第一篇：从句
从句
名词性从句
在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句（Noun Clauses）。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组，它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。主语从句
作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that，whether，if和连接代词what，who，which，whatever，whoever以及连接副词how，when，where，why等词引导。that在句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。例如：
What he wants to tell us is not clear.他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。如果what-分句本身明显表示复数意义，比如what分句的动词和补语都是复数，那么主句动词也可用复数。
如：What I say and think are none of your business.(我说的和我想的都与你无关。)注意：当what引导的名词性分句作主语时，主谓一致问题极为复杂。著名学者周海中教授在论文《关于what-分句作主语的主谓一致问题》中就这一问题做了深入研究，并给出了10种的主谓一致关系。这些一致关系值得英语学习者和使用者特别注意。有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下： ⑴It + be + 名词+ that从句 ⑵It + be + 形容词+ that从句
⑶It + be + 动词的过去分词+ that从句 ⑷It +不及物动词+ that 从句
另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气“（should)+do”，常用的句型有：
It is necessary(important, natural, strange, etc.)that … It is suggested(requested, proposed, desired, etc.)that… 宾语从句
名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样，在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。1.由连接词that引导的宾语从句
由连接词that引导宾语从句时，that在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去，但如从句是并列句时，第二个分句前的that不可省。例如： He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow.他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。
We must never think(that)we are good in everything while others are good in nothing.我们决不能认为自己什么都好，别人什么都不好。注意：在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, request, command, doubt等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，宾语从句常用“（should）+ 动词原形”。例如：
I insist that she(should)do her work alone.我坚持要她自己工作。
The commander ordered that troops(should)set off at once.司令员命令部队马上出发。
2.用who, whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句，应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。例如：
I want to know what he has told you.我想知道他告诉了你什么。
3.用whether或if引导的宾语从句，其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒，仍保持陈述句语序。此外，whether与if 在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether，不用if：
a.引导主语从句并在句首时；b.引导表语从句时；c.引导从句作介词宾语时；d.从句后有“or not”时；e.后接动词不定式时。例如：
Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question.月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。
4.注意宾语从句中的时态呼应，当主句动词是现在时，从句根据自身的句子情况，而使用
不同时态。例如：
He studies English every day.（从句用一般现在时）He studied English last term.（从句用一般过去时）
I know(that)he will study English next year.（从句用一般将来时）he has studied English since 1998.（从句用现在完成时）
当主句动词是过去时态（could, would除外），从句则要用相应的过去时态，如一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时等；当从句表示的是客观真理，科学原理，自然现象，则从句仍用现在时态。例如：
The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America．
5.think, believe, imagine, suppose等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中，要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如：
We don’t think you are here.我们认为你不在这。
I don’t believe he will do so.我相信他不会这样做。
表语从句
在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样，表语从句位于联系动词后，有时用as if引导。其基本结构为：主语+ 系动词+ that从句。例如：
The fact is that we have lost the game.事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。That’s just what I want.这正是我想要的。
This is where our problem lies.这就是我们的问题所在。
That is why he didn’t come to the meeting.那就是他为什么不到会的原因。It looks as if it is going to rain.看上去天要下雨了。需要注意的，当主语是reason时，表语从句要用that引导而不是because。例如：
The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning.【注意】whether 可引导表语从句，但与之同义的if却通常不用于引导表语从句。
同位语从句
同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导，可用于同位语从句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。例如：
The news that we won the game is exciting.我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。
I have no idea when he will come back home.我不知道他什么时候回来。The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill.他想到可能玛丽生病了。
同位语从句和定语从句的区别：
that作为关系代词，可以引导定语从句，充当句子成分，在从句中作宾语时可以省略；that引导同位语从句时，起连词的作用，没有实际意义，不充当句子成分，一般不能省略。试比较下面两个例句：
I had no idea that you were here．（that引导同位语从句，不能省略）Have you got the idea（that）this book gives you of life in ancient Greece？（that引导定语从句，作宾语，可以省略）
其他从句 that从句 5.1）由从属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句。That只起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不担任任何成分，本身也没有词义。名词性that-从句在句中能充当主 语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语，例如：
主语：That she is still alive is her luck.她还活着全靠运气。
宾语：John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday.约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去。
表语：The fact is that he has not been seen recently.事实是最近谁也没有见过他。
同位语：The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office.最近谁也没有见过他，这一事实令办公室所有的人不安。
形容词宾语：I am glad that you are satisfied with your job.你对工作满意我感到很高兴。
5.2)That-从句做主语通常用it作先行词，而将that-从句置于句末，例如： It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.很清楚，整个计划注定要失败。
It's a pity that you should have to leave.你非走不可真是件憾事。用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系： a.It + be +形容词+ that-从句
It is necessary that… 有必要…… It is important that… 重要的是…… It is obvious that… 很明显…… b.It + be +-ed分词+ that-从句 It is believed that… 人们相信……
It is known to all that… 众所周知…… It has been decided that… 已决定…… c.It + be +名词+ that-从句
It is common knowledge that… ……是常识 It is a surprise that… 令人惊奇的是…… It is a fact that… 事实是…… d.It +不及物动词+ that-从句 It appears that… 似乎…… It happens that… 碰巧……
It occurred to me that… 我突然想起…… wh-从句 6.1）由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从句。Wh-词包括who, whom, whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever等连接代词和where, when, how, why等连接副词。Wh-从句的语法功能除了和that-从句一样外，还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等，例如：
主语：How the book will sell depends on its author.书销售如何取决于作者本人。
直接宾语：In one's own home one can do what one likes.在自己家里可以随心所欲。
间接宾语：The club will give whoever wins a prize.俱乐部将给得胜者设奖。
表语：My question is who will take over president of the Foundation.我的问题是谁将接任该基金会主席职位。
宾语补足语：She will name him whatever she wants to.她高兴给他起什么名字就取什么名字。
同位语： I have no idea when he will return.我不知道他什么时候回来。
形容词宾语：I'm not sure why she refused their invitation.我尚不能肯定她为什么拒绝他们的邀请。
介词宾语：That depends on where we shall go.那取决于我们去哪儿。
6.2)Wh-从句做主语也常用先行词it做形式主语，而将wh-从句置于句末，例如： It is not yet decided who will do that job.还没决定谁做这项工作。
It remains unknown when they are going to get married.他们何时结婚依然不明。if,whether从句
7.1)yes-no型疑问从句 从属连词if, whether引导的名词从句是由一般疑问句或选择疑问转化而来的，因此也分别被称为yes-no型疑问句从句和选择型疑问从句，其功能和wh-从句的功能相同，例如：
主语：Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved.这一计划是否可行还有等证实。
宾语：Let us know whether / if you can finish the article before Friday.请让我们知道你是否能在星期五以前把文章写完。
表语：The point is whether we should lend him the money.问题在于我们是否应该借钱给他。同位语：They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy.他们调查他是否值得信赖。
形容词宾语：She's doubtful whether we shall be able to come.她怀疑我们是否能够前来。
介词宾语：I worry about whether he can pass through the crisis of his illness.我担心他是否能度过疾病的危险期。7.2）选择性疑问从句
选择性疑问从句由关联词if/whether…or或whether…or not构成，例如： Please tell me whether / if they are Swedish or Danish.请告诉我他们是瑞典人还是丹麦人。
I don't care whether you like the plan or not.我不在乎你是否喜欢该计划。if和whether的区别：
1、在动词不定式之前只能用whether。如：
I can’t decide whether to stay.我不能决定是否留下。
2、在whether …… or not 的固定搭配中。如：
I want to know whether it’s good news or not.我想知道是否是好消息。3、在介词后，只能用whether。如：
His father is worried about whether he lose his work.他的父亲担心是否会失去工作。
4、宾语从句放在句首表示强调时，只能用whether。如： Whether this is true or not, I really don’t know.这是否真的，我真的不知道。
5、用if会引起歧义时，只用whether。如：
Could you tell me if you know the answer
这句话有两种意思：“你能告诉我是否知道答案吗？”或“如果你知道答案，请告诉我，好吗？”。如用whether可避免歧义。
形容词性从句
定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词，词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。
含义：在定语的位置上是个句子。why 关系副词why主要用于修饰表原因的名词（主要是the reason），同时它在定语从句中用作原因状语。如：
We don’t know the reason why he didn’t show up.我们不知道他为什么没有来。
She didn’t tell me the reason why she refused the offer.她没跟我讲她拒绝这项工作的原因。
与关系副词when和where不同，why可以换成that或省略。如： That’s one of the reasons(why, that)I asked you to come.这就是我请你来的原因之一。
另外，与关系副词when和where可以引导非限制性定语从句不一样，why只能引导限制性定语从句，不能引导非限制性定语从句。如：
他失去工作的主要原因是他喝酒。
误：The main reason, why he lost his job, was that he drank.正：The main reason why he lost his job was that he drank.when
关系副词when主要用于修饰表时间的名词，同时它在定语从句中用作时间状语。如：
There comes a time when you have to make a choice.你必须作出抉择的时候到了。
Gone are the days when they could do what they liked.他们为所欲为的日子一去不复返了。
We’ll put off the picnic until next week, when the weather may be better.我们将把野餐推迟到下星期，那时天气可能会好一点。
注意不要一见到先行词为时间名词，就以为一定要用关系副词when来引导定语从句，同时还要看它在定语从句中充当什么成分——如果在定语从句中用作时间状语，就用when；如果在定语从句中不是用作时间状语，而是用作主语或宾语，那就不能用when，而要用that, which等。如：
Don’t forget the time(that, which)I’ve told you.不要忘记我告诉你的时间。关系代词that / which在定语从句中用作动词told的宾语，正因为是用作宾语，所以也可以省略。where
关系副词where主要用于修饰表地点的名词，同时它在定语从句中用作地点状语。如：
This is the village where he was born.这就是他出生的村子。
That’s the hotel where we were staying last summer.这就是我们去年夏天住的旅馆。
Barbary was working in Aubury, where she went daily in a bus.巴巴拉在奥伯里工作，每天得坐公共汽车去上班。
与前面when的情况一样，注意不要一见到先行词为地点名词，就以为一定要用关系副词where来引导定语从句，同时还要看它在定语从句中充当什么成分——如果在定语从句中用作地点状语，就用where；如果在定语从句中不是用作地点状语，而是用作主语或宾语，那就不能用where，而要用that, which等。如： He works in a factory that [which] makes TV sets.他在一家电视机厂工作。
关系代词that / which在定语从句中用作主语。
另外注意，where有时还可用于抽象名词后引导定语从句。如： We have reached a point where a change is needed.我们到了必须改一改的地步。
There are cases where the word “mighty”is used as an adverb.在一些情况下，mighty一词可用作副词。
He got into a situation where it is hard to decide what is right and wrong.他陷入一种难以分辨是非的局面。
I don’t want a job where I’m chained to a desk all day.我不想找一份整天坐办公桌前的工作。
第二篇：德语比较从句
比较从句
während（而，却），表示行为的对立
Während es gestern schön war, ist es heute schlecht.Während in China der Sonntag ein Einkauftstag ist, sind die Laden in Deutschland am Sonntag geschlossen.在中国，星期天是采购的日子；而在德国，商店在星期天都停业。wie（如同，正如），表示相同的比较
Ich erzähle es, wie ich es gehört habe.Die Stadt ist so schön, wie ich mir gedacht habe.als（比...更）表示不同的比较，主句中常有形容词或者副词的比较级，或者表示区别的词
Die Stadt ist noch schöner, als ich gedacht habe.Sie arbeitet anders, als du gearbeitet hast.她干的可跟你干过的不一样。
je...desto/umso（越...越...）表示主、从句说明的情况变化是成比例的，句中通常需要用形容词比较级。
Je älter er wird, desto klüger wird er.Je dunkler die Nacht ist, umso heller werden die Sterne.Je moderner die Technik ist, desto höher wird die Produktion steigen.技术越先进，产量提得越高。
第三篇：从句练习
名词性从句
1.I wonder we haven’t received her invitations yet.Her wedding is only two days away.A.how B.why C.that D.when 2.We students got lost in the forest and decided to remain we were and waited for the guide.A.where B.what C.how D.who 3.Please put the medicine on the top of the shelf.It’s our children can’t reach it.A.what B.that C.where D.how 4.Sorry, I’m so late, but you cannot imagine great trouble I took finding your house.A.what B.how C.why D.when 5.The result was far beyond we had expected, brought great joy to everyone of us.A.which;which B.which;that C.what;what D.what;which
6.It is difficult to fill the minds of kids with the idea they must love study.A.which B.what C.whether D.that
7.It could be judged from her eyes she was terribly sorry for what she had done.A.what B.which C.that D.where
8.—Would you please explain to me about the difference between the two words? —I’m sorry, but that’s I’m puzzled about.A.why B.what C.which D.where
9.surprises us most is she doesn’t even know the difference between the two opinions lies.A.It;that;which B.What;that;what C.What;that;where D.That;what;where
10.Faced with challenges, you should believe your courage is
makes a difference.A.that B.what C.which D.whatever
11.The companies are working together to create they hope will be the best means of transport in the 21st century.A.which B.that C.what D.who 12.Professor Backman took up scientific research for decades, and this is he devoted all his life to.A.which B.what C.where D.how
13.Word came a gas explosion in a coal mine in northeast China Heilongjiang Province had killed 104 miners by Nov.23 and left further 4 trapped, shocked everyone.A.that;it B.where;that C.that;which D.when;it
14.As a matter of fact, much of we read on the Internet every day is groundless or nonsense.A.that B.which C.what D.it
15.was known to us all that Johnson had broken his promise he would give each of us a small gift.A.As;which B.What;that C.It;that D.It;which
16.surprised me most was such a little boy of seven could play the violin so well.A.That;what B.What;that C.That;which D.What;which
17.—Which can I take, Mr Smith? —Take one you like and leave the others for comes late.A.whoever;who B.whichever;who C.whatever;whom D.whichever;whoever
18.She has been in doctors describe as a vegetative(植物人的)state for six years.A.what B.which C.that D.how
19.The manager in the end decided to give the chance to he believed had a good command of English.A.who B.anyone C.whoever D.whomever
20.I have the same opinion as you the privacy of one’s life should be kept secret.A.that B.which C.whether D.what
21.I’d like to offer this job to I believe is responsible for it.A.whoever B.Whom C.no matter whom D.no matter who
22.Can you explain most deserts are located near the west coast of the continents? A.why is it that B.why it is that C.how it is that D.how is it that
23.It is obvious to the students they should get well prepared for their future.A.as B.which C.whether D.that
24.Could I speak to is in charge of International Sales please? A.who B.what C.whoever D.whatever
25.The fact has worried many scientists the earth is becoming warmer and warmer these years.A.what B.which C.that D.though
专题九 名词性从句
1.解析：选B。why引导宾语从句，并在从句中作原因状语。2.解析：选A。where引导表语从句，并在从句中作地点状语。3.解析：选C。where引导表语从句，并在从句中作地点状语。
4.解析：选A。what引导宾语从句，并在从句中作定语，修饰trouble。
5.解析：选D。what引导宾语从句，并在从句中作宾语；which引导定语从句，指主句内容。
6.解析：选D。that引导同位语从句，解释idea的具体内容。7.解析：选C。that引导主语从句，It为形式主语。
8.解析：选B。what引导表语从句，并在从句中作介词about的宾语。
9.解析：选C。what引导主语从句，并在从句中作主语；that引导表语从句；where引导宾语从句，并在从句中作地点状语。
10.解析：选B。what引导表语从句，并在从句中作主语。11.解析：选C。what引导宾语从句，并在从句中作主语，they hope为插入成分，可忽略。12.解析：选B。what引导表语从句，并在从句中作介词to的宾语。
13.解析：选C。that引导同位语从句，解释word的具体内容；which引导定语从句。14.解析：选C。what引导宾语从句，并在从句中作宾语。
15.解析：选C。It为形式主语，代替真正的主语从句that Johnson had broken his promise...；that引导同位语从句，解释promise的具体内容。
16.解析：选B。what引导主语从句，并在从句中作主语；that引导表语从句。
17.解析：选D。whichever引导宾语从句，并在从句中作定语，修饰one；whoever引导宾语从句，并在从句中作主语。
18.解析：选A。what引导宾语从句，并在从句中作宾语。
19.解析：选C。whoever引导宾语从句，并在从句中作主语，he believed为插入成分。20.解析：选A。that引导同位语从句，解释opinion的具体内容。21.解析：选A。whoever引导的从句作to的宾语,又在从句中作主语,I believe为插入语。whoever作关系代词，相当于any person who。
22.解析：选B。句意为：你能理解为什么大多数的沙漠都分布在靠近大陆的西海岸的地区吗？宾语从句要使用陈述语序。
23.解析：选D。句中it为形式主语，that引导的主语从句为真正的主语。句意为：对于学生来说，他们应当为未来做好充分的准备是很明显的。
24.解析：选C。考查主语从句的用法。speak to后接sb.,故排除B、D两项。句中to后跟宾语从句，且从句中又缺少主语，并且是不确指，故排除A。
25.解析：选C。考查同位语从句的用法。分析句式结构可知此处缺少同位语从句的引导词，从句意义、结构均完整。故选C。状语从句专项练习50题
莲山课件
原文地址：http:// 1.—What was the party like? —Wonderful.It’s years __________I enjoyed myself so much.A.after
B.before
C.when
D.since 2.Mother was worried because little Alice was ill, especially _______Father was away in France.A.as
B.that
C.during
D.if 3.Why do you want a new job __________you got such a good one already? A.that
B.where
C.which
D.when
4.After the war, a new school building was put up ___________there had once been a theatre.A.that
B.where
C.which
D.when 5.You will be late ______________you leave immediately.A.unless
B.until
C.if
D.or 6.___________, Mother will wait for him to have dinner together.A.However late is he
B.However he is late C.However is he late
D.However late he is 7.If we work with a strong will, we can overcome any difficulty, ______________great it is.A.what
B.how
C.however
D.whatever 8.We won’t give up ______________we should fail ten times.A.even if
B.since
C.whether
D.until 9.She doesn’t speak ____________her friend, but her written work is excellent.A.as well as
B.so often as
C.so much as
D.as good as 10.He’ll be happy ____________he may be.A.when
B.if
C.because
D.wherever 1—5 DADBA
6—10 DCAAD 11.The new secretary is supposed to report to the manager as soon as she ______________.A.will arrive
B.arrives
C.is arriving
D.is going to arrive 12.The volleyball match will be put off if it _______________.A.will rain
B.rains
C.rained
D.is raining 13.Remember to send me a photo of your son next time you ____________to me.A.write
B.will write
C.are writing
D.would write 14.If city noises __________from increasing, people ___________shout to be heard even at the dinner table in 20 years from now.A.are not kept;will have to
B.are not kept;have to C.do not deep;will have to
D.do not deep;have to 15.I need one more stamp before my collection ____________.A.has completed
B.completes
C.has been completed
D.is completed 16.As she _________the newspaper, Granny _________asleep.A.read, was falling
B.was reading, fell C.was reading, was falling
D.read, fell 17.If it __________for the snow, we ___________the mountain yesterday.A.were not;could have climbed
B.were not;could climb C.had not been;could have climbed
D.had not been;could climb 18.—If he _________, he ___________tat food.—Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately.A.was warned;would not take
B.had been warned;would not have taken C.would be warned;had not taken
D.had driven;wouldn’t have got 19.It is 50 years _____________the People’s Republic of China was founded.A.after
B.before
C.when
D.since 20.___________the sun rises, all the stars in the sky disappear.A.The moment
B.Before
C.Till
D.For 11—15 BBAAD 16—20 BCBDA 21.Not until I began to work __________how much time I had wasted.A.didn’t I realize
B.did I realize
C.I didn’t realize
D.I realized 22.Not until all the fish died in the river __________how serious the pollution was.A.did the villagers realize
B.the villagers realized C.the villagers did realize
D.didn’t the villagers realize 23.—Why do you drink so much coffee? —Well, _________it doesn’t keep me awake in the nights, I see no harm in it.A.although
B.if
C.unless
D.while 24.It was __________it rained heavily that they didn’t come.A.as
B.because
C.for
D.since 25.Why not buy a cheaper one, _____________you don’t have enough money? A.since
B.because
C.for
D.though 26.It is ten years ____________I left home.A.when
B.after
C.since
D.as 27.He speaks English _____________he speaks his mother tongue.A.so good as
B.as good as
C.so well as
D.as well as 28.Try _______he might, he couldn’t get out of difficulty.A.when
B.where
C.till
D.as 29.__________I saw the computer, I showed great interest in it.A.At first
B.For the first time
C.Until
D.The first time 30.I don’t think you’ll be able to understand this formula(公式)____________you finish school.A.as if
B.only when
C.even
D.even when 21—25 BAABA
26-30 CDDDD 31.I often visited Tian’an Men Square ____________I was staying in Beijing.A.until
B.during
C.while
D.throughout 32.He always thinks I’m wrong, _____________I may say.A.no matter whatever
B.whatever
C.what
D.that 33.__________the rain has stopped, let’s continue to work.A.For
B.Now that
C.That
D.Because 34.____________, I am sure that the boy is honest.A.Whatever people say
B.No matter people say C.What people say
D.It doesn’t matter people say 35.I knew Mr.Green _____________I knew Mrs.Green.A.long before
B.before long
C.long ago
D.after long 36.They waited __________it was dark before leaving, _________they didn’t want anyone to see them leave.A.since;because
B.until;as
C.unless;for
D.so;because 37.__________often you ring, no one will answer.A.How
B.However
C.Whom
D.Whenever 38.I will never stop ______________they might like it.A.no matter how
B.how
C.what
D.though 39.Father was ________busy in working __________he often forgot rest or meals.A.very, that
B.so, that
C.such, as
D.enough, as 40.We made a decision __________there would be rain, we should stay at home.A.that
B.if
C.that if
D.whether 31—35 CBBAA
36-40 BBABC 41.I usually watch TV in the evening ____________I have to study for an examination.A.because
B.unless
C.while
D.the moment 42.I had lived there for over thirty years ___________I wanted to return to my motherland again.A.until
B.after
C.while
D.when 43.It was a long time _____________I went to sleep again.A.when
B.while
C.before
D.until 44.He must be ill, ____________he looks so pale.A.since
B.because
C.as
D.for 45.I’ll take no steps ___________you arrive.A.and
B.since
C.until
D.while 46.You will catch cold _____________put on more clothes.A.if you
B.if you will not
C.unless you
D.until you 47.________he woke _________slept, this subject is always in his mind.A.If;and
B.Both;and
C.Either;or
D.Whether;or 48.We had hardly got to the station __________it began no rain.A.until
B.since
C.while
D.when 49.They were surprised that a child should work out the problem __________they themselves couldn’t.A.once
B.then
C.while
D.if 50.My name is Robert, ___________most of my friends call me Bob for short.A.then
B.instead
C.however
D.but 41—42 BDCDC 46-50 CDDCD 答案：1—5 DADBA
6—10 DCAAD
11—15 BBAAD
16—20 BCBDA
21—25 BAABA 26-30 CDDDD 31—35 CBBAA
36-40 BBABC
41—42 BDCDC 46-50 CDDCD 定语从句专项练习题
一．单项选择
定语从句的用法
1.This is the bag _____ my mother bought yesterday.A.that
B.who
C.whom
D.this
2.The man _____ lives next to us is my English teacher.A.who
m
B.which
C.who
D./
A.the one
B.that
C.which
D./
6.The only language _____ is easy to learn is the mother tongue.A.which
B.that
C./
D.it
7.The girl handed everything _____ she had picked up in the street to the police.A.which
B.in which
C.that
D.all
8._____ cleans the blackboard should be praised.A.That
B.Who
C.The one who
D.The students who
9.Please show me the book _____ you bought yesterday.A.which
B.whom
C.whose
D.this
10.This is the best book _____ I have been looking for all this year.A.who
B.whom
C.which
D./
11.This is the only article of these that _____ written by him.A.was
B.were
C.is
D.are
12.The man _____ was here just now is a doctor.A.whom
B.who
C./
D.he
13.The boy _____ has two lovely dogs.A.who live next door
B.which
lives next door
C.whom lives next door
D.that lives next door
14.Those _____ made no mistakes in today’s exercises please raise your hands.A.which
B.whom
C.that
D.who
15.Don’t go in, this is the shop _____ we have just been _____.A./, to
B.that, /
C.where, to
D.which, there
16.He is the most careful boy _____ I know.A.what
B.which
C.as
D../
17.This is the school _____ Mr.Smith once taught.A.in that
B.when
C.where
D.there
18.Have you visited the house _____ the famous scientist was born?
A.where
B.in that
C.that
D.which
19.The factory _____ Mr.Li used to work was closed last week.A.when
B.where
C.that
D.which
20.Do you still remember the day _____ we first met?
A.that
B.when
C.what
D.on that
21.The time _____ we studied together is not easily forgotten.22.October 1,1949 is the day _____ we’ll never forget.A.when
B.that
C.where
D.in which
23.October 1,1949 was the day _____ the People’s Republic of China was founded.A.which
B.when
C.where
D.in which
24.Is this the shop _____ sells children’s clothing?
A.which
B.where
C.in which
D.what
25.Is this museum _____ they visited last month?
A.that
B.which
C.where
D.the one
26.I still remember the sitting-room _____ my mother and I used to sit in the evening.A.what
B.which
C.that
D.where
二． 在下列定语从句中，填入适当的介词。
1.The pencil ________ which he wrote was broken.2.He built a telescope ________ which he could study the skies.3.The woman, ________ whom I learned the news, is a nurse.4.The wolf ________ which the sheep was killed was shot.5.She has three children, all _______ whom are at school.6.There is a tall tree outside, ________ which stands our teacher.7.My glasses, _______ which I was like a blind man, fell to the ground and broke.8.In the dark street, there wasn’t a person ________ whom she could turn for help.9.I was surprised at the way ________ which he treated the old man.10.The age _______ which children can go to school is seven.11.His bike ________ which he went to work was stolen last night.12.Do you know the building ________ which is flying a red flag?
13.Ours is a beautiful school, ________ which we are proud.14.The desk ________ which Jack is leaning is John’s.15.He bought a book yesterday, the author ________ which is a teacher.参考答案
一． 单项选择
定语从句1~5 A C A B A
6~10 B C C A D
11~15 C B D D A 16~20 D C A B B
21~26 B B B A D D
二． 在下列定语从句中，用适当的介词填空。
1.with without
11.on 2.through
3.from
4.by 8.to
9.in
10.at
13.of
14.against 5.of
6.under 15.of
7.12.on
第四篇：从句练习
1.When Tom was nine years old he read a school book about science, containing some experiments _____ at home.A.which can be done B.that could do C.that could be done D.which could do
1.C 译文：9岁时汤姆读过一本关于自然科学的教科书，书里的一些试验可以在家里完成。定语从句的主句和从句时态要一致，本题主句用了过去时，从句也应用过去时，排除A项；又因为从句中主语和动词之间是被动关系，排除B、D项。
2.Rose told them all _____ to Oliver.A.which happened B.that had happened C.which had happened D.that had been happened
2.B 译文：罗斯告诉他们发生在奥利弗身上的一切事情。先行词时all时关联词应用that，排除C、D项，类似的词还有：everything, something, nothing, little, much等指物的不定代词；又因为是主动关系，故选B。eg.Please tell me something that is interesting.3.Alva found a place in the cellar _____ he used as his first laboratory.A.which B.where C.such D.the same
3.A 译文：阿尔瓦在地下室找到了一个地方，他把那里用做他的第一个实验室。such, same不引导定语从句，故排除；又因为关联词在定语从句中作宾语(he used the place as...)，选A。
2.4.Do you know the right time _____ the meeting begins.A.which B.when C.why
D.as
4.B 译文：你知道开会的确切时间吗？
先行词time是表示时间性的名词，所以从句需要用表示时间关系的副词来引导，只有B正确；类似的先行词还有day, morning, evening, week, month, year等。eg.He'll never forget the days when he was in Paris.5.This is the reason _____ an aeroplane can't fly in space.A.for that B.which C.why D.where
5.C 译文：这就是飞机不能在太空飞行的原因。
能引导原因状语并和先行词reason连用的副词只有why（*有时why可以省略或是用that代替）eg.That is one of the reasons I asked you to come.（why省略）
The reason that he died was lack of medical care.（why用that代替）
6.He tried to get out of the business, _____ he found impossible.A.that B.which C.where D.when
6.B 译文：他试图从这件事中摆脱出来，但发现摆脱不了。
本题考查的是非限制性定语从句，先行词为整个主句，which代替前面整句话（that不引导非限制性定语从句），在从句中作宾语。
3.7.She lives near the sea, and she often looks far away to the place _____ sky and earth seem to meet.A.that B.which C.whose D.where
7.D 译文：她住在海边，所以经常向天空和陆地相接的地方眺望。
本题先行词是the place，与其相对应的关系词在定语从句中充当地点状语，故选D。
8.The goals _____ he had fought all his life no longer seemed important to him.A.after which B.for which C.with which D.at which
8.B 译文：他曾为之终生奋斗的目标对他而言似乎已经不再重要了。
本题先行词the goals，从句中谓语动词词组fight for表示“为„„奋斗”，for提前，所以选B。
9.The only thing _____ matters is to return home safe and sound.A.which B.that C.what D./
9.B 译文：唯一要紧的事情是平安到家。
what不引导定语从句首先排除C；该关系代词在从句中作主语，不能省略，排除D；当先行词被all, no, some, any, every, a few/little much, only, very修饰，后面引导定语从句的关系代词要用that，故选B。
4.10.I've never been to Beijing, but it's the place _____.A.where I'd like to visit B.in which I'd like to visit C.I most want to visit D.that I want to visit it most
10.C 译文：虽然我从未去过北京，但那是我非常想去的地方。
本题选项的关键词是visit，它是一个及物动词，因此A、B项都可以排除，而D项中的it和句中的it's重复，所以选C。
11.Such people _____ you describe are rare nowadays.A.that B.which C.like D.as
11.D 译文：你所说的那种人现在已经很少了。
as作关系代词一般用于: so...as, such...as, the same...as等结构中。eg.I have the same feeling as you.12.They picked up four boat-loads of refugees, _____ had been at sea for two weeks.A.some of that B.some of which C.some of them D.some of whom
12.D 译文：他们救起了四艘船的难民，其中有些人已经在海上漂泊2周了。
本题要用指人的关系代词，由于that前不跟介词排除后就只剩下D项的whom了。eg.The girl, to whom Jack is speaking, is my girl friend.5.13.If you have a taste for exciting adventures you may want to join the group of men _____ is to explore the mysteries of the deep sea.A.their work B.who work C.who D.whose work
13.D 译文：如果你爱好冒险，你可以加入那群以探索深海奥秘为职业的队伍。
分析题干，考查的是定语从句，首先排除A项；先行词the group of men，空缺的是从句中的主语，后面已有谓语动词is，排除B项；若选C则谓语动词要用复数形式are，所以选D。
14._____ is mentioned above, a lot of work has been done to create man-made materials.A.That
B.Whether C.As D.Which
14.C 译文：正如上面所指出的那样，人们已经为制作人造材料做了大量的工作。
本题考查as引导非限制性定语从句的语法，as引导非限制性定语从句，可以置于主句之后也可以放在主句之前，表示前面或后面整个句子，which引导非限制性定语从句不放在句首，所以选C。
eg.He's an honest man, as is known to us all.15.This is the best film _____ I have ever seen.A.which B.that C.as D.when
15.B 译文：这是我所看过最好的一部电影。
当先行词被序数词或是形容词最高级修饰时，其后的定语从句关系代词通常用that。eg.He's the first person that finished the work.Unit 5 定语从句
（六）16.The company officer _____ I thought would be fired received a raise.A.whom B.whoever C.who D.of whom
16.C
译文：我原以为会被解雇的那个公司官员却得到了加薪。
本题先行词是the company officer, 关系词在定语从句中充当主语：The company officer(I thought)would be fired.所以选C。
17.He talked of the men and the books _____ interested him.A.what B.which C.that D.who
17.C 译文：他谈论着他感兴趣的人和书。
当先行词既指人又指物时(the men and the books)，关系词用that。
18.The hours _____ the children spend watching TV are too many.A.in which B.on which C.that D.when
18.C 译文：孩子们花在看电视上的时间太多了。
本题先行词the hours在定语从句中作spend的宾语，可直接排除A、B、D三项。注意：不能一看到表示时间的先行词就用when，而应首先判断修饰先行
词的关系词在定语从句中作什么成分：如果作状语，就应该用关系副词when或where，如果作宾语就应该用that/which/不填等等。针对大部分选B沪友的解说：
题目的意思是the children spend the hours(in)watching TV spend的用法： spend sth on sth/(in)doing sth 如果选B（on which）则变成spend on the hours watching TV，错！名词性从句
1.In some countries, _____ is called “equality” doesn't really mean equal rights for all people.A.which B.what C.that D.one
1.B 译文：在一些国家，所谓的“平等”实际上并不意味着人人都享有平等的权利。本题考查的是名词性从句中的主语从句，空格中的关联词既引导主语从句又在从句中充当主语，故选择B项，what在此译为“„„的东西”，相当于the thing that。
2.They always give their help to _____ needs it urgently.A.who B.whoever C.whom D.whomever
2.B 译文：他们总是帮助那些最需要帮助的人。本题考查名词性从句中的宾语从句，所需关联词既要引导一个宾语从句又要在从句中当主语，选择C项，whomever在从句中只能作宾语,whoever在此相当于the person who。
A项who一般不在介词后引导宾语从句
3.Jim asked the question _____ we shall start to work.A.that
B.what C.when D.whether
3.C 译文：吉姆问我们什么时候开始工作。
本题考查的是名词性从句中的同位语从句，同位语从句和定语从句形似，两者都有先行词，但和从句的关系不同：同位语从句是等同关系，先行词在从句中不作任何语法成分；而定语从句是修饰关系，先行词在从句中作主语或宾语。eg.They told me the news that they heard on the radio.（宾语从句）－他们在广播里听到的消息
They told me the news that I had got a raise.（同位语从句）－我得到提升这个消息
2.4.There are signs _____ restaurants are becoming more popular with families.A.that B.which C.in which D.whose
4.A 译文：有迹象表明：餐馆正越来越受到家庭的欢迎。
本题要求选择适当的词来引导signs的同位语从句，选项中除了that外其它三项都不用来引导同位语从句，因此选A。
5.The reason I don't go there was _____ a new job.A.because I got B.because of getting C.due to D.that I got
5.D 译文：我不去那是因为我得到了一份新的工作。本题考查表语从句的引导词，当句子主语为reason时，表语从句应当用that引导，the reason...was that...“„„的原因是„„”，所以选D。
6.We consider _____ the instrument should be adjusted each time it is used.A.that it necessary
B.necessary that C.it necessary that D.necessary of that
6.C 译文：我们认为在每次使用之前有必要对这些仪器进行调试。
consider之后常跟“宾语＋宾补”结构，在本题中，为了平衡需要，it作形式宾语，necessary作it的补足语，真正的宾语是后置的由that引导的从句。eg.Ann took it for granted that they weren't coming.3.7.I admit to that _____ that guy is my true friend.A.that B.is C.as D.whoever
7.A 译文：我承认那家伙是我真正的挚友。
本题空缺处需要一个不表示任何意义的关联词来引导同位语从句。ABCD四项中只有that可以引导同位语从句，所以选A，题干中缺项前的that为admit to的宾语，缺项后的that为指示代词，相当于“那个”的意思。如果大家被3个that搞晕了，就看看这句：I admit to the fact that the guy is my true friend.8.I don't care _____ or not the manager will give me a raise.A.whether B.if C.which D.why
8.A 译文：我并不在乎经理是否会给我加薪。
本题需要填入引导宾语从句的词，根据空格后面跟的or not很容易判断出应该选whether，if后不直接跟or not。
9._____ we need more equipment is quite obvious.A.That B.What C.Whatever D.If
9.A 译文：我们需要更多的器材，这是很明显的。that在此处仅引导主语从句，不表示任何意义 eg.That he will come is certain.4.状语从句
1.Melted iron is poured into the mixer _____ tea is poured into a cup from a teapot.A.in the same way like B.in the same way which C.in the same way D.in the same way as
1.D 译文：溶化的铁水倒入搅拌机就像茶水由茶壶倒入茶杯一样。
本题考查方式状语从句，the same常与as连用，且as不能省略。
2.He will surely finish the job on time _____ he's left to do it in his own way.A.in that B.as long as C.in case D.as far as
2.B 译文：只要让他用自己的方式去做这个工作，他就肯定能按时完成。本题考查条件状语从句的引导词，A、C、D项的意思不对，所以选B。
3.They decided to chase the cow away _____ it did more damage.A.unless B.until C.before D.after
3.C 译文：他们决定在那头牛搞更多破坏之前把它赶走。
本题考查before引导时间状语从句的用法，表示“在„„之前”，其它选项的意思都不 10
符合。
2.4.Many patients insist on having watches with them in hospital, _____ they have no schedules to keep.A.even though B.for C.as if D.since
4.A 译文：许多病人坚持住院时佩戴手表，尽管他们无需遵守日程。本题考查让步状语从句，根据句意可知，应选择表示转折关系的词；even though尽管，for因为，as if似乎，since既然，只有A项表转折关系。
5.Rod is determined to get a seat for the concert _____ it means standing in a queue all night.A.as if B.even if C.provided D.whatever
5.B 译文：罗德决心搞到这次演唱会的座位票，即时要排一整夜的队也行。本题也是考查让步状语从句，根据意思应选B。as if引导的是方式状语从句，provided引导条件状语从句，whatever表示“无论如何”。eg.She behaved as if nothing had happened.她表现的像什么都没发生过似的。
Provided(that)there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.如果没人反对，我们就在这里开会。
6.You should insure your house _____ there is a fire.A.if B.for C.in case D.unless
6.C 译文：你应该给你的房子买保险，以防发生火灾。
if如果，unless除非，引导的都是条件状语从句；for因为，引导目的状语从句常位于句尾；in case以防，引导目的状语从句，给房子投保的目的是为了预防火灾的发生。
3.7.They climbed to the top of the hill _____ they got a bird's eye-view of the city.A.for fear that B.in order that C.in case D.as a result
7.B 译文：他们爬上山顶以便能俯瞰这座城市。for fear that“以免、唯恐”，in order that“以便、为了”，in case“以防、万一”三者都可以引导目的状语从句，as a result“结果”是副词词组，不引导状语从句，根据题意登上山顶是为了俯瞰城市，所以选B。
8._____ you are leaving tomorrow, we can eat dinner together tonight.A.For B.Before C.Since D.While
8.C 译文：既然你明天就要走了，今晚我们一起吃饭吧。
本题考查原因状语从句，for虽然可以引导原因状语从句，但只能放在句末；before和while引导的是时间状语从句，而题干是前因后果的关系，所以选择表示“因为”的since。
9.If that idea is wrong, the project is bound to fail, _____ good all the other ideas might be.A.whatever B.though C.whatsoever D.however
9.D 译文：无论其它想法有多好，如果那个想法是错的，那么这个计划肯定要失败。
本题要求填入一个修饰good的连词，选项中仅有however满足，相当于“no matter how good...”引导让步状语从句。
4.10.A driver should slow down _____ there are many houses.A.where
B.when C.till D.since
10.A 译文：在房子多的地方司机应减速行驶。
分析题干，从句是在说明司机在何处要减速行驶，因此要选择一个能引导地点壮语从句的连词；when和till只引导时间状语从句，since也只能引导时间和原因壮语从句。
11.He seldom reviewed his lessons _____ he failed in the final.A.in order that B.so that C.in that D.provided that
11.B 译文：他几乎不复习功课，以至期末考试没能及格。
本题主从句是因果关系；in order that“为了”后跟的从句表目的，in that“因为”后跟的从句表原因，provided that“假如”后跟的从句表条件，so that“所以”后跟的从句表结果。
12.You'll have to pay a fine _____ your return those books to the library immediately.A.until B.unless C.if D.provided
12.B 译文：如果你不立刻把这些书还给图书馆，你就得交罚款。
根据对题干的分析可知，需要交罚款的前提是不马上还书，要选择能引导条件状语从句的连词，在各选项中只有unless表示“除非„„，如果不„„”之意，if和provided虽然也可以引导条件壮语从句，但意思不符。
5.
第五篇：各类从句讲解
各类从句详解
英语从句可以分为名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句三大类：下面我们逐一进行说明：
一、名词性从句（主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句）
主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句在复合句中的充当的成分和其名称相同，分别作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。上述这四种从句均被称为名词性从句。所有的名词性从句均不能用逗号分开，并且它们都用相同的关联词，关联词如下：
①
主从连词：that(无意义), whether(是否), if(是否)（在句子中不充当任何成分）②
连接代词：who(谁), whom(谁), whose(谁的), what(什么), which(哪一个)③
连接副词：when(什么时候), where(什么地方), how(怎样), why(为什么)主从连词只起连接作用，连接代词和连接副词除了起连接作用外，还充当从句某一个成分。另外，可以用whatever, whichever, whoever, who(m)ever等连接代词引导名词性从句，来加强语气。
下面分别对各种名词性从句进行介绍
（一）主语从句（subject clause）
在主句中用作主语的主谓结构称之为主语从句。例如：
That he will come to the discussion is certain.他来参加讨论是确定的。
That the moon moves round the earth is well known to all of us.月球绕地球转动，这是我们大家都熟知的。
When the meeting is to be held has not yet been decide.会议什么时候召开还没有决定。主语从句放在句首，句子常常显得比较笨重，因此通常可以把it放在句首，作形式主语，而将主语从句放在后面。例如上面的句子可以分别改写为： It is certain that he will come to the discussion.It is well known to all of us that the moon moves round the earth.It has not yet been decide when the meeting is to be held.下面再举一些例句：
What they are after is profit.他们追求的是利润。That he is still alive is sheer luck.他还活着全靠运气。Who did the work is unknown.谁干了这工作无人知道。Whether she will join us won’t make too much difference.It won’t make too much difference whether she will join us.她是否参与我们的活动无关紧要。Which way is more effective is still a question.It is still a question which way is more effective.哪种办法效率更高还是个问题。
（二）表语从句（predicative clause）
在主句中担当表语的主谓结构称之为表语从句。
One idea is that fish is the best brain food.有一种看法认为鱼是最好的补脑食品。The problem is where we can hold our meeting.问题是我们可以在哪儿举行会议。
My question is how information is stored in the long-term memory.我的问题是信息是怎样储存在长期记忆中的。
That is what he really wants.那就是他真想要的东西。
It seems that everything goes smoothly.似乎一切都进行得很顺利。
（三）宾语从句（object clause）
在主句中作谓语动词、介词及非谓语动词的宾语的主谓结构称之为宾语从句。在引导宾语从句时，从属连词that在口语中和非正式文本中常省略。（1）动词后的宾语从句
We know that a parrot can’t really speak.我们知道鹦鹉不会真的说话。He wants to tell us what he thinks.他想告诉我们他所想的事情。
Knowing that it was going to rain, they decided to work inside the house.知道要下雨了，于是他们决定在室内工作。(现在分词knowing的宾语从句)I want to know whether/if you still work in the factory.我想知道你是否还在工厂工作。（不定式to know的宾语从句）The club will give whoever wins a prize.获胜者俱乐部将颁奖。Up to now we can’t say whether his theory can stand the test.到目前为止我们还不能说他的理论是否经得住考验。A little observation will show how the temperature changes.稍加观察就可以看出温度是怎样变化的。
Do you know who lives in this room?你知道谁住在这房间里吗？（2）介词后的宾语从句
He laughed at what they said.她对他们说的话一笑置之。
There is disagreement among economists about what money is and how money is measured.什么是货币以及怎样计量货币在经济学家之间存在分歧。
（3）形容词的宾语从句
有些形容词可以用that引导宾语从句，表示说话人对某一事物的态度并带有感情色彩。常见的这类形容词有：afraid, amazed, astonished, aware, certain, confident, delighted, glad, grateful, happy, proud, sad, sorry, sure, surprised等。
“害怕，惊讶，震惊，意识，确定，自信，高兴，高兴，高兴，高兴，自豪，伤心，对不起，当然，惊讶” 例如：
I am glad that you have come.你来了，我真高兴。
I am afraid that you are wrong on this point.恐怕你在这点上是错误的。
He is quite confident that he will pass the examination.他很有信心通过这个考试。
（四）同位词从句（apposition clause）
同位语从句就是在句子中担当同位语的主谓结构。
主句中有些词义比较抽象的名词，如：belief, doubt, evidence证据, idea, fact, hope, news, possibility, question, thought等，可以用that、连接代词和连接副词引出同位语从句。
There is no doubt that a large number of people benefit from heart surgery.毫无疑问，有许多人得益于心脏外科手术。
I have an idea that parents should monitor监控the kind of television their children watch.我有一个想法，父母应该检查孩子看电视的内容。
There is the news that some British customers will visit our company.有消息说几个英国客户要来我公司参观。
Is there any proof that the food of the plant differs from that of animals? 是否有任何证据可以说明植物性的食物不同于动物性的食物呢？ We all know the fact that organization helps memorization.我们都知道这样一个事实：把要记忆的材料组织起来有助于记忆。注意：虽然that在同位语从句中没有什么意义，但不能省略。区别：尽管由that引导的同位语从句与that引导的定语从句很相似，但两者有明显的区别。
(a)
that在同位语从句中是连词，只起连接作用，无具体词义，不能在从句中充当成分；而用that引导的定语从句中，that是关系代词，在从句中充当一定成分，并有词意。
(b)
同位语从句与其先行词在逻辑上有“主系表”的关系，例如上面的第一句可以理解为：“许多人得益于心脏外科手术是毫无疑问的”上述其它各句也是如此，而定语从句则没有这种关系。
（五）只可用whether但不可用if的情况 if, whether引导的名词性从句表示“是否”，其异同点如下： 相同点：
(a)用作宾语从句时，它们可互相替换。例如：
I wonder if/whether you can help me.我想知道你是否能帮助我。
(b)都可与or连用。例如：
Please tell me if/whether they are Swedish or Danish.诉我他们是瑞典人还是丹麦人。不同点：（只可用whether但不可用if的情况）
(a)if不能用于在句首的主语从句。例如：
Whether John will go remains a question.约翰是否去还是一个问题。
Whether she likes the present is not clear to me.她是否喜欢礼物我还不清楚。但可以说
It’s not clear to me if/whether she likes the present.（因为没有在句首，所以可以用if）
(b)if不能用于表语从句
The point is whether we should lend him the money.问题在于我们是否应该借钱给他。
(c)if不能引导介词的宾语从句
I worry about whether he can pass through the crisis of his illness.我担心他是否能度过疾病的危险期。
(d)if不能引导同位语从句
They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy.他们调查他是否值得信赖。
(e)if后不能接or not I don't care whether you like the plan or not.我不在乎你是否喜欢该计划。
是用if还是用whether是一个考点，但能用if的场合一定能用whether，反之则不然。
二、定语从句
在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句是定语从句（attributive clause）被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词，定语从句必须放在先行词后面。
定语从句一般由关系代词：that, which, who, whom, whose和关系副词：when, where, why引出。
注意区别：在名词性从句中，that是连词，在句中不充当任何成分，且没有任何意义；而在定语从句中，that是关系代词，在句中充当一定成分，并有词意。
（一）由关系代词引出的定语从句
关系代词which指物，在从句中作主语或宾语；who指人，在从句中作主语或宾语；whom指人，在从句中作宾语；that指人或物，常用于替代which, who, whom，在从句中作主语或宾语。whose指人或物，在从句中作定语。例如：
1.There are many sounds which/that have a meaning and yet are not words.有许多声音有意义但不是词。（which/that在从句中作主语）
2.The few points which/that the president stressed in his report are very important indeed.校长在报告中强调的几点确实非常重要。（which/that在从句中作宾语）
3.Some people who/that are successful language learners often fail in other fields.有些在语言学习上很成功的人，在其他领域常常一无所成。（who/that在从句中作主语）
4.Here is the man whom/who/that you’ve been looking for.这就是你一直在找的人。（whom/who/that在从句中作宾语）
5.She lives in the house whose door and windows are broken.她住在门窗已经坏了的房子里。（whose指物，在从句中作定语）
6.How many students are there in your class whose parents serve in the government agencies?你们班里有多少同学的父母在政府机关工作。（whose指人，在从句中作定语）
注意，在定语从句中的关系代词which, who, whom, that等，如果在从句中作宾语，也可以省略。例如上面的第二句、第四句也可以改为：
The few points the president stressed in his report are very important indeed.Here is the man you’ve been looking for.●介词提前 在从句中，如果which或whom在定语从句中原为介词的宾语，那么这个介词可以提到从句之前。（但that, who不适用）例如：
The girl to whom you spoke is my sister.（＝The girl whom you spoke to is my sister.）跟你说话的那个女孩是我妹妹。
前面说过，在定语从句中，如果关系代词做宾语可以省略，但是如果是介词的宾语，则关系代词省略后，介词不能提前，例如上句可改写为：
The girl you spoke to is my sister.（如果关系代词省略，to不能提前了）
（二）关系副词引出的定语从句 关系副词when（指时间），where（指地点），why（指原因）等引出的定语从句分别用来修饰表示时间、地点、原因的先行词。这些关系副词在从句中均作状语。例如：
1.At the time when I saw him, he was well.在我看到他的时候，他身体很好。
2.This is the place where the accident took place last night.这就是昨晚发生事故的地方。3.That is the reason why I am not in favor of your plan.这就是我不赞成你的计划的原因。可以用介词＋which结构替换关系副词。其中： when ＝ at/in/on/during which 表示时间 where ＝ in/at which 表示地点 why ＝ for which 表示原因
1.Do you remember the day when/on which you joined our club?还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗？
2.He will always remember the day when/on which his father returned from America.他将永远记住父亲从美国返回的那一天。
3.This was the time when/at which she left for Beijing.这就是她动身去北京的时间。4.This is the house where/in which I lived two years ago.这是我两年前住过的房子。
5.I don’t know the reason why/for which he didn’t come to the meeting yesterday morning.我不知道他为什么没参加昨天上午的会议。
（三）限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
定语从句根据与先行词的密切程度可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句与先行词关系密切，从句是整个句子不可缺少的部分，如果去掉它，句子的意思就不完整或不明确。从句与主句之间不用逗号隔开。译成汉语时，一般先译定语从句，再译先行词。
1.The distance that light travels in one second is 300thousand kilometers.光在一秒钟所走的距离为30万公里。
2.Those who want to go please sign their names here.想去的人在这里签名。
3.This is the place where the Anti-Japanese War broke out.这里是抗日战争爆发的地方。此外，前面所给出的例句均为限制性定语从句。
非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句与先行词的关系比较松散，从句只是对先行词的附加说明。如果去掉它，句子的意思仍然清楚。从句与主句之间常用逗号隔开。译成汉语时，从句常单独译成一句。例如：
1.Steel, which has many useful properties, is widely used in the machine-building industry.钢有许多有用的特性，所以它在机械制造业中得到了广泛的应用。
2.Mr.Brown, who just came from Britain yesterday, will teach us accounting this term.布朗先生昨天刚从英国来，这学期将教我们会计学。
3.She is going to spend the winter holidays in Hainan, where she has some relatives.她准备到海南度寒假，那儿她有一些亲戚。
（四）as引出的定语从句
as常在such„as和same„as的结构中作关系代词，引出定语从句。例如：
1.Such people as you describe are rare nowadays.你描述的这种人现在已经寥寥无几了。2.Let us discuss only such question as concern everyone of us.我们只讨论与我们每个人有关的问题吧。
3.I feel just the same as you do.我的感觉和你一样。
4.My stand on this problem is just the same as it was four years ago.在这个问题上，我的立场和四年前一样。
（五）关系代词that与which的比较
在定语从句中，当先行词是物时，引导词that和which常常可以通用，但以下几种情况需注意。
注意1 只宜于用which，不用that的情况。(1)先行词为that，those时。
What’s that which is under the desk? 在桌子底下的那个是什么？(2)引导词（关系代词）前有介词时。
This is the room in which he lives.这是他居住的房间。
注意2 只宜于用that，不用which的情况。
(1)先行词是形容词最高级或者它的前面有形容词最高级修饰时。
The film is the most interesting that I have ever seen.这部电影是我看过的最有趣的一部。English is the most difficult subject that you will learn during these years.英语会是这些年你学的最难的科目。
(2)先行词是序数词或它的前面有last或序数词修饰时。
It’s the first film that I saw this year.这是我今年看的第一部电影。
Tom is always the first that comes to the classroom.Tom总是第一个到教室的人。(3)主句以疑问词who，which开头时，不用which或who，以避免重复。Which is the bike that you lost? 哪辆是你丢的自行车？(4)先行词既有人又有物时。
They are taiking about the sutdents and the school that they visited yesterday.他们正在谈论昨天访问的学生和学校。
(5)先行词是all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one等代词时。You should hand in all that you have.你应该把你有的所有上交。
We haven’t got much that we can offer you.我们没有太多能提供给你。
Is this school the one that we are going to visit tomorrow? 这所学校是我们明天要参观的那个吗？
Is there anything that you want to buy? 你有什么想要买的东西吗？
(6)先行词前有no, any, few, little, all, the only, the same, the very等词修饰时。
The only thing that we can do is to give you some money.我们能做的唯一的事就是给你一些钱。
There are no children that don’t love their parents.没有孩子不爱他们的父母。
三、状语从句
在复合句中起状语作用的从句叫状语从句（adverbial clause）。状语从句按其意义可以分为：时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、比较、方式、让步等类别。下面就按状语从句的类别逐一介绍。
（一）时间状语从句
时间状语从句通常由下列连词引导：when, whenever, as, while, since, till, until, before, after, once, as soon as, no sooner than, hardly when, scarcely when等
例如：
I will discuss this with you when we meet.我们见面时再与你讨论这件事。
Come and see me whenever you want to.任何时候想来就来看看我。
We must strike while the iron is hot.我们必须趁热打铁。
As he was making his experiments, he observed this physical phenomenon.当他在做实验时，他观察到这个物理现象。
I watched her until she disappeared from sight in the distance.我看着她直到她远远地消失在视野中。
You haven’t changed much since we met last year.自从去年我们见面以来，你变化不大。
He had learned English for three years before he went to London.他去伦敦之前已学了三年英语。
The sun came out soon after the storm stopped.暴风雨过后不久，太阳出来了。
I’ll send you the sample as soon as it is made ready.一旦样品制好，我马上给你寄去。
●注意：when, as, while的区别
区别1: when, as, while都可以表示一段持续性时间，但表示一个时间点时，要用when, as而不能用while。
例如：
He entered the room when/as/while the meeting was going on.正当开会的时候他走进了房间。（开会是一个持续性时间）
但是：
When/as he finished the speech, the audience burst into applause.当他讲话结束时，听从掌声雷动。（讲话结束是一个时间点，不能用while）
区别2：when除有“当„的时候”之意外，还有“当„之后，然后”之意，因此从句的动作发生在主句动作之前，只能用when 引导从句，不可用as 或 while。
例如：
When you have finished your work, you may have a rest.当你干完活后，你可以休息一下。（从句动作在主句前，只能用when）
此外，时间状语从句还可以由一些名词引导，如：the moment, the instant, the minute, the second, the day, every time等。此外有些副词也可以引导时间状语从句，如：instantly, directly, immediately等。
例如：
I’ll telephone you the instant I know.我一知道就立即给你打电话。
Every time I catch a cold, my nose runs.我一感冒就流鼻涕。
I came immediately I'd eaten.我一吃完饭就来了。
（二）地点状语从句
地点状语从句主要由：where, wherever引导。
Where I live there are plenty of trees.我住的地方树很多。
You have the right to live where you want.你有权居住在你想住的地方。
Wherever I am I will be thinking of you.不管我在哪里我都会想到你。
Sit wherever you like.你想坐在哪里就坐在那里。
Wherever you go you will see great changes that have taken place in that city.不管你走到哪里，你都会看到那座城市发生的巨大变化。
（三）原因状语从句
原因状语从句经常由下列连词引导：because, as, since, for, in that, now(that), seeing(that), considering(that), not that„but that等。其中because通常放在主句后面（有时也可放在句首）；其语气比as, since要强，在回答why引导的疑问句时，必须用because回答；since通常放在句首，常表示已为人们所知的原因或理由；语气比because要弱；as可放在句首或句末，语气相对更弱；for不能用于句首，只能用于主句后，for引导的从句并不说明主句行为发生的直接原因，只是一种解释，语气要比because弱得多。
例如：
She has just missed her bus because the timetable has changed.因为汽车时刻表变了，她没有赶上汽车。
As the weather was fine, we decided to climb the mountain.因为天气很好，我们决定爬山。
Since he is busy, I won’t trouble him.既然他很忙，我就不打扰他了。
He felt no fear, for he was very brave.他没有感到恐惧，因为他很勇敢。(for不能用在句首)
in that, now(that), seeing(that), considering(that)这几个连词与as, since的意义相近，都有“鉴于某种事实，原因是”的意思，例如：
A gas differs from a solid in that it has no definite shape.气体不同于固体就在于它没有一定的形状。
Now that all are present, let’s start the discussion.既然全都出席了，我们就开始讨论。
Seeing(that)she was seriously ill, they sent for the doctor.鉴于她病情严重，他们派人请了医生。
not that„but that表示：“不是(因为)，而是(因为)”。
He left a bit worried, not that his students were not working hard, but that they cared little for their health.他有些着急，不是因为他的学生不努力学习，而是因为他们不太注意身体健康。
注意：原因状语从句与结果状语从句常可互换：例如：
John flew into a rage because I took no notice of him.因为我没有注意到约翰，他生气了。
I took no notice of John, so that he flew into a rage.我没有注意到约翰，结果他生气了。
上面可以看出，原来的原因状语从句变为了主句，而原来的主句变为了结果状语从句。
（四）目的状语从句
目的状语从句通常由that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that等引导
例如：
They set out early that they might arrive at the station in good time.他们很早就出发了，以便及时赶到车站。
Let’s take the front seats so that we can see more clearly.我们坐前排吧，这样可以看得更清楚一些。
We should do our utmost in order that we may be able to over fulfill the task.为了超额完成任务，我们应该全力以赴。
He took his umbrella with him lest it rain.他带了雨伞，以防下雨。
Batteries must be kept in dry places for fear that electricity leak away.电池一定要放在干燥的地方，以免漏电。注意有时目的状语从句要用虚拟语气，例句请参考有关“虚拟语气”的章节。
（五）结果状语从句
结果状语从句通常由：so that, so„that, such„that等引导。
例如：
He made a wrong decision, so that half of his lifetime was wasted.他作了错误的决定，结果毁掉了半生。
The problem is so complicated that it will take us much time to work it out.这道题这么复杂，我们要用很多时间才能解决。
The mountain is so high that she can't climb it up to the top.那座山太高了，她无法登上山顶。
He ran so fast that his brother couldn't catch up with him.他跑得太快了，他弟弟赶不上他。
The aircraft was flying at such a high altitude that we could hardly see it.飞机飞行的高度是这么的高，以致于我们几乎看不到它。
He is such a naughty boy that he becomes unwelcome in his neighborhood.他是那么个调皮的孩子，以至在邻里中不受欢迎。
（六）条件状语从句
条件状语从句可由下列连词引导：if, unless, on condition(that), suppose/supposing(that), provided/providing(that), as/so long as, in case等。
If it snows tomorrow, we will build a snowman.明天如果下雪，我们就堆雪人。
If you are not too tied, let's go out for a walk.如果你不太累，我们去散散步。
You’ll be late unless you hurry.如果不赶快的话，你会迟到的。（unless ＝ if„not）
I’ll lend you my computer on condition(that)you keep it in good shape.如果你能保持我的计算机的良好状态，我就可以借给你用。
Suppose we are late, what will he say?
假如我们迟到，他会说什么？
Supposing we can’t get the necessary data, what shall we do?
假如我们弄不到必要的数据，那我们怎么办呢？
Providing you promise not to tell anyone else, I’ll explain the secret.只要你保证不告诉任何人，我就把这个秘密讲给你听。
In case it rains, do not expect me.万一下雨，就不要等我了。
He will do anything as long as it is interesting.只要有意义，他什么都愿意干。
有些条件状语从句可以或必须使用虚拟语气，详见“虚拟语气”。
（七）比较状语从句
比较状语从句可由下列连词引导：than, as„as, not so/as„as, the„the„等。
Bill is taller than Bob(is).比尔比鲍勃高。
I can walk faster than you can run.我走得比你跑得还要快。
He is a greater painter than people suppose(he is).他是一个比人们想像的更伟大的画家。
Tom works as hard as John(dose).汤姆和约翰工作一样努力。
Her mother is not as tall as she(is).她妈妈没有她高.注意：than, as„as从句与主句结构上相同的部分常省略，只留下相比较的部分。如：
I know you better than he(knows you).我比他更了解你。
注意区别：
I know you better than him.我了解你比了解他更多。
说明：本句中的than是介词，后面要用代词的宾格him，而上一句的than是连词，引导的是比较状语从句，即使后面的成分省略，代词也要用主格he。
但是，有时虽然从句与主句结构相同，但意义不同，从句一般不能省略，例如：
The house is much taller than it is wide.这房子的高度比宽度大的多。
the„the„句型表示“越„越„”
The sooner, the better.越快越好。The Greater the mass of a body, the greater is its inertia.物体的质量越大，它的惯性就越大。
Actually, the busier he is, the happier he feels.事实上，他越忙越高兴。
（八）方式状语从句
比较状语从句可由下列连词引导：as, as if/though
I did just as you told me.我正是按照你说的办的。
Please state the facts as they are.请如实地陈述事实。
It looks as if/though it’s going to rain.看起来好像要下雨了。
注意：as if引导的从句，即可以是陈述语气，也可以是虚拟语气。但两者表达的意思不同。
例如：
He walk as if he is drunk.他走起路来好像喝醉了。（陈述语气，有可能真的喝醉了）
He walk as if her were drunk.他走起路来好像喝醉了似的。（虚拟语气，在说话人看来，他并没有喝醉）
（九）让步状语从句
让步状语从句可由下列连词引导：although, though, as, even if/though, however, whatever, no matter how/what/where/when, whether„or等
although与though意义基本相同，都表示“虽然”，只是although语气更重，常用于句首。
例如：
Although he is poor, he is honest.他虽然空，但是诚实。
Air has weight, though it is very light.虽然空气很轻，但它有重量。
注意，although, though用于引导状语从句，but用于引导并列句，although, though与but不能同时使用。
Try as I might, I couldn’t lift the stone.尽管我可以试一试，但我不可能举起那块石头。（要倒装）
Even though you say so, I do not believe it.即使你这样说，我也不相信。
However hard he tries, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.尽管他做出努力，但他似乎从来不能令人满意地完成工作。
Whatever you say she never listens.不管你说什么，她都不听。
No matter where you go on the earth, you will feel the gravity.无论你走到地球的什么地方，你都会感觉到地引力。
He keeps on with his physical training in the winter no matter how cold it is.不管冬天天气多冷，他总是坚持体育锻炼。
We'll start our meeting on time whether he comes or not.无论他来不来，我们将准时开会。
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