第一篇：从句大全
4．同位语从句是名词性从句(主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句)中的主要从句之一，从句作同位语表示与之同位的名词(短语)的实际内容，它的作用相当于名词，对前面的名词(短语)加以补充说明或进一步解释，相当于一个表语从句，它们之间的关系是同位关系，即主表关系。
5．定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。
（举例子说明）：
主语从句
在复合句中充当主语成分的句子叫做主语从句。常规主语从句，即句子在复合句中充当一个主语。主语从句的时态：不受主句的时态影响和限制。
（1）That he finished writing the composition in such a short timesurprised us all.（2）Whether we will go for an outing tomorrowremains unknown.（3）Who will be our monitor hasn't been decided yet.（4）Whom we must study for is a question of great importance.（5）What caused the accidentremains unknown.（6）Whatever you did is right.（7）Who the watch belongs to is unknown.（8）What we needis time.（9）What we needare good doctors.主语从句小结:
（1）引导主语从句连词有that,whether,who,what,whatever等。
（2）连词位于句首不能省略。
（3）主语从句大多数情况下视为第三人称单数，但也有例外，如例（9）
宾语从句定义
宾语从句就是一个句子作动词或介词的宾语。宾语从句在复合句中作宾语，位于及物动词后；
Tell him which class you are in.Do you know what he likes？
【注】宾语从句的分类：
A、作动词的宾语：
eg．I heard the news
I 主语 heard 谓语动词 the news.名词作宾语
I 主语 heard 谓语动词 that he would come here later on.一个句子作宾语---宾语从句
B、作介词的宾语：
eg．He said nothing about this plan。
He主语 said 谓语动词 nothing 代词作动词的宾语 about 介词 the plan.名词作介词的宾语
折叠三要素语序
宾语从句必须用陈述语序。
False: He is wondering when can he finish this difficult job.Right: He is wondering when he can finish this difficult job.【注】否定前移，及完成反意问句；
在think/ believe/ suppose/ guess/ imagine/ expect等动词后跟宾语从句否定式时，可以转移到主句上去，完成反意疑问句时，应与从句主、谓保持一致。（注：否定前移的条件是，主句主语是第一人称）
I don't think you are right,are you
I don't believe they have finished their work yet,have they 【注】在表示建议suggest,advise；要求demand、desire、require、request、propose；决定 decide;命令 order、command;坚决主张 insist;等动词后跟宾语从句，用（should）+v．（虚拟语气）
I suggested that you（should）study hard．
He ordered that we should go out at once．
【注】如果宾语从句后有宾语补足语，用it作形式宾语，把宾语从句后置
You may think it strange that he would live there．
折叠三要素连接词
带有宾语从句的复合句就是用连接词把一个主句和一个宾语从句连接在一起。连接词有：that可省略，what,who,when,where,why,which,if,whether,how.1．从句为陈述句，常选择连接词that或将that省略，直接与主句相连。
【注】that常在以下情况下不能省略
（1.当that作learn,suggest,explain,agree,wonder,prove,mean,state,feel,hold等动词的宾语时；
（2．当宾语从句较长时；
（3．当主语状语置于主句尾，宾语从句之前时；
（4．当主语谓语动词(包括非谓语动词)与宾语从句之间有插入语时；
（5．当一个动词带有两个或两个以上宾语从句时，此时第一个that可以省略，第二个that不可以省略；
（6．当宾语从句中的主语是this,that或this,that做主语的定语时；
（7．当宾语从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时；
（8．当宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词或主语从句时；
（9．当主语中的谓语动词是固定词组时；
（10．当宾语从句有it做先行词时；
（11．在直接引语中，转述分句把宾语从句隔开时.2．从句为一般疑问句，常选择连接词if或whether。在whether„or not结构中不能用if替换。
【注】if/whether区别
①if和whether在作“是否”解时，引导宾语从句常放在动词know,ask,care,wonder,find out等之后，介词后一般不用if
②少数动词，如：leave,put,discuss,doubt后的宾语从句常用whether.③whether后可以加or not,但是if不可以.④在不定式前只能用whether.如：I can’t decide whether to stay.我不能决定是否留下。
⑤避免歧异时，我们常用whether而不用if.3．从句为特殊疑问句，常选择what,when,where,which,why，who,how等的疑问代、副词作连接词。
★当who为主语时，句式为：who+谓语+其他.折叠三要素时态
1．主句是一般现在时，从句现在时态不变。
He says(that)he will leave a message on my desk.They know(that)he is working hard.2．主句是一般过去时，从句为各种相应还是过去时态。
He answered that he was listening to me.3．主句是一般将来时，一般从句为一般现在时（“主将从现”）
4.当从句所叙述的事实为一个定理或客观存在时，无论主句是什么时态，从句均用一般现在时。但与人有关的均不是定理。
He told me that he was a boy.（虽然性别是客观存在的，但“男”“女”也是人为定义的，故非第4种情况）
Father told me that practice makes perfect.（所叙述的事实为一个定理，用一般现在时）
折叠动词的宾语从句
一般情况下大多数动词都可以带宾语从句
We all expect that they will win,for members of their team are stronger.我们都预料他们会赢，因为他们的队员更强壮.He told us that they would help us though the whole work.他告诉我们在整个工作#中，他都会帮忙的.★部分“动词+副词”结构也可以带宾语从句
★动词短语也可以带宾语从句
常见的这些词有：make sure确保 make up one’s mind下决心 keep in mind牢记
例句：
Make sure that there are no mistakes in your papers before you turn them in.在上交试卷前确保没有任何错误.折叠it的宾语从句
①动词find,feel,consider,make,believe等后面有宾语补足语的时候，则需要用it做形式宾语而将that宾语从句后置.例句：
I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day.我认为每天多喝开水是有必要的.I feel it a pity that I haven’t been to the get-together.我没去聚会，感觉非常遗憾.I have made it a rule that I keep diaries.我每天写日记成了习惯.We all find it important that we(should)make a quick decision about this matter.我们都认为对这件事马上做出决定很重要.②有些动词带宾语从句时需要在宾语与从句前加it
这类动词主要有：hate,take,owe,have,see to.I hate it when they speak with their mouths full of food.我讨厌他们满嘴食物时说话.He will have it that our plan is really practical.他会认为我们的计划确实可行.We take it that you will agree with us.我们认为你会同意我们的.When you start the engine,you must see to it that car is in neutral.开启发动机时，一定要使汽车的离合器处于空挡位置.③若宾语从句是wh-类，则不可用it代替
We all consider what you said to be unbelievable.我们都认为你所说的是不可信的.We discovered what we had learned to be valuable.我们发现我们所学到的东西都是有用的.折叠介词的宾语从句
用wh-类的介词宾语从句
We are talking about whether we admit students into our club.我们正在讨论是否让学生加入我们的俱乐部.The new book is about how Shenzhou 6 manned spaceship was sent up into space.这本新书是关于神州6号载人航天飞船是如何升如太空的.★用that,if引导的介词宾语从句有时候except,but,besides三个介词后可见到that引导的宾语从句
I know nothing about my new neighbor except that he used to work with a company.对于我的新邻居我只知道他曾在一家公司上班，其他一无所知.折叠形容词的宾语从句
常用来引导宾语从句的形容词有：sure,certain,glad,please,happy,sorry,afraid,satisfied,surprised
I am sure I will pass the exam.我确信我会通过考试.I am sorry that I have troubled you so long.很抱歉我这么长时间在打扰你.He is glad that Li Ming went to see him when he was ill.很高兴在他生病的时候李明能去看望他.折叠编辑本段同位语从句
与先行词同位或等同的从句叫作同位语从句。其关联词多为that。
同位语从句用法比较“固定”,把关键的几个词背下来（下面这个材料供参考）：
一、在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某些名词后面，用以说明该名词表示的具体内容。如：
I heard the news that our team had won．我听到了我们队获胜的消息。
I had no idea that you were here．我不知道你在这里。
二、可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，words（消息），possibility等。如：
I’ve come from Mrwang with a message that he won’t be able to see you this afternoon．我从王先生那里来，他让我告诉你他今天下午不能来看你了。
三、英语中引导同位语从句的词中有连词 that，whether，连接副词how,when,where等。（注：if 不能引导同位语从句。）如：
l have no idea When he will be back．我不知道他什么时候回来。
He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not.他必须回答他是否同意这样一个问题。
四、有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在说明的名词后面，而被别的词隔开。如： Several years later，word came that Napoleon himself was coming to inspect them．
几年以后，有消息传来说拿破仑要亲自视察他们。
The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city．
他突然想起可能敌人已经逃出城了。
五、同位语从句与定语从句的区别。
1．同位语从句与前面的名词是同位关系，即说明它前面名词的内容；而定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰关系，即限定它前面的名词范围，或补充一些情况。如：
The news that l have passed the exam is true．我通过了考试这一消息是真的。
同位语从句，即从句所表达的意思就是前面名词的内容。
The news that he told me just now is true．他刚才告诉我的消息是真的。
定语从句，从句对前面名词起修饰限制作用，即“他告诉我的”那个消息，而不是别的消息。
2．引导同位语从句的that是连词，在从句中不充当任何成份，而引导定语从句的that是关系代词，除起连接作用外，还在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语等。如：
The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many people.计算机能够识别人的声音的想法使许多人感到惊奇。that在从句中不充当任何成份。
The idea that he gave surprises many people．他提出的观点令许多人感到吃惊。
that在从句中作gave的宾语。
一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行修饰，限定或说明，这个名词(或其它形式)就是同位语。同位语与被它限定的词的格要一致，并常常紧挨在一起。
1)非独立的同位语：常出现在被限定词前
Bruce Lee(姓名)李小龙
Graf Schmidt(称号，浑名)施密特伯爵
Doctor Wang(职称，头衔)王博士
Uncel Liu(亲戚的称呼)刘叔叔
die Stadt Shanghai(类属名称)上海市
the Province Hebei(类属名称)河北省
das Jahr 2000(类属名称)2000 年
three Kilo tomato(度量名称)三公斤西红柿
the University Bremen(专有名词)不来梅大学
国际上另一种分法为关系从句
关系从句（relative clause)
关系从句的理解与翻译
人们习惯称由关系代词that，which，who，whom，whose和关系副词when，where等引导的从句为“定语从句”，认为这种从句的功能同汉语定语相当，只不过英语的定语从句后置，汉语的定语前置罢了。但随着对语言认识的不断深入，人们发现很多这样的从句不能用定语来翻译。让我们先看一例：
Kennedy was rushed to a hospital where he died immediately.若拘泥于“简短的定语从句可译为汉语前置定语”的观点，该句子就可能会被译为：
肯尼迪被急忙送到一家他很快就死的医院。
译文听上去荒谬可笑，仿佛送医院的目的是为了“很快就死”，这显然有悖原意。这里“where”起过渡连接的作用，相当于“and there”，在语义上属另一新层次，绝无修饰，更无限制“怎样的医院”之意。从句中“died”这一动作发生于主句中“was rushed”的动作之后，进一步交待了事情发展的结果。可见，这种结构难用“定语从句”来解释。因此有的语言学家主张将这种句子笼统称为“关系从句”。这种正名有利于我们摆脱“定语”的吏缚，深入分析该类从句形形色色的内在关系。所以，例1应译为：
我们知道，汉语由于缺乏关系代词、关系连词等连接手段，通常只有以时间或逻辑为轴线安排句子，对语序的依赖性极大，如果把后发生的事做前置定语就会显得很好笑，如“送到一家很快就死的医院”“写受老师赞扬的作文”。而英语的连接手段相当丰富，构成信息焦点的中心词后面可马上由关系代词引导从句补充信息，从句中需补充信息的名词后又衍生出二度、三度„„从句，但仍能使人感到句子层次清楚。如：
此外，读者也许注意到了：在1、2、3、4、5例中，抛开关系代词等结构不管，我们可明显察觉英语、汉语的语序同事件发生的时间顺序基本一致，这无疑是翻译转换的极好基础，只需在关系代词处断句，省掉关系代词，必要的话重复一下名词，照原文顺序翻译即可。那么如果主、从句中谓语的动作是持续性的，或时序不清楚又怎么样呢？请看例句：
He is a professor who gives lectures in several universities this semester.他是教授，这学期在几所大学兼课。
All this time I was living with a young married couple who interested me very much,for they were unlike any people had ever known.这段时期我一直和一对年轻夫妇同住在一块儿，这对夫妇使我很感兴趣，因为他们同我以前所认识的人都不一样。
以上两例中主句传递了主要信息，从句传递了辅助信息，从另一侧面加以补充描述，或提供某种必要的背景知识，关系代词则起停顿、衔接、过渡的作用，使语义发展顺利进人另一层次，我们似乎察觉不到这些从句跟中心词之间有何限制或修饰关系。
有时关系代词和关系副词还体现了主、从句间的某种逻辑关系，不能简单地视为“代替”某个名词而同时接续从句的词。如：
In 1906,however,Pierre,who was crossing a road,was run over and killed.(who„≈ when he„)
1906年，皮埃尔在横穿马路时被车压死了。
Dr.Bethune,who was very tired on his arrival,set to work at once.(who was„≈ though he was)
白求恩大夫刚到时虽然很累，但他立即便开始工作。
We know that a cat,whose eyes can take in many more rays of light than our eyes,can see clearly in the night.(whose eyes„≈ because its eyes„)
我们知道，由于猫眼能比人眼吸收更多的光线，所以猫在夜里也能看得很清楚。
He would be a shortsighted commander who merely manned his fortress and did not look beyond.(who„≈ if he„)
(谁如果)只守城堡而不往远处看，(那他)就是目光短浅的指挥官。
There was something original,independent and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them.(that„≈ so that the Plan„)
此方案新颖，有独创性，有魄力，(所以)他们都喜欢。
以上五例中，关系代词、副词在特定语境表示了时间、让步、原因、条件、结果等逻辑关系，意义上相当于状语从句，翻译时也当然不能译为定语。另外，11、12两句的汉译中括号里的汉字省掉后意思仍然清楚而且显得更简洁、紧凑，这也是我们在翻译时应该考虑的。
传统语法囿于“定语从句”的观念，以关系代词前有无逗号为准，机械地将关系从句分为“限制性定语从句”和“非限制性定语从句”，这是很不全面的。我们应该深入理解原文的深层意思，尊重汉语的习惯，才能翻译出正确、地道的译文。
折叠编辑本段定语从句
用作定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般皆放在被它所修饰的名（代）词之后，这种名（代）词就叫作先行词（Antecedent）。引导定语从句的关联词为关系代词(或称引导词、关系词等）。关系代词在定语从句中可用作主语、宾语、定语等；关系副词在定语从句中用作状语。
①引导定语从句的关联词有who,whom,whose,that,when,where,why和 which.在非限制定语从句中，只可用which,who,whose,where,when.,如果指代前面整个句子，多用which.例句：
The dog that/which was lost has been found.失踪的狗已经找到了。
Those who are in favor of the proposal are expected to discuss it in detail after the meeting.有人认为那些对这个提案有兴趣的人最好是在会后再具体讨论它。
There are many organizations whose purpose is to help the homeless.存在着许多旨在帮助无家可归者的组织。
The days when we had to rely on wool,cotton or silk for our clothes have now passed.那种必须依赖羊毛，棉花或者蚕丝做衣服的日子已经过去了。
Air moves from places where the pressure was high to places where the pressure is low.空气从压强高的地方流向压强低的地方。
This is the reason why he refused to help us.这就是他拒绝帮助我们的原因。
He was born in 1976,when an earthquake struck the country.他出生于1976年，这一年这个城镇发生了地震。
They turned a blind eye to the suffering of the people,which enraged all of us.他们对受苦人们的漠视激怒了我们。
②当引导定语从句的先行词前有all,any,no,little,much,very first等词，或先行词前为形容词最高级所修饰时，或先行词为all,anything,nothing,something,everything时，从句的引导词只能用that.The only thing that matters to the children is how soon they can have their holiday.孩子们唯一关心的是他们什么时候放假？
These are the very points that puzzle me.真正困扰我的是这些观点。
Is there anything that bothers you? 有什么事烦着你吗？
This is the best film that was ever produced by the company.这部是那个公司有史以来拍摄得最好的电影。
③as 可做引导词引导定语从句，多和such,the same 连用.As 引导的定语从句也可修饰整个句子，既可放在先行词后，也可放在句子开头.例句：
Such people as you describe are rare nowadays.你描述的那一类人现在很少了。
The boy was run over by a motor-car,as often happened in pre-liberation Shanghai.那个男孩被一辆摩托轧过去了，这种事在解放前的上海是不少见的。
As is often the case,the girl forgot to bring her dictionary.正如往常一样，这个女孩又忘了带上字典。
We are opposed to such ideas as are not based upon objective facts.我们是反对这种毫无事实根据的想法的。
④介词+which/whom/whose从句
The driver is the man from whose room she had stolen the gold watch.她就是从那个司机的房间偷了金表的。
Language is a tool by means of which people communicate ideas with each other.语言就是人们用来和其他人交流的一种工具。
Jane spent all evening talking about her latest book,of which none of us had ever heard.Jane一晚上都在谈论着也最近学课本，那些内容我们闻所未闻。
例题：
Water dissolves a part of nearly everything _______ it comes in contact.a.where b.that c with which d as soon as
⑤代/名+介词+which 从句
He is needing a book,the name of which I don't know.他需要一本书，但是我不知道书名。
In factories and in our daily life,there are many waste materials,all of which can be turned into useful things under certain condition.在工厂里，在我们的日常生活中都有很多垃圾，其实这些垃圾在某种情况下是可以转变为有用的东西的。
To make an objective test the teacher writes a series of questions,each of which has only one correct answer.为了能够客观地测试，老师写了一串答案唯一的问题。
⑥同位语从句和定语从句
The news that he has been admitted by Harvard University is very pleasing.他被哈佛大学录取的消息非常令人兴奋。
The news that you told me was really exciting.你告诉我的好个消息真的是很激动人心。
⑦难句：
NO.1He is one of the men who were chosen to represent the group.他是被选为代表该团队的人中一员。
NO.2He is the only one of those boys who is willing to take on another assignment.他是那些男孩中唯一一个愿意再接受任务的人。
NO.3I shall never forget the day when we first met.我永远也不会忘记我们第一次见面的那一天。
NO.4I remember the morning when he first came to school.我记得早上，当他第一次来到学校。
NO.4I shall never forget the days which I spent in the countryside.我永远不会忘记和你一起度过的日子，我在农村度过的。
NO.5The room where he lived is kept in good repair.他住的房间是保持良好使用状态。
NO.6Alva found a place in the cellar where he uses as his first laboratory.馆长在地窖里找到一个地方使用作为他第一次在他的实验室。
NO.7The way in which/that you answered the questions was admirable.以何种方式/这就是你回答了他所提出的问题令人钦佩
第二篇：从句
从句
名词性从句
在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句（Noun Clauses）。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组，它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。主语从句
作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that，whether，if和连接代词what，who，which，whatever，whoever以及连接副词how，when，where，why等词引导。that在句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。例如：
What he wants to tell us is not clear.他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。如果what-分句本身明显表示复数意义，比如what分句的动词和补语都是复数，那么主句动词也可用复数。
如：What I say and think are none of your business.(我说的和我想的都与你无关。)注意：当what引导的名词性分句作主语时，主谓一致问题极为复杂。著名学者周海中教授在论文《关于what-分句作主语的主谓一致问题》中就这一问题做了深入研究，并给出了10种的主谓一致关系。这些一致关系值得英语学习者和使用者特别注意。有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下： ⑴It + be + 名词+ that从句 ⑵It + be + 形容词+ that从句
⑶It + be + 动词的过去分词+ that从句 ⑷It +不及物动词+ that 从句
另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气“（should)+do”，常用的句型有：
It is necessary(important, natural, strange, etc.)that … It is suggested(requested, proposed, desired, etc.)that… 宾语从句
名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样，在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。1.由连接词that引导的宾语从句
由连接词that引导宾语从句时，that在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去，但如从句是并列句时，第二个分句前的that不可省。例如： He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow.他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。
We must never think(that)we are good in everything while others are good in nothing.我们决不能认为自己什么都好，别人什么都不好。注意：在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, request, command, doubt等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，宾语从句常用“（should）+ 动词原形”。例如：
I insist that she(should)do her work alone.我坚持要她自己工作。
The commander ordered that troops(should)set off at once.司令员命令部队马上出发。
2.用who, whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句，应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。例如：
I want to know what he has told you.我想知道他告诉了你什么。
3.用whether或if引导的宾语从句，其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒，仍保持陈述句语序。此外，whether与if 在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether，不用if：
a.引导主语从句并在句首时；b.引导表语从句时；c.引导从句作介词宾语时；d.从句后有“or not”时；e.后接动词不定式时。例如：
Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question.月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。
4.注意宾语从句中的时态呼应，当主句动词是现在时，从句根据自身的句子情况，而使用
不同时态。例如：
He studies English every day.（从句用一般现在时）He studied English last term.（从句用一般过去时）
I know(that)he will study English next year.（从句用一般将来时）he has studied English since 1998.（从句用现在完成时）
当主句动词是过去时态（could, would除外），从句则要用相应的过去时态，如一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时等；当从句表示的是客观真理，科学原理，自然现象，则从句仍用现在时态。例如：
The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America．
5.think, believe, imagine, suppose等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中，要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如：
We don’t think you are here.我们认为你不在这。
I don’t believe he will do so.我相信他不会这样做。
表语从句
在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样，表语从句位于联系动词后，有时用as if引导。其基本结构为：主语+ 系动词+ that从句。例如：
The fact is that we have lost the game.事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。That’s just what I want.这正是我想要的。
This is where our problem lies.这就是我们的问题所在。
That is why he didn’t come to the meeting.那就是他为什么不到会的原因。It looks as if it is going to rain.看上去天要下雨了。需要注意的，当主语是reason时，表语从句要用that引导而不是because。例如：
The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning.【注意】whether 可引导表语从句，但与之同义的if却通常不用于引导表语从句。
同位语从句
同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导，可用于同位语从句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。例如：
The news that we won the game is exciting.我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。
I have no idea when he will come back home.我不知道他什么时候回来。The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill.他想到可能玛丽生病了。
同位语从句和定语从句的区别：
that作为关系代词，可以引导定语从句，充当句子成分，在从句中作宾语时可以省略；that引导同位语从句时，起连词的作用，没有实际意义，不充当句子成分，一般不能省略。试比较下面两个例句：
I had no idea that you were here．（that引导同位语从句，不能省略）Have you got the idea（that）this book gives you of life in ancient Greece？（that引导定语从句，作宾语，可以省略）
其他从句 that从句 5.1）由从属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句。That只起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不担任任何成分，本身也没有词义。名词性that-从句在句中能充当主 语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语，例如：
主语：That she is still alive is her luck.她还活着全靠运气。
宾语：John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday.约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去。
表语：The fact is that he has not been seen recently.事实是最近谁也没有见过他。
同位语：The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office.最近谁也没有见过他，这一事实令办公室所有的人不安。
形容词宾语：I am glad that you are satisfied with your job.你对工作满意我感到很高兴。
5.2)That-从句做主语通常用it作先行词，而将that-从句置于句末，例如： It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.很清楚，整个计划注定要失败。
It's a pity that you should have to leave.你非走不可真是件憾事。用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系： a.It + be +形容词+ that-从句
It is necessary that… 有必要…… It is important that… 重要的是…… It is obvious that… 很明显…… b.It + be +-ed分词+ that-从句 It is believed that… 人们相信……
It is known to all that… 众所周知…… It has been decided that… 已决定…… c.It + be +名词+ that-从句
It is common knowledge that… ……是常识 It is a surprise that… 令人惊奇的是…… It is a fact that… 事实是…… d.It +不及物动词+ that-从句 It appears that… 似乎…… It happens that… 碰巧……
It occurred to me that… 我突然想起…… wh-从句 6.1）由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从句。Wh-词包括who, whom, whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever等连接代词和where, when, how, why等连接副词。Wh-从句的语法功能除了和that-从句一样外，还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等，例如：
主语：How the book will sell depends on its author.书销售如何取决于作者本人。
直接宾语：In one's own home one can do what one likes.在自己家里可以随心所欲。
间接宾语：The club will give whoever wins a prize.俱乐部将给得胜者设奖。
表语：My question is who will take over president of the Foundation.我的问题是谁将接任该基金会主席职位。
宾语补足语：She will name him whatever she wants to.她高兴给他起什么名字就取什么名字。
同位语： I have no idea when he will return.我不知道他什么时候回来。
形容词宾语：I'm not sure why she refused their invitation.我尚不能肯定她为什么拒绝他们的邀请。
介词宾语：That depends on where we shall go.那取决于我们去哪儿。
6.2)Wh-从句做主语也常用先行词it做形式主语，而将wh-从句置于句末，例如： It is not yet decided who will do that job.还没决定谁做这项工作。
It remains unknown when they are going to get married.他们何时结婚依然不明。if,whether从句
7.1)yes-no型疑问从句 从属连词if, whether引导的名词从句是由一般疑问句或选择疑问转化而来的，因此也分别被称为yes-no型疑问句从句和选择型疑问从句，其功能和wh-从句的功能相同，例如：
主语：Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved.这一计划是否可行还有等证实。
宾语：Let us know whether / if you can finish the article before Friday.请让我们知道你是否能在星期五以前把文章写完。
表语：The point is whether we should lend him the money.问题在于我们是否应该借钱给他。同位语：They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy.他们调查他是否值得信赖。
形容词宾语：She's doubtful whether we shall be able to come.她怀疑我们是否能够前来。
介词宾语：I worry about whether he can pass through the crisis of his illness.我担心他是否能度过疾病的危险期。7.2）选择性疑问从句
选择性疑问从句由关联词if/whether…or或whether…or not构成，例如： Please tell me whether / if they are Swedish or Danish.请告诉我他们是瑞典人还是丹麦人。
I don't care whether you like the plan or not.我不在乎你是否喜欢该计划。if和whether的区别：
1、在动词不定式之前只能用whether。如：
I can’t decide whether to stay.我不能决定是否留下。
2、在whether …… or not 的固定搭配中。如：
I want to know whether it’s good news or not.我想知道是否是好消息。3、在介词后，只能用whether。如：
His father is worried about whether he lose his work.他的父亲担心是否会失去工作。
4、宾语从句放在句首表示强调时，只能用whether。如： Whether this is true or not, I really don’t know.这是否真的，我真的不知道。
5、用if会引起歧义时，只用whether。如：
Could you tell me if you know the answer
这句话有两种意思：“你能告诉我是否知道答案吗？”或“如果你知道答案，请告诉我，好吗？”。如用whether可避免歧义。
形容词性从句
定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词，词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。
含义：在定语的位置上是个句子。why 关系副词why主要用于修饰表原因的名词（主要是the reason），同时它在定语从句中用作原因状语。如：
We don’t know the reason why he didn’t show up.我们不知道他为什么没有来。
She didn’t tell me the reason why she refused the offer.她没跟我讲她拒绝这项工作的原因。
与关系副词when和where不同，why可以换成that或省略。如： That’s one of the reasons(why, that)I asked you to come.这就是我请你来的原因之一。
另外，与关系副词when和where可以引导非限制性定语从句不一样，why只能引导限制性定语从句，不能引导非限制性定语从句。如：
他失去工作的主要原因是他喝酒。
误：The main reason, why he lost his job, was that he drank.正：The main reason why he lost his job was that he drank.when
关系副词when主要用于修饰表时间的名词，同时它在定语从句中用作时间状语。如：
There comes a time when you have to make a choice.你必须作出抉择的时候到了。
Gone are the days when they could do what they liked.他们为所欲为的日子一去不复返了。
We’ll put off the picnic until next week, when the weather may be better.我们将把野餐推迟到下星期，那时天气可能会好一点。
注意不要一见到先行词为时间名词，就以为一定要用关系副词when来引导定语从句，同时还要看它在定语从句中充当什么成分——如果在定语从句中用作时间状语，就用when；如果在定语从句中不是用作时间状语，而是用作主语或宾语，那就不能用when，而要用that, which等。如：
Don’t forget the time(that, which)I’ve told you.不要忘记我告诉你的时间。关系代词that / which在定语从句中用作动词told的宾语，正因为是用作宾语，所以也可以省略。where
关系副词where主要用于修饰表地点的名词，同时它在定语从句中用作地点状语。如：
This is the village where he was born.这就是他出生的村子。
That’s the hotel where we were staying last summer.这就是我们去年夏天住的旅馆。
Barbary was working in Aubury, where she went daily in a bus.巴巴拉在奥伯里工作，每天得坐公共汽车去上班。
与前面when的情况一样，注意不要一见到先行词为地点名词，就以为一定要用关系副词where来引导定语从句，同时还要看它在定语从句中充当什么成分——如果在定语从句中用作地点状语，就用where；如果在定语从句中不是用作地点状语，而是用作主语或宾语，那就不能用where，而要用that, which等。如： He works in a factory that [which] makes TV sets.他在一家电视机厂工作。
关系代词that / which在定语从句中用作主语。
另外注意，where有时还可用于抽象名词后引导定语从句。如： We have reached a point where a change is needed.我们到了必须改一改的地步。
There are cases where the word “mighty”is used as an adverb.在一些情况下，mighty一词可用作副词。
He got into a situation where it is hard to decide what is right and wrong.他陷入一种难以分辨是非的局面。
I don’t want a job where I’m chained to a desk all day.我不想找一份整天坐办公桌前的工作。
第三篇：德语比较从句
比较从句
während（而，却），表示行为的对立
Während es gestern schön war, ist es heute schlecht.Während in China der Sonntag ein Einkauftstag ist, sind die Laden in Deutschland am Sonntag geschlossen.在中国，星期天是采购的日子；而在德国，商店在星期天都停业。wie（如同，正如），表示相同的比较
Ich erzähle es, wie ich es gehört habe.Die Stadt ist so schön, wie ich mir gedacht habe.als（比...更）表示不同的比较，主句中常有形容词或者副词的比较级，或者表示区别的词
Die Stadt ist noch schöner, als ich gedacht habe.Sie arbeitet anders, als du gearbeitet hast.她干的可跟你干过的不一样。
je...desto/umso（越...越...）表示主、从句说明的情况变化是成比例的，句中通常需要用形容词比较级。
Je älter er wird, desto klüger wird er.Je dunkler die Nacht ist, umso heller werden die Sterne.Je moderner die Technik ist, desto höher wird die Produktion steigen.技术越先进，产量提得越高。
第四篇：从句练习
名词性从句
1.I wonder we haven’t received her invitations yet.Her wedding is only two days away.A.how B.why C.that D.when 2.We students got lost in the forest and decided to remain we were and waited for the guide.A.where B.what C.how D.who 3.Please put the medicine on the top of the shelf.It’s our children can’t reach it.A.what B.that C.where D.how 4.Sorry, I’m so late, but you cannot imagine great trouble I took finding your house.A.what B.how C.why D.when 5.The result was far beyond we had expected, brought great joy to everyone of us.A.which;which B.which;that C.what;what D.what;which
6.It is difficult to fill the minds of kids with the idea they must love study.A.which B.what C.whether D.that
7.It could be judged from her eyes she was terribly sorry for what she had done.A.what B.which C.that D.where
8.—Would you please explain to me about the difference between the two words? —I’m sorry, but that’s I’m puzzled about.A.why B.what C.which D.where
9.surprises us most is she doesn’t even know the difference between the two opinions lies.A.It;that;which B.What;that;what C.What;that;where D.That;what;where
10.Faced with challenges, you should believe your courage is
makes a difference.A.that B.what C.which D.whatever
11.The companies are working together to create they hope will be the best means of transport in the 21st century.A.which B.that C.what D.who 12.Professor Backman took up scientific research for decades, and this is he devoted all his life to.A.which B.what C.where D.how
13.Word came a gas explosion in a coal mine in northeast China Heilongjiang Province had killed 104 miners by Nov.23 and left further 4 trapped, shocked everyone.A.that;it B.where;that C.that;which D.when;it
14.As a matter of fact, much of we read on the Internet every day is groundless or nonsense.A.that B.which C.what D.it
15.was known to us all that Johnson had broken his promise he would give each of us a small gift.A.As;which B.What;that C.It;that D.It;which
16.surprised me most was such a little boy of seven could play the violin so well.A.That;what B.What;that C.That;which D.What;which
17.—Which can I take, Mr Smith? —Take one you like and leave the others for comes late.A.whoever;who B.whichever;who C.whatever;whom D.whichever;whoever
18.She has been in doctors describe as a vegetative(植物人的)state for six years.A.what B.which C.that D.how
19.The manager in the end decided to give the chance to he believed had a good command of English.A.who B.anyone C.whoever D.whomever
20.I have the same opinion as you the privacy of one’s life should be kept secret.A.that B.which C.whether D.what
21.I’d like to offer this job to I believe is responsible for it.A.whoever B.Whom C.no matter whom D.no matter who
22.Can you explain most deserts are located near the west coast of the continents? A.why is it that B.why it is that C.how it is that D.how is it that
23.It is obvious to the students they should get well prepared for their future.A.as B.which C.whether D.that
24.Could I speak to is in charge of International Sales please? A.who B.what C.whoever D.whatever
25.The fact has worried many scientists the earth is becoming warmer and warmer these years.A.what B.which C.that D.though
专题九 名词性从句
1.解析：选B。why引导宾语从句，并在从句中作原因状语。2.解析：选A。where引导表语从句，并在从句中作地点状语。3.解析：选C。where引导表语从句，并在从句中作地点状语。
4.解析：选A。what引导宾语从句，并在从句中作定语，修饰trouble。
5.解析：选D。what引导宾语从句，并在从句中作宾语；which引导定语从句，指主句内容。
6.解析：选D。that引导同位语从句，解释idea的具体内容。7.解析：选C。that引导主语从句，It为形式主语。
8.解析：选B。what引导表语从句，并在从句中作介词about的宾语。
9.解析：选C。what引导主语从句，并在从句中作主语；that引导表语从句；where引导宾语从句，并在从句中作地点状语。
10.解析：选B。what引导表语从句，并在从句中作主语。11.解析：选C。what引导宾语从句，并在从句中作主语，they hope为插入成分，可忽略。12.解析：选B。what引导表语从句，并在从句中作介词to的宾语。
13.解析：选C。that引导同位语从句，解释word的具体内容；which引导定语从句。14.解析：选C。what引导宾语从句，并在从句中作宾语。
15.解析：选C。It为形式主语，代替真正的主语从句that Johnson had broken his promise...；that引导同位语从句，解释promise的具体内容。
16.解析：选B。what引导主语从句，并在从句中作主语；that引导表语从句。
17.解析：选D。whichever引导宾语从句，并在从句中作定语，修饰one；whoever引导宾语从句，并在从句中作主语。
18.解析：选A。what引导宾语从句，并在从句中作宾语。
19.解析：选C。whoever引导宾语从句，并在从句中作主语，he believed为插入成分。20.解析：选A。that引导同位语从句，解释opinion的具体内容。21.解析：选A。whoever引导的从句作to的宾语,又在从句中作主语,I believe为插入语。whoever作关系代词，相当于any person who。
22.解析：选B。句意为：你能理解为什么大多数的沙漠都分布在靠近大陆的西海岸的地区吗？宾语从句要使用陈述语序。
23.解析：选D。句中it为形式主语，that引导的主语从句为真正的主语。句意为：对于学生来说，他们应当为未来做好充分的准备是很明显的。
24.解析：选C。考查主语从句的用法。speak to后接sb.,故排除B、D两项。句中to后跟宾语从句，且从句中又缺少主语，并且是不确指，故排除A。
25.解析：选C。考查同位语从句的用法。分析句式结构可知此处缺少同位语从句的引导词，从句意义、结构均完整。故选C。状语从句专项练习50题
莲山课件
原文地址：http:// 1.—What was the party like? —Wonderful.It’s years __________I enjoyed myself so much.A.after
B.before
C.when
D.since 2.Mother was worried because little Alice was ill, especially _______Father was away in France.A.as
B.that
C.during
D.if 3.Why do you want a new job __________you got such a good one already? A.that
B.where
C.which
D.when
4.After the war, a new school building was put up ___________there had once been a theatre.A.that
B.where
C.which
D.when 5.You will be late ______________you leave immediately.A.unless
B.until
C.if
D.or 6.___________, Mother will wait for him to have dinner together.A.However late is he
B.However he is late C.However is he late
D.However late he is 7.If we work with a strong will, we can overcome any difficulty, ______________great it is.A.what
B.how
C.however
D.whatever 8.We won’t give up ______________we should fail ten times.A.even if
B.since
C.whether
D.until 9.She doesn’t speak ____________her friend, but her written work is excellent.A.as well as
B.so often as
C.so much as
D.as good as 10.He’ll be happy ____________he may be.A.when
B.if
C.because
D.wherever 1—5 DADBA
6—10 DCAAD 11.The new secretary is supposed to report to the manager as soon as she ______________.A.will arrive
B.arrives
C.is arriving
D.is going to arrive 12.The volleyball match will be put off if it _______________.A.will rain
B.rains
C.rained
D.is raining 13.Remember to send me a photo of your son next time you ____________to me.A.write
B.will write
C.are writing
D.would write 14.If city noises __________from increasing, people ___________shout to be heard even at the dinner table in 20 years from now.A.are not kept;will have to
B.are not kept;have to C.do not deep;will have to
D.do not deep;have to 15.I need one more stamp before my collection ____________.A.has completed
B.completes
C.has been completed
D.is completed 16.As she _________the newspaper, Granny _________asleep.A.read, was falling
B.was reading, fell C.was reading, was falling
D.read, fell 17.If it __________for the snow, we ___________the mountain yesterday.A.were not;could have climbed
B.were not;could climb C.had not been;could have climbed
D.had not been;could climb 18.—If he _________, he ___________tat food.—Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately.A.was warned;would not take
B.had been warned;would not have taken C.would be warned;had not taken
D.had driven;wouldn’t have got 19.It is 50 years _____________the People’s Republic of China was founded.A.after
B.before
C.when
D.since 20.___________the sun rises, all the stars in the sky disappear.A.The moment
B.Before
C.Till
D.For 11—15 BBAAD 16—20 BCBDA 21.Not until I began to work __________how much time I had wasted.A.didn’t I realize
B.did I realize
C.I didn’t realize
D.I realized 22.Not until all the fish died in the river __________how serious the pollution was.A.did the villagers realize
B.the villagers realized C.the villagers did realize
D.didn’t the villagers realize 23.—Why do you drink so much coffee? —Well, _________it doesn’t keep me awake in the nights, I see no harm in it.A.although
B.if
C.unless
D.while 24.It was __________it rained heavily that they didn’t come.A.as
B.because
C.for
D.since 25.Why not buy a cheaper one, _____________you don’t have enough money? A.since
B.because
C.for
D.though 26.It is ten years ____________I left home.A.when
B.after
C.since
D.as 27.He speaks English _____________he speaks his mother tongue.A.so good as
B.as good as
C.so well as
D.as well as 28.Try _______he might, he couldn’t get out of difficulty.A.when
B.where
C.till
D.as 29.__________I saw the computer, I showed great interest in it.A.At first
B.For the first time
C.Until
D.The first time 30.I don’t think you’ll be able to understand this formula(公式)____________you finish school.A.as if
B.only when
C.even
D.even when 21—25 BAABA
26-30 CDDDD 31.I often visited Tian’an Men Square ____________I was staying in Beijing.A.until
B.during
C.while
D.throughout 32.He always thinks I’m wrong, _____________I may say.A.no matter whatever
B.whatever
C.what
D.that 33.__________the rain has stopped, let’s continue to work.A.For
B.Now that
C.That
D.Because 34.____________, I am sure that the boy is honest.A.Whatever people say
B.No matter people say C.What people say
D.It doesn’t matter people say 35.I knew Mr.Green _____________I knew Mrs.Green.A.long before
B.before long
C.long ago
D.after long 36.They waited __________it was dark before leaving, _________they didn’t want anyone to see them leave.A.since;because
B.until;as
C.unless;for
D.so;because 37.__________often you ring, no one will answer.A.How
B.However
C.Whom
D.Whenever 38.I will never stop ______________they might like it.A.no matter how
B.how
C.what
D.though 39.Father was ________busy in working __________he often forgot rest or meals.A.very, that
B.so, that
C.such, as
D.enough, as 40.We made a decision __________there would be rain, we should stay at home.A.that
B.if
C.that if
D.whether 31—35 CBBAA
36-40 BBABC 41.I usually watch TV in the evening ____________I have to study for an examination.A.because
B.unless
C.while
D.the moment 42.I had lived there for over thirty years ___________I wanted to return to my motherland again.A.until
B.after
C.while
D.when 43.It was a long time _____________I went to sleep again.A.when
B.while
C.before
D.until 44.He must be ill, ____________he looks so pale.A.since
B.because
C.as
D.for 45.I’ll take no steps ___________you arrive.A.and
B.since
C.until
D.while 46.You will catch cold _____________put on more clothes.A.if you
B.if you will not
C.unless you
D.until you 47.________he woke _________slept, this subject is always in his mind.A.If;and
B.Both;and
C.Either;or
D.Whether;or 48.We had hardly got to the station __________it began no rain.A.until
B.since
C.while
D.when 49.They were surprised that a child should work out the problem __________they themselves couldn’t.A.once
B.then
C.while
D.if 50.My name is Robert, ___________most of my friends call me Bob for short.A.then
B.instead
C.however
D.but 41—42 BDCDC 46-50 CDDCD 答案：1—5 DADBA
6—10 DCAAD
11—15 BBAAD
16—20 BCBDA
21—25 BAABA 26-30 CDDDD 31—35 CBBAA
36-40 BBABC
41—42 BDCDC 46-50 CDDCD 定语从句专项练习题
一．单项选择
定语从句的用法
1.This is the bag _____ my mother bought yesterday.A.that
B.who
C.whom
D.this
2.The man _____ lives next to us is my English teacher.A.who
m
B.which
C.who
D./
A.the one
B.that
C.which
D./
6.The only language _____ is easy to learn is the mother tongue.A.which
B.that
C./
D.it
7.The girl handed everything _____ she had picked up in the street to the police.A.which
B.in which
C.that
D.all
8._____ cleans the blackboard should be praised.A.That
B.Who
C.The one who
D.The students who
9.Please show me the book _____ you bought yesterday.A.which
B.whom
C.whose
D.this
10.This is the best book _____ I have been looking for all this year.A.who
B.whom
C.which
D./
11.This is the only article of these that _____ written by him.A.was
B.were
C.is
D.are
12.The man _____ was here just now is a doctor.A.whom
B.who
C./
D.he
13.The boy _____ has two lovely dogs.A.who live next door
B.which
lives next door
C.whom lives next door
D.that lives next door
14.Those _____ made no mistakes in today’s exercises please raise your hands.A.which
B.whom
C.that
D.who
15.Don’t go in, this is the shop _____ we have just been _____.A./, to
B.that, /
C.where, to
D.which, there
16.He is the most careful boy _____ I know.A.what
B.which
C.as
D../
17.This is the school _____ Mr.Smith once taught.A.in that
B.when
C.where
D.there
18.Have you visited the house _____ the famous scientist was born?
A.where
B.in that
C.that
D.which
19.The factory _____ Mr.Li used to work was closed last week.A.when
B.where
C.that
D.which
20.Do you still remember the day _____ we first met?
A.that
B.when
C.what
D.on that
21.The time _____ we studied together is not easily forgotten.22.October 1,1949 is the day _____ we’ll never forget.A.when
B.that
C.where
D.in which
23.October 1,1949 was the day _____ the People’s Republic of China was founded.A.which
B.when
C.where
D.in which
24.Is this the shop _____ sells children’s clothing?
A.which
B.where
C.in which
D.what
25.Is this museum _____ they visited last month?
A.that
B.which
C.where
D.the one
26.I still remember the sitting-room _____ my mother and I used to sit in the evening.A.what
B.which
C.that
D.where
二． 在下列定语从句中，填入适当的介词。
1.The pencil ________ which he wrote was broken.2.He built a telescope ________ which he could study the skies.3.The woman, ________ whom I learned the news, is a nurse.4.The wolf ________ which the sheep was killed was shot.5.She has three children, all _______ whom are at school.6.There is a tall tree outside, ________ which stands our teacher.7.My glasses, _______ which I was like a blind man, fell to the ground and broke.8.In the dark street, there wasn’t a person ________ whom she could turn for help.9.I was surprised at the way ________ which he treated the old man.10.The age _______ which children can go to school is seven.11.His bike ________ which he went to work was stolen last night.12.Do you know the building ________ which is flying a red flag?
13.Ours is a beautiful school, ________ which we are proud.14.The desk ________ which Jack is leaning is John’s.15.He bought a book yesterday, the author ________ which is a teacher.参考答案
一． 单项选择
定语从句1~5 A C A B A
6~10 B C C A D
11~15 C B D D A 16~20 D C A B B
21~26 B B B A D D
二． 在下列定语从句中，用适当的介词填空。
1.with without
11.on 2.through
3.from
4.by 8.to
9.in
10.at
13.of
14.against 5.of
6.under 15.of
7.12.on
第五篇：从句练习
1.When Tom was nine years old he read a school book about science, containing some experiments _____ at home.A.which can be done B.that could do C.that could be done D.which could do
1.C 译文：9岁时汤姆读过一本关于自然科学的教科书，书里的一些试验可以在家里完成。定语从句的主句和从句时态要一致，本题主句用了过去时，从句也应用过去时，排除A项；又因为从句中主语和动词之间是被动关系，排除B、D项。
2.Rose told them all _____ to Oliver.A.which happened B.that had happened C.which had happened D.that had been happened
2.B 译文：罗斯告诉他们发生在奥利弗身上的一切事情。先行词时all时关联词应用that，排除C、D项，类似的词还有：everything, something, nothing, little, much等指物的不定代词；又因为是主动关系，故选B。eg.Please tell me something that is interesting.3.Alva found a place in the cellar _____ he used as his first laboratory.A.which B.where C.such D.the same
3.A 译文：阿尔瓦在地下室找到了一个地方，他把那里用做他的第一个实验室。such, same不引导定语从句，故排除；又因为关联词在定语从句中作宾语(he used the place as...)，选A。
2.4.Do you know the right time _____ the meeting begins.A.which B.when C.why
D.as
4.B 译文：你知道开会的确切时间吗？
先行词time是表示时间性的名词，所以从句需要用表示时间关系的副词来引导，只有B正确；类似的先行词还有day, morning, evening, week, month, year等。eg.He'll never forget the days when he was in Paris.5.This is the reason _____ an aeroplane can't fly in space.A.for that B.which C.why D.where
5.C 译文：这就是飞机不能在太空飞行的原因。
能引导原因状语并和先行词reason连用的副词只有why（*有时why可以省略或是用that代替）eg.That is one of the reasons I asked you to come.（why省略）
The reason that he died was lack of medical care.（why用that代替）
6.He tried to get out of the business, _____ he found impossible.A.that B.which C.where D.when
6.B 译文：他试图从这件事中摆脱出来，但发现摆脱不了。
本题考查的是非限制性定语从句，先行词为整个主句，which代替前面整句话（that不引导非限制性定语从句），在从句中作宾语。
3.7.She lives near the sea, and she often looks far away to the place _____ sky and earth seem to meet.A.that B.which C.whose D.where
7.D 译文：她住在海边，所以经常向天空和陆地相接的地方眺望。
本题先行词是the place，与其相对应的关系词在定语从句中充当地点状语，故选D。
8.The goals _____ he had fought all his life no longer seemed important to him.A.after which B.for which C.with which D.at which
8.B 译文：他曾为之终生奋斗的目标对他而言似乎已经不再重要了。
本题先行词the goals，从句中谓语动词词组fight for表示“为„„奋斗”，for提前，所以选B。
9.The only thing _____ matters is to return home safe and sound.A.which B.that C.what D./
9.B 译文：唯一要紧的事情是平安到家。
what不引导定语从句首先排除C；该关系代词在从句中作主语，不能省略，排除D；当先行词被all, no, some, any, every, a few/little much, only, very修饰，后面引导定语从句的关系代词要用that，故选B。
4.10.I've never been to Beijing, but it's the place _____.A.where I'd like to visit B.in which I'd like to visit C.I most want to visit D.that I want to visit it most
10.C 译文：虽然我从未去过北京，但那是我非常想去的地方。
本题选项的关键词是visit，它是一个及物动词，因此A、B项都可以排除，而D项中的it和句中的it's重复，所以选C。
11.Such people _____ you describe are rare nowadays.A.that B.which C.like D.as
11.D 译文：你所说的那种人现在已经很少了。
as作关系代词一般用于: so...as, such...as, the same...as等结构中。eg.I have the same feeling as you.12.They picked up four boat-loads of refugees, _____ had been at sea for two weeks.A.some of that B.some of which C.some of them D.some of whom
12.D 译文：他们救起了四艘船的难民，其中有些人已经在海上漂泊2周了。
本题要用指人的关系代词，由于that前不跟介词排除后就只剩下D项的whom了。eg.The girl, to whom Jack is speaking, is my girl friend.5.13.If you have a taste for exciting adventures you may want to join the group of men _____ is to explore the mysteries of the deep sea.A.their work B.who work C.who D.whose work
13.D 译文：如果你爱好冒险，你可以加入那群以探索深海奥秘为职业的队伍。
分析题干，考查的是定语从句，首先排除A项；先行词the group of men，空缺的是从句中的主语，后面已有谓语动词is，排除B项；若选C则谓语动词要用复数形式are，所以选D。
14._____ is mentioned above, a lot of work has been done to create man-made materials.A.That
B.Whether C.As D.Which
14.C 译文：正如上面所指出的那样，人们已经为制作人造材料做了大量的工作。
本题考查as引导非限制性定语从句的语法，as引导非限制性定语从句，可以置于主句之后也可以放在主句之前，表示前面或后面整个句子，which引导非限制性定语从句不放在句首，所以选C。
eg.He's an honest man, as is known to us all.15.This is the best film _____ I have ever seen.A.which B.that C.as D.when
15.B 译文：这是我所看过最好的一部电影。
当先行词被序数词或是形容词最高级修饰时，其后的定语从句关系代词通常用that。eg.He's the first person that finished the work.Unit 5 定语从句
（六）16.The company officer _____ I thought would be fired received a raise.A.whom B.whoever C.who D.of whom
16.C
译文：我原以为会被解雇的那个公司官员却得到了加薪。
本题先行词是the company officer, 关系词在定语从句中充当主语：The company officer(I thought)would be fired.所以选C。
17.He talked of the men and the books _____ interested him.A.what B.which C.that D.who
17.C 译文：他谈论着他感兴趣的人和书。
当先行词既指人又指物时(the men and the books)，关系词用that。
18.The hours _____ the children spend watching TV are too many.A.in which B.on which C.that D.when
18.C 译文：孩子们花在看电视上的时间太多了。
本题先行词the hours在定语从句中作spend的宾语，可直接排除A、B、D三项。注意：不能一看到表示时间的先行词就用when，而应首先判断修饰先行
词的关系词在定语从句中作什么成分：如果作状语，就应该用关系副词when或where，如果作宾语就应该用that/which/不填等等。针对大部分选B沪友的解说：
题目的意思是the children spend the hours(in)watching TV spend的用法： spend sth on sth/(in)doing sth 如果选B（on which）则变成spend on the hours watching TV，错！名词性从句
1.In some countries, _____ is called “equality” doesn't really mean equal rights for all people.A.which B.what C.that D.one
1.B 译文：在一些国家，所谓的“平等”实际上并不意味着人人都享有平等的权利。本题考查的是名词性从句中的主语从句，空格中的关联词既引导主语从句又在从句中充当主语，故选择B项，what在此译为“„„的东西”，相当于the thing that。
2.They always give their help to _____ needs it urgently.A.who B.whoever C.whom D.whomever
2.B 译文：他们总是帮助那些最需要帮助的人。本题考查名词性从句中的宾语从句，所需关联词既要引导一个宾语从句又要在从句中当主语，选择C项，whomever在从句中只能作宾语,whoever在此相当于the person who。
A项who一般不在介词后引导宾语从句
3.Jim asked the question _____ we shall start to work.A.that
B.what C.when D.whether
3.C 译文：吉姆问我们什么时候开始工作。
本题考查的是名词性从句中的同位语从句，同位语从句和定语从句形似，两者都有先行词，但和从句的关系不同：同位语从句是等同关系，先行词在从句中不作任何语法成分；而定语从句是修饰关系，先行词在从句中作主语或宾语。eg.They told me the news that they heard on the radio.（宾语从句）－他们在广播里听到的消息
They told me the news that I had got a raise.（同位语从句）－我得到提升这个消息
2.4.There are signs _____ restaurants are becoming more popular with families.A.that B.which C.in which D.whose
4.A 译文：有迹象表明：餐馆正越来越受到家庭的欢迎。
本题要求选择适当的词来引导signs的同位语从句，选项中除了that外其它三项都不用来引导同位语从句，因此选A。
5.The reason I don't go there was _____ a new job.A.because I got B.because of getting C.due to D.that I got
5.D 译文：我不去那是因为我得到了一份新的工作。本题考查表语从句的引导词，当句子主语为reason时，表语从句应当用that引导，the reason...was that...“„„的原因是„„”，所以选D。
6.We consider _____ the instrument should be adjusted each time it is used.A.that it necessary
B.necessary that C.it necessary that D.necessary of that
6.C 译文：我们认为在每次使用之前有必要对这些仪器进行调试。
consider之后常跟“宾语＋宾补”结构，在本题中，为了平衡需要，it作形式宾语，necessary作it的补足语，真正的宾语是后置的由that引导的从句。eg.Ann took it for granted that they weren't coming.3.7.I admit to that _____ that guy is my true friend.A.that B.is C.as D.whoever
7.A 译文：我承认那家伙是我真正的挚友。
本题空缺处需要一个不表示任何意义的关联词来引导同位语从句。ABCD四项中只有that可以引导同位语从句，所以选A，题干中缺项前的that为admit to的宾语，缺项后的that为指示代词，相当于“那个”的意思。如果大家被3个that搞晕了，就看看这句：I admit to the fact that the guy is my true friend.8.I don't care _____ or not the manager will give me a raise.A.whether B.if C.which D.why
8.A 译文：我并不在乎经理是否会给我加薪。
本题需要填入引导宾语从句的词，根据空格后面跟的or not很容易判断出应该选whether，if后不直接跟or not。
9._____ we need more equipment is quite obvious.A.That B.What C.Whatever D.If
9.A 译文：我们需要更多的器材，这是很明显的。that在此处仅引导主语从句，不表示任何意义 eg.That he will come is certain.4.状语从句
1.Melted iron is poured into the mixer _____ tea is poured into a cup from a teapot.A.in the same way like B.in the same way which C.in the same way D.in the same way as
1.D 译文：溶化的铁水倒入搅拌机就像茶水由茶壶倒入茶杯一样。
本题考查方式状语从句，the same常与as连用，且as不能省略。
2.He will surely finish the job on time _____ he's left to do it in his own way.A.in that B.as long as C.in case D.as far as
2.B 译文：只要让他用自己的方式去做这个工作，他就肯定能按时完成。本题考查条件状语从句的引导词，A、C、D项的意思不对，所以选B。
3.They decided to chase the cow away _____ it did more damage.A.unless B.until C.before D.after
3.C 译文：他们决定在那头牛搞更多破坏之前把它赶走。
本题考查before引导时间状语从句的用法，表示“在„„之前”，其它选项的意思都不 10
符合。
2.4.Many patients insist on having watches with them in hospital, _____ they have no schedules to keep.A.even though B.for C.as if D.since
4.A 译文：许多病人坚持住院时佩戴手表，尽管他们无需遵守日程。本题考查让步状语从句，根据句意可知，应选择表示转折关系的词；even though尽管，for因为，as if似乎，since既然，只有A项表转折关系。
5.Rod is determined to get a seat for the concert _____ it means standing in a queue all night.A.as if B.even if C.provided D.whatever
5.B 译文：罗德决心搞到这次演唱会的座位票，即时要排一整夜的队也行。本题也是考查让步状语从句，根据意思应选B。as if引导的是方式状语从句，provided引导条件状语从句，whatever表示“无论如何”。eg.She behaved as if nothing had happened.她表现的像什么都没发生过似的。
Provided(that)there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.如果没人反对，我们就在这里开会。
6.You should insure your house _____ there is a fire.A.if B.for C.in case D.unless
6.C 译文：你应该给你的房子买保险，以防发生火灾。
if如果，unless除非，引导的都是条件状语从句；for因为，引导目的状语从句常位于句尾；in case以防，引导目的状语从句，给房子投保的目的是为了预防火灾的发生。
3.7.They climbed to the top of the hill _____ they got a bird's eye-view of the city.A.for fear that B.in order that C.in case D.as a result
7.B 译文：他们爬上山顶以便能俯瞰这座城市。for fear that“以免、唯恐”，in order that“以便、为了”，in case“以防、万一”三者都可以引导目的状语从句，as a result“结果”是副词词组，不引导状语从句，根据题意登上山顶是为了俯瞰城市，所以选B。
8._____ you are leaving tomorrow, we can eat dinner together tonight.A.For B.Before C.Since D.While
8.C 译文：既然你明天就要走了，今晚我们一起吃饭吧。
本题考查原因状语从句，for虽然可以引导原因状语从句，但只能放在句末；before和while引导的是时间状语从句，而题干是前因后果的关系，所以选择表示“因为”的since。
9.If that idea is wrong, the project is bound to fail, _____ good all the other ideas might be.A.whatever B.though C.whatsoever D.however
9.D 译文：无论其它想法有多好，如果那个想法是错的，那么这个计划肯定要失败。
本题要求填入一个修饰good的连词，选项中仅有however满足，相当于“no matter how good...”引导让步状语从句。
4.10.A driver should slow down _____ there are many houses.A.where
B.when C.till D.since
10.A 译文：在房子多的地方司机应减速行驶。
分析题干，从句是在说明司机在何处要减速行驶，因此要选择一个能引导地点壮语从句的连词；when和till只引导时间状语从句，since也只能引导时间和原因壮语从句。
11.He seldom reviewed his lessons _____ he failed in the final.A.in order that B.so that C.in that D.provided that
11.B 译文：他几乎不复习功课，以至期末考试没能及格。
本题主从句是因果关系；in order that“为了”后跟的从句表目的，in that“因为”后跟的从句表原因，provided that“假如”后跟的从句表条件，so that“所以”后跟的从句表结果。
12.You'll have to pay a fine _____ your return those books to the library immediately.A.until B.unless C.if D.provided
12.B 译文：如果你不立刻把这些书还给图书馆，你就得交罚款。
根据对题干的分析可知，需要交罚款的前提是不马上还书，要选择能引导条件状语从句的连词，在各选项中只有unless表示“除非„„，如果不„„”之意，if和provided虽然也可以引导条件壮语从句，但意思不符。
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