

A It forms new musical patterns all by itself.B It writes a computer program.C It can recognize any music patterns.D It creates an accurate database.4.Who is Emmy?

A a database

B a computer software

C a composer who helped David D an opera

5.We can infer from the passage that

A David Cope is a computer programmer.B David Cope loves music.C Bach's music helped him a lot.D Emmy did much more work than a composer.答案与题解：

1.A第一段的第一句：David Cope发明了一个可以编写出古典音乐的电脑软件。

2.c从第二段的第一句可以看出，David编写电脑软件的目的是写歌剧。A、B和D都属于创作歌剧的一部分。

3.D第二段的后半部分讲的是伟大的歌剧作者与一般的歌剧作者的不同之处是通过对数据进行准确的构建、记忆而后创作出新的音乐形式。

4.B从第五段第一句可知Emmy是一计算机软件。’

5.D从本文第一句可知David是一个作曲家，不是计算机程序员，所以排除A;B、C内容没有提及;从本文的第五段和第六段可知，Emmy大大提高了David的创作速度，最后一句，大部分困难的工作都由Emmy来做，所以作曲家只干一小部分工作。

译文：我也能成为巴赫

作曲家大卫·科普发明了一个电脑软件，它能写出古典音乐的原创作品。科普花了30年才完成这个软件，现在科普的电脑写出的作品与德国注明作曲家J.S.巴赫写的作品很相似，很少有人能分辨出其中的不同。

这一切始于1980年的美国，那时科普正在写一部戏剧，但是他无法创作出新的旋律，于是他编写了一个电脑软件来帮他编曲。最开始的时候，软件写出的乐曲并不动听。科普是怎么做的呢？他开始重新考虑人们作曲的方式。他认识到作曲家的大脑就像一个大数据库，他们先是吸收他们听过的所有音乐，然后去除他们不喜欢的，最后再根据留下的音乐来创作出新的旋律。科普认为，只有伟大的作曲家才能建立好数据库，并能熟记于心，从而创造出新的音乐。

科普根据现有的音乐建立了庞大的数据库，最开始的时候，数据库包含了几百部巴赫的作品。科普的软件将这些数据进行分析：首先它将音乐拆解成小的片段，从中找出固定模式，然后将片段组合成新的模式。不久，这个软件就能够写出和巴赫风格很像的小曲子。它们并不完美，但这只是个开始。

科普知道，他要做的还有很多——他得写出一整部歌剧。他进一步完善他的软件，不久他就能够写出更复杂的音乐了。他还在数据库中加入了一些其他作曲家的作品，其中也包括他自己的作品。

几年后，科普的软件“艾米”已经能够帮助他创作歌剧了。创作过程需要作曲家和艾米共同配合。科普聆听艾米写出的音乐片段，从中选取他认为好的。有了艾米的帮助，科普只用了两个星期就完成这部歌剧，叫做《摇篮坠落》。演出获得巨大成功，科普也得到了他有生以来最高的评价，但是没有人知道他究竟是怎样创作出这部歌剧的。

从那以后，艾米已经写了上千部作品。科普现在依然会给艾米反馈，告诉她自己哪些音乐是他喜欢的，哪些是不喜欢的，但是现在大部分艰巨的工作是由艾米来完成的。

三、补全短文

第10篇： How Deafness Makes It Easier to Hear（B级）

How Deafness Makes It Easier to Hear

Most people think of Beethoven's hearing loss as an obstacle to composing music.However, he produced his most powerful works in the last decade of his life when he was completely deaf.This is one of the most glorious cases of the triumph of will over adversity, but his biographer, Maynard Solomon, takes a different view.l.In his deaf world Beethoven could experiment, free from the sounds of the outside world, free to create new forms and harmonies.Hearing loss does not seem to affect the musical ability of musicians who become deaf.They continue to “hear” music with as much, or greater, accuracy than if they were actually hearing it being played.2.He described a fascinating phenomenon that happened within three months:“my former musical experiences began to play back to me.I couldn't differentiate between what I heard and real hearing.After many years, it is still rewarding to listen to these playbacks, to 'hear' music which is new to me and to find many quiet accompaniments for ali of my moods.”

How is it that the world we see, touch, hear, and smell is both “out there” and at the same time within us? There is no better example of this connection between external stimulus and internal perception than the cochlear implant.3.However,it might be possible to use the brain's remarkable power to make sense of the electrical signals the implant produces.When Michael Edgar first “switched on” his cochlear implant, the sounds he heard were not at all Clear.Gradually, with much hard work, he began to identify everyday sounds.For example,“ The insistent ringing of the telephone became clear almost at once.”

The primary purpose of the implant is to allow communication with others.When people spoke to Eagar, he heard their voices “coming through like a long-distance telephone call on a poor connection.” But when it came to his beloved music, the implant was of no help.4.He said, “I play the piano as I used to and hear it in my head at the same time.The movement of my fingers and the feel of the keys give added ' clarity' to hearing in my head.”

Cochlear implants allow the deaf to hear again in a way that is not perfect, but which can change their lives.5.Even the most amazing cochlear implants would have been useless to Beethoven as he composed his Ninth Symphony at the end of his life.注释：

1.the triumph of will over adversity:the successful overcoming of difficulty through determination用意志力战胜不幸

2.I couldn't differentiate between what/heard and real hearing: 我无法区别真正听到的和曾经听过的声音。

3.cochlear implant:a device, surgically placed in the ear, that changes sounds into electric signals 人工耳蜗;耳蜗植入

4.But when it came to his beloved mumble,flag, implant was of no help.但是，当听到钟爱的音乐时，人工耳蜗就毫无用处(我不用人工耳蜗就能听出来)。

5.The movement of my fingers and the feel of the keys give added clarity to hearing in my head:我手指的移动以及对琴键的感觉使我听到的声音在脑海里更加清晰

练习：

A.No man-made device could replace the ability to hear.B.When he wanted to appreciate music,Eagar played the piano.C.Still, as Michael Eagar discovered, when it comes to musical harmonies,hearing is irrelevant.D.Michael Eagar, who died in 2003,became deaf at the age of 21.E.Beethoven produced his most wonderful works after he became deaf.F.Solomon argues that Beethoven's deafness “heightened” his achievement as a composer.答案与题解：

1.F本段的开头讲：贝多芬的例子是一个意志力战胜失聪的极好的例子。但是，他的传记作家Maynard Solomon却持不同的意见。贝多芬的失聪不是一种灾难;相反，对他成为作曲家起到了促进作用。后一句解释了失聪是如何使贝多芬更好地创作。

2.D该句是本段的开头，根据后一句：他描述了在3个月之内发生的奇妙的现象：我之前的音乐经历开始在脑中回放。再有后一句的what I heard and real hearing可以判定D是恰当的。

3.A依据前一句：只有人工耳蜗才能使外部刺激和内心感知联系起来(失聪的人通过人工耳蜗听到外部的声音)。人工耳蜗就是一种man-made device，后一句也是在讲人工耳蜗的功能。所以A是对的。

4.B依据后一句的play the piano呼应When he wanted to appreciate music.Eagar played the piano，可以断定答案为B。

5.C前一句讲人工耳蜗的作用：它能使失聪的人听到声音，尽管不完美，但改变了他们的生活;Still表示转折，该句承上启下，虽然人工耳蜗能帮助失聪的人，但 谈到音乐的和声时听力就无关紧要了(听力不起作用)。所以后一句讲贝多芬在他生命的最后时刻创作第九交响曲时，无论多么完美的人工耳蜗对他来说都没有用。

译文：第十篇 如何让失聪的人更容易听见

大多数人把贝多芬的听力受损看作是他作曲的障碍。然而，他的最有力量的作品正是在他人生的最后十年里创作出来的，那时他完全失聪。

这是最值得称道的用意志战胜不幸的案例之一，但是他的传记作家梅纳德·所罗门却持不同的观点。梅纳德认为，贝多芬的失聪“促进了他作为作曲家的成就，在他完全失聪的世界里，他能摆脱外在世界声音的干扰，自由地创作新的表现形式与和声。”

听力受损似乎不会影响失聪的音乐家的音乐才能。他们能继续“听见”音乐，与他们能真正听见音乐相比，他们“听”得同样准确，甚至更准确。

2003年去世的迈克尔·伊加，在他21岁时失聪。他曾经描绘过一幅发生在三个月内的迷人的事情：“我之前的音乐经历开始在脑中回放，我无法区别真正听到的和曾经听过的东西。许多年以后，听到这些回放，“听见”对我来说是新鲜的音乐，为我所有的情绪找到伴唱仍然是有所收益的。”

内心的感受？把外在刺激和内在感知相结合的最好的例子就是耳蜗植入。没有任何人工的装置能代替听觉能力，但是，利用大脑非凡的能力来理解植入物产生的电信号还是有可能的。

当迈克尔·伊加最先“开启”题的人工耳蜗时，他听到的声音一点都不清楚。经过艰苦的努力，他渐渐地开始辨认出日常的声音，比如他说道“持续的电话响声几乎是立刻就变得清晰了。”

耳蜗植入最主要的目的就是能够与人交流。当人们与伊加交谈时，他能听到他们的声音“像是从接触不良的长途电话中传来的”。但是当听他钟爱的音乐时，耳蜗植入就毫无用处。每当伊加想要欣赏音乐时，他就开始弹钢琴。他说“我像往常那样弹奏钢琴，同一时间在头脑中就听见它。我手指的移动以及对琴键的感觉使得头脑中听到的声音更加“清晰”。

耳蜗植入让耳聪的人以一种不完美的方式再次听见声音，但是它改变了他们的生活。尽管如此，正如迈克尔·伊加发现的那样，当涉及到音乐和声时，听力就无关紧要了。甚至最完美的耳蜗植入对贝多芬在他生命的最后阶段创作第九交响曲也毫无用处。