第一篇：专八语法英语专业八级改错对策
专八语法:英语专业八级改错对策
校对与改错是英语专业学生高年级考试（TEM-8）的第二部分。该部分采用主观测试题型。该项目包含两个部分：答题要求和一篇要求修改的短文。答题要求部分说明修改短文的三种方法：加入、删去和改动某一单词，并举例说明。要求修改的短文长度为200字左右。短文的体裁和题材不超出学生所熟悉的范围。短文内含10个错误；错误都出现在标有题号的行内。错误一般涉及单个词；每行只出现一个错误。要求修改的单词既有功能词（如介词、冠词等），也有实义词（动词、名词等）。错误既涉及句内也涉及句际。
校对与改错部分的测试目的是检查学生在实际语境中灵活运用语言的能力。该项目考查学生的语法和词汇知识，但更侧重评估学生的综合语言能力。校对改错部分要求学生在15分钟内找出10个错误，并根据要求用三种方法之一改正错误。这一部分要求考生掌握三种知识：
(1.)语法知识
众所周知，英语语言能力包括众多因素，其中之一是语法知识。没有系统的语法知识，学习者就很难全面、准确地以口头或书面的形式表达思维或意念。对于把英语作为外语的学生来说，语法知识的掌握尤为重要，因为它有助于提高语言的准确性、逻辑性。鉴于此，校对改错项目的一个测试点是检验高年级学生语法知识的掌握程度及其运用能力。一般地说，该项目中要求改正的错误里包括一些语法错误。例如：
定语从句（1996年第三题），
情态动词（1997年第一题），
冠词（1997年第九题），
介词（1998年第四题），
反身代词（1998年第六题），等等。
校对改错项目要求学生运用已学过的语法知识，来判断句子的正误，找出语病，并作修正。
这里要强调的一点是，TEM-8考试的这个项目不是孤立地测试学生的语法知识；它更偏重学生
运用语法知识的能力，即怎样把书本知识转化成实际能力。因此，对于学生来说，在平时一
要巩固已学过的语法知识，理清概念；二要注重提高运用语言知识解决具体问题的能力。
(2.)词汇与搭配
校对改错项目的另一测试点是学生对常用词汇、搭配和用法的了解及运用。比如：
外层空间应为outer space，而不是out space（1996年第 5题），
1997年试卷的第5题
departure．This is what his body wants to do，therefore（5）
（把therefore 改成加but）
1999年试卷的第5题
as an hour of gathering produces 240．（5）
（把as改成while）
对第二类错误的判断要求学生从篇章角度出发，把文中的句子看作表达一完整意思的有机体。只有这样，学生才能找出错误所在。在历年的考试中，学生大都能判断出第一类错误，而对第二类错误（句际错误）的判断准确率就相对较低。历年试卷中难易度系数偏低的题目也大都为此类错误。因此，学生平时要加强对篇章的理解能力的训练，了解、熟悉篇章结构的特点：语段内句子之间的关系、语段之间的关系；它们的类别；各种不同关系的表示法，等等。只有在此基础上，学生才能灵活正确地使用语言知识，做到准确答题。
校对与改错是英语专业学生高年级考试（TEM-8）的第二部分。该部分采用主观测试题型。该项目包含两个部分：答题要求和一篇要求修改的短文。答题要求部分说明修改短文的三种方法：加入、删去和改动某一单词，并举例说明。要求修改的短文长度为200字左右。短文的体裁和题材不超出学生所熟悉的范围。短文内含10个错误；错误都出现在标有题号的行内。错误一般涉及单个词；每行只出现一个错误。要求修改的单词既有功能词（如介词、冠词等），也有实义词（动词、名词等）。错误既涉及句内也涉及句际。
校对与改错部分的测试目的是检查学生在实际语境中灵活运用语言的能力。该项目考查学生的语法和词汇知识，但更侧重评估学生的综合语言能力。校对改错部分要求学生在15分钟内找出10个错误，并根据要求用三种方法之一改正错误。这一部分要求考生掌握三种知识：
(1.)语法知识
众所周知，英语语言能力包括众多因素，其中之一是语法知识。没有系统的语法知识，学习者就很难全面、准确地以口头或书面的形式表达思维或意念。对于把英语作为外语的学生来说，语法知识的掌握尤为重要，因为它有助于提高语言的准确性、逻辑性。鉴于此，校对改错项目的一个测试点是检验高年级学生语法知识的掌握程度及其运用能力。一般地说，该项目中要求改正的错误里包括一些语法错误。例如：
定语从句（1996年第三题），
情态动词（1997年第一题），
冠词（1997年第九题），
第二篇：2014英语专八翻译改错954565870
2013年英语专八考试翻译英译汉答案
联合国代表大会，中心政治论坛，由193个成员国组成，几乎包括世界上所有国家，其中三分之二的国家为发展中国家，占世界总人口的四分之三。通过决议非常困难，尤其是所有惯例决出的协议必须达成一致才能通过。结果就是，重要的协议总是被狭隘的特殊利益所挟持，并且大部分协议都只是用来使自己的利益最大化。但真正的问题是世界上主要国.是否愿意看到民主最大限度地开展。联合国安理会，负责和平和安全，处理最重要的政治问题。安理会只有15个成员国，所以能经常性地应付危机。它曾一度由于冷战对立而停摆，但已经重新获得了联合国宪章给予的权利。
2013年英语专八考试改错题答案
1.production改成producing
2.去掉the
3.去掉accurately前面的so
4.looking改为look
5.we前面加that
6.去掉colleague后面的has
7.their改成his
8.anyone改成 pure老师someone
9.evolved改成involved
10.were改成are
第三篇：GMAT语法改错
GMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）
GMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）
第一篇 总论
一、GMAT句子改错题的要求
GMAT句子改错题在笔考时，一般有22道题，限时25分钟完成，其基本要求如下：Direction：In each of the following sentences，some part of the sentence or the entire sentence isunderlined．Beneath each sentence you will find five ways of phrasing the underlined part．Thefirst of these repeats the original；the other four are different．If you think the original is the bestof these answer choices，choose answer A；otherwise，choose one of the others．Select the bestversion and fill in the corresponding oval on your answer sheet．
This is a test of correctness and effectiveness of expression．In choosing answers，follow therequirements of standard written English；that is，pay attention to grammar，choice of words，and sentence construction．Choose the answer that produces the most effective sentence；this an—swer should be clear mad exact，without awkwardness，ambiguity，redundancy，or grammaticalerror.在实行CAT考试后，该要求没有变化，只不过题量减少了，约为16～18题。
二、GMAT改错题的正确选项的特征
在GMAT中，改错题与其他英语考试中的改错题并不太一样，它更强调表达的准确性和有效性，而不像TOEFL，只着重语法错误。那么，初学者会问，就ETS而言，在GMAT改错中，当把正确答案替换到原句中，该句子应具有什么样的特征呢?笔者认为，该句子至少有以下3个特征：
1．保证原句基本意思及保持原句重心。也就是说，句子的原意不能发生改变，同时原句的主从关系不能发生改变，作次要成分的不能充当句子的主要成分，而句子的主要成分不能下降为从属地位，作修饰成分。
2．意思单一，简洁有效。即在句子中，不能出现模棱两可、含糊不清的意思表示。同时表达尽量简洁，不要I罗嗦，能用短语表达的，就不用从句；能用一个词表示的，就不用词组。
3．5个中的最优。而并非最完美的表达。
下面：我们以一个例子来说明以上几点：
F—l Beatrix Potters，in her book illustrations，carefully coordinating them with her narratives，capitalized on her keen observation and love of the natural world.(A)Beatrix Potters，in her book illustrations，carefully coordinating them with her narratives，(B)In her book illustrations，carefully coordinating them with her narratives，Beatrix Potter(C)In her book illustrations，which she carefully coordinated with her narratives,Beat—rix Potter(D)Carefully 000rdinated with her narratives，Beatrix Potter，in her book illustrations,(E)Beatrix Potter，in her book illustrations，carefully coordinated them with her narra—tives and题解：A、B之所以错，是因为它违反了意思单一原则，其中的coordinating分词短语的修饰关系是模糊的，既可修饰illustrations，又可修饰后面的主句。D错，是因为它违反了第一条原则：保证原句意思。其中coordinated过去分词短语在句首，就表明了该短语修饰主语：Beatrix Porrer改变了句意。而E中，由于其将coordinate与capitalize并列作为主要谓语动词，改变了本属于从属地位的coordinating短语，从而改变了句子重心(coordi-nate与capitalize两个动作毫不相关，并列起来不恰当)。C意思单一，which从句限定修饰illustrations，主从关系明确，因而为正确答案。答案：C
GMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）
至于第三个特征，我们将在以后的相关例子中提到。
三、GMAT解题方法
1．抓住明显错误进行排除：有时划线部分中有明显的语法错误或逻辑错误，我们就可由此作为突破口，进行排除，缩小包围圈。
F—2 The speculative fever of the Roaring Twenties infected rich and poor alike;vast quantities ofpeople were dangerously overextended，credit was absurdly easy to obtain,and most broderagehouses required only ten percent cash for stocks bought on ―margin.‖
(A)rich and poor alike；vast quantities of people were dangerously overextended
(B)both rich and poor alike；large amounts of people dangerously overextended them—selves(C)rich and poor alike；great numbers of people were dangerously overextended them—selves
(D)both rich and poor alike；vast amounts of people dangerously overextended them—selves
(E)both rich and poor；great quantities of people were dangerously overextended
题解：看完划线部分后，我们会发现一个明显的错误，即：A中用quantities来修饰可数名词people，这在语法中是不能接受的，由此点错误，我们就可排除含有此错误点的A、E。同时，我们在对选项进行扫描的过程中，又发现B、D用amount来修饰people，这同样是不能接受的。因而我们又可排除B,D。仅剩C可选。B,D、E中：both rich and poor alike的表达是哕嗦的，因为both和alike在语义上有重复。在本句中，需要提出的是：rich和poor之前并未加the，也可表示一类人的含义。答案：C
2.利用未划线部分寻找暗示和启发。有时候仅就选项部分而言，会有几个选项在表达上和句意上都是无可挑剔的。在此种情况下，再进行选项比较已毫无意义，而应该把目光放宽一些，到未划线部分中去寻找一些暗示。比如说划线部分与未划线部分在人称上是否一致，在数上是否一致等等。这些暗示会使你确认，这几个选项中仅有一个正确。
F一3 Without hearing a word of—what is being—said or shouted，an experienced trader on thefloor of the stock exchange can listen to the hum of voices around them and tell what ishappening．(A)Without hearing a word of what is being said or shouted，an experienced trader
(B)Without hearing a word of what is being said or shouted，experienced traders
(C)Even though the person has not heard a word of what is being said or shouted，anexperienced trader
(D)Even when the person has not heard a word that is being said or shouted，experiences traders(E)In spite of not hearing a word of what is being said or shouted，an experienced trader题解：根据下一篇所讲的内容，我们会很容易排除C,D、E(此处排除这三个选项的原因由大家在学完第二篇内容后自行解决)。对于选项A、B，我们发现两者都说得通，只不过A中用单数主语，B用复数主语。此时，我们就需再回到未划线部分，搜索能为我们证实A、B中某一个必对而另一个必错的线索。当读到句末的around them时，我们的目光会为之一亮。them从句意讲，指代主句主语，同时them所指代的应是复数名词，因而A错B对。答案：B
3.利用对称性解题：英语在行文上，像我们汉语一样，也讲究前后的对称性。而这一点在比较句中，对照，对比句中和平行结构中表现得尤为突出，即要求尽可能在语法功能上、表达形式上前后一致。我们则可通过未划线部分中的表达形式及语法功能确定划线部分中与之相对应部分的语法功能及表达形式，很快排除错误选项。
F一4 At ground level，ozone is a harmful pollutant，but．in the stratosphere it shields the earthGMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）
from the most biologically harmful radiation emitted by the Sun，radiation in the ultravio-let band of the spectrum．
(A)in the stratosphere
(B)in the stratosphere，in which
(C)it is in the stratosphere in、which
(D)in the stratosphere where
(E)it is in the stratosphere and
题解：由but表明前后是转折关系，即存在着对比。but之前的地点状语是at ground level因而but之后用in the stratosphere，无论从结构上还是形式上均与at ground level对称。选A是正确的，B,D使but分句的句子结构不完整。E改变句意，而C与but之前的形式缺乏对应关系，表达啰嗦。
答案：A
4．以薄弱环节作为切入点：在GMAT改错中，划线部分中经常出现的错误就是代词指代混乱和限定性定语从句的引导词指代混乱。因而，如果划线部分中出现了此两类词，在未发现明显错误之前，我们应以此两类词为切人点，通过确认其真实指代对象与其语法指代对象是否一致来排除错误选项。
F一5 The Gorton—Dodd bill requires that a bank disclose to their customers how long they willdelay access to funds from deposited checks.(A)that a bank disclose to their customers how long they will delay access to funds from
deposited checks．
(B)a bank to disclose to their customers how long they will delay access to funds from a
deposited check．
(C)that a bank disclose to its customers how long it will delay access to funds from depositedchecks。
(D)a bank that it should disclose to its customers how long it will delay access to funds
from a deposited check。
(E)that banks disclose to customers how long access to funds from their deposited check
is to be delayed．
题解：划线中出现了两个代词：they和their，首先需要确认其指代对象。在their之前未出现过复数名词，而仅出现单数名词a bank，从句意判断，their本应指代the bank。由此矛盾，我们可判断their属误用，应用its替代；同理第--4“they也应用it替代。由此我们可排除含their或they的A、B、E。C、D比较，D有两个缺陷：(1)require的用法不妥；(2)itscustomers和之后的a deposited check在数上是不一致的。而C中：require + that从句(带虚拟语气动词)的用法正确，its customers和之后的checks在数上一致。答案：C
5．通过比较答案来寻找解题思路：有时候，划线部分既无明显错误，又无对称性可言，也不存在代词指代问题。一眼看过去，划线部分似乎没有什么毛病，此时，我们就需要对5个选项进行比较，找出5个选项中的主要差异(1～2个)，分析并代回原句中。从句意、表达上进行对比，确认句子的主要结构，排除错误选项。
F一6 The technical term‖pagination‖is a process that leaves editors，instead of printers, assemblethe page images that become the metal or plastic plates used in printing．
(A)is a process that leaves editors，instead of printers，assemble
(B)refers to a process that allows editors，rather than printers，to assemble
(C)is a process 1caving the editors，rather than printers，to assemble
(D)refers to a process which allows editors，but not to printers，the assembly of
GMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）
(E)has reference to the process leaving to editors，instead of the printer，assembling题解：第一遍读划线部分时，似乎看不出什么错误，但通过对5个选项进行比较后，我们发现了两个差异：(1)谓语动词用系动词is，还是用行为动词refer to。(2)that从句中：谓语动词用leave还是allow。把第(1)个差异代人原句中，is代回―这个术语是一个过程”refer to代人原句，意为：―这个术语指一个过程“。从逻辑搭配上看，后者优于前者，且表达句意，而前者句意模糊，不易理解。断定此点后，我们就排除 A、C。同理，把差异(2)代入。allow明显要比leave更适合与a process搭配。由此排除E。B、D比较，D有3个缺陷：(1)allow用法不当，应使用allow sb．to do sth．的结构；(2)but not to printers不如B中用rather thanprinters准确、简洁。(3)公理中，我们提到过，除非先行词为介宾，which不引导限制性从句，此处D违反了此原则。(详看紧接着的公理部分)答案：B
对于以上5种方法，作者在此提出两点说明。
(1)以上5种思路仅是解题基本方法，并未囊括也不可能囊括GMAT改错中的所有方法。这是一个case-by-case，对有些题大家完全可以采用其他更快捷、更准确的方法来解题。(2)对于以上5种基本方法，希望大家不要僵化地、孤立地使用，而应该灵活、有机地将5种方法结合在一起，达到更快、更准的解题目的。
四、GMAT公理
所谓公理，也就是经过人们长期实践检验、不需要证明同时也无法去证明的客观规律，如我们在初中平面几何开篇所学的―两点之间可以画一条直线，并且只可以画一条直线‖，―三点确定一个平‖等公理。而正是在这些公理的基础上，才建立起平面几何这门学科。同样，在我们的GMAT改错中，存在一些不言自明、经过实践总结的规律，它们对我们的解题有极大帮助，我们把它们命名为―GMAT公理‖。不过，这里的公理，并不像平面几何的公理一样，可以放之四海而皆准，即：使用这些公理，有些可以保证我们100％的正确性，而有些可能只能保证95％以上的正确性，另外的5％，可能需要与句意共同考虑来选择一个最优。毕竟，GMAT改错是一种对语言表达的有效性、简洁性的考核，是有灵活性的，而不像平面几何那样是一门要求严密逻辑的科学。不过就这些GMAT公理在解题中所起到的巨大贡献而言，它们的那些微小的局限性可忽略不计。
下面是对这些公理的具体叙述。
1．在我们通常使用的there be句型中，以下几种表达必定错。(1)there could be done sth.(2)there be sth．done(3)there being+名词词组(4)there was sth．(抽象性表动作的名词)，如there was a transmission的表达不对。一般来说GMAT中there be仅用于―某处有某物‖，而此物是指一具体名词，如 wolf，stone，star，而不是指 抽象名词：如 conversion，relation等。(其中done代表过去分词。)
2．在表示某人有某种能力做某事的意思，最佳答案的选择依据是，can do>be able to do>has(have)ability to do>has(have)a capability of doing…。(其中―>‖指―优先于”，有can do就不用含有be able to do的选项，在选项中不含有can do时，再找有be able to的选项，依此类推。
3．在从句中，以下连接词或引导词值得特别注意：
(1)which(或代词 it)绝对不可指代前面的整个句子，而此用法在一般语法书中均是可以接受的
(2)because不可引导名词性从句；
(3)宾语从句中引导词that一般不能省略；
(4)if绝不可以引导名词性从句，如要表示―是否“，只能用whether引导；
(5)对不作为介词宾语的事物做限定性修饰，只用that而不用which。而which仅用于引导对介宾进行修饰的限定性从句和引导非限定性从句。
GMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）
4．在require、demand等表―建议，命令”意义的词之后的that从句，要求用虚拟语气动词，即动词原形，不加should。
5．绝不可以单独使用this，these来指代前面出现的单数或复数名词，而绝对要通过换用其他人称代词，或重复前面出现的名词或者改变句子结构来避免这样非正式且模糊的指代。如sth．of this kind，like this／these等模糊表达均要用such + n．(n．即重复this，these所指代的对象)来取代，意为―这些…‖。另外，在“such．that‖结构中，such只修饰具体名词，而不修饰抽象名词(女I rapidity，severity)。
6．绝对不可以单独使用that指代前面的单数或不可数名词，而一般是用that of+n．结构指代或换用其他表达方式。(可参看第十一章中 it／they，one／ones，that／ttx~指代的区别)
7．当我们需要举例时，一律用such as结构，而不用like。
8．在GMAT改错题中，ETS倾向于用主动语态而非用被动语态，也就是说，当用主动或用被动语态的选项在语法和句意上都无错误时，选择用主动语态表达的选项，即―主动优先原则”。
9．在GMAT中，关于being的以下使用必错：(1)being + n．(2)being + adj．(3)as being+n．／adj／v-ing，因为在以上表达中，being属多余。
10．当我们对一动宾结构进行替代时，不用do it，一律用do so。
11．介词短语：on account of，because of，despite(in spite of)，as a result of之后只跟简单的名词短语。若其后跟的是动名词或名词所有格+动名词短语，或名词短语之后用一复杂的现在分、词来修饰时，应改为与其相同意义的连词because，although等引导的从句形式。12．几种简洁的表达方式：
(1)n．that is(are)adj．必然要换为adj．+n．的名词短语结构，如：a man who is poor的选项必错，而应选含有a poor man的选项.(2)当表示谓语部分，尤其是表示实义动词的含义时，就直接用其动词形式表示，而不要用名词形式或形容词形式表示，如：be a cause一定会被cause(动词)替代；be suggestive of就一定会被suggest所替代。
(3)一些常见词的替换方式：not any一定会被no替代；that which一定会被what替代；having been done会被done(作限定词)所替代.13．平行结构的最后一个成分之前必定有一个连词and，0r，neither，nor或as well as，否则此并列结构必存在问题。如：to do A，do B，do C的表达就必然错误，而必然是被to doA，do B，and do C或to do A，to do B，and to do C替代。
14．在平行结构中，对于―不是…而是‖的结构，ETS倾向于用rather than，而很少用instead of。在具体实战中，若5个选项中存在这两个词组的互换，请直接在含rather than的选项中找答案，除非含rather than的结构有语法或逻辑错误，再到含有instead of的选项中找答案。
15．若在题中的划线部分(即A选项)中出现情态动词，那么在最后的正确答案中必须有此情态动词或类似语气的词出现。实战中，此原则可转化为：不含此情态动词或类似语气词的选项均为错误选项，立即排除.GMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）
第二篇 实战篇
通过上一篇的简单概述，我们对GMAT的改错要求，相应的解题技巧和原则有了初步的了解。但是，仅有上述的条条框框，显然不足以让我们这些MBA精英顺利攻陷ETS的防线，正如一个光懂纸上谈兵而无任何实战经验的将军在战场上只能铩羽而归一样。因而在本篇中，笔者试图通过分类，把繁多而复杂的改错真题汇集在一个个小的section中，对典型题型进行详细剖析，使读者能尽快掌握GMAT改错题的规律，逐步提高大家的实战经验，能够迅速把握ETS“排兵布阵‖的套路，并识破其设置的各种―路障‖，从而在本部分取得好成绩，为最后攻陷ETS防线打下坚实基础。
在此指导思想下，本篇的布局结构如下：
一、本篇分12个section
二、在每一个section中，首先是一些必要语法知识的补充(考虑到大多数商业人士的语法知识已经比较模糊)；接着是该类下的小分类及典型题型剖析，其中包括题解、解题技巧和语法点提示，最后是一些练习题及练习题的答案。
三、学完本篇之后，会有3个test用来做模考(综合本篇中所有考试重点)。
需要强调的是：
1．本书着重实用，其分类体系与一般语法书分类不完全一致。
2．读者在使用此书时，应先做题后看题解。
第一章 名词词组与动名词
一提到名词，大家脑海中可能会蹦出名词的单复数、可数与不可数等概念。在 GMAT改错中，这些较少成为考试的重点，更多而且更难的是，ETS经常考查我们对名词的强调状态性和动名词强调动作性的深入理解及名词词组的中心词(或核心词)的辨认。而这些恰恰是我们在平常学习较少或根本未考虑的问题，并且这些考点在选项中迷惑性特别大，以致我们GMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）
初学时觉得每个选项都差不多，不知应该选哪一个。为此，我们将对以上几个难点分别给以详细解释。一、一般抽象名词与动名词之间的选择
一般来说，我们认为动名词可以充当名词，但它强调的是一种动作；而我们说的一般抽象名词，表明的则是一种状态，或者是动作的结果。比如说，动名词burning强调燃烧这个动作，而combustion则强调这种燃烧动作的结果，表明了一种状态。For example：1—1 Contrary to earlier conjectures，it may be that increased atmospheric carbon dioxide as a
result of burning fossil fuels would cool the globe by reducing the amount of solar energy
absorbed by snow．
(A)increased atmospheric carbon dioxide as a result of burning
(B)increased atmospheric carbon dioxide resulting from the combustion of
(C)increasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere resulting from the combustion of
(D)carbon dioxide in the atmosphere that increased from burnying
(E)atmospheric carbon dioxide that increased from burning
题解：题意是由于化石燃料的燃烧而增加的大气中的CO2会通过减少雪吸收的太阳能量而降低全球温度。A中as a result of使用不妥，因为该词组总是作为状语来修饰整个句子的，而不能修饰一个名词，此处修饰dioxide是不对的；接着通过B、C的提示，我们发现B、C用combustion代替burning。刚才我们已提过，前者指结果，而后者指动作。那么，究竟是―燃烧这个动作导致了CO2的增加‖呢?还是―燃烧后的结果导致了CO2的增加‖呢?对比后，我们觉得后者是合乎逻辑的。由于确定了用combustion代替burning，则A、D、E均为错；B、C用resulting from代替了as a result of，改正了此处错误。B、C中最大的区别在于是用过去分词increased还是increasing修饰CO2，我们知道，现在分词表示主动、持续的动作，而过去分GMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）
词作定语表示被动、完成的动作。在本句中，CO2后的resulting from
已充分表明increase是被动动作，因而我们选B不选C。另外，C中把原句的atmospheric改为后置的in the atmosphere修饰，是不简洁的，B中的increased和atmospheric共同修饰CQ是很简洁的表达方式。答案．B
解题技巧：GMAT中，在选择用increased还是用increasing修饰名词时，几乎都用increased语法点提示：it may be that．．． …是可能的
1—2 Rather than continue to produce most of the items necessary for subsistence, a growing
number of farm families during the first decades of the nineteenth century began to
specialize in the production of grain or cotton and to use the cash proceeds from selling their
crops for buying necessities．
(A)selling their crops for buying
(B)the sales of their crops for buying
(C)their selling of crops SO as to buy
(D)their selling crops for buying of
(E)the sale of their crops to buy 题解：本题中有三个语法点值得注意：rather than短语在句首，continue用原形与主语中的began相对应(在第五章平行结构中有对rather than的用法详述)，specialize in sth．及usesth．to do sth．。在这里，仍然是在考查用selling还是用sales的选择。同上题一样，在心 中默问自己：cash proceeds 是来自销售这个动作 selling 呢，还是来自于销售谷物后的结果sales?从逻辑上讲，用sales更好，再加上Use的用法，我们可选择E。其实，在考试现场，如果你熟悉use的用法的话，那么只有一个选项可供选，即E。答案：E
语法点提示：specialize in sth．； Use sth．to do sth．
GMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）
二、动名词的名词化
指当某一动词无相应的同源名词形式，但又需要用它来表示一个状态性动作时，可通过在该动词的．ing形式前面加上冠词a或者the来达到此目的。需引起注意的是，如一动词有相应的名词形式，就应直接用名词形式而不是用动名词形式。如increasing就不能作名词形式，因为inc般瞬本身可作名词。另外某些动名词已成为名词形式：如lending(借贷)，就可直接使用。
1—3 New theories propose that catastrophic impacts of asteroids and comets may have caused
reversals in the Earth‘s magnetic field, the onset of ice ages, splitting apart continents
80million years ago, and great volcanic eruptions.(A)splitting apart continents
(B)the splitting apart of continents
(C)split apart continents
(D)continents split apart
(E)continents that were split apart
题解：根据句意看，划线部分应该表明一种状态，是指80 million years ago的那次分离，只有这样才能与其余部分并列起来形成平行结构(第五章．)：磁极的颠倒，冰川时期的开始，大陆的分离及火山的爆发。由此可排除A，它是动名词词组，强调动作，与其余名词词组的都不匹配；C．是一个动宾词组，结构上不对应；D是一个句子，结构不对；E与原句意思相差太远，原句指那次分离，E却指被分离的大陆；因而只有B是最正确，通过在splitting前加上 the 表明了是发生在 8 亿年前的那一次分离，而不是其他时期的分离。apart ofcontinents短语对the splitting作修饰。答案：B
1-4 One view of the economy contends that a large drop in oil prices should eventually lead toGMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）
lowering interest rates, as well as lowering tears about inflation, a rally in stocks and bonds, anda weakening of the dollar.(A)lowing interest rates，as well as lowering fears about inflation，(B)a lowering of interest rates and of fears about inflation，(C)a lowering of interest rates，along with fears about inflation，(D)interest rates being lowered，along with fears about inflation，(E)interest rates and fears about inflation being lowered，with
题解：划线部分其实是一个并列宾语中的一个部分。根据划线部分后的―股票和债券市场的止跌回稳及美元的疲软”，可以断定划线部分的意思是：利率的降低和对通货膨胀的恐惧的降低。由此可推断出D、E中的中心词为interest rates不对，因为未划线的平行结构中均是抽象名词(a rally，a weakening)为中心词，而interest rates是一具体名词，且D中的along withfears about inflation与原意的―恐惧的减少‖刚好相反；E中with是无根据的，破坏了平行结构；A是动名词词组，符合状态性名词并列的要求；B、C的a lowering达到了名词化效果，但C中的along with介短语含义是模糊的，它有可能指利率降低伴随着恐惧减少，更可能是指lead to的一个宾语部分，即导致恐惧，这正好与原意相反。而B中interest rates和fears之间加上and，并在and之后补上of，表明了即两者同时的降低，正确表达了原意。注意此处：在fear之前补出of的重要性，明确fears about inflation是of的宾语，进而修饰a lowering。另外，未划线部分的a weakening of dollar实际上已提示我们划线部分应采用与其相同的形式。答案：B
三、名词的泛指和特指
名词的泛指和特指在英语表达中非常重要，两者的用法及意义是不同的。一般来说，特指明确，范围窄，不会产生歧义；而泛指模糊，范围宽会有歧义。要表明一个名词特指，通GMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）
常手法是在前面加冠词the、物主代词或其他限定词；而要表明一个名词泛指，则在前面加a或不加限定词(可数名词用复数)，两者所用场合不同，混用必然导致错误。
1—5C0nsuinerS may not think of household cleaning products to be hazardous substances，butmany of them can be harmful to health especially ii they are used improperly.(A)Consumers may not think of household cleaning products to be
(B)Consumers may not think of household cleaning products being
(C)A consumer may not think of their household cleaning products being
(D)A consumer may not think of household cleaning products as(E)Household cleaning products may not be thought of，by consumers, as
题解：在本句中考到一个习惯用法：think of sth．as sth．。A、B、C中think of sth．to be或think of sth．being都不符合习惯；E在明显有动作执行者customers的情况下，用了被动语态。我们在第一篇―公理‖中已强调主动优先于被动，D为正确答案。你会说，D中用a customer而原句是customers，两者并不一致。上面我们说过，a customer和customers均为泛指，含义上是无区别的，都代表一类人：顾客。答案：D
1—6 In the face of widespread concern about environmental waste，compact disc manufacturersare attempting to find a replacement for the disposable plastic box in which they package theirproduct．
(A)the disposable plastic box in which they
(B)the disposable plastic box where they
(C)a disposable plastic box in which to
(D)disposable plastic boxes inside which they
(E)the disposable plastic boxes in which to
GMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）
题解：把划线部分的定语从句还原，就是：they package their products in boxes。因而A没有错误；同时可看出D是错的，介词inside的使用不准确。此句的关键在于：判定disposableplastic box是特指还是泛指。从句意上看，这种盒子是现有的，并用于包装特定产品的，显然应该用特指，因而在前面应加the，由此排除C；B中用where是模糊的，在GMAT公理中，我们已强调在引导定语从句时，in which或其他介词+which一定优先于where；只剩A和E，E有the，且in which to的表达方式很简洁，E岂不比A更好?但E的缺陷在于它用了复数形式boxes而非A中的单数box，A表明现有的这一种盒子，在特指的情况下包括了很广的范围(整个compact disc行业)，而E中的the boxes却把范围缩小了，似乎表明某一批或某一时期的这么多的盒子，显然A反映了原意。从集合角度理解为：the box，表示全集，theboxes是the box的一个子集。答案：A
四、名词词组中的核心词
所谓核心词，即除去名词词组中的所有修饰成分所剩下的那个名词，它正确表达了原句的主要意思。比如说：在a of b中，a就是核心词，而b不是。这一点，我们中国学生经常忽略，开始理解起来也不太容易。而ETS就喜欢在此点上出题，把一些修饰词名词化，而把核心名词形容词化，或将a of b结构换成b of a结构，从而造成混淆，导致考生失分。1—7 Following the nutrition board‘s advice on salt consumption would mean a virtual end of theof salt in cooking, and avoidance of obviously salty foods, and reducing the reliance on processedfoods that contain significant amounts of often hidden sodium.(A)reducing the reliance processed foods that contain significant amounts of often hidden sodium(B)reducing the reliance on processed foods containing often hidden but significant amounts ofsodium
(C)a reduction of the reliance on processed food, containing as they do often hidden sodium inGMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）
significant amounts
(D)a reduced reliance on the significant amounts of hidden sodium often contained in processedfoods
(E)a reduced reliance on processed foods that contain significant but often hidden amounts ofsodium
题解：根据前面知识，可以看出，划线部分与前面的a virtual end和锄avoidance是并列的，因而以reducing开头的选项必错(它需要名词化)，所以A、B可排除；C中名词词组的中心词是reduction，D、E中均为reliance，根据句意理解，划线部分的名词词组的核心词，应该是reliance而不是reduction。如果你觉得对于此点不好理解，我们可以暂时回避此问题。继续看C项，发现另一个致命错误：containing +as从句的表达不够简洁，不如用一形容词短语，由此可以确认C错；再看D、E，在介词on后面，你又会发现一个中心词的选择问题，是reliance on sodium还是reliance on foods，不过，这个选择比起前一个中心词选择简单得多，显然应该是后者，而D弄错了reliance的对象，注意E对sodium的修饰语做了小修改，significant和hidden amounts of是对sodium的并列修饰，中间用but often(but表转折，often修饰hidden)连接，清楚而准确地表明了―大量的但却总是隐藏的盐“的含意。答案：E
五、对抽象名词的解释：是用of that同位语从句呢?
一般来说，抽象名词后可用of或that对其做详细解释，但何时应用of短语，何时应用that同位语从句并无一定论(类似的抽象名词：如likelihood，possibility，theory，hypothesis等)。在这里，我们给出三条原则进行判定。
1．根据我们上面所说的中心词原则，通过对选项中的of后的内容(核心词)与that从句内容比较，一般都能从意思上判定出。
2．a fact后一般跟that同位语，importance一般后面跟of介词短语做解释，conclusionGMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）
ofsth．指sth．的结局或结果，而conclusion that是对conclusion的具体解释。
3．实用原则：如发现抽象名词之后的of短语是一个简短的名词词组，则此结构必正确；若of短语之后是一个复杂的名词短语(套着从句或其他繁冗的修饰成分)或是一个较长的动名词短语，选项基本上都改为that从句修饰，因为这样简洁而准确，而用of短语修饰是笨拙的，且辞不达意。另外，如果题目是在抽象名词之后划线，选项中有用of或有用that从句对其进行解释。答案均为含that从句的选项。
1—8 The brochure notes that in the seminar the—importance that communication is atwo-way．process will be emphasized.(A)importance that communication is a two-way process will be emphasized
(B)importance of communication as a two-way process will be emphasized(c)importance of communication being a two-way process will be the emphasis
(D)fact will be emphasized that communication is a two-way process and of importance
(E)emphasis will be that communication being a two-way process is important
题解：根据我们上面提到的第二条原则，A是错的(在GMAT中出现的importance的句子，都无一例外地使用importance of结构。B选项符合我们的原则。C与B几乎一样，惟一区别是用being代替B中的as，在上一篇―公理‖中我们提到过，being属多余，在GMAT很少用，出现的地方几乎都是错误选项(惟有两句例外，碰到时我们会提到)。D中用fact +that同位语从句与B的名词短语比起来，显得冗长和笨拙，并且它改变了原意(交流是一个双向过程的重要性)，改成了―交流是双向的并且是重要的‖，这种对原意的篡改是不能接受的；E中being的使用是绝对错误的，同时，它也改变了原句句意，原句认为：‗‗交流是双向的重要性将会在讨论中被强调‖，而E改成了―在讨论中，交流的双向性是重要的这一话题将是重点‖，显然―讨论中的强调问题”与―重点‖并不完全一致。答案：B
GMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）
1—9 Stable interest rates on long—term bonds are the financial market‘s vote of confidence in theFederal Reserve keeping in control of inflation.(A)in the Federal Reserve keeping in control of inflation
(B)that the Federal Reserve will keep inflation under 00ntrol
(C)for the Federal Reserve，that it would keep control of inflation
(D)that inflation will be kept control of by the Federal Reserve
(E)that inflation would be kept control of by the Federal Reserve
题解：根据核心词原则，A表示对美联储的信心。而句意却是：这种信心，即美联储能把通货膨胀控制下来的信心。同时，A中的keep in control of sth．的用法不对，应是keep sth．undercontrol。另外补充一种用法take(gain)control of对…控制；lu-1~C错，同时C的介词用错，用in而不是for，即confidence in sth．，其中的that从句不知作什么成分。通过以上排除，剩下B、D、E(注：其实通过刚才的第三条原则，可以很快到达这一步)，我们发现D、E中共同的结构是被动语态，且还出现了动作的执行者by the Federal Reserve，根据GMAT倾向主动原则，B为正确答案。
六、对名词的几种修饰方法
1．n．+ adj．短语，如：the jobs available to Women
2．n．+介词短语，如：a child with reading problems
3．adv．+V．-ed+n．，如：seemingly limited number
4．n．+v．-ed短语或-ing短语
5．n．，V．-ed短语或-ing短语，that从句(对名词的复杂修饰，有二重修饰，第一重是分词短语的修饰，第二重是限定性从句的修饰)，如例7—8
6·n.，which从句，of sth．(同样是二重修饰，第一重是which的非限定性从句修饰，第GMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）
二重是介词短语of sth．的修饰)
1—10 Dr.Tonegawa won the Nobel Prize for discovering how the body can constantly changeits genes to fashion a seeming unlimited number of antibodies，each specifically targeted at aninvading microbe or foreign substance．(A)seeming unlimited number of antibodies，each specifically targeted at
(B)seeming unlimited number of antibodies，each targeted specifically to
(C)seeming unlimited number of antibodies，all specifically targeted at
(D)seemingly unlimited number of antibodies，all of them targeted specifically to
(E)seemingly unlimited number of antibodies，each targeted specifically at
题解：根据未划线部分的an invading microbe及每个选项中都有的specially，可断定targeted分词短语修饰单数形式each，而不是复数形式all，由此可排除c、D；在A、B中名词短语seeming unlimited number表明seeming和unlimited共同修饰number，即为―看上去的、不受限制的数量。‖而E中，seemingly unlimited number 表明seemingly修饰形容词u11limited，unlimited修饰名词number，意为―看上去不受限制的数量‖，显然，A、B中该名词短语的意思不符合逻辑，而E的表达清楚。另外，target是与at搭配，而不与to连用。答案：E
语法点提示：本句有两个习惯表达，win sth．for sth．／doing sth．因…而获得…； targetat 把…作为目标。
七、动名词
语法准备：动名词的构成：动词+ing；在语法功能上有名词的性质，但强调动作；动名词主语、表语及动词或介词的宾语；有些动词短语是由―动词+to‖构成，这个to不是不定式的符号，而是介词，后面要跟动名词，如：adhere to(坚持、粘附)，attribute to(归因)，contributeto(促成，捐助)，resort to(求助)，assent to(同意),aspire to(渴望)，appeal to(吸引)，attach to(隶GMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）
属，附着)，yield to(屈服于)，look forward to(期望)，object to(反对)等；有些动词定额管理只能跟动名词作宾词，如：advocate appreciatc avoid deny enjoy fancy imagine justifymiss postpone practice prevent quit resist risk suggest warrant 等。
1——11 Recently there has been increased debate over if a budget surplus should go towardslower taxes or increased spending on social programs.(A)over if a budget surplus should go towards lower taxes or increased spending
(B)over whether a budget surplus should go towards lowering taxes or increasing spending
(C)about a budget surplus going towards lower taxes or increasing spending
(D)about if lower taxes should come from budget surplus or spending increases
(E)concerning a budget surplus and its going towards lower taxes or increased spending
题解：划线句意：预算是否应该用于降低税收或增加在公益性项目上的毫出。根据GMAT公理，if不能引导名词性从句，因而A错，A中另一错误是lower taxes和increased spending词组强调状态，而题意强调动作：降低税收或增加支出；D用if是错的，且if从句中意思也大大改变；C、E中介词towards后的词组仍未能体现动作化名词的要求，且它们强调的核心词与原旬核心词相差甚远；B纠正A中的两个错误：whether替换了if，towards之后用动名词短语作介词宾语替换了名词短语，清楚准确地表达了原句意思。答案：B
语法点提示：go towards sth．(一部分钱)用于做…；debate over sth.关于…的辩论，concerning(介词)，意为关于…
EXERCI SES
16题，限时20分钟
E1—1 Once an apolitical confrontation of the world‘s best athletes，the Summer Olympics have
been increasingly politicized in recent years as the superpowers have denied many of theGMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）
best athletes access to competition．
(A)been increasingly politicized
(B)been increasing politicization
(C)been of increased politicization
(D)politicized，increasingly，(E)increased politicization
E1—2 The economic forces which may affect the new public offering of stock include sudden
downturns in the market，hedging and other investor strategies for preventing losses，loosing the interest rates in Washington, and fearing that the company may still be
undercapitalized．
(A)loosing the interest rates in Washington，and fearing the company may still beundercapitalized
(B)loosening the interest rates in Washington，and a fear of the company still being
undercapitalized
(C)a loosening of the interest rates in Washington，and fearing that the company may
still be undercapitalized
(D)a loosening of the interest rates in Washington，and a fear of the still undercapitalizedcompany
(E)a loosening of the interest rates in Washington，and a fear that the company may
still be undercapitalized
E1—3 Among the reasons for the decline of New England agriculture in the last three decades
were the high cost of land，the pressure of housing and commercial development，andGMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）
basing a marketing and distribution system on importing produce from Florida and
California.(A)basing a marketing and distribution system on importing produce from Florida andCalifornia
(B)basing a marketing and distribution system on the imported produce of Florida andCalifornia(C)basing a system of marketing and distribution on the import of produce from Florida andCalifornia
(D)a marketing and distribution system based on importing produce from Florida andCalifornia
(E)a marketing and distribution system importing produce from Florida and CaliforniaEl一4 School integration plans that involve busing between suburban and central—city areas
have contributed，according to a recent study，to significant increases in housing
integration, which, in turn reduces any future need for busing.(A)significant increases in housing integration，which, in turn, reduces
(B)significant integration increases in housing，which, in turn, reduces
(C)increase housing integration significantly，which, in turn, reduces
(D)increase housing integration significantly，in turn reducing
(E)significantly increase housing integration，which, in turn, reduce
E1—5 South Korea has witnessed the world‘s most dramatic growth of Christian congregations：
church membership is expanding by 6．6 percent a year, fully two-thirds of the growth
coming from conversions rather than the population increasing.GMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）
(A)coming from conversions rather than the population increasing
(B)coming from conversions rather than increases in the population
(C)coming from conversions instead of the population‘s increasing
(D)is from conversations instead of population increases
(E)is from conversions rather than increasing the increases
E1—6 Many investors base their choice between bonds and stocks on comparing bondyields to the dividends available on common stocks.(A)between bonds and stocks on comparing bond yields to
(B)among bonds and stocks on comparisons of bond yields to
(C)between bonds and stocks on comparisons of bond yields with
(D)among bonds and stocks on comparing bond yields and
(E)between bonds and stocks on comparing bond yields with
E1—7 A ―calendar stick‖carved centuries ago by the Winnebago tribe may provide the firstevidence that the North American Indians have developed advanced full-year calendars basingthem on systematic astronomical observation.(A)that the North American Indians have developed advanced full-year calendars basingthem
(B)of the North American Indians who have developed advanced full-year calendars andbasing them
(C)of the development of advanced full-year calendars by North American Indians,basing them
(D)of the North American Indians and their development of advanced full-year calendarsGMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）
based
(E)that the North American Indians developed advanced full-—year calendars based
E1—8 Gall‘s hypothesis of there being different mental functions localized in different partsof the brain is widely accepted today.(A)of there being different mental functions localized in different parts of the brain iswidely accepted today
(B)of different mental functions that are localized in different parts of the brain is widelyaccepted tobay
(C)that different mental functions ale localized in different parts of the brain is widely
accepted today
(D)which is that there are different functions localized in different parts of the brain is
widely accepted today
(E)which is widely accepted today is that there are different mental functions localized
in different parts of the brain
E1—9 The rising of costs of data-processing operations at many financial institutions hascreateda growing opportunity for independent companies to provide these services moreefficiently and at lower cost．
(A)The rising of costs
(B)Rising costs
(C)The rising cost
(D)Because the rising cost
(E)Because of rising cost
GMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）
E1—10 The decision by one of the nation‘s largest banks to admit to$30 billion in potential
losses on foreign loans could mean less lending by commercial banks to developingcountries and increasing the pressure on multigovernment lenders to supply the fund．
(A)increasing the pressure
(B)the increasing pressure
(C)increased pressure
(D)the pressure increased
(E)the pressure increasing
E1—11 In December of 1987 an automobile manufacturer pleaded no contest to criminalcharges of odometer tampering and agreed to pay more than$16 million in civil damages forcars that were test-driven with their odometers disconnected.(A)cars that were test—driven with their odometers disconnected
(B)cars that it had test—driven with disconnected odometers
(C)its cars having been test—driven with disconnected odometers
(D)having test—driven cars with their odometers disconnected
(E)having cars that were test—driven with disconnected odometers
El一12 A recent study of ancient clay deposits has provided new evidence supporting thetheory of global forest fires ignited by a meteorite impact t—h—at contributed to the extinction ofthe dinosaurs and many other creatures some 65 million years ago．
(A)supporting the theory of global forest fires ignited by a meteorite impact that
(B)supporting the theory that global forest fires ignited by a meteorite impact
(C)that supports the theory of global forest fires that were ignited by a meteorite impact andGMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）
that
(D)in support of the theory that global forest fires were ignited by meteorite impact and that
(E)of support for the theory of a meteorite impact that ignited global forest fires and
E1—13 Archaeologists in Ireland believe that a recently discovered chalice．which datesfrom the eighth century，was probably buried to keep from being stolen by invaders．
(A)to keep from
(B)to keep it from
(C)to avoid
(D)in order that it would avoid
(E)in order to keep from
E1—14 As a result of the continuing decline in the birth rate，less people will enter the laborforce in the 1980‘sthandid in the 1960‘s and 1970‘s ,a twenty-year period during which peopleborn after the war swelled the ranks of workers.(A)lass people will enter the labor force in the 1980‘S than(B)le88 people will be entering the labor force in 1980‘S as
(C)fewer people will enter the labor force in the 1980‘S as
(D)fewer people will be entering the labor force in the 1980‘S as
(E)fewer people will enter the labor force in the 1980‘S than
E1—15 It appears illogical to some people that West Germany．which bans such seeminglesser evils as lawn-moving on Sundays，still has some 4，000 miles of highway with no speedlimit．
(A)which bans such seeming lesser evils as
GMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）
(B)which bans such seemingly lesser evils as
(C)which is banning such seeming lesser evils like
(D)banning such evils that seem lesser，for example
(E)banning such seeming lesser evils like
E1—16 In 1933 the rubber，clothing，and shipbuilding industries put into effect a six．hourworkday，believing it a seeming permanent accommodation rather than a temporary expedient forwhat many observers thought was an economy made overproduction by advances in technology．
(A)believing it a seeming permanent accommodation rather than a temporary expedient forwhat many observers thought Was
(B)believing it a seeming permanent accommodation instead of a temporary expedient．forwhat many observers thought Was
(C)believing that it Was not a temporary expedient but a seeming permanent accommodationto what many observers thought of as a
(D)not as a temporary expedient but as a seemingly permanent accommodation towhat many observers thought Was
(E)not as a temporary expedient but believing it a seemingly permanent accommodation forwhat many observers thought
The keys to Exercises 1．A 2．E 3．D 4．A 5．B 6．C 7．E 8．C 9．C 10．C11．D12．B 13．C 14．E 15．B 16．D
练习题题解：
E1—1答案：A D、E中的主动语态不对，句意是强调―政治化‖这一动作，而不是一固定的状态。
GMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）
E1—2答案：E本句是一组名词词组的并列，而划线部分的动名词短语在形式上与前面部分不一致，需要名词化，给loosening加一个不定冠词a，fearing可用名词形式a fear替换，另a fear的内容用一名词词组是表达不了的，而应用同位语从句进行补充解释。
E1—3答案：D本句是一组名词词组的并列，而划线部分的动名词短语在形式上与前面的部分不一致，需要名词化，排除A、B、C。E错，its所指不清；同时，importing短语在system之后变成了―进口农产品的系统‖改变句意，D表达了正确意思：该系统是以从佛罗里达和加州的农产品为基础。E1—4答案：A B中，integration本是被housing修饰，却改为修饰increase；改变了句意。C、D、E中的significantly都表明increase为动词，但contribute t0结构中t0为介词，而非动词不定式的标志。
E1—5答案：B既然A、C中的increasing作为名词使用，并有population修饰就应用自己的名词形式increase.D、E中，本来原句是用一名词短语对―6．6％的增长‖做一补充解释，D、E却把其改为句子，使得结构复杂化。同时，两个句子之间无任何连词，构成run一on句(仅用逗号连接的句子，错)。还有，population increases和increasing the population的表达都不符合习惯，应为increases in the population。
E1—6答案：C根据两者之间用between而不用among、两者之间比较用compare with而不用compare to的原则，可迅速排除A、B、D。剩下C、E，二者在语法上都是完全正确的，这时我们就应从逻辑上考虑，究竟用comparison还是用comparing，我们知道，前者表示一种状态或结果，而后者则强调比较这个动作，那么，在投资上，我们选择股票或国库券的根据是基于两者的收入比较之后的结果上呢，还是基于比较这两种收入的动作上呢?显然，应是前者，选C。这是在GMT中很典型的题，考虑究竟是强调―动作‖还是―状态‖。
El一7答案：E本句是考抽象名词之后用of短语，还是用that，从句进行解释。根据GMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）
该节第三条原则，排除B、C、D。A中，have developed表示的现在完成时不对，basing表达不妥。
E1—8答案：c同上题一样，hypothesis之后是一串复杂结构，应用that引导的同位语从句，A、B错；D、E中用which引导的限定性从句使句子结构复杂化，且which一般不引导限定性从句(可查阅公理)。
E1—9答案：C A中rising有自己的名词形式rise，在这里用rising作名词是不恰当的。B中costs与谓语动词has不一致，D使句子无主句，E使主句无主语。
E1—10答案：C A、D、E中，increasing或者increased的位置都不对。B中用the是不恰当的，因为前面并未出现过pressure，加the特指是不必要的。同时，在本章第一个例题就提到过，选含有increased而不是含有increasing的选项。
E1一11答案：D test—driven是形容词，本可直接修饰cars，因此，A、E中，用that从句修饰cars使得表达不够简洁，同时使cars和with短语的紧密关系被分裂开来。C中，现在分词的完成 式不能作名词的修饰成分(可查阅第七章内容)，因而C错。B的意思是―为那些车支付$16rillion，逻辑不通。而原句意为：他(这个制造商)使本应带有数码表的测试车与其数码表分离，为此行为，他需支付$16 million；D中的‘have sth．done结构表达了此意，for表原因。
E1—12答案：B A、C、E中，theory之后用of修饰，改变了句子重心，变成了―森林火的理论‖，应排除。而在D中，第二个that从句的先行词找不到，同时，前句的同位语从句与这里的定语从句不可以构成平行结构，且in support of没有supporting简洁。B中的that从句是同位语从句，ignited过去分词短语修饰fire。
语法点提示：a contribute to b a导致了b的发生
E1—13答案：C keep from在此处与avoid是同义的，可互相替换，但keep from的完整GMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）
结构应是keep sb．(sth．)from doing sth．，A项keep之后缺宾语，因此排除A，其余3个选项均比C复杂，所以选C，avoid之后跟动名词-ing形式。
E1—14答案：E people是可数名词，用less来修饰people绝对错误，应改用fewer，排除A、B。由于fewer的存在，决定了此句是比较状语，C、D中未有无比较连词―than‖出现，错。
E1—15答案：B由例题1～i0的思路，可以断定应用seemingly修饰形容词lesser，而不应用seeming 修饰evils，排除A、C、E。D中用such…for example，不仅结构复杂难懂，也不够简洁，不如用such as来举例。B恰当。
E1—16答案：D同上，seemingly permanent accommodation的修饰关系才是正确的，排除A、B．C。再由not…but的平行结构，排除E，同时E中accommodation之后用for是不恰当的，应用to。
语法点提示：accommodation to sth． 包容，容纳某物
GMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）
第二章 主谓一致
主谓一致，简而言之，就是指谓语动词的形式应与主语在人称和数上保持一致。例如：如果主语是it，谓语用复数形式(如have，were，are，do)就肯定错，而只能用单数形式动词(如has。was，is，does三等)。在GMAT改错中，主谓一致总是考核重点。对于主谓一致原则的熟练掌握，会使你很快排除一些选项，缩小包围，扩大命中率。
但是，关于主谓一致的问题，有繁多的条款需要分别予以区分，在这里我们列出GMAT中经常考的一些主谓一致原则，希望大家牢牢记住。
语法准备：
总则：谓语只跟主语的中心词取得一致．中心词前后的修饰词不起作用。
1．―there be‖句型中be用单数还是复数，由后面的真正主语而定。
2．倒装句的谓语与后面的主语保持一致；在强调句型中对主语进行强调时，记住who后的谓语的单、复数要与wll0前面的真正主语保持一致，如：It was Mary who does the jobwell．(does对应Mary)。
3．―one of，结构作主语时，谓语用单数，―two of‖就要用复数谓语。
4．单个的动名词或动词不定式作主语，谓语用单数，若用and连接上述相同的两个成分，谓语才用复数。5．单个的名词从句作主语时，谓语用单数；如果用and或both and连接两个以上的成分作主语．谓语用复数。
6．有时用and连接的两个名词是指同一个人、同一件事，而且and后面的名词前又无冠词(如：My 110use and home)谓语应用单数；如果后面那个名词前面加上了冠词，主语则变成了复数，谓语要用复数。如：My friend and the classmate Jane；如果and后面的名词前加了not，主语又变成单数，谓语要用单数形式，如The farmer，and not the city dweller，is hurtwhen food price falls．
7．单数主语由下列词组修饰时，谓语不受这些修饰词组的影响，仍用单数形式：along with。as well as，accompanied by，besides，combined with，in addition to，including(包括)，ratherthan(而不是)，no less than(与…一样)，together with(与…一起)，with(与…)，for example 如He，rather than we，does the job。
8．由下列连词连接两个名词作主语，谓语要与其相邻的词保持一致。如：either…or,neither…nor，not only…but(also)，nor，or。如Either offices or the classroom need。cleaning．
9．量词修饰的主谓一致：
(1)‖form(type，kind)of+主语‖，谓语单复数由主语的单复数定；
(2)―half(rest，plenty，part，fifty percent，etc．)of+主语‖中，如主语是可数名词，谓语用复数，主语是不可数名词，谓语用单数。
(3)―an amount(sum)of+不可数名词‖作主语，谓语只用单数；―quantity of+不可数名词‖作主语时，谓语只用单数；而―a large sums of或quantities of+可数或不可数名词作主语时，谓语用复数：―a number of+复数名词‖作主语，谓语用复数(意为：大量的…)；―the numberof+复数名词‖作主语，谓语用单数(意为：…的数量)。
注意：在选项中若发现有amount和number的替换，little和few的替换或many和much的替换，请一定注意看其修饰的对象是可数还是不可数。若为前者，只能用number或few或many修饰；若为后者，则只能由amount，little或much修饰(而―numbers of+可数名词‖的修饰必错)。
例如：Some new types of buses are now on show．
The total amount of money is$100．
GMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）
Large quantities of water are needed for cooling purposes．
10．不定代词，物主代词作主语时的主谓一致：
(1)―both(few，many，several)of+复数名词‖中，谓语用复数；
(2)―all(80me，none，most，any)of+复数可数名词(或不可数名词)‖时谓语要看所修饰的名词，若为复数名词，谓语用复数形式，若为不可数名词，谓语用单数形式。
(3)―either(neither)of‖修饰名词作主语，谓语要用单数形式。
(4)no修饰名词作主语时，看名词的单复数形式；若名词为单数，谓语用单数；若名词为复数，谓语用复数形式。
(5)another，each one，no one，neither，the other，each(each of)，either，everything(one，-body)，anything(-one，-body)和something(-one，-body)作主语时，谓语用单数。
(6)若是―名词或代词+each‖作主语时，谓语动词的形式与each之前名词的形式保持一致，不受each的影响，如：The students each have a book． 11．定语从句中的主谓一致：
(1)在―n．of n．that定语从句‖中，that从句中的谓语动词应与先行词的数保持一致。一般来说，of之前的名词是先行词，但有时of之后的名词也可作that从句的先行词(这需从逻辑上判断)。
(2)在―one of+复数名词+that(who)从句‖中，从句中的动词用复数形式，因为此时that的先行词是复数名词，而在―the only one(the first one)of+复数名词+that(who)从句‖中，从句中的动词一般用单数，因为此时that的先行词是单数名词one。
12．专有名词，表示时间、距离、度量的名词作主语，谓语用单数。
13．带有-ics结尾的科学名称若表示学科时，谓语用单数；若表示一种实践活动时，谓语要用复数，如：statistics(作学科)翻译为―统计学‖，作为后者，指―统计资料‖，此时谓语用复数。
14．一些外来词的复数形式：
(1)以．is结尾的词变复数时-is改为-as：analysis-analyses，crisis---crises；
(2)以-um结尾的词变复数时-um改为-a：bacterium--bacteria，datum—data；
(3)以-on结尾的词变复数时-on改为-a：criterion--criteria；
(4)以-us结尾的词变复数时-us改为-i：nucleus--nuclei，stimulus---stimuli；
(5)以-a结尾的词变复数时．a改为-ae：lava-lavae，formula--formulae；
(6)以-ex/-ix结尾的词变复数时-ex/-ix改为一ices，index-indices； 例题详解：
2—1 Since 1986 enrollments of African Americans，American Indians，and HispanicAmericans in full-time engineering programs in the United States has steadily increased, while thenumber of other students who enter the field fallen．
(A)has steadily increased，while the number of the students who enter the field has fallen
(B)has steadily increased，while other students entering the field have declined in number
(C)increased steadily，while there Was a decline in the number of other students entering thefield
(D)have steadily increased，while the number of other students entering the field has fallen
(E)have steadily increased，while that of other students who enter the field fell
题解：跳过enrollments之后的of到states之间的部分(这一长串都是对enrollments的修饰)。本句的结构就极其简单。A、B错，因为主语enrollments是复数形式，谓语应用have，而不是has；C中的increased所反映的时态不对，因为since 1986这一时间状语及句意都表明该句应用现在完成时态；E前半段是正确的，但在while从句中有两处明显的错误：(1)thatGMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）
指代不正确，主句中的enrollments是复数形式，避免重复的指示代词应用those，而非that；(2)while从句中用了过去时态而非题意需要的现在完成时；D中前后都用完成时态，前面用have对应enrollments，后面用has对应the number of词组，因而是正确的。
请注意：在D中while从句中，students后的修饰词从A中的who从句改为了一个分词短语。这一变动使得D项更加简洁，强调enter的动作与has fallen的动作是同时的，而从句只能表示现在的状态(从句与现在分词的区别会在分词一章重点提及)。答案：D
解题技巧：在GMAT改错中，我们经常需要把复杂的句子结构简单化，即抛除一切修饰部分，抓主干，找出主谓，在主谓一致的判别中该技巧尤其重要。
语法点提示：enrollment一词在作―入学或注册人数‖解释时为可数名词，而在作为―参加‖的意思时．为不可数名词。
2—2 The lack of complete historical records from the mid—to-late 1800‘s have made someBlack inventions difficult to trace to their originators．
(A)have made some Black inventions difficult to trace to their originators
(B)have made for difficulties in tracing some inventions by Blacks to their originators
(C)have made it difficult to trace some inventions by Blacks to their originators
(D)has made it difficult to trace some inventions to their Black originators
(E)has made it difficult in tracing some Black inventions to their originators
题解：本题较为简单，考主谓一致与make的用法。用上题思路，简化句子，发现主语是the lack。因而A、B、C均错，它们的谓语动词是have；在D、E中正确的选择基于对make用法的了解：make it adj．+to do sth．是一种惯用法，因而选D；E中的make it adj．+indoing sth．是不符合习惯的。答案：D
语法点提示：lack一词可作及物动词或不可数名词(常用of短语补充解释)，make的用法一般是：make sth．sth．使…成为…，make it adj．+to do sth．表明使做某事是…的(it指代后面的动词不定式短语)。2—3 With its plan to develop seven and a half acres of shore land。Cleveland is but one of alarge number of communities on the Great Lakes that is looking to its waterfront as a way toimprove the quality of urban lire and attract new businesses．
(A)is looking to its waterfront as a way to improve the quality of urban life and attract
(B)is looking at its waterfront to improve the quality of urban life and attract
(C)are looking to their waterfronts to improve the quality of urban life and attract
(D)are looking to its waterfront as a way of improving the quality of urban life andattracting
(E)are looking at their waterfronts as a way they can improve the quality of urban lifeand attract
题解：题干中的but在此作副词，可译为―只不过‖(与only比较一下)。根据前述的第11条中的第(2)点，可知此题that指代communities而不是but one，因而A、B在that从句中用is是错误的；D中虽是用are作谓语，但其中的its water fronts显然与that所指代的communities在指代上不相配，D错；在C、E之间做选择涉及对短语look to与look at的区分，前者一般是：look to sth．to do sth．译为―指望…做…‖，而后者look at sth．译为看…99，根据题意，应该选用 look to(指望这些滨水区能提高城市生活质量和吸引新的生意)，因而E错；C在that从句中用了&re，正确使用了look to结构，在attract之前省略了to(与to improve并列)，并省去了多余的as a way。在考试现场，如不知look to的用法，我们仍可用其他缺陷排除 E：as a way 后的 they 指代含糊不清，从语法上讲倾向于指代communities而不是water fronts.答案：C
GMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）
语法点提示：plan作名词，其后经常用动词不定式修饰；but的这种副词用法及lookto sth．to do sth．用法。2—4 A report by the American Academy for the Advancement of Science has concluded thatmuch of the currently uncontrolled dioxins to which North Americans are exposed comes from theincineration of wastes．
(A)much of the currently uncontrolled dioxins to which North Americans fire exposed comes
(B)much of the currently uncontrolled dioxins that North Americans are export to come
(C)much of the dioxins that are currently uncontrolled and that North Americans areexposed to comes
(D)many of the dioxins that are currently uncontrolled and North Americans are exposed tocome
(E)many of the currently uncontrolled dioxins to which North Americans are exposed come
题解：A、B、C用much of，D、E用many of，根据上述第9条原则，我们几乎可以立刻断定本题是在考主谓一致。跳过修饰词，实际上是用much of dioxins还是many of dioxins的 选择，尽管我们很可能不知道dioxins是何意思，但从其形式上看，它是复数形式，因而应用many 0f(1ioXinS，从而排除A、B、C；D中有两个缺陷：(1)在首篇GMAT公理中我们说过，n．+that is(are)adj．这种表达不简洁，均要改为adj．+n．的名词短语形式，D中的dioxins that are currently controlled表达属于此类；(2)dioxin是介词to的宾语，在正规书面表达中，如果对dioxin用定语从句修饰，应该把to提前在引导词which之前(不用that)，而在D选项中，用了that引导，to未提前；而E避免了这两处错误，是正确答案。答案：E
语法点提示：be exposed to暴露于…
2—5 Downzoning, zoning that typically results in the reduction of housing density，allowsfor more open space in areas where—little water or—services exist.(A)little water or services exist
(B)little water or services exists
(C)few services and little water exists
(D)there is little water or services available
(E)there are few services and little available water
题解：根据第5条原则，and连接主语，谓语用复数形式，C错；根据第8条原则，由or连接主语，谓语形式与最近的主语保持一致，B错；A、D、E根据主谓一致原则是对的。再深入思考。我们会发现1ittle water 0r services这种表达是模糊的，有可能造成歧义，即little不仅修饰water，同时还修饰services而显然，services是复数形式，不可能用little来修饰，因而A、D都错；E弥补了这个缺陷，用few修饰services和用little修饰water，中间用and连接，表明两者是共存关系，而非其中之一的关系。答案：E
EXERCISES
17题，限时20分钟
E2—1 Three out of every four automobile owners in the United States also own a bicycle．
(A)Three out of every four automobile owners in the United States also own a bicycle.(B)out of every four，three automobile owners in the United States also owns a bicycle．
(C)Bicycles are owned by three out of every four owners of automobiles in the UnitedStates．
(D)In the United States，three out of every four automobile owners owns bicycles.GMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）
(E)Out of every four owners of automobiles in the United States，bicycles are also owned bythree．
E2—2Two valence states of u枷um，one with a deficit of four electrons and the other onewith a deficit of six, occurs in nature and contributes to the diversity of uranium‘s behavior．
(A)the 0ther one with a deficit of six，Occurs in nature and contributes
(B)the other one a deficit of six，occur in nature and contribute
(C)the other with a deficit of six，occur in nature and contributes
(D)the other with a deficit of six，occur in nature and contribute
(E)one with six，occurs in nature and contributes
E2—3The relationship between corpulence and disease．Remain controversial, althoughstatistics clearly associate fl reduced life expectancy with chronic obesity．
(A)remain controversial，although statistics dearly associate a reduced life expectancy with(B)remain controversial，although statistics clearly associates a reduced life expectancy with(C)remain controversial，although statistics dearly associates reduced life expectancy to(D)remains controversial，although statistics dearly associate a reduced life expectancy with(E)remains controversial，although statistics clearly associates reduced life expectancy toE2—4 Green anole lizards。familiar to school children as chameleons，have recently becomefamiliar to biologists as an exce11ent animal for laboratory studies of the interaction betweenstimuli with hormones．
(A)an excellent animal for laboratory studies of the interaction between stimuli with
(B)an excellent animal for laboratory studies of the interaction of stimuli and
(C)being excellent animals for laboratory studies of the interaction between stimuli with
(D)excellent animals for laboratory studies of the interaction between stimuli with
(E)excellent animals for laboratory studies of the interaction of stimuli and
E2—5 Several recent studies suggest that a child born into a family whose members haveallergies will probably themselves develop allergies following the onset of a minor viral infection.(A)a child born into a family whose members have allergies will probably themselvesdevelop allergies
(B)children born into families whose members have allergies will probably themselvesdevelop allergies
(C)a child born into a family the members of which have allergies will probably develop anallergy
(D)in those families where members have allergies，children will probably develop allergiesthemselves
(E)children born into fl family in which there are allergies will themselves probably developan allergy E2—6The major areas of medicine in which lasers are effective．Is in the cutting and closingof blood vessels, and in the destruction of tumors．
(A)is in the cutting and closing of blood vessels，and in the destruction
(B)are the cutting and closing of blood vessels，and also the cases of destroying
(C)are the cutting，closing of blood vessels，and in the destroying
(D)are the cutting and closing of blood vessels，and the destruction
(E)is in the cutting and closing of blood vessels，and the destroying
E2—7 Discrimination in wages paid in occupations that are predominantly male over theGMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）
predominantly female have given rise to substantial differentials between the wages ofhousepainters and secretaries and between the wages of parking—lot attendants and libraryassistants．
(A)paid in occupations that are predominantly male over the predominantly femalehave
(B)paid in occupations that are predominantly male over those that are predominantlyfemale have
(C)that favors predominantly male occupations over the predominantly female have
(D)that favors predominantly male occupations over those that ale predominantly femalehas(E)in predominantly male occupations over the predominantly female has
E2—8 Efforts to equalize the funds available to school districts，a major goal of educationreformers and many states in the 1970‘s has not significantly reduced the gaps existing betweenthe richest and poorest districts．
(A)has not significantly reduced the gaps existing
(B)has not been significant in reducing the gap that exists
(C)has not made a significant reduction in the gap that exists
(D)have not significantly reduced the gap that exists
(E)have not been significant in a reduction of the gap existing
E2··9The commission acknowledged that no amount of money or staff members can ensurethe safety of people who live in the vicinity of a nuclear plant，but it approved the installationbecause it believed that all reasonable precautions had been taken．
(A)no amount of money or staff members
(B)neither vast amounts of money nor staff members
(C)neither vast amounts of money nor numbers of staff members
(D)neither vast amounts of money nor a large staff
(E)no matter how large the staff or how vast the amount of money E2—10Each of Hemingway‘s wives---Hadley Bichardson, Pauline Pfeiffer, Martha Gellhorn,and Mary Welsh-were strong and interesting women，very different from the often pallid womenwho populate his novels．
(A)Each of Hemingway‘s、7lrives—Hadley Bichardson，Pauline Pfeiffer，Martha Gellhorn,and Mary Welsh——were strong and interesting women，(B)Hadley Bichardson，Pauline Pfeiffer，Martha Gellhorn，and Mary Welsh--each of themHemingway‘s wives—were strong and interesting women，(C)Hemingway‘s wives一Hadley Bichardson，Pauline Pfeiffer，Martha Gellhorn, and MaryWelsh—were all strong and interesting women．
(D)Strong and interesting women—Hadley Bichardson，Pauline Pfeiffer。Martha Gellhorn，and Mary Welsh--each a wife of Hemingway, was
(E)Strong and interesting women--Hadley Bichardson，Pauline Pfeiffer。Martha Gellhorn，and Mary Welsh—every one of Hemingway‘s wives were
E2—11 Inflation in medical costs slowed in 1986 for the fifth consecutive year but about50 percent greater than the rate of price increases for other items included in theconsumer priceindex．
GMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）
(A)Inflation in medical costs slowed in 1986 for the fifth consecutive year but were
(B)Inflation in medical costs slowed for the fifth consecutive year in 1986 but was
(C)In 1986 inflation in medical costs were slowed for fifth consecutive year but were(D)1986 Was the fifth consecutive year in which inflation in medical costs slowed but
(E)1986 Was the fifth consecutive year that inflation in medical costs were slowed, but theywere
E2—12 While larger banks can afford to maintain their own data-processing, operations，many smaller regional and community banks are finding that the cost associated with upgradingdata-processing equipment and with the development and rnaintenance of new products andtechnical staff are prohibitive．
(A)cost associated with
(B)costs associated with
(C)costs arising from
(D)cost of
(E)costs of
E2—13 The record of the past is always incomplete，and the historian who writes about itinevitably reflects the preoccupations of their own time．
(A)the historian who writes about it inevitably reflects
(B)the historian writing about it will inevitably reflect
(C)a historian writing about it inevitably reflects
(D)writing about it，it is inevitable for historians to reflect
第四篇：英语专业八级短语
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英语专业八级
1.abide by(=be faithful to;obey)忠于；遵守。
2.be absent from….缺席，不在
3.absence or mind(=being absent-minded)心不在焉
4.absorb(=take up the attention of)吸引…的注意力(被动语态):be absorbed in 全神贯注于…近:be engrossed in;be lost in;be rapt in;be concentrated on;be focused on;be centered on
5.(be)abundant in(be rich in;be well supplied with)富于,富有
6.access(to)(不可数名词)能接近,进入,了解
7.by accident(=by chance, accidentally)偶然地,意外.Without accident(=safely)安全地, 8.of one’s own accord(=without being asked;willingly;freely)自愿地 ,主动地
9.in accord with 与…一致 / out of one’s accord with 同….不一致
10.with one accord(=with everybody agreeing)一致地
11.in accordance with(=in agreement with)依照,根据
12.on one’s own account
1)为了某人的缘故, 为了某人自己的利益
2)(=at one’s own risk)自行负责
3)(=by oneself)依靠自己
on account 赊账;on account of 因为;on no account不论什么原因也不;of …account 有…..重要性.13.take…into account(=consider)把...考虑进去
14.give sb.an account of 说明, 解释(理由)
15.account for(=give an explanation or reason for)解释, 说明.16.on account of(=because of)由于,因为.17.on no account(=in no case, for no reason)绝不要,无论如何不要(放句首时句子要倒装)18.accuse…of…(=charge…with;blame sb.for sth.;blame sth.on sb.;complain about)指控,控告
19.be accustomed to(=be in the habit of, be used to)习惯于.20.be acquainted with(=to have knowledge of)了解;(=to have met socially)熟悉
21.act on 奉行,按照…行动;act as 扮演;act for 代理
22.adapt oneself to(=adjust oneself to)使自己适应于
23.adapt…(for)(=make sth.Suitable for a new need)改编, 改写(以适应新的需要)24.in addition(=besides)此外, 又, 加之
25.in addition to(=as well as, besides, other than)除…外
26.adhere to(=abide by, conform to, comply with, cling to, insist on, persist in, observe, opinion, belief)粘附;坚持, 遵循
27.adjacent(=next to, close to)毗邻的, 临近的28.adjust..(to)(=change slightly)调节;适应;
29.admit of(=be capable of, leave room for)…的可能，留有…的余地.30.in advance(before in time)预告, 事先.31.to advantage 有利的,使优点更加突出地.真人外教一对一 徐小平老师鼎力推荐
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32.have an advantage over 胜过.have the advantage of 由于…处于有利条件
have the advantage of sb.知道某人所不知道的事
33.take advantage of(=make the best of, utilize, make use of, profit from, harness)利用.34.agree with 赞同(某人意见)agree to 同意
35.in agreement(with)同意, 一致
36.ahead of 在…之前, 超过…;…………….ahead of time 提前.37.in the air 1)不肯定, 不具体.2)在谣传中.38.above all(=especially, most important of all)尤其是, 最重要的.39.in all(=counting everyone or everything, altogether)总共, 总计
40.after all 毕竟,到底;(not)at all 一点也不;
all at once(=suddenly)突然;once and for all 只此一次;above all 最重要的;first of all 首先;all in all 大体上说;be all in 累极了;all but 几乎.41.allow for(=take into consideration, take into account)考虑到, 估计到.42.amount to(=to be equal to)总计, 等于.43.answer for(undertake responsibility for, be liable for, take charge for)对…负责.44.answer to(=conform to)适合,符合.45.be anxious about 为…焦急不安;或anxious for 46.apologize to sb.for sth.为…向…道歉
47.appeal to sb.for sth.为某事向某人呼吁.appeal to sb.对某人有吸引力
48.apply to sb.for sth.为…向…申请;apply for申请;apply to 适用.49.apply to 与…有关;适用
50.approve of(=consent to, be in favor of, favor, agree to, consider good, right)赞成, approve vt.批准
51.arise from(=be caused by)由…引起.52.arrange for sb./sth.to do sth.安排…做…
53.arrive on 到达;arrive at 到达某地(小地方);得出,作出;arrive in 到达某地(大地方);54.be ashamed of(=feel shame, guilt or sorrow because of sth.done)以…为羞耻
55.assure sb.of sth.(=try to cause to believe or trust in sth.)向…保证, 使…确信.56.attach(to)(=to fix, fasten;join)缚, 系 ,结
57.make an attempt at doing sth.(to do sth.)试图做…
58.attend to(=give one’s attention, care and thought)注意,照顾;attend on(upon)(=wait upon, serve, look after)侍候,照料
59.attitude to/ toward …对…的态度.看法
60.attribute…to…(=to believe sth.to be the result of…)把..归因于.., 认为..是..的结果
61.on the average(=on average, on an average)平均
62.(be)aware of(=be conscious of , having knowledge or consciousness)意识到,知道.63.at the back of(=behind)在…后面
64.in the back of 在…后部(里面);on the back of 在…后部(外面);be on one’s back(=be ill in bed)卧病不起.65.at one’s back(=supporting or favoring sb.)支持,维护;have sb.at one’s back 有…支持, 有…作后台
66.turn one’s back on sb.(=turn away from sb.in an impolite way)不理睬(某人),背弃，真人外教一对一 徐小平老师鼎力推荐
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抛弃
67.behind one’s back 背着某人(说坏话)68.be based on / upon 基于
69.on the basis of 根据…, 在…基础上
70.beat…at 在…运动项目上打赢
71.begin with 以…开始.to begin with(=first of all)首先, 第一(经常用于开始语)72.on behalf of(=as the representative of)以…名义
73.believe in(=have faith or trust in;consider sth./sb.to be true)相信,依赖,信仰.74.benefit(from)受益,得到好处.75.for the benefit of 为了…的利益(好处)76.for the better 好转
77.get the better of(=defeat sb.)打败, 胜过.78.by birth 在出生上,论出身,按血统 at birth 在出生时;give birth to 出生
79.blame sb.for sth.因…责备某人.blame sth.on sb.把…推在某人身上
80.in blossom开花(指树木)be in blossom开花(强调状态)come into blossom开花(强调动作)
81.on board 到船上, 在船上, 上火车或飞机
82.boast of(or about)吹嘘
83.out of breath 喘不过气来
84.in brief(=in as few words as possible)简言之
85.in bulk 成批地,不散装的86.take the floor 起立发言
87.on business 出差办事.88.be busy with sth.于某事。be busy doing sth.忙于做某事
89.last but one 倒数第二.90.but for(=without)要不是.表示假设
91.buy sth.for…money 用多少钱买
92.be capable of 能够, 有能力
be capable of being +过去分词:是能够被…的
93.in any case(=for love or money, at any rate, at any price, at any cost, whatever happens;anyhow)无论如何
94.in case(=for fear that)万一;
95.in case of(=in the event of)如果发生…万一
in the case of 至于…, 就…而言
96.in no case在任何情况下都不(放句首倒装句)97.be cautious of 谨防
98.center one’s attention on(=focus one’s attention on)把某人的注意力集中在…上
99.be certain of(=be sure of)有把握, 一定.100.for certain of(=for sure)肯定地,有把握地 人文知识
1.A Tale of Two Cities was written by Charles Dickens.2.Phonology: The study of speech sounds in language or a language with reference to
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their distribution and patterning and to tacit rules governing pronunciation.音位学;在语言或一门语言中，对有关其分类和模式以及为大家所默认的发音规则的研究音韵学, 音系学
3.Syntax: The study of the rules whereby words or other elements of sentence structure are combined to form grammatical sentences.句法，研究词或其它句子成分如何联合起来形成合乎语法的句子规则的学科
4.Semantics: The study or science of meaning in language forms.语义学，以语言形式表示意思的研究或科学
5.acronym : 首字母组合词，首字母缩略词，比如，NATO, UNESCO, BASIC,它们可以连拼，但VOA是 Initialism。
6.Metonymy: A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated, as in the use of Washington for the United States government or of the sword for military power.换喻或转喻，一种,一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法，如用华盛顿代替美==或用剑代替军事力量，对面来了三个“红领巾”也是，以红领巾指代少先队员。
7.Simile: A figure of speech in which two essentially unlike things are compared, often in a phrase introduced by like or as, as in How like the winter hath my absence been or So are you to my thoughts as food to life(Shakespeare).明喻, 一种修辞手法，把两种基本不相像的东西进行比较，通常在由 like或 as引导的短语中，如 “我的离开好象是冬天来临”或“你对我的思想就象食物对于生命一样重要”（莎士比亚）
8.Metaphor: A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison, as in a sea of troubles or All the world's a stage(Shakespeare)隐喻一种语言表达手法，通常用指某物的词或词组来指代他物，从而暗示它们之间的相似之处，如 “忧愁之海”或“整个世界一台戏”(莎士比亚)the ship of desert 沙漠之舟
9.Oxymoron: A rhetorical figure in which incongruous or contradictory terms are combined, as in a deafening silence and a mournful optimist.矛盾修饰法, 一种把互相矛盾或不调和的词合在一起的修辞手法，如在 震耳欲聋的沉默和悲伤的乐观 cruel kindness 10.The affection name given to the clock tower of the Houses of Parliament, Westminster is Big Ben.11.John Milton the poet wrote of Adam and Eve’s expulsion from the Garden of Eden in Paradise Lost.Paradise Regained was also written by him.12.Sonnet: A 14-line verse form usually having one of several conventional rhyme schemes.十四行诗体, 一种由十四行组成的诗歌形式，通常有一种传统的押韵形式, 莎士比亚用过此诗体。
13.Slang: A kind of language occurring chiefly in casual and playful speech, made up typically of short-lived coinages and figures of speech that are deliberately used in place of standard terms for added raciness, humor, irreverence, or other effect.俚语主要出现在非正式的、游戏性的话语中的一种语言，基本由存在时间很短的派生词和修辞构成，它们被故意地用来取代标准的词语以达到生动、幽默、无礼或其它效果
14.Catch Phrase: A phrase in wide or popular use, especially one serving as a slogan for a group or movement.警句，妙句，吸引人的词句广泛使用的或流行的用语，尤指用作集团或运动的口号的用语。
15.Jargon: The specialized or technical language of a trade, profession, or similar group.真人外教一对一 徐小平老师鼎力推荐
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行话, 一个行业、职业或类似的团体中使用的专业的或技术的语言.terminology
16.Platitude: A trite or banal remark or statement, especially one expressed as if it were original or significant.陈腔滥调, 陈腐的或平庸的评论或陈述，尤指某人表述它时好象它是新颖的或有意义的
17.Hyperbole: A figure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or effect, as in I could sleep for a year or This book weighs a ton.夸张法,一种比喻，使用夸张来强调或产生某种效果，比如在我能睡一年或这书有一吨重
18.onomatopoeia: The formation or use of words such as buzz or murmur that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to.象声词, 词的构成或用法，例如 buzz或 nurmur模仿事物或行动的声音.19.hypotaxis: 从属关系
20.parataxis: 并列结构，指 短语或分句间不用连词，如：I came, I saw, I conquered.21.Transcendentalism: A literary and philosophical movement, associated with Ralph Waldo Emerson and Margaret Fuller, asserting the existence of an ideal spiritual reality that transcends the empirical and scientific and is knowable through intuition.超验主义, 一种文学和哲学运动，与拉尔夫•沃尔多•爱默生和玛格丽特•富勒有关，宣称存在一种理想的精神实体，超越于经验和科学之处，通过直觉得以把握
22.Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote the Scarlet Letter.美国
23.Morphology: The study of the structure and form of words in language or a language, including inflection, derivation, and the formation of compounds.词法，词态学，形态音位学, 语言或某一语言中对于单词的结构和形式的研究，包括词尾变化、派生和合成词的构成24.affricate: A complex speech sound consisting of a stop consonant辅音 followed by a fricative摩擦;for example, the initial sounds of child and joy.塞擦音由闭塞音伴随着摩擦音而形成的复杂的语音；例如 child和 joy的第一个音Also called: affricative.25.Vanity Fair 名利场 was written William Makepeace Thackray
26.Neil Armstrong was the first person to walk on the moon.Edwin Aldrin, Michael Collins 尼尔．阿姆斯特朗、埃德温．奥尔德林、迈克尔．柯林斯
27.The title of the national anthem 国歌 of Canada is O Canada.此种类型题同学们可自己多找几个国家。
28.Henry David Thoreau’s work, Walden, has always been regarded as a masterpiece of New England Transcendentalism.29.etymology: the history of a word.词源学
30.The dominant accent in the United States is General American.除纽约市、南方、新英格兰
31.John Lennon is a member of the band of Beatles 披头士或甲壳虫乐队in the 1960s.32.In Gulliver’s Travels格列佛游记, Jonathan Swift describes the island of the Houyhnhnms as the world’s most perfect society.有理智和人性的马 Houyhnhnms are horses in fact.33.Ceoffrey Chaucer wrote Canterbury Tales in fourteenth century.34.morpheme: A meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a word, such as man, or a word element, such as-ed in walked, that cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts.词素, 一种含有一个单词的有意义的语言单位，如-ed在单词 walked中，不能被划分为更
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小的有意义单位
35.The name of the famous stadium露天体育场 in the north of London is Wembley.36.Wimbledon温布尔登[英国英格兰东南部城市](位于伦敦附近, 是著名的国际网球比赛地)
37.Toad in the hole is a Traditional English recipe食谱, originating from Yorkshire, a county in the north of England.烤面拖牛肉，面拖烤香肠
38.Boycott: To act together in abstaining from using, buying, or dealing with as an expression of protest or disfavor or as a means of coercion（强制）.联合抵制, 联合起来拒绝使用、购买或经销以示抗议、不满或作为强制的手段
39.Segregation: The policy and practice of imposing the social separation of races, as in schools, housing, and industry, especially so as to practice discrimination against people of color in a predominantly white society.种族隔离, 强制实行种族的社会分离政策及实践，如在学校、居住和工业中，尤指在白人居多的社会中实行有色人种歧视的政策
40.Apartheid: An official policy of racial segregation practiced in the Republic of South Africa, involving political, legal, and economic discrimination against nonwhites.种族隔离制, 南非共和国实行的一种官方的种族隔离政策，包括在政治、法律和经济诸方面对非白色人种的歧视.41.Integration: The bringing of people of different racial or ethnic groups into unrestricted and equal association, as in society or an organization;desegregation.种族或宗教融合, 在社会或组织中，使不同的种族或宗教派别的人处于无限制的平等的关系中；取消种族隔离
42.The majority of French-speaking Canadians live in Quebec.43.Sir Thomas More coined the word “Utopia”, it means nowhere land in Greek.44.The Hemingway Code heroes are best remembered for their indestructible spirit.45.Phoneme: any one of the set of smallest distinctive speech sounds in a language that distinguish one word from another 音位，音素, 语言中最小的语音单位，如英语里 mat中的 m和 bat中的 b 46.polysemy: 一词多义
47.patron saint：保护圣徒, 守护神
48.Parentese: 父母语
49.back formation: 逆构词 脱落一词的词缀以构成新词 typewriter → typewrite 50.allomorph: Any of the variant forms of a morpheme.For example, the phonetic s of cats, z of dogs, and z of horses and the en of oxen are allomorphs of the English plural morpheme.语素变体, 语素的一种变体形式，如语音学的中之 s在 cats中，z在 dogs中，和 iz在 horses中，还有 en在 oxen中都是英语复数语素的语素变体.听力新闻词汇
政治新闻常用词汇
absolute majority 绝对多数 ad hoc committee 特别委员会 advisory body 咨询机构 anti-establishment反政府情绪 all-embracing agreement包罗万象的协定 arbitration 调停
bipartisan diplomacy两党一致的对外政策 carrot-and-stick 威胁利诱政策
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deadlock 僵局 shoe-string majority 微弱多数 embargo 禁运 summit conference 首脑会议 abstain from voting弃权 air of tension 紧张气氛 administrative authorities行政当局 amendment 修正案 apartheid 种族隔离 bare majority勉强过半数
briefing meeting 简要新闻发布会 nonaligned country不结盟国家 congressional hearing(美国)国会意见听证会
diplomatic immunity 外交豁免权 shuttle diplomacy 穿梭外交
经贸新闻常用词汇
accumulated deficit 累计赤字 active trade balance 贸易顺差 business slump 生意萧条 dull market 萧条的市场 economic takeoff 经济起飞 broker 经纪人 reciprocal trade agreement 互惠贸易政笼 dividend 红利
wholesale dealer批发商 economic recession 经济衰退 gold standard金本位 devaluation 贬值
American Selling Price美国销售价格 retailer零售商 price index 物价指数 deficiency亏损 across-the-board tariff cut talks 全面削减关税会谈
demand and supply balance 供求平衡 gold reserve 黄金储备 price-curbing policy抑制物价政策
tycoon 巨头 petrodollar石油美元
non-confidence motion 不信任案 stalled peace talks陷入僵局的和谈 adverse trade balance 贸易逆差 economic sanction 经济制裁 switch trade 转手贸易 fiscal year 财政
balance of trade贸易平衡 cash transaction 现金交易 fluctuating salary 附加工资，浮动工资
军事新闻常用词汇
active armed forces 现役武装部队 blanket bombing 地毯武轰炸 administration party 执政党 ambassador-at-large 巡回大使 anti-inflation measures 制止通货膨胀的措施 agenda 议程
back number过时的人或物 bluff diplomacy恫吓外交 closed-door meeting秘密会议 diplomatic channel外交途径 memorandum备忘录 showdown 摊牌
unanimous resolution一致通过的决议 belligerent powers 交战国 military expansion军备扩张 beam weapons激光束武器 scud missile飞毛腿导弹 aircraft carrier航空母舰
around-the-clock bombing 日夜不停的轰炸 general armistice全面停战
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adopted by consensus 经过协商一致通过 alien domination外国统治 amicable relations 友好关系 apple of discord 引起不和的争端 behind-the-scene maneuvering 幕后操纵 budget committee预算委员会 communiqué 公报 diplomatic maneuvers 外交策略
arms build-up 军备集结 unconditional surrender无条件投降 armament race军备竞赛 mushroom cloud蘑菇云 scout plane侦察飞机 airlift troop空降部队 destroyer驱逐舰 sweeper扫雷艇
chemical weapon化学武器 armored corps装甲兵团 ABM(anti-ballistic missile)反弹道导弹
marine corps海军陆战队 submarine潜水艇 nuclear weapon核武器
AAM(air-to-air missile)空对空导弹
科技、教育、文化、卫生新闻常用词汇
academia 学术界 academic year学年
brain drain 人才外流 open classroom讨论式教学 atomic energy原子能 comet彗星 extraterrestrial外星的 hardware硬件 dispensary药房 laboratory实验室 injection注射 blood type血型 dysentery痢疾 chicken pox水痘 anemia贫血 euthanasia安乐死
industrial disease职业病 cramming system填鸭式教学法 astronomer 天文学家 chip晶体片 constellation星座 galaxy银河系
coeducation男女同 ambulance救护车 surgical department外科 inoculate注射预防针 disinfectant消毒剂 malaria疟疾 plague鼠疫 tumor肿瘤
genetic engineering遗传工程学 audio-visual aids视听教具 AIDS(acquired immune deficiency syndrome)爱滋病 CAI(computer-assisted instruction)计算机辅助教学 文体、娱乐新闻常用词汇
athletics运动 record-holder记录保持者 referee(足球、拳击)裁判员 goalkeeper足球守门员 a drawn game和局 semifinal半决赛 hurdle跳栏 elimination海汰赛 hamper因故停赛 columnist专栏作家 primetime黄金时间 athlete运动员
sprint短跑 umpire(垒球、网球)裁判员 linesman边线裁判员 trial预赛
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final决赛 relay race接力赛
feint假动作 intermission中场休息 audience rating收视率 acrobatics杂技 overture序曲 symphony交响曲 newsreel新闻片 rehearsal排练 relay转播 serenade夜曲
philharmonic爱乐 film festival电影节 telecast电视转播 karaoke卡拉OK
社会生活、宗教；法律新闻常用词汇
assault袭击 scandal诽谤，丑闻 hijack劫机 detention拘留 surrender oneself自首 verdict判决 bail保释 electrocute电刑 accused被告 accuser原告 criminal case刑事案件 subpoena传票
acquit宣判无罪 commutation of sentence减刑 population explosion人口爆炸 addict吸毒上瘾者 Buddhism佛教 Hinduism印度教 Protestant新教 bishop主教
fraud诈骗 embezzlement挪用公款 contempt of court蔑视法庭 confess供认 juror陪审员 sentence判刑
capital punishment死刑 supreme court最高法庭 witness证人 barrister大律师 civil case民事案件 indictment起诉 amnesty大赦 dropout逃避现实者 feminine liberation妇女解放 Christianity 基督教 Islamism伊斯兰教 Catholic天主教 Baptism浸理会 mosque清真寺
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第五篇：英语专业八级作文
旅游高峰中国旅游景点是否该高收费
Nowadays, with the quick development of economy, we are embracing a tourism boom in China.More and more people want to spend their holidays in some famous tourism attractions and get themselves relaxed.Under this circumstance, whether the price of admission tickets in scenic spots should be charged high becomes a heated topic.In my opinion, the tickets price should be set at an affordable level for most of Chinese people and should not be too expensive, and the following are my reasons: First of all, all the natural and cultural tourism attractions are heritages which belong to the whole Chinese people, as a result, every citizen should have equal access to these spots.And affordable tickets price is a guarantee for this basic right.If the ticket price is too expensive, it actually means that the citizens who have lower income are deprived of their right to these places of interest.Secondly, tourism can make an important contribution to economic development, since tourism can create employment opportunities and boost the local economy.In this regard, affordable tickets price will help to attract more visitors and better finance the local economy as well as finance the protection of cultural and natural heritage.The last but not least, tourism helps to keep traditions alive and increase visitor appreciation of the natural and cultural heritage, which will give them a sense of national pride.Hence, affordable tickets price will provide this chance for most Chinese people instead of just the rich ones, and this is beneficial to the whole nation.All in all, affordable tickets price in scenic spots is beneficial to both the development of tourism and the development of local and national economy, and it is a wise decision to set the tickets price at an affordable level.
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