各导师摘要[推荐]

第一篇：各导师摘要[推荐]

改性酚醛树脂处理剂对石英纤维增强芳基乙炔复合材料性能的影响

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Influence of modification phenolic resin surface treatment agent【英文篇名】 on the properties of silica fibers reinforced polyarylacetylene composites

【下载频次】 【作者】 ★

王勃;王超;宋延华;牛永安;陈泽明;WANG Bo~1;WANG Chao~(*1);SONG Yanhua~2;NIU Yong'an~3;CHEN Zeming~1(1.Heilongjiang Petrochemistry Institute;Harbin 150040;China;2.The Rese【英文作者】

arch Institute for Special Structures of Aeronautical Composite;Jinan 250023;3.School of Astronautics;Harbin Institute of Technology;Harbin 150001;China);【作者单位】 黑龙江省石油化学研究院;济南航空特种结构研究所;哈尔滨工业大学航天学院;复合材料学报, Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica, 编辑部邮箱 2010年 04期

【文献出处】

期刊荣誉：中文核心期刊要目总览 ASPT来源刊 CJFD收录刊

【中文关键词】 【英文关键词】 复合材料;石英纤维;酚醛树脂;表面处理剂;composites;silica fiber;phenolic resin;surface treatment agent;采用改性酚醛树脂作为石英纤维表面处理剂来提高石英纤维增强芳基乙炔复合材料(SF/PAA)界面性能。通过性能测试,研究处理剂对力学性能和介电性能的影响。通过XPS和【摘要】 SEM分析方法,研究了酚醛树脂表面处理剂对复合材料界面官能团变化和微观形貌的影响。性能测试结果表明改性酚醛树脂处理剂可以显著提高PAA复合材料的力学性能和介电性能。XPS分析结果表明酚醛树脂处理后的石英纤维表面与酚醛树脂发生了化学反应,SEM研究表明酚醛树脂处理后的复合材料界面粘结性能得到显著提高。

To enhance the interfacial adhesion between silica fibers(SF)and the polyarylacetylene matrix(PAA), the modification phenolic resin was used as the surface treatment agent for SF.The influence of treatment technology on the silica fibers re【英文摘要】 inforced polyarylacetylene composites(SF/PAA)mechanical property and dielectric property was investigated by properties testing.The composition and functional group of the silica fiber surface were examined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS).The fracture surface o...改性环保装饰型胶粘剂粘接性能的研究

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Study on bonding performance of modified environment-friendly【英文篇名】

adhesive for decoration

【下载频次】 【作者】 ★☆

牛永安;王超;苏涛;赵鑫刚;陈泽明;NIU Yong-an1;WANG Chao1;SU Tao2;ZHAO Xin-gang1;CHEN Ze-ming1(1.Institute of Petrochemistry;HLJ;Academy of Science;Harbin 150040;China;2.T【英文作者】

he 637th Institute of China Aviation Industry Corporation I;Jinan 250023;China);【作者单位】 黑龙江省石油化学研究院;中国航空工业第一集团第637所;中国胶粘剂, China Adhesives, 编辑部邮箱 2009年 03期

【文献出处】

期刊荣誉：中文核心期刊要目总览 ASPT来源刊 CJFD收录刊

【中文关键词】 【英文关键词】 环保;装饰胶;SBS;environment-friendly;adhesive for decoration;SBS;以苯乙烯/丁二烯/苯乙烯嵌段共聚物(SBS)为基体树脂、增黏树脂为改性剂、溶剂汽油和【摘要】 丙酮为溶剂制备环保型SBS装饰胶粘剂,研究了胶粘剂的固化行为对其力学性能和玻璃化转变温度(Tg)的影响,考察了不同的热老化时间对其力学性能、Tg、表面微观形貌和表面碳元素含量的影响。研究结果表明,当固化时间低于120h时力学性能和Tg随着固化时间的延长而增加,当固化时间超过120h时力学性能和Tg基本不变;当热老化时间超过160h时胶粘剂老化开始加剧,当热老化时间超过300h时胶粘剂发生热分解。

With styrene/butadiene/styrene block copolymer(SBS)as matrix resin,tackifying resin as modifier,solvent gasoline and acetone as solvent,the environment-friendly SBS adhesive for decoration was prepared.The influences of adhesive curing b【英文摘要】 ehavior on mechanics performance and glass transition temperature(Tg)were studied and the influences of different aging time on mechanics performance,Tg,surface microcosmic morphologies and surface carbon content were investigated.The research results show that the mecha...王超：哈尔滨工业大学材料学博士，北京大学化学与分子工程学院博士后，硕士生导师。

自1993年参加工作以来，一直从事军用胶粘剂、复合材料基体树脂和表界面改性的研究工作，包括环氧树脂、酚醛树脂、聚酰亚胺、聚硫橡胶、SBS以及碳纤维和芳纶纤维改性研究。

先后主持并参与国家九五攻关项目、国防重点科研项目、国家自然基金项目、国防重点实验室项目和中石化重点科研项目等共计20多项。这些成果广泛用于航空、航天、电子、舰船和兵器等国防领域以及其它工业领域。在国内外发表论文50多篇，并被SCI(6)和EI(11)收录，以及各级期刊著作引用，出版及待出版论著4部。

获黑龙江省科技进步三等奖1项，黑龙江省优秀科技著作论文二等奖3项，三等奖2项，并入选2000年黑龙江年鉴，就读博士期间在2002年获得中科院奖学金。

孙禹：研究员，硕士生导师。1982年毕业于黑龙江大学高分子专业，同年来石化院参加工作，1988年取得黑龙江省科学院高分子化学与物理专业硕士学位。主要从事高分子合成、粘合剂、涂料等的研制与开发工作。

长期承担着国防科委和省科委的科技攻关项目，主持完成科研项目十余项，其成果已广泛应用军工配套领域和民用相关行业，为国防建设和地方经济做出了应有的贡献。

取得获奖成果二项，均为省科持进步三等奖。

在学术会议和专业刊物上发表论文二十余篇。飞机座舱软连接用胶黏剂的研制

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Study on the Adhesive Used for Flexible Bonding of Aircraft Ca【英文篇名】

bin

【下载频次】 【作者】 ★☆

祝铁军;孔宪志;孙东洲;孙禹;ZHU Tie-jun;KONG Xian-zhi;SUN Dong-zhou and SUN Yu(Heilongjiang Institut【英文作者】

e of Petrochemistry;Harbin 150040;China);【作者单位】 黑龙江省石油化学研究院;黑龙江哈尔滨;化学与黏合, Chemistry and Adhesion, 编辑部邮箱 2006年 04期

【文献出处】

期刊荣誉：ASPT来源刊 CJFD收录刊

【中文关键词】 【英文关键词】 胶黏剂;聚氨酯;聚酯;Adhesive;polyurethane;polyester;本文介绍了一种飞机座舱软连接用双组份聚氨酯胶黏剂,主要探讨了合成聚酯的二元醇【摘要】 与三元醇摩尔比、催化剂用量及种类、贮存时间以及聚酯与固化剂质量比对性能的影响。实验结果表明,合成聚酯的二元醇与三元醇摩尔比为1∶0.32,催化剂采用复合催化剂且用量在1%,聚酯与固化剂质量比1∶1时胶黏剂有良好的性能。该种胶黏剂的综合性能已达到国外同类产品的水平。

A two-component polyurethane adhesive used for flexible bonding of aircraft cabin was presented in this article.The effects of the molar ratio of binary alcohol to ternary alcohol,amount and species of catalyst,shelf time and the mass ratio 【英文摘要】 of polyester to curing agent on performance were discussed.The results showed that the adhesive would have good properties under the conditions of that the molar ratio of binary alcohol to ternary alcohol in the synthesis of polyester was 1∶0.32,the amount of complex cat...刘晓辉：省级高分子学科带头人，享受省政府特殊津贴，研究员，硕士生导师。1982年毕业于黑龙江大学化学系高分子专业，1985获黑龙江省科学院高分子化学硕士学位，同年到黑龙江省石化院工作，主要从事合成高分子胶粘剂的研究工作。

主持并参加研制完成20余项国家、省部级科研课题，取得18项科研成果，建成4套中试生产装置。研制的20余种胶粘剂在军工(飞机、直升机和坦克发动机等)以及民用领域(纺织、卷烟、木工)获得推广应用，取得了较好的经济效益和社会效益。

取得获奖成果五项，其中，省科技进步二等奖一项，省科技进步三等奖三项，省科学院科技进步一等奖一项。

在学术会议和专业刊物上发表论文三十余篇。

脱氢型室温硫化硅橡胶的研究 推荐 CAJ下载

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【英文篇名】 【下载频次】 【作者】 Study on dehydrogenated RTV silicone rubber

★★★★★

张大勇;刘晓辉;李欣;王刚;徐晓沐;赵颖;赵秋菊;ZHANG Da-yong;LIU Xiao-hui;LI Xin;et al(Heilongjiang Province Petrochemical【英文作者】

Research Institute;Ha'erbin;150040);【作者单位】 黑龙江省石油化学研究院;齐齐哈尔大学;黑龙江齐齐哈尔;有机硅材料, Silicone Material, 编辑部邮箱 2006年 01期

【文献出处】

期刊荣誉：ASPT来源刊 CJFD收录刊

脱氢型;室温硫化硅橡胶;端羟基聚二甲基硅氧烷;端羟基聚甲基苯基硅氧烷;含氢硅【中文关键词】

油;dehydrogenate RTV silicone rubber;hydroxyl ended methyl polysiloxane;hydrog【英文关键词】

en-containing silicone oil;考察了端羟基聚有机硅氧烷、补强填料和含氢硅油的种类对脱氢型室温硫化(RTV)硅橡胶的力学性能和粘接性能的影响,以及催化剂种类对RTV硅橡胶的凝胶时间和表观密度的影响。结果表明,当端羟基聚二甲基硅氧烷和端羟基聚甲基苯基硅氧烷按10∶3的质量【摘要】 比并用时,RTV硅橡胶的剪切强度较高;当侧氢基硅油和端氢基硅油按1∶1~1∶3的质量比配合使用时,能明显改善硅橡胶的剪切强度;通过选择适当的催化剂,可调整脱氢型硅橡胶的凝胶时间,制得较致密的硫化胶;二氧化钛、氧化锌对脱氢型RTV硅橡胶均有补强作用,而经甲基三乙氧基硅烷处理的氧化锌对脱氢型RTV硅橡胶的补强作用最明显。

曲春艳：省胶粘剂工程技术研究中心副主任，省级学科后备带头人，享受国务院特殊津贴，研究员，硕士生导师。1985年毕业于黑龙江大学化学系高分子专业，获学士学位，同年到省石化院参加工作，1990年获黑龙江省科学院高分子化学硕士学位。主要从事国防重点型号配套的高分子胶粘剂的合成、结构与性能的关系、应用与开发的研究工作。

主持和参加研究的科研项目包括国家“九五”、“十一五”攻关课题在内达三十余项，这些成果已广泛应用于我国“神舟”系列飞船、运载火箭、飞机、导弹、卫星等航空、航天器的研制与生产中，取得了较好的社会效益、经济效益。

获奖成果3项，其中，国家科技进步三等奖一项，省科技进步三等奖二项。

在学术会议和专业刊物上发表论文三十余篇，中国化学学会理事，中国化学学会高分子专业委员会委员，《化学与黏合》期刊编委会委员，Sampe国际专业学会北京分会会员。

曲春艳同志为省第八次党代会代表，获黑龙江省第四届青年科技奖，曾荣获省“巾帼建功”标兵和省“三八”红旗手称号，2004年获“国防科技工业有突出贡献中青年专家”称号。

三元乙丙橡胶粘接用胶黏剂的研制

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【英文篇名】 【下载频次】 【作者】 【英文作者】 Preparation of an Adhesive for Bonding EPDM

★★★★☆

王德志;曲春艳;张杨;WANG De-zhi;QU Chun-yan and ZHANG Yang(Heilongjiang Institute of Petrochemistry;Harbin 150040;China);【作者单位】 【文献出处】 黑龙江省石油化学研究院;黑龙江哈尔滨;化学与黏合, Chemistry and Adhesion, 编辑部邮箱 2006年 03期

期刊荣誉：ASPT来源刊 CJFD收录刊 【中文关键词】 【英文关键词】 【摘要】 三元乙丙橡胶;金属;复合材料;胶黏剂;EPDM;Metal;Composite material;Adhesive;研制了一种酚醛-三元乙丙橡胶(EPDM)型胶黏剂,探讨了主要组分对胶黏剂胶接性能的影响。通过对三元乙丙橡胶的溴化改性,改善了粘接性能,扯离强度达到了3.0 MPa以上,剥离强度达到了3.0 kN/m,且试件破坏形式多为材料破坏(橡胶内聚力破坏)。该胶工艺性能优良,初黏力达到了10 N/2.5 cm左右;该胶耐热性好,热重分析法(TG)测定该胶固化物明显热失重温度在400℃左右;该胶耐久性能好,紫外老化90 d(相当于大气老化10年),剪切强度下降率为10%左右。该胶主要应用于EPDM与金属之间及EPDM与复合材料之间的胶接,目前在大型压力容器内衬材料成型工程中已得到成功应用。【英文摘要】 A phenolic-EPDM solvent-based adhesive was introduced in this paper,and the effects of basic compositions on the bonding strength were discussed.The bonding performances of adhesive were improved by brominating modification.Its tear strength reached more than 3.0 MPa,the peel strength was 3.0 kN/m and the breaking type of most bonding specimens was cohesive failure.This adhesive showed good processing performance,its initial adhesion(before cure)was about 10 N/2.5 cm.DTA-TG curves exhibited that the thermo...

第二篇：党建各注意事项摘要

各党建注意事项摘要

各班党员（包括预备党员和正式党员）人数：不超过班级总人数

普通班：大一10%大二20%大三30%大四40%

计自或实验班：大一10%大二25%大三40%大四50%

一、入党积极分子确定与考察

1.立本（不超过5人）

（1）提交自传（3000+），提交入党申请书（3000+），并检查通过；

（2）参加过或正在邓读会并通过党校600题，600题在学院首页→红色家园→网上课堂；

（3）上学期无不及格科目，上学年或上学期学习成绩（全部班级大一前1/3,大二大三前1/2,大四无成绩名次，大三大四65%，大一第一学期提名参考期中考试成绩）；

（4）班级投票（参加投票的人数必须占班级总人数的2/3以上，票数至少一半以上，人数多的可以采用差额选举）。

2.考察（思想汇报注意事项）

（1）用黑色钢笔或水笔写，必须写在方格纸上，共12篇，每篇1500+;

（2）填写好入党积极分子考察表，6~8次。

二、发展成为预备党员及考察

1.发展

（1）上过党校，思想汇报数量12篇及以上；

（2）入党积极分子一年或以上；

（3）上学年无补考科目，学习成绩（普通班大一大二前1/3，大三大四前1/2,计自或实验班大一大二前40%，大三大四前65%）

（4）担任社会工作（或曾经担任过），并且学期考核为B等（含）以上；

（5）群众投票2/3以上通过；

（6）大一大二同学要求是邓读会会员，其他年级的邓读会会员，学导优先发展。

（7）研究生的成绩由导师认可，其他要求同上。

2.考察

（1）预备期间思想汇报用黑色钢笔或水笔写，必须写在方格纸上，共6篇，每篇2000+;

（2）学生党员党费每月0.2元，每年2.4元。

三、发展成为正式党员

（1）预备党员预备期满；

（2）上学期无不及格科目；

（3）修满足够转正学分；

（4）参加过预备党员党校培训班；

（5）转正申请（2500+）。

第三篇：《简爱》小说各章节摘要及分析

Summary: Chapter 1 The novel opens on a dreary November afternoon at Gateshead, the home of the wealthy Reed family.A young girl named Jane Eyre sits in the drawing room reading Bewick’s History of British Birds.Jane’s aunt, Mrs.Reed, has forbidden her niece to play with her cousins Eliza, Georgiana, and the bullying John.John chides Jane for being a lowly orphan who is only permitted to live with the Reeds because of his mother’s charity.John then hurls a book at the young girl, pushing her to the end of her patience.Jane finally erupts, and the two cousins fight.Mrs.Reed holds Jane responsible for the scuffle and sends her to the ―red-room‖—the frightening chamber in which her Uncle Reed died—as punishment.Summary: Chapter 2 Two servants, Miss Abbott and Bessie Lee, escort Jane to the red-room, and Jane resists them with all of her might.Once locked in the room, Jane catches a glimpse of her ghastly figure in the mirror, and, shocked by her meager presence, she begins to reflect on the events that have led her to such a state.She remembers her kind Uncle Reed bringing her to Gateshead after her parents’ death, and she recalls his dying command that his wife promise to raise Jane as one of her own.Suddenly, Jane is struck with the impression that her Uncle Reed’s ghost is in the room, and she imagines that he has come to take revenge on his wife for breaking her promise.Jane cries out in terror, but her aunt believes that she is just trying to escape her punishment, and she ignores her pleas.Jane faints in exhaustion and fear.Summary: Chapter 3 When she wakes, Jane finds herself in her own bedroom, in the care of Mr.Lloyd, the family’s kind apothecary.Bessie is also present, and she expresses disapproval of her mistress’s treatment of Jane.Jane remains in bed the following day, and Bessie sings her a song.Mr.Lloyd speaks with Jane about her life at Gateshead, and he suggests to Jane’s aunt that the girl be sent away to school, where she might find happiness.Jane is cautiously excited at the possibility of leaving Gateshead.Soon after her own reflections on the past in the red-room, Jane learns more of her history when she overhears a conversation between Bessie and Miss Abbott.Jane’s mother was a member of the wealthy Reed family, which strongly disapproved of Jane’s father, an impoverished clergyman.When they married, Jane’s wealthy maternal grandfather wrote his daughter out of his will.Not long after Jane was born, Jane’s parents died from typhus, which Jane’s father contracted while caring for the poor.Summary: Chapter 4 “I am glad you are no relation of mine.I will never call you aunt again as long as I live.I will never come to visit you when I am grown up;and if any one asks me how I liked you, and how you treated me, I will say the very thought of you makes me sick....”

About two months have passed, and Jane has been enduring even crueler treatment from her aunt and cousins while anxiously waiting for the arrangements to be made for her schooling.Now Jane is finally told she may attend the girls’ school Lowood, and she is introduced to Mr.Brocklehurst, the stern-faced man who runs the school.Mr.Brocklehurst abrasively questions Jane about religion, and he reacts with indignation when she declares that she finds the psalms uninteresting.Jane’s aunt warns Mr.Brocklehurst that the girl also has a propensity for lying, a piece of information that Mr.Brocklehurst says he intends to publicize to Jane’s teachers upon her arrival.When Mr.Brocklehurst leaves, Jane is so hurt by her aunt’s accusation that she cannot stop herself from defending herself to her aunt.Mrs.Reed, for once, seems to concede defeat.Shortly thereafter, Bessie tells Jane that she prefers her to the Reed children.Before Jane leaves for school, Bessie tells her stories and sings her lovely songs.Analysis: Chapters 1–4 In the early chapters, Brontë establishes the young Jane’s character through her confrontations with John and Mrs.Reed, in which Jane’s good-hearted but strong-willed determination and integrity become apparent.These chapters also establish the novel’s mood.Beginning with Jane’s experience in the red-room in Chapter 2, we sense a palpable atmosphere of mystery and the supernatural.Like Emily Brontë’s Wuthering Heights, Jane Eyre draws a great deal of its stylistic inspiration from the Gothic novels that were in vogue during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.These books depicted remote, desolate landscapes, crumbling ruins, and supernatural events, all of which were designed to create a sense of psychological suspense and horror.While Jane Eyre is certainly not a horror novel, and its intellectually ambitious criticisms of society make it far more than a typical Gothic romance, it is Brontë’s employment of Gothic conventions that gives her novel popular as well as intellectual appeal.From its beginning, Jane Eyreexplores and challenges the social preconceptions of nineteenth-century Victorian society.Themes of social class, gender relations, and injustice predominate throughout.Jane Eyre begins her story as an orphan raised by a wealthy and cultivated family, and this ambiguous social standing motivates much of the novel’s internal tension and conflict.Jane’s education and semi-aristocratic lifestyle are those of the upper class, but she has no money.As a penniless orphan forced to live on the charity of others, Jane is a kind of second-class citizen.In some ways she is below even the servants, who certainly have no obligation to treat her respectfully.The tensions of this contradiction emerge in the very first chapter of the novel, when Jane suffers teasing and punishment at the hands of John Reed and his hateful mother.Jane’s banishment to the red-room exemplifies her inferior position with regard to the rest of the members of the Reed household.The red-room is the first in a series of literal and metaphorical imprisonments in the novel.Although Jane’s imprisonment in the red-room is real, she will encounter spiritual, intellectual, and emotional imprisonment throughout the book.The rigid Victorian hierarchies of social class and gender will pose challenges to her freedom of movement and personal growth, and corrupt morals and religion will also constitute menaces to her ability to realize her dreams for herself.Jane will even come to fear ―enslavement‖ to her own passions.At the same time, the red-room is also symbolic of Jane’s feeling of isolation with respect to every community: she is ―locked in,‖ but she is also, in a sense, ―locked out.‖ Again, class and gender hierarchies will contribute to Jane’s sense of exile.For example, her position as a governess at Thornfield once again situates her in a strange borderland between the upper class and the servant class, so that she feels part of neither group.Summary: Chapter 5 Four days after meeting Mr.Brocklehurst, Jane boards the 6 A.M.coach and travels alone to Lowood.When she arrives at the school, the day is dark and rainy, and she is led through a grim building that will be her new home.The following day, Jane is introduced to her classmates and learns the daily routine, which keeps the girls occupied from before dawn until dinner.Miss Temple, the superintendent of the school, is very kind, while one of Jane’s teachers, Miss Scatcherd, is unpleasant, particularly in her harsh treatment of a young student named Helen Burns.Jane and Helen befriend one another, and Jane learns from Helen that Lowood is a charity school maintained for female orphans, which means that the Reeds have paid nothing to put her there.She also learns that Mr.Brocklehurst oversees every aspect of its operation: even Miss Temple must answer to him.Summary: Chapter 6 On Jane’s second morning at Lowood, the girls are unable to wash, as the water in their pitchers is frozen.Jane quickly learns that life at the school is harsh.The girls are underfed, overworked, and forced to sit still during seemingly endless sermons.Still, she takes comfort in her new friendship with Helen, who impresses Jane with her expansive knowledge and her ability to patiently endure even the cruelest treatment from Miss Scatcherd.Helen tells Jane that she practices a doctrine of Christian endurance, which means loving her enemies and accepting her privation.Jane disagrees strongly with such meek tolerance of injustice, but Helen takes no heed of Jane’s arguments.Helen is self-critical only because she sometimes fails to live up to her ascetic standards: she believes that she is a poor student and chastises herself for daydreaming about her home and family when she should be concentrating on her studies.Summary: Chapter 7 For most of Jane’s first month at Lowood, Mr.Brocklehurst spends his time away from the school.When he returns, Jane becomes quite nervous because she remembers his promise to her aunt, Mrs.Reed, to warn the school about Jane’s supposed habit of lying.When Jane inadvertently drops her slate in Mr.Brocklehurst’s presence, he is furious and tells her she is careless.He orders Jane to stand on a stool while he tells the school that she is a liar, and he forbids the other students to speak to her for the rest of the day.Helen makes Jane’s day of humiliation endurable by providing her friend with silent consolation—she covertly smiles at Jane every time she passes by.Summary: Chapter 8 Finally, at five o’clock, the students disperse, and Jane collapses to the floor.Deeply ashamed, she is certain that her reputation at Lowood has been ruined, but Helen assures her that most of the girls felt more pity for Jane than revulsion at her alleged deceitfulness.Jane tells Miss Temple that she is not a liar, and relates the story of her tormented childhood at Gateshead.Miss Temple seems to believe Jane and writes to Mr.Lloyd requesting confirmation of Jane’s account of events.Miss Temple offers Jane and Helen tea and seed cake, endearing herself even further to Jane.When Mr.Lloyd’s letter arrives and corroborates Jane’s story, Miss Temple publicly declares Jane to be innocent.Relieved and contented, Jane devotes herself to her studies.She excels at drawing and makes progress in French.Summary: Chapter 9 In the spring, life at Lowood briefly seems happier, but the damp forest dell in which the school resides is a breeding-ground for typhus, and in the warm temperatures more than half the girls fall ill with the disease.Jane remains healthy and spends her time playing outdoors with a new friend, Mary Ann Wilson.Helen is sick, but not with typhus—Jane learns the horrific news that her friend is dying of consumption.One evening, Jane sneaks into Miss Temple’s room to see Helen one last time.Helen promises Jane that she feels little pain and is happy to be leaving the world’s suffering behind.Jane takes Helen into her arms, and the girls fall asleep.During the night, Helen dies.Her grave is originally unmarked, but fifteen years after her death, a gray marble tablet is placed over the spot(presumably by Jane), bearing the single word Resurgam, Latin for ―I shall rise again.‖ Summary: Chapter 10 After Mr.Brocklehurst’s negligent treatment of the girls at Lowood is found to be one of the causes of the typhus epidemic, a new group of overseers is brought in to run the school.Conditions improve dramatically for the young girls, and Jane excels in her studies for the next six years.After spending two more years at Lowood as a teacher, Jane decides she is ready for a change, partly because Miss Temple gets married and leaves the school.She advertises in search of a post as a governess and accepts a position at a manor called Thornfield.Before leaving, Jane receives a visit from Bessie, who tells her what has happened at Gateshead since Jane departed for Lowood.Georgiana attempted to run away in secret with a man named Lord Edwin Vere, but Eliza foiled the plan by revealing it to Mrs.Reed.John has fallen into a life of debauchery and dissolution.Bessie also tells Jane that her father’s brother, John Eyre, appeared at Gateshead seven years ago, looking for Jane.He did not have the time to travel to Lowood and went away to Madeira(a Portuguese island west of Morocco)in search of wealth.Jane and Bessie part ways, Bessie returning to Gateshead, and Jane leaving for her new life at Thornfield.Analysis: Chapters 5–10 This section details Jane’s experiences at Lowood, from her first day at the school to her final one some nine years later.Jane’s early years at Lowood prove to be a period of considerable tribulation, as she endures harsh conditions, cruel teachers, and the tyranny of Mr.Brocklehurst.Moreover, the harsh conditions she experiences as a student at Lowood show us that, despite Jane’s intelligence, talent, and self-assurance, she is merely a burden in the eyes of society, because she is poor.The most important thematic elements in this section are the contrasting modes of religious thought represented by Mr.Brocklehurst and Helen Burns.Mr.Brocklehurst is a religious hypocrite, supporting his own luxuriously wealthy family at the expense of the Lowood students and using his ―piety‖ as an instrument of power over the lower-class girls at Lowood.He claims that he is purging his students of pride by subjecting them to various privations and humiliations: for example, he orders that the naturally curly hair of one of Jane’s classmates be cut so as to lie straight.The angelic Helen Burns and her doctrine of endurance represent a religious position that contrasts with Mr.Brocklehurst’s.Utterly passive and accepting of any abjection, Helen embodies rather than preaches the Christian ideas of love and forgiveness.But neither form of religion satisfies Jane, who, because of her strong sensitivity to indignities and injustices, reviles Brocklehurst’s shallow devotional displays and fails to understand Helen Burns’s passivity.As Jane herself declares: ―when we are struck at without a reason, we should strike back again very hard...so as to teach the person who struck us never to do it again‖(Chapter 6).Helen’s doctrine of endurance and love is incompatible with Jane’s belief in fairness and self-respect.Summary: Chapter 11 Jane’s driver is late picking her up from the station at Millcote.When she finally arrives at Thornfield it is nighttime.Although she cannot distinguish much of the house’s facade from among the shadows, she finds the interior ―cosy and agreeable.‖ Mrs.Fairfax, a prim, elderly woman, is waiting for Jane.It turns out that Mrs.Fairfax is not, as Jane had assumed from their correspondence, the owner of Thornfield, but rather the housekeeper.Thornfield’s owner, Mr.Rochester, travels regularly and leaves much of the manor’s management to Mrs.Fairfax.Jane learns that she will be tutoring Adèle, an eight-year-old French girl whose mother was a singer and dancer.Mrs.Fairfax also tells Jane about Rochester, saying that he is an eccentric man whose family has a history of extreme and violent behavior.Suddenly, Jane hears a peal of strange, eerie laughter echoing through the house, and Mrs.Fairfax summons someone named Grace, whom she orders to make less noise and to ―remember directions.‖ When Grace leaves, Mrs.Fairfax explains that she is a rather unbalanced and unpredictable seamstress who works in the house.Summary: Chapter 12 It is in vain to say human beings ought to be satisfied with tranquility: they must have action;and they will make it if they cannot find it.Millions are condemned to a stiller doom than mine, and millions are in silent revolt against their lot.Jane finds life at Thornfield pleasant and comfortable.Adèle proves to be exuberant and intelligent, though spoiled and at times a bit petulant.Nonetheless, Jane is frequently restless and collects her thoughts while pacing Thornfield’s top-story passageway.One evening a few months after her arrival at Thornfield, Jane is alone watching the moon rise when she perceives a horse approaching.It calls to her mind the story Bessie once told her of a spirit called a Gytrash, which disguises itself as a mule, dog, or horse to frighten ―belated travellers.‖ Oddly enough, a dog then appears as well.Once she realizes that the horse has a rider, the uncanny moment ceases.Just after the horse passes her, it slips on a patch of ice, and its rider tumbles to the ground.Jane helps the man rise to his feet and introduces herself to him.She observes that he has a dark face, stern features, and a heavy brow.He is not quite middle-aged.Upon reentering Thornfield, Jane goes to Mrs.Fairfax’s room and sees the same dog—Pilot—resting on the rug.A servant answers Jane’s queries, explaining that the dog belongs to Mr.Rochester, who has just returned home with a sprained ankle, having fallen from his horse.Summary: Chapter 13 The day following his arrival, Mr.Rochester invites Jane and Adèle to have tea with him.He is abrupt and rather cold toward both of them, although he seems charmed by Jane’s drawings, which he asks to see.When Jane mentions to Mrs.Fairfax that she finds Rochester ―changeful and abrupt,‖ Mrs.Fairfax suggests that his mannerisms are the result of a difficult personal history.Rochester was something of a family outcast, and when his father died, his older brother inherited Thornfield.Rochester has been Thornfield’s proprietor for nine years, since the death of his brother.Summary: Chapter 14 Jane sees little of Rochester during his first days at Thornfield.One night, however, in his ―after-dinner mood,‖ Rochester sends for Jane and Adèle.He gives Adèle the present she has been anxiously awaiting, and while Adèle plays, Rochester is uncharacteristically chatty with Jane.When Rochester asks Jane whether she thinks him handsome, she answers ―no‖ without thinking, and from Rochester’s voluble reaction Jane concludes that he is slightly drunk.Rochester’s command that she converse with him makes Jane feel awkward, especially because he goes on to argue that her relationship to him is not one of servitude.Their conversation turns to the concepts of sin, forgiveness, and redemption.When Adèle mentions her mother, Jane is intrigued, and Rochester promises to explain more about the situation on a future occasion.Summary: Chapter 15 A while later, Rochester fulfills his promise to Jane to tell her about his and Adèle’s pasts.He had a long affair with Adèle’s mother, the French singer and dancer named Celine Varens.When he discovered that Celine was engaged in relations with another man, Rochester ended the relationship.Rochester has always denied Celine’s claim that Adèle is his daughter, noting that the child looks utterly unlike him.Even so, when Celine abandoned her daughter, Rochester brought Adèle to England so that she would be properly cared for.Jane lies awake brooding about the strange insights she has gained into her employer’s past.She hears what sound like fingers brushing against the walls, and an eerie laugh soon emanates from the hallway.She hears a door opening and hurries out of her room to see smoke coming from Rochester’s door.Jane dashes into his room and finds his bed curtains ablaze.She douses the bed with water, saving Rochester’s life.Strangely, Rochester’s reaction is to visit the third floor of the house.When he returns, he says mysteriously, ―I have found it all out, it is just as I thought.‖ He inquires whether Jane has ever heard the eerie laughter before, and she answers that she has heard Grace Poole laugh in the same way.―Just so.Grace Poole—you have guessed it,‖ Rochester confirms.He thanks Jane for saving his life and cautions her to tell no one about the details of the night’s events.He sleeps on the library sofa for the remainder of the night.Summary: Chapter 16 The next morning, Jane is shocked to learn that the near tragedy of the night before has caused no scandal.The servants believe Rochester to have fallen asleep with a lit candle by his bed, and even Grace Poole shows no sign of guilt or remorse.Jane cannot imagine why an attempted murderer is allowed to continue working at Thornfield.She realizes that she is beginning to have feelings for Rochester and is disappointed that he will be away from Thornfield for several days.He has left to attend a party where he will be in the company of Blanche Ingram, a beautiful lady.Jane scolds herself for being disappointed by the news, and she resolves to restrain her flights of imaginative fancy by comparing her own portrait to one she has drawn of Blanche Ingram, noting how much plainer she is than the beautiful Blanche.Analysis: Chapters 11–16 This section marks the third phase of Jane’s life, in which she begins her career as a governess and travels to Thornfield, where the principal incidents of her story take place.By linking Jane’s stages of development to the various institutions or geographic locations with which she is involved(Gateshead, Lowood, Thornfield, Moor House, and Ferndean, in order), the book positions itself among a literary genre known as the Bildungsroman.The Bildungsroman, a novel that details the growth and development of a main character through several periods of life, began as a German genre in the seventeenth century, but by the mid-1800s had become firmly established in England as well.Such important Victorian novels as David Copperfield base themselves on this form, which continues as an important literary sub-genre even today.The Bildungsroman typically told the story of a man growing from boyhood to adulthood;Charlotte Brontë’s appropriation of the form for her heroine represents one of the many ways in which her novel challenges the accepted Victorian conceptions of gender hierarchy, making the statement that a woman’s inner development merits as much attention and analysis as that of a man.Still, although Jane herself and Jane Eyre as a novel are often identified as important early figures in the feminist movement, Jane experiences much inner questioning regarding her gender role;she is not a staunch and confident feminist at all times.That is, while Jane is possessed of an immense integrity and a determination to succeed on her own terms, her failure to conform to ideals of female beauty nonetheless troubles her and makes her question herself.Just as Jane’s time at Lowood involved a number of elements taken from Charlotte Brontë’s own life, so too is Jane’s career as a governess based in part on Brontë’s short-lived position as a governess in the late 1830s.In many ways, Brontë’s exploration of the role of the governess represents the novel’s most important and challenging treatment of the theme of social class.Just as Emily Brontë does with Heathcliff in Wuthering Heights, Charlotte Brontë makes Jane a figure of ambiguous class standing.Consequently, she is a source of extreme tension for the characters around her.But while Heathcliff(an orphan like Jane)achieves wealth and power without achieving education or social grace, Jane acquires the manners, sophistication, and education of an aristocrat while remaining penniless and powerless.Such was the role of the governess: brought into wealthy Victorian households as the children’s private tutors in both academics and etiquette, governesses were expected to possess the demeanor of the aristocracy;but as paid employees, they were in many ways treated merely as servants.Jane begins to experience this tension as soon as she notices her emerging feelings for Rochester.Though she is in some ways his social equal, she is also his servant, and thus she cannot believe that he could ever fall in love with her.Summary: Chapter 17 Rochester has been gone for a week, and Jane is dismayed to learn that he may choose to depart for continental Europe without returning to Thornfield—according to Mrs.Fairfax, he could be gone for more than a year.A week later, however, Mrs.Fairfax receives word that Rochester will arrive in three days with a large group of guests.While she waits, Jane continues to be amazed by the apparently normal relations the strange, self–isolated Grace Poole enjoys with the rest of the staff.Jane also overhears a conversation in which a few of the servants discuss Grace’s high pay, and Jane is certain that she doesn’t know the entire truth about Grace Poole’s role at Thornfield.Rochester arrives at last, accompanied by a party of elegant and aristocratic guests.Jane is forced to join the group but spends the evening watching them from a window seat.Blanche Ingram and her mother are among the party’s members, and they treat Jane with disdain and cruelty.Jane tries to leave the party, but Rochester stops her.He grudgingly allows her to go when he sees the tears brimming in her eyes.He informs her that she must come into the drawing room every evening during his guests’ stay at Thornfield.As they part, Rochester nearly lets slip more than he intends.―Good-night, my—‖ he says, before biting his lip.Summary: Chapter 18 The guests stay at Thornfield for several days.Rochester and Blanche compete as a team at charades.From watching their interaction, Jane believes that they will be married soon though they do not seem to love one another.Blanche would be marrying Rochester for his wealth, and he for her beauty and her social position.One day, a strange man named Mr.Mason arrives at Thornfield.Jane dislikes him at once because of his vacant eyes and his slowness, but she learns from him that Rochester once lived in the West Indies, as he himself has done.One evening, a gypsy woman comes to Thornfield to tell the guests’ fortunes.Blanche Ingram goes first, and when she returns from her talk with the gypsy woman she looks keenly disappointed.Summary: Chapter 19 Jane goes in to the library to have her fortune read, and after overcoming her skepticism, she finds herself entranced by the old woman’s speech.The gypsy woman seems to know a great deal about Jane and tells her that she is very close to happiness.She also says that she told Blanche Ingram that Rochester was not as wealthy as he seemed, thereby accounting for Blanche’s sullen mood.As the woman reads Jane’s fortune, her voice slowly deepens, and Jane realizes that the gypsy is Rochester in disguise.Jane reproaches Rochester for tricking her and remembers thinking that Grace Poole might have been the gypsy.When Rochester learns that Mr.Mason has arrived, he looks troubled.Summary: Chapter 20 The same night, Jane is startled by a sudden cry for help.She hurries into the hallway, where Rochester assures everyone that a servant has merely had a nightmare.After everyone returns to bed, Rochester knocks on Jane’s door.He tells her that he can use her help and asks whether she is afraid of blood.He leads her to the third story of the house and shows her Mr.Mason, who has been stabbed in the arm.Rochester asks Jane to stanch the wound and then leaves, ordering Mason and Jane not to speak to one another.In the silence, Jane gazes at the image of the apostles and Christ’s crucifixion that is painted on the cabinet across from her.Rochester returns with a surgeon, and as the men tend to Mason’s wounds, Rochester sends Jane to find a potion downstairs.He gives some of it to Mason, saying that it will give him heart for an hour.Once Mason is gone, Jane and Rochester stroll in the orchard, and Rochester tells Jane a hypothetical story about a young man who commits a ―capital error‖ in a foreign country and proceeds to lead a life of dissipation in an effort to ―obtain relief.‖ The young man then hopes to redeem himself and live morally with a wife, but convention prevents him from doing so.He asks whether the young man would be justified in ―overleaping an obstacle of custom.‖ Jane’s reply is that such a man should look to God for his redemption, not to another person.Rochester—who obviously has been describing his own situation—asks Jane to reassure him that marrying Blanche would bring him salvation.He then hurries away before she has a chance to answer.Summary: Chapter 21 Jane has heard that it is a bad omen to dream of children, and now she has dreams on seven consecutive nights involving babies.She learns that her cousin John Reed has committed suicide, and that her aunt, Mrs.Reed, has suffered a stroke and is nearing death.Jane goes to Gateshead, where she is reunited with Bessie.She also sees her cousins Eliza and Georgiana.Eliza is plain and plans to enter a convent, while Georgiana is as beautiful as ever.Ever since Eliza ruined Georgiana’s hopes of eloping with a young man, the two sisters have not gotten along.Jane tries to patch things up with Mrs.Reed, but the old woman is still full of hostility toward her late husband’s favorite.One day, Mrs.Reed gives Jane a letter from her father’s brother, John Eyre.He declares that he wishes to adopt Jane and bequeath her his fortune.The letter is three years old;out of malice, Mrs.Reed did not forward it to Jane when she received it.In spite of her aunt’s behavior, Jane tries once more to smooth relations with the dying woman.But Mrs.Reed refuses, and, at midnight, she dies.Analysis: Chapters 17–21 Jane’s situation in Chapter 17 manifests the uncomfortable position of governesses.Jane, forced to sit in the drawing room during Rochester’s party, must endure Blanche Ingram’s comments to her mother about the nature of governesses—―half of them detestable and the rest ridiculous, and all incubi.‖(―Incubi‖ is the plural of ―incubus,‖ an oppressive or nightmarish burden.)By this stage of the story, the narrative has begun to focus increasingly on the potential relationship between Jane and Rochester.Blanche’s presence, which threatens the possibility of a union between the two, adds tension to the plot.Blanche is not only a competitor for Jane, she is also a foil to her, as the two women differ in every respect.Jane Eyre never seems to possess the degree of romantic tension that runs throughout Emily Brontë’s Wuthering Heights because the signs of Rochester’s affection for Jane are recognizable early on.The most telling tip-off occurs at the end of Chapter 17, when Rochester nearly calls Jane ―my love‖ before biting his tongue.The tension surrounding Jane’s and Rochester’s relationship derives not from the question of whether Rochester loves Jane, but from whether he will be able to act upon his feelings.So far, two obstacles—Blanche and the dark secrets of Thornfield Hall—stand in Rochester’s way.These obstacles, and the potential marriage that they impede, constitute the romantic plot of Jane Eyre.As in many romances, the norms of society and the protagonists’ conflicting personalities must either be changed or ignored in order for marriage to be possible.But Rochester’s dark past, most importantly his secret marriage to Bertha, adds a Gothic element to the story.Unlike the marriage plot, which leads toward the public, communal event of a wedding, the ―Gothic plot‖ of Rochester’s struggle with his own past focuses on Rochester’s private consciousness.The physical world of Thornfield Hall reflects his interior state—the house, the landscape, and Bertha can all be seen as external manifestations of his dangerous secrets.These Gothic elements suggest that the story will lead to death or madness rather than the happy occasion of a wedding.Disguised as a gypsy woman, Rochester wields an almost magical power over Jane, and the scene reveals how much he controls her emotions at this stage of the novel.He also controls the plot, and his masquerading as a gypsy woman allows him to overcome the obstacle Blanche poses.Like the game of charades the group plays earlier, Rochester’s disguised appearance suggests his disguised character.Mr.Mason’s unexplained wounds, like the earlier mysterious fire in Rochester’s bedroom, further the larger Gothic plot that will soon unfold.By allowing Jane upstairs to see Mason, Rochester seems to be inviting her to help cure the ills inflicted by Bertha, and he attempts for the first time to talk with Jane about his past as they take a walk together following Mason’s stabbing.Although he speaks to Jane about his determination to redeem himself, his references to a grave error and a dissipated youth suggest that Jane risks great danger not only by continuing to live at Thornfield but by falling in love with him.Her emotional welfare as well as her physical welfare may soon be in jeopardy.Adèle and Bertha already serve as living legacies of Rochester’s past licentiousness, and Jane could be next in line, as her prophetic dream seems to suggest.Summary: Chapter 22 Jane remains at Gateshead for a month because Georgiana dreads being left alone with Eliza, with whom she does not get along.Eventually, Georgiana goes to London to live with her uncle, and Eliza joins a convent in France.Jane tells us that Eliza eventually becomes the Mother Superior of her convent, while Georgiana marries a wealthy man.At Gateshead, Jane receives a letter from Mrs.Fairfax, which says that Rochester’s guests have departed and that Rochester has gone to London to buy a new carriage—a sure sign of his intention to marry Blanche.As Jane travels toward Thornfield, she anxiously anticipates seeing Rochester again, and yet she worries about what will become of her after his marriage.To her surprise, as she walks from the station at Millcote, Jane encounters Rochester.When he asks her why she has stayed away from Thornfield so long, she replies, still a bit bewildered, ―I have been with my aunt, sir, who is dead.‖ Rochester asks Jane whether she has heard about his new carriage, and he tells her: ―You must see the carriage, Jane, and tell me if you don’t think it will suit Mrs.Rochester exactly.‖ After a few more words together, Jane surprises herself by expressing the happiness she feels in Rochester’s presence: ―I am strangely glad to get back again to you;and wherever you are is my home—my only home.‖ Back at the manor, Mrs.Fairfax, Adèle, and the servants greet Jane warmly.Summary: Chapter 23 After a blissful two weeks, Jane encounters Rochester in the gardens.He invites her to walk with him, and Jane, caught off guard, accepts.Rochester confides that he has finally decided to marry Blanche Ingram and tells Jane that he knows of an available governess position in Ireland that she could take.Jane expresses her distress at the great distance that separates Ireland from Thornfield.The two seat themselves on a bench at the foot of the chestnut tree, and Rochester says: ―we will sit there in peace to-night, though we should never more be destined to sit there together.‖ He tells Jane that he feels as though they are connected by a ―cord of communion.‖ Jane sobs—―for I could repress what I endured no longer,‖ she tells us, ―I was obliged to yield.‖ Jane confesses her love for Rochester, and to her surprise, he asks her to be his wife.She suspects that he is teasing her, but he convinces her otherwise by admitting that he only brought up marrying Blanche in order to arouse Jane’s jealousy.Convinced and elated, Jane accepts his proposal.A storm breaks, and the newly engaged couple hurries indoors through the rain.Rochester helps Jane out of her wet coat, and he seizes the opportunity to kiss her.Jane looks up to see Mrs.Fairfax watching, astonished.That night, a bolt of lightning splits the same chestnut tree under which Rochester and Jane had been sitting that evening.Summary: Chapter 24 Preparations for Jane and Rochester’s wedding do not run smoothly.Mrs.Fairfax treats Jane coldly because she doesn’t realize that Jane was already engaged to Rochester when she allowed him to kiss her.But even after she learns the truth, Mrs.Fairfax maintains her disapproval of the marriage.Jane feels unsettled, almost fearful, when Rochester calls her by what will soon be her name, Jane Rochester.Jane explains that everything feels impossibly ideal, like a fairy-tale or a daydream.Rochester certainly tries to turn Jane into a Cinderella-like figure: he tells her he will dress her in jewels and in finery befitting her new social station, at which point Jane becomes terrified and self-protective.She has a premonitory feeling that the wedding will not happen, and she decides to write her uncle, John Eyre, who is in Madeira.Jane reasons that if John Eyre were to make her his heir, her inheritance might put her on more equal footing with Rochester, which would make her feel less uncomfortable about the marriage.Summary: Chapter 25 The night before her wedding, Jane waits for Rochester, who has left Thornfield for the evening.She grows restless and takes a walk in the orchard, where she sees the now-split chestnut tree.When Rochester arrives, Jane tells him about strange events that have occurred in his absence.The preceding evening, Jane’s wedding dress arrived, and underneath it was an expensive veil—Rochester’s wedding gift to Jane.In the night, Jane had a strange dream, in which a little child cried in her arms as Jane tried to make her way toward Rochester on a long, winding road.Rochester dismisses the dream as insignificant, but then she tells him about a second dream.This time, Jane loses her balance and the child falls from her knee.The dream was so disturbing that it roused Jane from her sleep, and she perceived ―a form‖ rustling in her closet.It turned out to be a strange, savage-looking woman, who took Jane’s veil and tore it in two.Rochester tells her that the woman must have been Grace Poole and that what she experienced was really ―half-dream, half-reality.‖ He tells her that he will give her a full explanation of events after they have been married for one year and one day.Jane sleeps with Adèle for the evening and cries because she will soon have to leave the sleeping girl.Analysis: Chapters 22–25 After her stay at Gateshead, Jane comes to understand fully what Rochester and Thornfield mean to her.Having been acutely reminded of the abjection and cruelty she suffered during her childhood, Jane now realizes how different her life has become, how much she has gained and how much she has grown.In Rochester she has found someone she truly cares for—someone who, despite periodic shows of brusqueness, nevertheless continues to admire Jane and care for her tenderly.Moreover, Rochester gives her a true sense of belonging, something she has always lacked.As she tells him, ―wherever you are is my home—my only home.‖

Although Rochester’s declaration of love and marriage proposal make Jane exceedingly happy, she is also very apprehensive about the marriage.Her feelings of dread may stem in part from a subconscious intimation of Rochester’s dark and horrible secret, which will be divulged in the next few chapters: the eerie laughter she has heard, the mysterious fire from which she rescued Rochester, the strange figure who tears Jane’s wedding veil, and other smaller clues may have led Jane to make some subconscious conclusions about what she will consciously find out only later.Another possibility is that Jane’s misgivings stem from other concerns.She has always longed for freedom and escape, and marrying Rochester would be a form of tying herself down.Jane may worry that the marriage will encroach upon her autonomy, and even enforce her submission to Rochester.Not only would the marriage bring her into a relationship of responsibility and commitment to another person, it could cement her into a position of inferiority.Jane’s anxiety surfaces when Rochester tries to dress her in feminine finery.She reacts with revulsion, noting that she feels like a toy doll.Jane fears that Rochester may be trying to objectify her, that he sees her not as a human being with her own thoughts and feelings but as a plaything designed to cater to his fantasies and whims.Jane also worries about her financial inferiority: she hates the thought of marrying ―above her station,‖ as she does not want to feel that she somehow ―owes‖ Rochester something for the fact that he has ―deigned‖ to love her, as it were.She hates the thought that his love might be a ―favor‖ to her.Thus, Jane’s feelings and desires for Rochester are tightly bound up with her feelings about her social position(her status as an employee and her experiences of economic dependence)and her position as a woman.She is very sensitive to the hierarchy and power dynamic implicit in marriage, and despite her statement that she is forced to ―yield‖ to her feelings for Rochester, she does not desire the complete surrender that heroines in romance novels experience.The storybook wedding toward which these chapters appear to lead cannot succeed, because Jane will only be able to occupy the role of wife on her own, quite different, terms.Chapter 26 Summary Sophie helps Jane dress for the wedding, and Rochester and Jane walk to the church.Jane notes a pair of strangers reading the headstones in the churchyard cemetery.When Jane and Rochester enter the church, the two strangers are also present.When the priest asks if anyone objects to the ceremony, one of the strangers answers: ―The marriage cannot go on: I declare the existence of an impediment.‖ Rochester attempts to proceed with the ceremony, but the stranger explains that Rochester is already married—his wife is a Creole woman whom Rochester wed fifteen years earlier in Jamaica.The speaker explains that he is a solicitor from London, and he introduces himself as Mr.Briggs.He produces a signed letter from Richard Mason affirming that Rochester is married to Mason’s sister, Bertha.Mr.Mason himself then steps forward to corroborate the story.After a moment of inarticulate fury, Rochester admits that his wife is alive and that in marrying Jane he would have been knowingly taking a second wife.No one in the community knows of his wife because she is mad, and Rochester keeps her locked away under the care of Grace Poole.But, he promises them all, Jane is completely ignorant of Bertha’s existence.He orders the crowd to come to Thornfield to see her, so that they may understand what impelled him to his present course of action.At Thornfield, the group climbs to the third story.Rochester points out the room where Bertha bit and stabbed her brother, and then he lifts a tapestry to uncover a second door.Inside the hidden room is Bertha Mason, under the care of Grace Poole.Jane writes: In the deep shade, at the farther end of the room, a figure ran backwards and forwards.What it was, whether beast or human being, one could not, at first sight tell: it grovelled, seemingly, on all fours;it snatched and growled like some strange wild animal: but it was covered with clothing, and a quantity of dark, grizzled hair, wild as a mane, hid its head and face.Bertha attempts to strangle Rochester, who reminds his audience, ―this is the sole conjugal embrace I am ever to know.‖ Jane leaves the room with Mason and Briggs, who tells her that he learned of her intent to marry Jane via a letter from Jane’s uncle, John Eyre, to Mason.It turns out that the two men are acquaintances, and Mason had stopped in Madeira on his way back to Jamaica when John received Jane’s letter.Approaching death, John asked Mason to hurry to England to save his niece.After the wedding crowd disperses, Jane locks herself in her room and plunges into an inexpressible grief.She thinks about the almost calm manner in which the morning’s events unfolded and how it seems disproportionate to the immense effect those events will have on her life.She prays to God to be with her.Analysis The incident of the ―madwoman in the attic‖ is probably the most famous in Jane Eyre, and it has given rise to innumerable interpretations and symbolic readings.For example, Bertha Mason could represent the horror of Victorian marriage.Rochester claims to have imprisoned her because she is mad, but it is easy to imagine an opposite relation of cause and effect, in which years of enforced imprisonment and isolation have made her violently insane or, at least, increased her insanity.Thus, the madwoman in the attic could represent the confining and repressive aspects of Victorian wifehood, suggesting that the lack of autonomy and freedom in marriage suffocates women, threatening their mental and emotional health.Bertha’s tearing of Jane’s wedding veil could be seen as symbolizing her revolt against the institution of marriage.Another interpretation is that Rochester’s marriage to Bertha represents the British Empire’s cultural and economic exploitation of its colonial subjects.Briggs’s letter states that Bertha’s mother is a ―Creole,‖ which could mean either that she is a person of European descent born in the colonies or that she is of black or mixed descent.In either case, Bertha might have evoked British anxieties about having to deal with the other cultures under Britain’s dominion, and Bertha’s imprisonment might signify Britain’s attempt to control and contain the influence of these subject cultures by metaphorically ―locking them in the attic.‖

Still another interpretation of Bertha is that she is a double for Jane herself, the embodiment of Jane’s repressed fear and anger, both in regard to her specific situation and in regard to oppression.For although Jane declares her love for Rochester, her dreams and apprehensions suggest that she also secretly fears being married to him, perhaps even that she secretly wants to rage against the imprisonment that marriage could become for her.Although Jane does not manifest this fear or rage, Bertha does.Thus, Bertha tears the bridal veil, and it is Bertha’s existence that stops the wedding from going forth.Each of these arguments provides an interesting way of thinking about the text, but it is also important to recognize that Bertha does not function merely as a symbol.Her presence is also a gripping story element and a source of external psychological distress for Jane, from which Jane develops and grows.Similarly, Thornfield could be seen as ―British Society at Large,‖ but Thornfield is more than just an allegory.The relationships between Thornfield’s inhabitants as well as its architecture and grounds are all important to Jane’s story.Lastly, Jane herself, while possessing many proto-feminist viewpoints, is not simply a symbol for the ―Victorian Woman.‖ Her individual psychology cannot be read as representing the mindset of all Victorian women.Summary: Chapter 27 After falling asleep for a short while, Jane awakes to the realization that she must leave Thornfield.When she steps out of her room, she finds Rochester waiting in a chair on the threshold.To Rochester’s assurances that he never meant to wound her, and to his pleas of forgiveness, Jane is silent, although she confides to the reader that she forgave him on the spot.Jane suddenly feels faint, and Rochester carries her to the library to revive her.He then offers her a new proposal—to leave England with him for the South of France, where they will live together as husband and wife.Jane refuses, explaining that no matter how Rochester chooses to view the situation, she will never be more than a mistress to him while Bertha is alive.Rochester realizes that he must explain why he does not consider himself married, and he launches into the story of his past.Unwilling to divide his property, Rochester’s father left his entire estate to his other son, Rowland, and sent Rochester to Jamaica to marry Bertha, who was to inherit a massive fortune—30,000 pounds.Bertha was beautiful, and although she and Rochester spent hardly any time alone, the stimulated, dazzled, and ignorant youth believed himself to be in love and agreed to the marriage.Shortly after the wedding, Rochester learned that Bertha’s mother was not, as he had been led to believe, dead, but mad and living in an insane asylum.Bertha’s younger brother was a mute idiot.Rochester’s father and brother had known about the family’s unpromising genetic legacy, but they had promoted the marriage for the sake of the money.Bertha soon revealed herself to be coarse, perverse, and prone to violent outbreaks of temper and unhealthy indulgences.These excesses only hastened the approach of what had been lurking on her horizon already: absolute madness.By this time, Rochester’s father and brother had died, so Rochester found himself all alone with a maniacal wife and a huge fortune.He considered killing himself but returned to England instead.He resolved to place Bertha at Thornfield Hall ―in safety and comfort: [to] shelter her degradation with secrecy, and leave her.‖ Rochester then drifted around the continent from one city to the next, always in search of a woman to love.When he was met with disappointment, he sank into debauchery.He was always disappointed with his mistresses, because they were, as he puts it, ―the next worse thing to buying a slave.‖ Then he met Jane.Rochester retells the story of their introduction from his point of view, telling her that she enchanted him from the start.Jane feels torn.She doesn’t want to condemn Rochester to further misery, and a voice within her asks, ―Who in the world cares for you?‖ Jane wonders how she could ever find another man who values her the way Rochester does, and whether, after a life of loneliness and neglect, she should leave the first man who has ever loved her.Yet her conscience tells her that she will respect herself all the more if she bears her suffering alone and does what she believes to be right.She tells Rochester that she must go, but she kisses his cheek and prays aloud for God to bless him as she departs.That night, Jane has a dream in which her mother tells her to flee temptation.She grabs her purse, sneaks down the stairs, and leaves Thornfield.Summary: Chapter 28 Riding in a coach, Jane quickly exhausts her meager money supply and is forced to sleep outdoors.She spends much of the night in prayer, and the following day she begs for food or a job in the nearby town.No one helps her, except for one farmer who is willing to give her a slice of bread.After another day, Jane sees a light shining from across the moors.Following it, she comes to a house.Through the window, Jane sees two young women studying German while their servant knits.From their conversation Jane learns that the servant is named Hannah and that the graceful young women are Diana and Mary.The three women are waiting for someone named St.John(pronounced ―Sinjin‖).Jane knocks on the door, but Hannah refuses to let her in.Collapsing on the doorstep in anguish and weakness, Jane cries, ―I can but die, and I believe in God.Let me try to wait His will in silence.‖ A voice answers, ―All men must die, but all are not condemned to meet a lingering and premature doom, such as yours would be if you perished here of want.‖ The voice belongs to ―St.John,‖ who brings Jane into the house.He is the brother of Diana and Mary, and the three siblings give Jane food and shelter.They ask her some questions, and she gives them a false name: ―Jane Elliott.‖ Analysis : Chapters 27–28 Feeling...clamoured wildly.“Oh, comply!” it said.“...soothe him;save him;love him;tell him you love him and will be his.Who in the world cares for you? or who will be injured by what you do?”

Jane endures her most difficult trials in this section of the book: she resolves to leave Rochester although it pains her deeply, and she is forced to sleep outdoors and go hungry on the moors in her flight from Thornfield.However, this section is also where Jane proves to herself her endurance, her strength of principle, and her ability to forge new friendships.As she tells herself before leaving Thornfield, ―I care for myself.The more solitary, the more friendless, the more unsustained I am, the more I will respect myself.‖ Ultimately this self-interest will make her relationships with others, including her eventual marriage, all the more meaningful and rewarding.Jane’s departure from Thornfield is perhaps the most important decision she makes in the novel.In Rochester she found the love for which she had always yearned, and Thornfield was the first real home she ever knew.In fleeing them, Jane leaves a part of herself behind.But living with Rochester as his mistress would require a self-compromise that Jane is not willing to make.Even before she learns of Bertha’s existence, Jane senses that in marrying Rochester she risks cementing herself into a position of inequality.She fears that Rochester would objectify her and that by ―marrying above her station‖ she would come to the relationship already ―in debt‖ to him.Now Jane sees more clearly than ever that a relationship with Rochester would mean the loss of her self-respect, and of her control over her life.Jane cannot bring herself to do what is morally wrong, simply out of weakness of will and emotional neediness.Despite the happiness and the sense of acceptance that Thornfield and Rochester’s love offer, Jane knows that staying would be a type of self-imprisonment.Jane must choose between emotional exile and spiritual and intellectual imprisonment.She knows she must flee while she can.Throughout the narrative of Jane’s trials, the reader not only gains insight into Jane’s personal constitution and character, but also into the society in which she lives.When Jane experiences the plight of the poor, the novel presents us with a bleak glimpse of a society in which the needy are shunned out of tightfistedness and distrust.Summary: Chapter 29 After she is taken in by the Rivers siblings, Jane spends three days recuperating in bed.On the fourth day, she feels well again and follows the smell of baking bread into the kitchen, where she finds Hannah.Jane criticizes Hannah for judging her unfairly when she asked for help, and Hannah apologizes.Hannah tells the story of Mr.Rivers, the siblings’ father, who lost most of the family fortune in a bad business deal.In turn, Diana and Mary were forced to work as governesses—they are only at Marsh End(or Moor House)now because their father died three weeks ago.Jane then relates some of her own story and admits that Jane Elliott is not her real name.St.John promises to find her a job.Summary: Chapter 30 Jane befriends Diana and Mary, who admire her drawings and give her books to read.St.John, on the other hand, remains distant and cold, although he is never unkind.After a month, Diana and Mary must return to their posts as governesses.St.John has found a position for Jane, running a charity school for girls in the town of Morton.Jane accepts, but St.John presumes that she will soon leave the school out of restlessness, perhaps because he himself is quite restless.His sisters suspect he will soon leave England for a missionary post overseas.St.John tells his sisters that their Uncle John has died and left them nothing, because all his money went to another, unknown, relative.Jane learns that it was Uncle John who led Mr.Rivers into his disastrous business deal.Summary: Chapter 31 At Morton, the wealthy heiress Rosamond Oliver provides Jane with a cottage in which to live.Jane begins teaching, but to her own regret, she finds the work degrading and disappointing.While on a visit to Jane, St.John reveals that he, too, used to feel that he had made the wrong career choice, until one day he heard God’s call.Now he plans to become a missionary.The beautiful Rosamond Oliver then appears, interrupting St.John and Jane’s conversation.From their interaction, Jane believes that Rosamond and St.John are in love.Summary: Chapter 32 Jane’s students become more familiar and endeared to her, and Jane becomes quite popular among them.At night, though, she has troubling nightmares that involve Rochester.Jane continues to pay attention to the relationship between St.John and Rosamond, who often visits the school when she knows St.John will be there.Rosamond asks Jane to draw her portrait, and as she is working on it one day, St.John pays her a visit.He gives her a new book of poetry(Sir Walter Scott’sMarmion)and looks at the drawing.She offers to draw him a duplicate, and then boldly declares that he ought to marry Rosamond.St.John admits that he loves her and is tempted by her beauty, but he explains that he refuses to allow worldly affection to interfere with his holy duties.The flirtatious, silly, and shallow Rosamond would make a terrible wife for a missionary.Suddenly, St.John notices something on the edge of Jane’s paper and tears off a tiny piece—Jane is not certain why.With a peculiar look on his face, he hurries from the room.Analysis: Chapters 29–32 Marsh End and Morton are the setting of the novel’s fourth phase.Here Jane develops a new sense of belonging, and proves herself capable of finding like-minded companions with whom she is not romantically involved.The fact that Diana and Mary Rivers are also governesses puts them on an equal footing with Jane.Although Jane left Thornfield convinced that she had made the right decision, she harbored uncertainty as to whether she would ever find a sense of belonging without sacrificing her autonomy.Jane’s stay at Marsh End proves to her that she is not doomed to be forever alienated from the world, that a balance between community and autonomy can be achieved.Now, as an integrated member of the Rivers household, Jane realizes that one may give and accept love from others in equal exchange.When St.John gives Jane Sir Walter Scott’s Marmion, and Jane-the-narrator comments that this was a new book, it seems as if Brontë is providing a definitive statement about when the events of the novel take place, since Marmion was first published in 1808.However, other characters inJane Eyre refer to books published after this date.Blanche Ingram, for instance, refers to Byron’s poem The Corsair in Chapter 33, but Byron’s book wasn’t published until 1814.Brontë was obviously not especially concerned with fixing her story in a precise and consistent relation to historical dates, and perhaps she selected the texts mentioned in her novel for other reasons.Summary: Chapter 33 One snowy night, Jane sits reading Marmion when St.John appears at the door.Appearing troubled, he tells Jane the story of an orphan girl who became the governess at Thornfield Hall, then disappeared after nearly marrying Edward Rochester: this runaway governess’s name is Jane Eyre.Until this point, Jane has been cautious not to reveal her past and has given the Rivers a false name.Thus although it is clear that St.John suspects her of being the woman about whom he speaks, she does not immediately identify herself to him.He says that he has received a letter from a solicitor named Mr.Briggs intimating that it is extremely important that this Jane Eyre be found.Jane is only interested in whether Mr.Briggs has sent news of Rochester, but St.John says that Rochester’s well-being is not at issue: Jane Eyre must be found because her uncle, John Eyre, has died, leaving her the vast fortune of 20,000 pounds.Jane reveals herself to be Jane Eyre, knowing that St.John has guessed already.She asks him how he knew.He shows her the scrap of paper he tore from her drawing the previous day: it is her signature.She then asks why Mr.Briggs would have sent him a letter about her at all.St.John explains that though he did not realize it before, he is her cousin: her Uncle John was his Uncle John, and his name is St.John Eyre Rivers.Jane is overjoyed to have found a family at long last, and she decides to divide her inheritance between her cousins and herself evenly, so that they each will inherit 5,000 pounds.Summary: Chapter 34 Jane closes her school for Christmas and spends a happy time with her newfound cousins at Moor House.Diana and Mary are delighted with the improvements Jane has made at the school, but St.John seems colder and more distant than ever.He tells Jane that Rosamond is engaged to a rich man named Mr.Granby.One day, he asks Jane to give up her study of German and instead to learn ―Hindustani‖ with him—the language he is learning to prepare for missionary work in India.As time goes by, St.John exerts a greater and greater influence on Jane;his power over her is almost uncanny.This leaves Jane feeling empty, cold, and sad, but she follows his wishes.At last, he asks her to go to India with him to be a missionary—and to be his wife.She agrees to go to India as a missionary but says that she will not be his wife because they are not in love.St.John harshly insists that she marry him, declaring that to refuse his proposal is the same as to deny the Christian faith.He abruptly leaves the room.Summary: Chapter 35 [B]ut as his wife—at his side always, and always restrained, and always checked—forced to keep the fire of my nature continually low, to compel it to burn inwardly and never utter a cry, though the imprisoned flame consumed vital after vital—this would be unendurable.During the following week, St.John continues to pressure Jane to marry him.She resists as kindly as she can, but her kindness only makes him insist more bitterly and unyieldingly that she accompany him to India as his wife.Diana tells Jane that she would be a fool to go to India with St.John, who considers her merely a tool to aid his great cause.After dinner, St.John prays for Jane, and she is overcome with awe at his powers of speech and his influence.She almost feels compelled to marry him, but at that moment she hears what she thinks is Rochester’s voice, calling her name as if from a great distance.Jane believes that something fateful has occurred, and St.John’s spell over her is broken.Analysis: Chapters 33–35 In these chapters, the foreshadowing of John Eyre’s importance in the plot is at last fulfilled, and the household that has initially been for Jane merely a community of social equality is now revealed to be a true family.More importantly, St.John emerges as a crucial figure, providing Jane with a powerful and dangerous alternative to Rochester.All of these experiences prepare the ground for Jane to return to Rochester: having come to know her own strength, having learned that she is no longer alone in the world, having come into her own inheritance, and having received a competing marriage proposal, Jane can now enter into marriage without feeling herself beholden to her husband.St.John’s character emerges forcefully in these chapters.As a potential husband to Jane, he offers a foil to the character of Rochester.Whereas Rochester is passionate and impetuous, St.John is cold, harsh, and clinical.While Jane often finds herself reminding Rochester of the importance of Christian morality, she finds the same morality in St.John overwhelming and threatening.This leads to St.John’s other important function: he provides an interesting comparison to the models of religion embodied in Helen Burns and Mr.Brocklehurst.Unlike the meek and forbearing Helen, St.John is active and even ambitious.He is not hypocritical like Brocklehurst, but he is so rigidly principled and lacking in empathy that his behavior is potentially just as destructive.Despite Jane’s protracted attempt to integrate Christian morality comfortably into her own life and behavior, St.John is a dangerous influence on her, because his forceful personality compels her obedience against her own internal feelings.Jane refuses to marry St.John because she does not love him, but St.John pressures Jane to ignore her feelings and submit to his powerful conception of necessary moral duty.Jane remains true to herself only with great difficulty, and with the help of the preternatural experience of hearing Rochester call out her name over the moors.In declining St.John’s proposal Jane escapes yet another threat to her freedom and her sense of self.Yet the very seriousness with which Jane considers his proposal leads her to an important realization about herself.Part of the reason she fled Thornfield was that she feared becoming a slave to her own passion and sacrificing her principles.By coming so close to marrying St.John, she demonstrates her ability to do the opposite: to sacrifice passion altogether and devote herself wholly to principle.Now Jane knows that returning to Rochester would not signify a weakness on her part.Moreover, she now appreciates more than ever what Rochester offered her.Having found herself on the threshold of a loveless marriage, she understands fully the importance of following not only her mind but also her heart.Summary: Chapter 36 Jane contemplates her supernatural experience of the previous night, wondering whether it was really Rochester’s voice that she heard calling to her and whether Rochester might actually be in trouble.She finds a note from St.John urging her to resist temptation, but nevertheless she boards a coach to Thornfield.She travels to the manor, anxious to see Rochester and reflecting on the ways in which her life has changed in the single year since she left.Once hopeless, alone, and impoverished, Jane now has friends, family, and a fortune.She hurries to the house after her coach arrives and is shocked to find Thornfield a charred ruin.She goes to an inn called the Rochester Arms to learn what has happened.Here, she learns that Bertha Mason set the house ablaze several months earlier.Rochester saved his servants and tried to save his wife, but she flung herself from the roof as the fire raged around her.In the fire, Rochester lost a hand and went blind.He has taken up residence in a house called Ferndean, located deep in the forest, with John and Mary, two elderly servants.Summary: Chapter 37 Jane goes to Ferndean.From a distance, she sees Rochester reach a hand out of the door, testing for rain.His body looks the same, but his face is desperate and disconsolate.Rochester returns inside, and Jane approaches the house.She knocks, and Mary answers the door.Inside, Jane carries a tray to Rochester, who is unable to see her.When he realizes that Jane is in the room with him, he thinks she must be a ghost or spirit speaking to him.When he catches her hand, he takes her in his arms, and she promises never to leave him.The next morning they walk through the woods, and Jane tells Rochester about her experiences the previous year.She has to assure him that she is not in love with St.John.He asks her again to marry him, and she says yes—they are now free from the specter of Bertha Mason.Rochester tells Jane that a few nights earlier, in a moment of desperation, he called out her name and thought he heard her answer.She does not wish to upset him or excite him in his fragile condition, and so she does not tell him about hearing his voice at Moor House.Summary: Chapter 38 Jane and Rochester marry with no witnesses other than the parson and the church clerk.Jane writes to her cousins with the news.St.John never acknowledges what has happened, but Mary and Diana write back with their good wishes.Jane visits Adèle at her school, and finds her unhappy.Remembering her own childhood experience, Jane moves Adèle to a more congenial school, and Adèle grows up to be a very pleasant and mild-mannered young woman.Jane writes that she is narrating her story after ten years of marriage to Rochester, which she describes as inexpressibly blissful.They live as equals, and she helps him to cope with his blindness.After two years, Rochester begins to regain his vision in one eye, and when their first child—a boy—is born, Rochester is able to see the baby.Jane writes that Diana and Mary have both found husbands and that St.John went to India as he had planned.She notes that in his last letter, St.John claimed to have had a premonition of his own approaching death.She does not believe that she will hear from St.John again, but she does not grieve for him, saying that he has fulfilled his promise and done God’s work.She closes her book with a quote from his letter, in which he begs the Lord Jesus to come for him quickly.Analysis: Chapters 36–38 Jane’s melodramatic discovery of the ruined Thornfield and her recounting of the story of Bertha Mason’s mad and fiery death lead to the novel’s last, brief stage at Ferndean, during which Jane and Rochester are able to marry at last.It is possible to question Jane Eyre’s proto-feminism on the grounds that Jane only becomes Rochester’s full equal(as she claims to be in the novel’s epilogue-like last chapter)when he is physically infirm and dependent on her to guide him and read to him—in other words, when he is physically incapable of mastering her.However, it is also possible that Jane now finds herself Rochester’s equal not because of the decline Rochester has suffered but because of the autonomy that she has achieved by coming to know herself more fully.No woman was ever nearer to her mate than I am: ever more absolutely bone of his bone, and flesh of his flesh.I know no weariness of my Edward’s society: he knows none of mine, any more than we each do of the pulsation of the heart that beats in our separate bosoms;consequently, we are ever together.Another problem that troubles some critics is the fact that Jane finds happiness in the novel only through marriage, suggesting that marriage constitutes the only route to contentment for women(after all, the ―happy ending‖ for Diana and Mary, also, is that they find husbands).It could be argued that, in returning to Rochester, Jane sacrifices her long-sought autonomy and independence.Another way of looking at Jane’s marriage is that she doesn’t sacrifice everything, but enters into a relationship in which giving and taking occur in equal measure.Indeed, in order to marry Rochester Jane has had to reject another marriage, a marriage that would have meant a much more stifling and suppressed life for her.Moreover, in declining to marry St.John, Jane comes to the realization that part of being true to ―who she is‖ means being true to her emotions and passions;part of what makes her herself is manifested in her relationships with others—in the giving of herself to other human beings.By entering into marriage, Jane does indeed enter into a ―bond,‖ but in many ways this ―bond‖ is also the ―escape‖ that Jane has sought all along.In providing a happy ending for Jane, Brontë seems to suggest that individuals who manage to navigate the pressures and hypocrisies of established social and religious structures can eventually enter into lasting love.A woman who refuses to bend to class and gender prejudices, or to accept domination or oppression, might still find kindred hearts and a sense of spiritual community.Lastly, Brontë seems to suggest a way in which a woman’s quest for love and a feeling of belonging need not encroach upon her sense of self—need not restrict her intellectual, spiritual, and emotional independence.Indeed, Brontë suggests that it is only after coming to know oneself and one’s own strength that one can enter wholly into a well-rounded and loving relationship with another.

第四篇：法理论文推荐及各导师研究方向

法理论文推荐及各导师研究方向

说明：该书单源自**教授法理学课程安排，部分文章未公开发行，不在本版本中列出。原书单中注明为某专著的部分章节的，在本书单中仅列出书名（一部分进行了如此处理）。

胡玉鸿：“人的模式构造与法理学研究”《中外法学》2000年5期

刘进田：“人性预设与法律文化”《司法部直属院校“八五”期间优秀论文集》法律出版社1996年

里赞：“人性恶与法治——一个形而上学的视角”《现代法学》2001年6期

拉德布鲁赫：“法律上的人”见该氏《法律智慧警句集》中国法制出版社2001年

施密特：“合法性与正当性”见《政治的概念》上海人民出版社2003年

哈贝马斯：“法的合法性”载《法哲学与法社会学论从2》政法大学2000年

黄宗羲《明夷待访录·原法》中华书局1985年

**：《说法活法立法》增订版清华大学出版社2004 **：《法律信仰》广西师大出版社2003年

於兴中：“作为法律文明秩序的法治”载清华法治论衡（大概是一）清华大学2001 朱苏力：“现代化视野中的中国法治”载《学问中国》江西教育出版社1997 黄仁宇：《放宽历史的师界》三联书店

任群先：“执行为什么难”《人民法院报》2004年2月4日

周旺生：“论法之难行之源”《中外法学》2001年6期

**：“法律：民族精神与现代性”载《中外法学》2001年6期

黄仁宇：《关系千万重》三联书店2001年

**：“以法律为业——关于近代中国语境下的法律公民与法律理性的思考”《金陵法律评论》（南京大学的）2003年春季卷 **：“论法律的实质理性——兼论法律从业者的职业伦理”载《中国社会科学》2003年1期

**：“书生视野 无限江山——关于近世中国五代法学家及志业的一个学术史研究”见《法学家的智慧——关于法律的知识品格与人文类型》**著清华大学出版社2004年

郑戈：“韦伯论西方法律的独特性”载《韦伯：法律与价值》上海人民出版社2001年

朱景文：《比较法社会学的框架和方法》第六章 人民大学出版社2001年

吴经熊：《法律哲学研究》广西师大出版社2004年

王伯琦：《王伯琦法学论著集》三民书局1999年

孔祥俊： “法官载法律规范冲突中的选择适用权”《法制日报》2003年11月27日

德沃金：《法律帝国》大百科全书出版社1996年

孙晓楼：《法律教育》中国政法大学199年

贺卫方：“中国法律教育之路》政法大学1999年

罗伯特·斯蒂文斯《法学院》中国政法大学出版社2003年

沈宗灵：“批判法学在美国的兴起”载《比较法研究》1989年2期

吴玉章：“论美国的批判法学运动”载《中国社会科学》1992年5期

季卫东：《法制秩序的建构》政法大学2000年

吕世伦：《美国女权主义法学论述》载《法律科学》1998年1期

信春鹰：《后现代法学：为法治探索未来》载《中国社会科学》2000年5期

清华法理学教师主要有：高鸿钧、**、王晨光、高其才、江山等五位。其中

高鸿钧老师关注的主题（不考虑彼此包涵关系，下同）主要有：法治、比较法、法律共同体等，参考资料主要为：由他主编的《清华法治论衡》（一～四辑）；K·茨威格特, H·克茨著《比较法总论》；由他与贺卫方等人合译的《法律与革命》；由他与贺卫方主持的比较法译丛书；由法学院同仁合著的《法治：理念与制度》他在各种法学期刊发表的重要论文（以下老师的论文都应当重视，此项不再列出）。

**老师关注的主题主要是：历史法学、法的民族精神，参考资料主要为：本人专著：《说法、活法、立法》；萨维尼弗里德里希·卡尔·冯著《论立法与法学的当代使命》；由舒国滢与许主持的“西方法哲学文库”；由许主编的《清华法学》第一～四卷。

王晨光老师关注的主题主要是：比较法、法律推理与法理解释，参考资料主要为：哈特《法律的概念》；德沃金《法律帝国》；刘星《法律是什么》。

高其才老师关注的主题主要是：习惯法，参考资料主要为：《中国习惯法论》等。

江山老师关注的主题主要为：中国背景下、跨越时代的法秩序重构，参考资料主要为：江山法学著作系列《法的自然精神导论》、《互助与互足》、《中国法理念》、《人际同构的法哲学》等。

需要强调一点，本院诸位教授在各种重要法学期刊上发表的论文绝对不能忽视，本院教授对中国传统的法理学基本不持追随之态度，答题时应考虑历史、文化、哲学、法律学派等足以展示你的才华的内容。

第五篇：注册测绘师考试各规范精华摘要

大地测量基本技术规定

全球导航卫星系统连续运行参考站网建设规范

全球定位系统（GPS）测量规范

全球定位系统(G P S)接收机(测地型和导航型)校准规范

超短基线(mi n i 一b a s e l i n e)

指标准值在0.2 m一2 4 m范围内的标准长度。几何精度因子

因用户和所选星座间的几何关系引起定位误差的放大因子。G D O P值越小，定位精越高。5.1.1 天线、基座水准器应正确，光学对中器的对中误差小于l m ma 5.1.2 锁定卫星能力不大于1 5 m i n , R T K与R T D初始化时间不大于3 m i n.2.2 校准场各种基线的组成数量.2.2.1 超短基线可由4个以上观测墩组成，观测墩面在同一高程平面上。6.2.2.2 短基线的长度可在2 0 0 0 内任意选取，但不得少于6段距离。.2.2.3 中、长基线分l O k m, 1 5 k m, 2 0 k m, 2 5 k m, 3 0 k m等长度，可与超短基线、短基线的点相关连组成网，所组成各种长度不少于2段。在G P S校准场上进行，分短基线测量和中、长基线测量。

全球定位系统(GPS)测量型接收机检定规程

全球定位系统实时动态测量(RTK)技术规范

卫星定位城市测量技术规范

国家一、二等水准测量规范

数字水准仪顺序也一样。

国家三、四等水准测量规范

国家重力控制测量规范

加密重力测量规范

区域似大地水准面精化基本技术

海道测量规范

中国航海图编绘规范

1：5000、1：10000、1：25000海岸带地形图测绘规范

海洋工程地形测量规范

海图图式

精密工程测量以相邻点相对点位中误差或在特定方向上的相对位置精度作为精度指标，划分为一、二、三、四级。

一、二级精密工程测量应在可控观测条件下作业，三、四级精密工程测量应选择最佳的野外条件作业。同一工程中不同的观测项目，可选用不同的精度指标。同类观测项目中若有不同精度要求的控制点，应选择最高精度指标布设统一的控制网。精密工程水平控制网的等级