Justice 正义之法书评

第一篇：Justice 正义之法书评

Christian

Zhang Yan 0131126043 Justice according to multielement

The eternal pursuit of the irreconcilable contradictions, on “freedom” and “equality”, is the inexhaustible driving force for social progress.“Multi-evolution”, a representative of a new “relativism” revived.Since the enlightenment modernism was questioned, the Western society as well as the colonies themselves has launched reflections on the modernist concept of development.Thus, the colonists launched imposing colonial liberation movements and drove away Western colonizers under the leadership of nationalist politicians.However, the colonial legacy, which is the unfinished modernism development process, is destined to be succeeded by nationalist politicians.The legacy is concretely showed in the wealth polarization, the serious imbalance in resources distribution and the contrast of the middle class of the developed cities and the traditional society of the developing countryside.What should the nationalist politicians who inherited the legacy do? There are two choices, first, to get rich together, or poor.The former policy appears in East and Southeast Asia and Latin American countries, the so-called “a few people get rich first” policy, whose positive subtext is “most people will keep a pace later”, no matter how the difficulty increases.The latter one appears in traditional Islamic countries, which went to the other extreme in the face of growing wealth gap.“Islamic fundamentalism”, which means going back to the beginning of the classical era, the “garden of Eden”, the main character of the times, was that everybody is all poor, they have no difference in addition to sex.Women all wear robes and veils, men all wear gowns and long beard there, the sole purpose is to erase the characteristic caused by different status and different income.Virtually, all these effects have the same goal, equality.Either the pursuit of common prosperity which seems illusive, or common poverty hogtying the development of people‟s life, are all the respond to the principle of equality.So it‟s easier to understand The Theory Of Justice.A justice, according to Aristotle's view, is “equality”.Why is the pursuit of Justice(equal), even the Bushman who lives a simple material life in Kalahari of southern Africa also knew that，“Even if a person desires a delicate knife, he doesn‟t care to own it for too long, because he knows he will become the envy of others;when he wipes the knife, he will hear the whisper from the others, „He has a wonderful knife while we have nothing‟.Soon someone will ask him for a knife, because everyone wants to own it, so he sends the knife away.Their culture has consistently called for their sharing, so there has never been a man who isn't willing to share items, food or water with other tribe members, because once leaving the mutual cooperation, the Bushmen will not survive in the drought and famine of Kalahari Desert.”

“Equal”, especially materially, is the cornerstone of social, people always want to keep the same with their neighbors, not so different at least, this let people retain dignity sense on capacity and spirit.Thanks to equality, people won‟t covet others‟ wealth or desire for the “luxury” life, society can reserve a more harmonious atmosphere.However, differences of people's intelligence and ability exist unavoidably;humans are born with the right to pursue the wealth or status according to their capacity.But the Declaration of human rights says，“In terms of their rights, men are born and remain free and equal”, put these contradicting words together.Now that people have the rights to pursue happiness freely, they will pay for the price of the encounter of principle of equality and “freedom” one day, inevitably.It's within the scope of acceptable if the disparity in wealth and status only comes from the differences of intelligence and ability, but if disparities of wealth and status go beyond personal abilities, especially when their wealth and status achieved continuance across generations.Some people are just born with more resources than others, while others who tried their whole lives to achieve ”equality“, though, could not bridge the gap between individuals.Then how do you achieve social justice after the delicate balance between” Freedom“ and ”equality“ being broken?

Rawls‟s theory of Justice, in a word, can be explained as a concept that Justice as fairness.First, we need to indicate a prerequisite, which is how the social contract appears, so that we can arrive at principles of this theory.Rawls expanded on this and he called it the ”Original position“.Then we can infer a principle of Justice, ”all the social values including freedom and opportunity, income and wealth, as well as the foundation of self-esteem, should be equally distributed.Rawls's theory of Justice not so much presented a rule for the operation of Justice, rather than provide a code of ethics or a rule of contrast.Many countries still journey on the path of achieving equality, some in the pursuit of common prosperity, others adhere to common poverty.Rawls‟s society seems disconnected from outside of these two extremes, but it is apparently not fair to point out the lack of operability of his theory.Countless of history(as Khmer Rouge, and pre-Open Door China)proved that pursuit of complete equality only brings the tyranny of minority.Since equality on this level cannot be achieved, we choose to allow “free” pursuit of income or wealth, but not damaging others‟ equal right.Nonetheless, it‟s not fair to grant all the glory to “justice” as well.In the second half of the 20th century, society of the United States has experienced complex culture changes and social integration, culture became more multiple and freer, people has more ways to chase happiness whose form is more abundant rather than wealth, the field where people achieved equality has not been limited to economic and social status, and it‟s on the decrease that justice has been linked to wealth and status.The ultimate goal of social transformation is always bridging the gap between wealth and status and reconstructing an equal society.Today's various social issues, all kinds of “second generation”, mother-in-law conflicts, the house price, even rumors of food hygiene, are all public responds when people are in the pursuit of “justice”.Some are sniggering with cynicism at deformed relationship because of fever for wealth and status, while some read ancient works, put on Han Chinese clothing and hide in utopia with fundamentalism.However, these actions lack constructiveness after all, most of them are helpless and useless.From the perspective of cross-cultural comparison, multiple value choice might be a better way.Adopting multi-digestion to solve the bondage of wealth and status to justice may be a new road to try.

第二篇：5人英语话剧剧本——Justice Is The Winner(正义必胜)

5人英语话剧剧本——Justice Is The Winner(正义必胜)

这个短剧讲的是：搞笑的匪徒,搞笑的绑架案，不错的剧本。人物

Bunny Cheng:

Bunny Chen Eliza Lin:

Daughter Celine Tu:

Reporter et Aside Sano Hsieh:

Small gangster(小流氓)Trent Cheng:

Big gangster(大流氓)------------------SCENE I A mother is doing exercise in the living room when the phone is ringing.And her daughter is in the school now.Mom:

Hello~ Caller:

(A boy is crying.)Ha!Your kid is here.Do you hear his voice? If you want to save your kid, prepare the ransom.Mom:

Are you crazy? I don’t have a son！!Don’t try to cheat me.Stupid guy!The mother is very angry and hung up the phone.But later… the phone is ringing again… Mom:

Hello~ Caller:

Hello~ Are you busy now? Mom:

(I recognize the voice.)You are a fraud, right? Do you want to trick me again? Is it fun? Don’t do such a boring thing, O.K.? I won’t believe you.Caller:

Really? Listen to this.(A girl is crying on the phone, ”mom, help me~ help me~)Mom:

Oh~ you are a good actor.This time is better but I still won’t fall into your trap to rob me of my money!If you call again, I will call the cop.Do you understand?(Hang up the phone more angrier.)But the voice sounds like her daughter’s and the mom is not disturbed.She decides to go to the elementary school to see her daughter.The mom got there… Mom:

Eliza~ Eliza:

Mom~ why you are here? Are you missing me? Do you come here to pick me up? Mom:

Ya~ are you happy in the school? Let’s go home.I want to tell you something on the way home.Mom tells Eliza about the phone scam and wants her to be careful from now on.SCENE II Because the mother didn’t believe the two gangsters really kidnapped her kid, the gangsters were furious.So they decided to kidnap her daughter this time.The gangsters have found the school her daughter studies in, and observed for many days.Today is the day they plan to kidnap the child.The big gangster always focuses on what he’s doing but the small gangster is usually absent-minded.Big gangster:

Hey!Concentrate！(The big gangster hit the small gangster’s head)Small gangster: Ouch!O.K.O.K.At this moment, the girl appears.Small gangster:(Check the picture.)Hey！Buddy！Look!Is that her? Big gangster:

Ha!Ha!Ha!It’s hunting time.Small gangster: I’m so excited！Oh~ what a beautiful girl.Just like a fairy.My sweetheart… Buddy do you know? I feel that I get butterflies in my stomach!Big gangster:

(Hitting the small gangster’s head again.)Hey!Wake up！Stop day-dreaming.Let’s make a move!

Small gangster: Oh~ my baby~ I’m coming！

Big gangster:

Hey！Lady！Can you do me a favor? Eliza:

Sure!What can I do for you? Small gangster:(Murmuring)This beautiful lady has a beautiful heart.Big gangster:

Sorry.Ignore what he said.Eliza:

Never mind!Big gangster:

Thanks!I want to go to Tunghai University.Do you know how can I get there? Eliza:

Oh… you should go straight until the traffic light, then turn right until you see a convenience store at the corner and turn left.Keep going straight and you would see the university.Big gangster:

Go straight until the first traffic light, turn right and we will see a supermarket at the end of the street.And…

Eliza:

No!No!No!Go straight until the traffic light, then turn right until you see a convenience store at the corner and turn left.Keep going straight and you would see the university.Small gangster: Go straight until the first traffic light, then turn left and go straight to the end of the street, then we can see the university.Eliza:

Oh, my!No!Wrong again!You two are really a stupid guy.Big gangster:

It’s too complex.I can’t remember all the directions.I’m a foreigner.And I have an important presentation there.Could you go with us, guide us there? Please~ Eliza was confused.But she is a kind person and she likes to help people.Eliza:

Umm… let me think… okay！Let’s go!Small gangster: How kind of you！My little girl.Big gangster:

Sorry.Just ignore him.Thank for your help.Eliza goes with the gangsters.In the gangsters’ car, the small gangster suddenly shows a sharp knife.And shouts, “Don’t move!” Eliza is shocked and starts screaming.Eliza:

What are you doing? Small gangster: I’m kidnapping you!

Eliza:

Oh~ I am so scared.Small gangster:(Talk to the big gangster.)Did you hear that, she is scared? Big gangster:

Ya~ we are professional.Eliza:

Not funny!I’m hungry.I want to go home!I want to go home!Small gangster: Shut up.Don’t be so noisy!Eliza keeps crying.Small gangster: You!Get out of the car!Big gangster:

(Hit the small gangster angrily!)Idiot!I have a stupid partner.(Disappointed)Eliza:

I agree!(Nod head.)Big gangster:

Don’t cry baby, I give you a lollipop.Eliza:

Thank you.How kind of you.SCENE III Mother is preparing dinner.Mom:

Eliza!Eliza!Time for dinner!I’m hungry!Hurry up!No one answers her.And she realizes there is something wrong.Mom:

Eliza, where are you? Don’t play hide and seek with me!It’s not funny.I’m hungry.As the mother is finding her daughter, the phone rings.Mom:

Hello~ this is Anderson.I’m busy finding my daughter.Don’t bother me!Big gangster:

Are you finding your daughter? Ha!Ha!Ha… she is right here.Mom:

Good job!Tell her it’s time for dinner.I’m hungry!

Big gangster:

Hey!You are clueless.I have already kidnapped your daughter, Eliza Anderson!Mom:

Hey!Buddy!Don’t trick me!Big gangster:

Sure!Listen!(The gangster takes the phone to Eliza.)Eliza:

Hello!Mom!I’m here!They are so kind.They gave me a lollipop.The gangster takes the phone away.Big gangster:

Do you believe me now? If you want your daughter to come back for dinner.You have to prepare the ransom of NT $ 20,000,000.Mom:

Too expensive!20% off.Big gangster:

Are you buying clothes? Mom:

Bargain is my hobby.Big gangster:

No negotiation you should bring the ransom to Tunghai Lake at 8:00 pm.And remember don’t call the cop.Or you will find your daughter in the lake.Mom:

O.K.See you then!At Tunghai Lake.The gangsters and Eliza are baking fish from the lake because they are hungry.At this time, the mother is coming.Mom:

Ha!(Mom shouts.)The gangsters and Eliza are shocked.And the small gangster’s fish is falling down on the floor.Small gangster: Oh,!My fish!Who’s there?

Mom:

It’s me, Bunny Anderson, Eliza’s mother, Anderson’s wife.Where is my daughter? Release my daughter.Eliza:

Hi!Mom, I’m here.Do you want to come here to eat fish? Big gangster:

Where is the ransom? Mom:

Release my daughter first!Big gangster:

Give me the ransom first!Mom:

No way!And the battle begins.Mom:

Justice is always the winner.Eliza:

Oh~ Yeah!Mom, you win!Celine:

Ha!I got it!I got it!A new…… headline.Celine:

I am at Tunghai Lake.Earlier, there was a violent fighting.A watermelon knife V.S.A B.B.Q.fork.According to the witnesses, a mother fought with the gangsters for her daughter.And the mother won.Now, let’s interview the persons involved.Celine:

Do you feel regretful? Do you feel sorry to this society? Small gangster: I……

Celine:

I…… I know.You are very sorry and regretful.How about you?(Turn to the big gangster.)Big gangster:

None of your business.(Run to the wall.)Leave me alone.Eliza:

Me!Me!

Celine:

What do you want to say? Eliza:

Uh…My mom is so cool.She came to save me!Mom:

My turn.My turn.Celine:

O.K.O.K.What do you want to say after winning the fight? Mom:

Well……

Celine:

Well, you are very happy and proud of yourself to be the winner in the battle.Mom:

Yes.And the gangsters…

Celine:

Oh, the gangsters are very stupid and silly.Mom:

Right.And they…

Celine:

They want to trick you, but…

Mom:

But… enough.I’m hungry.I want to go home with my daughter.Celine:

Next time, if you receive a phone call from a scam artist, here are the things you can do to avoid being tricked.First, stay clam and be skeptical about it.The caller hopes to fool you with a moving story, causing you to forget your good judgment.A little doubt can protect you.Second, verify the story.Call the organization to make sure the story is true.Third, report it to the police.And don’t deal with the villains on your own.One phone call will often expose a trap quickly.However, to tell the truth, the mother is really very brave.She is my idol.I want to keep her sign.This is reporter Celine reporting from Tunghia Lake for TVAS.

第三篇：阅读教学之法

《语文课程标准》非常关注“课外阅读”，增加了阅读推荐篇目，明确规定了学生九年课外阅读总量应在400万字以上，其中每个学段都有具体的量化指标。但是，读书是一个逐渐内化吸收的过程，在当今电视、网络、卡通等“泡沫文化”充斥的时代，成年人尚难有宁静的阅读心境，更何况阅读时还会碰到许多“拦路虎”（生字）的小学生了。所以，培养孩子的阅读兴趣，及时展示他们的阅读成果，让他们读出情趣，读出思想，读出创意，就显得格外重要。在教学实践中，我采用多种方法设置丰富多彩的展示平台，鼓励学生积极参与，用适合自己的方法来汇报读书成果，精心烹制了一道道读书文化大餐，取得了良好的效果，现列举如下：

一、开胃小菜――课前2分钟“思维体操”

每节语文课前2分钟是我们班学生的“思维体操”时间，主要有以下方式：

1.开火车。全班30名同学开火车说词语，每次一个主题，如说成语（又可根据学生的实际情况增加难度分为动物成语、数字成语、颜色成语、故事成语等等，说动词，说叠词，说描写景色的词等等，还可以说句子，可以说不同主题的句子，如说外貌句，说动作句，说心理描写句，说开头，说结尾等，也可以说同一主题的句子，如学了“雄伟”一词，在读书时就注意收集带有“雄伟”的句子，再在全班说。

2.我说你对。全班30个学生按照座位的摆放结成15对，内容有对反义词，对近义词，词语搭配，句式变换等。如老师宣布：“今天我说你对的主题是‘把字句变被字句’。”说的学生就起立出题：“小猫把老鼠吃了。”对的学生则应声而答：“老鼠被小猫吃了。” 3.悄悄话。形式为同桌两两结伴，老师宣布：“今天悄悄话的主题是‘猴子’。”同桌俩就嘴巴对着耳朵悄悄讲一个“猴子”的故事，讲完后，老师统计，谁讲的故事和大家都不一样，就奖励他一棵“小松树”，贴在教室里的评比栏上。这些“思维体操”，一般老师提前一个星期出示主题，让同学们有充分的时间去读书，去准备。由于这些“思维体操”选题小，内容专，形式灵活，竞争性强，富有趣味性，如同一碟碟酸辣可口的开胃小菜，深深赢得了孩子们的喜爱，为了这两分钟的表现，他们在课外更加起劲地读书做笔记，准备在课堂上“一鸣惊人”。

二、美味主食――墙壁上的“读书论坛”

在教室的墙壁上辟一块地方，不像评比栏高高在上，学生触手可及，这就是我们的“读书论坛”。论坛里可以贴摘抄类，内容可以是课文的补充阅读，如学生在学习《蜘蛛》一颗时，就把从网上下载的、报刊图书中收集到的有关蜘蛛的资料贴出来；可以是个人的佳文推荐，如自己在阅读时读到的感人的故事，优美的风景，有趣的笑话等；还可以是自己读书后的感受、疑问等。形式可长可短，全文照抄、片断摘选均可。为增强互动性，设观众评价一项，每篇文章可以简单地打上★做为评语，最高级别是五★，也可在后面跟贴，把自己的意见写下来，贴在文后，论坛一星期评比一次，比谁发的帖子多，比谁的帖子★多，比谁的帖子引起的评论多，比谁读别人的帖子多。“读书论坛”的设立，就像每天的主食一样必不可少，为大家提供了丰富的精神食粮。以至于学生一进班，就先到论坛去看看，谁又发了新帖子，谁又给自己的帖子评论了，课余时间，大家就在论坛前读啊，评啊，尽情体味着读书的快乐。

三、丰盛大餐――“读书汇报会”

我们一个月还开展一次“读书汇报会”，同学们风趣地把它称为“我们的圣诞大餐”。内容有“专题读书汇报”，如要求全班同学本月共同读一本书《皮皮鲁传》，月末老师与同学们一起深入探讨书中的几个议题作意见交流。有“综合读书汇报”，使不同类型的学生都能发挥自己的潜能，都能从读书中获得收益。例如：善于表演的同学，可以将书中的故事改编成故事剧；擅长绘画的同学，可自编读书小报；口才好的同学可以演讲、辩论。在“综合读书汇报会”上，不仅展示了学生这一阶段的阅读成果，强化了学生继续读书的欲望，而且在活动中培养了学生良好的表达心态和交流习惯，锻炼了学生的语言表达等综合能力。

现在，看着小学二年级的学生平均读书量已达100万字以上；看着他们抱着一本本厚厚的《鲁滨逊漂流记》《福尔摩斯探案集》等大部头如饥似渴；看着他们用稚嫩的语言写科幻小说、写童话故事，一篇篇作文在报刊上发表；听着他们说“读书是我的最爱”的时候，我心里那个甜哟，就甭提了。

第四篇：读书之法

1、问题：出现阅读疲劳时，怎么办？

1.可以使用番茄工作法，看40分钟左右，休息5-10分钟。不要让自己的精力耗尽，一定要注意休息才能阅读更长时间。

2.我大致记录了阅读不同类型书籍时集中注意力的时间，在注意力开始分散之前开始休息，然后做笔记或思维导图。

2、不同种类的书的阅读方法

简单一点，拿三类比较典型的书为例，：

小说：不分类型以兴趣和精彩分级1-3，1最低，

 1级，注意力20-30分钟左右。2级。1–3小时，大多数书籍3个小时内可以阅读完第一遍，如果超过3小时，一般

分休息一下，吃些东西，看看新闻，再继续。

 3级。非常感兴趣，而且有充分的时间情形下，能1口气读完。上学时看武侠小说和

科幻小说能看一整天，除了睡觉、吃饭和上厕所都在看。

专业性强一点的书（教材、专业材料）：

强迫自己能集中注意力20-30分钟（具体时间要看书的类型和当然的体力、心情）然后做笔记或思维导图，在重新清晰一下思路。有时会反复读上很多遍。连岳说过，喜欢读专业书的男人更有魅力。

畅销书：

不超过300页，不过于难懂，基本会在2小时之内阅读完第一遍。休息，看第二遍或第三遍，写简评，做笔记或思维导图。

3.太难解释或专业比较强的书籍，可以用主题阅读的方式，一本看不明白就换别的书。

4.实在看不懂的，先跳过去。

5.准备几本不同类型的书，阅读累了，就换种轻松一点的书籍。

6.如果是因为身体的因素，最好停止阅读，去看看电影、小说、玩玩游戏或者睡觉，让自己放松一下。注意力完全无法集中的情况下，阅读所能获取的信息量太小，还不如休息。

3、问题：如何筛选自己要读的书？

（1）阅读类型：经典和畅销书各一半。

一半一半的说法：（在李欣频的书中看到的）：

可以安装一半是最新信息或是未来趋势的书，一半是老的，经典的书籍–往上往外跳跃，往下往里深耕。让你的从立足点起，往最老以及最新的两端延长自己 的智慧–然后从知识源头转换出属于自己的原创想法。有些读过的书可以安排再读一遍，人生阅历不同，想法也会不同。最主要的建立自己的知识架构。

（2）阅读方向：每3-4年左右增加一个新的关注方向。

德鲁克提过一种方法非常不错，准备尝试一下：

20岁时德鲁克曾经是法兰克福最大的报纸金融和外交栏目的新闻记者，一个记者必须撰写许多题材的报道，所以他决心掌握许多领域的知识，至少做一名胜任工作的记者。他在下午和晚上的时间学习国家关系与国际法、社会和法律制度史、历史和金融等。

在未来的人生中，德鲁克逐渐养成了习惯，并且能够持之以恒。每过三四年，他就选择一个新的学科。例如，统计、中世纪史、日本艺术或经济学。要精通一门学科，3年时间的学习是绝对不够的。不过，要了解一门学科，3年的时间就足够了。

60多年来，德鲁克坚持一次选修一门学科。“这种学习习惯不仅为我打下坚实的知识基础，而且迫使我接触新学科、新学说和新方法，因为我学的每一门学科都有不同的假说，并且采用不同的方法论。

（3）每月清单：一半提前计划好，一半随机.计划好的书都是从待读清单找的，里面记录一些推荐好书，每个月固定读上几本。随机的书：去图书馆、书店看到的书、下载的电子书，顺手翻几页，如果有意思，就放在一个待读目录中，有时间就看看。还会准备一些比较有意思的小说或相关书籍，看难懂的书看多了就找本轻松的书籍看看放松一下。

（4）筛选方法

豆瓣友邻和朋友推荐：在豆瓣上关注很多读书狂和各行业的专家，从他们的书评、日记、广播中能找一些非常不错的推荐，然后顺手加入待读。认识了不少爱读书的人，看到好书会互相分享一下，然后加入待读。

豆列：在豆瓣能找到一些非常不错的豆列，然后针对某个方面做些横向和纵向的汇总，收藏加入待读。

书籍、杂志：在看书、报纸、杂志、新闻、Blog、微博时，经常会推荐或搜索一些书籍，顺手记录一下，然后加入待读。如果一本书写得非常不错，可以搜索一下作者，看看还有没有相关的作品，搜索一下。

各种排列榜：收集一些各种类型的排行榜，有需要就看看。

知乎：关注”知乎推荐”里面的问题。

随机：看到电子书下载、书店或去图书馆借书时顺手翻翻，有兴趣就看几本。

定期整理：每隔一段时间我会把定期收集的资料整理一下，进一步提练一下，加关键字归档，有需要的时候找来看看。

关注方向：控制几个长期关注方向和短期方向，尽量控制6、7类左右的书籍在方向以内，剩下的乱看。

不同种类书籍的阅读方法

那怎样来读这些书呢？怎样让书本上的知识真正变成自己的呢？读书要做到五到：心到、眼到、口到、耳到、手到。“心到”就是指读书时注意力要集中，一边读一边思考；“眼到”就是指眼睛要紧盯着书本，不与别人交流；“口到”就是要读出声音来，还要学会把故事复述出来；“耳到”就是指耳朵要听见自己的读书声；“手到”就是指手里拿好一枝笔，旁边准备一本笔记本，要及时摘抄一些好词好句，做读书笔记。那么，怎样把这“五到”结合起来，取得好的读书效果呢？下面就给大家来介绍介绍：

1、读《十万个为什么》、《少儿百科全书》这类百科知识方面的书，我们可采用略读加默读的方法。眼睛看书的速度可以快一点，就是抓住知识要点，把知识读懂记牢就可以了。读完后想一想自己获得了哪些知识，然后讲给自己的爸爸妈妈或者好朋友听，这样就能把知识记牢了。

2、读故事类的书，同学们可以每天读一至三则。如《安徒生童话》，翻开目录如果有42个故事，计算一下，如果每天读3则，14天读完。这样有了计划，就要坚持。当然有的童话书故事少一点，那么差不多一个星期就可以读完了。每天读完后，要把故事的大概内容讲出来，讲给爸爸妈妈听，讲给同学听。这样就巩固了你读的知识。

3、读成语故事书，方法与读童话书一样。读完后，我们要知道这个成语的主人公是谁，这个成语的意思是什么。另外，读成语故事，我们要把语文书上每个单元里的成语结合起来，如果你刚好读到了这个成语，可别忘记在上课时讲给同学们听哦！

这些故事中有很多好词好句好段值得我们学习借鉴，所以同学们应该把它们认真摘抄在笔记本上。可以这样来写：先写故事的题目，再在下面写好词好句，如果是成语，除了把这个成语写下来，还可以把它的意思也摘抄在笔记本上。不久，你一定会发现你已经读了很多故事了，积累了很多成语了。

还可以把读书卡片制作成各种有趣的形状，如毛毛虫，在每节身体里写一个故事的名字，毛毛虫长得越长，就说明你读的故事越多。还可以做成苹果树，把故事的题目写在苹果里，树上的苹果越多，说明你读的故事越多。.4、如果读作文或诗歌、散文，可以采用“三诵”读书法，即朗诵、默诵、背诵。就是把好的段落背下来，想一想可以用在平时的哪种作文中。对于一些优秀作文，同学们还可以分类读，比如把作文分成记事、写人、写景、状物等几类来阅读。在阅读同一类作文时，还可以采用比较阅读的方法。如果是写《秋天的校园》的两篇作文，可以阅读后比较叙述的顺序、内容有什么不同，哪一篇写得更好。总之，在阅读作文时，要学会一边读一边总结归纳写作方法，如开头如何引入，重点部分如何围绕中心来选材，一个自然段如何围绕中心句写，又采用什么方法来结尾，来点明中心。筛选数目

第五篇：浅议正义

“正义”这个词现在随处可见，报纸、电视、网络无不在不厌其烦地重复着这个词。公平正义，正义通常都是和公平连起来说的。公平是什么，通俗的话语就是一碗水端平，这很多人都知道；但正义是什么，大多数人可能说不上来，没有确切定义，唯一能够确定的就是这是一个褒义词语。正义，对我国民众来说，既熟悉又陌生。

正义到底是什么？这好像用

中国词汇阐述不了，我国传统思想里也没有关于什么是正义的更深阐述，“正义”这词是个“舶来品”。定义其为“舶来品”，好像有点不雅观，但不可质疑的是，正义的思想源泉在西方，这也是我国民众对正义既熟悉又陌生的真正原因。

我国的古籍如果出现有“正义”这词的话，多是“正确的、正当的”意思，如《史记·游侠列传》：“今游侠，其行虽不轨於正义，然其言必信，其行必果”，这里的“正义”属于“正确”的意思；又如魏晋南北朝时曹植所做的《七启》：“览盈虚之正义，知顽素之迷惑”，这里的“正义”寓为“本质的意义”。当然，我国也会说“正义之人”，但这里的“正义”通常对应的是“奸邪”，与西方所阐述的做个“正义的人”的内涵是完全不同的。在唐朝，还不把“正义”当名词使用，而是当动词使用，又名“注疏”，是一种经注兼释的注释。总的说来，正义这词都是散落于各种古文集中，当一个普通词语来使用，并没有系统的思想阐述正义的含义。

如果非要用一个产自我国的词语来阐述相当于西方“正义”这词含义的话，我觉得“良心”这词更合适。我国民众对“良心”这个词很熟悉，也自有其自己的一番理解。通常都说做事、做人要对得起自己的良心，好像如果良心没有了，就不能成其为人了，自己也就不是自己了。西方的做个“正义的人”，就相当于我国的做个“良心的人”，都是好像冥冥之中有一种约束力，约束我们应该做正确的事情，而不是为所欲为。但“正义”和“良心”，二者还是不能完全等同。我国的思想史是以儒家思想为整个核心的，并没有关于何谓良心的系统阐述，而西方整个思想史，都是以正义的讨论为核心的，从而导致西方的“正义”的内涵要丰富得多，这也是我们要研究学习这个词的真正原因。当然，并不是说我们没有何谓良心的系统思想就劣，西方有正义的系统思想就是优，这里没有孰优孰劣的问题，仅是因为我们现在多用“正义”这个词，就尽力地理解它罢了。

柏拉图用厚厚的一本《理想国》开启了西方何谓正义的大讨论。照柏拉图的意思，为什么要做个正义的人呢，因为正义是人心灵的德性，按照这德性行动，人才能得到真正的快乐；那如何做个正义的人呢，当然就是“各尽其职即为正义”，就比如说上天赋予你的天赋就是打铁技术特别好，那你如果要做个正义的人的话，就该利用这天赋努力做个铁匠，这也是他为什么主张非要“哲学王”当统治者，即使该“哲学王”不愿意也要强迫他做，因为这是他的天职，这也就是每个人的“正义”。我认为，这里也可以看出在最初时候我国与西方育人观的分歧：柏拉图强调利用个人天赋做好本分工作就可以实现一个人的正义；我国孔子强调人与人关系的和谐，做个好邻居，好臣子，好丈夫，好儿子，好父亲等等，处理好与周边所有人的关系时，才算做好自己，才算实现西方所谓的“正义的人”。

柏拉图的学生，亚里士多德，继承发展了柏拉图的思想，创建了目的性正义的学说。举个例子阐述下何谓目的性正义吧。有一把最好的笛子，三个人都想拥有这把笛子，一个是演奏笛子最好的人，一个是最富裕的人，一个是最有权势的人，那这把笛子由谁拥有更合适？都会认为由演奏笛子最好的人拥有这把笛子是更符合正义的。但为什么由演奏笛子最好的人拥有这笛子就是最符合正义的呢？因为他可以吹出更美妙的乐曲，对人们来说可以得到更多的享受，这是功利主义的正义观。亚里士多德不是功利主义者，所以他的理由也不同，他认为由演奏笛子最好的人拥有这把笛子，是因为对笛子来说，它的目的就是演奏最好的乐曲，所以由演奏笛子最好的人拥有这把笛子是最符合笛子的目的，所以也是最符合正义的。何谓正义，就要看分配对象的目的是什么了。这看上去很有理，但不可避免带来两个问题。第一个问题是笛子的目的很好理解，就是吹奏最好的乐曲，但对于复杂多变的社会，每一样分配正义的实现都要求厘清分配对象的目的，那就不是简单的事情，也容易众说纷纭。第二个问题的出现是越讲究目的性的正义，越挤压自由的空间。按亚里士多德的逻辑推理，将会出现的局面就是最正义的社会，将会是最没有自由选择的社会。因为要做个正义的人，就是寻找自己本身的目的，最适合这目的的才是最正义的，那如果上天赋予某人的天赋是当个笛手，他可以成为全世界最好地笛手，但他就是不想当个笛手，这种情形该怎么办？正义和自由在这里竟成不可调和的主体。那实现正义，到底该如何做？

何谓正义的争论继续进行，边沁的“功利主义”观点简单可行，在当时得到很多人支持，但该观点容易出现践踏个人权利的情形。比如说古罗马把基

督教徒丢进斗兽场与狮子搏斗，在功利主义者看来，这是符合正义的，即使最后基督徒被狮子撕碎，因为这种娱乐，使当时大多数人感到快乐，多数人的幸福得到实现。自由主义者反对功利主义这种观点，认为人有完全支配自己的权利，包括生命权、财产权、自由权，这三者是不可分割的权利。所以别说生命了，连国家强制税收都是不合理的，因为这侵犯了人的财产权。“给

我一个支点，我就可以把地球撬起”，物理学上，这个支点是肯定存在的，但同样的，“给我一个支点，我可以把自己撬起”，这个支点存在吗？如果不存在，人完全支配自己的权利应该也不可能实现，自由主义也陷入困境。

康德通过完美的逻辑在《纯粹理性批判》论述了正义和自由的关系，人到底该如何支配自己，即通过理性，全人类共有的理性支配自己才能实现真正自由，这样的自由和正义才不会不相调和。在罗尔斯的《正义论》里，则是进一步讨论了正义和平等的关系。以赛跑为例，让赛跑者处于不同起点肯定是不正义的；给跑得最快的设置障碍从而实现真正、完全的平等，这还是不正义的；让所有赛跑者处于同一起点，同时以使社会最低层能否从跑得最快者中得到利益为衡量标准，如果社会最低层可以从跑得最快者中得到利益，那就是正义的，如果得不到，那就是不正义的。当然，书中还有为什么要以社会最低层是否得益为评价标准做详细阐述，本文不做详细展开。

正义的内涵发展到现在已经非常丰富，但也还存在各式各样的争论，何谓正义，每每演变成法律案件交由法院处理。正义是法律的最高理想，法律是正义实现的载体。做为一个法律人，没理由不认真探究“正义”这个词，所以勉励自己勉强写成此文。但综因知识有限而难免疏漏与错误，恳请读者谅解了。