过去完成时、主谓一致与语定语从句的详细讲解（本站推荐）

第一篇：过去完成时、主谓一致与语定语从句的详细讲解（本站推荐）

过去完成时

1、概述

过去完成时表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作。它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”。表示过去某一时间可用by, before等构成的短语，也可用when, before等引导的从句或通过上下代表示。

His eyes shone brightly when he finally received the magazine he had long expected.当她终于收到她盼望已久的杂志时，她兴奋得两眼闪光。

By the time he was twelve, Edison had begun to make a living by himself.12岁时，爱迪生就开始自己谋生。

2、构成

过去完成时由“助动词had+过去分词”构成。其否定式、肯定式、疑问式如下表：

肯定式 否定式 疑问式

I(we)You

had read it.He(She, They)I(We)You

had not read it

He(She ,They)

you Had

they read it?

he

注意：had not 常简略为hadn't。

They asked me to have a drink with them and said it was at least ten years since I had enjoyed a good drink.他们请我和他们一起喝酒，并说我自上次喝酒到现在至少十年了。

We had learnt 30 lessons by the end of last month.到上个月末为止，我们已经学了30课。

He said we hadn’t seen each other since I left Beijing.自从我离开北京，我们还没见过面。

3、过去完成时的用法

过去完成时的主要用法和现在完成时一样。不同的是，过去完成时把时间推移到了过去某一时间之前，与现在无关。

（1）过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作以前已经完成了的动作。这个过去的时间状语有by, before等介词短语或when, before等引导的从句。

Helen had left her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband came home.海伦把钥匙忘到办公室里了，因此她不得不等她丈夫回来。

When we got to the cinema, the film had already begun.当我们到达电影院时，电影已经开始了。

He told me that he had visited the Great Wall before.他告诉我他以前参观过长城。By the end of the match, they had kicked 2 goals, and we had kicked 4.比赛结束时，他们踢进了2个球而我们踢进了4个球。

When Jack arrived he learned Mary had been away for almost an hour.杰克到达后得知玛丽走了近一个小时了。

（2）表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始，一直延续到过去的这一时间，而且还可能继续下去的动作，常和for, since构成的短语或引导的从句连用。

The news came as no surprise to me.I had known for some time that the factory was going to shut down.听到这个消息我并不感到吃惊。工厂要倒闭这件事我早就知道了。

By the time I left the school, he had taught the class for 3 years.到我毕业时，他已经教那个班三年了。

He said he had made great progress since he came here.他说自从他来这里他已经取得了很大进步。

（3）用于表示与过去事实相反的虚拟条件从句或as if从句中表示与过去事实相反

If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it.假如他昨天看到你，他就会问你这件事了。

I should have called you if I had known your telephone number.假如我过去知道你的电话号码，我就给你打电话了。

He described the scene as if he had been there.他描绘的景色如同他去过那里一样。Had I known that you wanted the book, I would have sent it.如果我知道你要这本书，我会送来的。

（4）表示假设的宾语从句

放在像said，told，asked，thought，wondered等过去时动词的后面，表示在这些动作发生之前已经发生了的事情。

My friend told me that he had passed the exam.我的朋友告诉我，他已通过了考试。He asked me whether I had seen the film the night before.他问我头一天晚上是否看过那部电影。

She wondered who had left the door open.她想知道谁敞着门的。（5）用在 “It was the first/second/third„time that„”句型中

在此句型中，主句用了一般过去时，that引导的定语从句要用过去完成时。This was the first time they had met in thirty-nine years.这是39年里他们第一次见面。

It was the first time we had spoken together.这是我们第一次在一起说话。

（6）intend, mean, hope, want, plan, suppose, expect, think等动词的过去完成时可以表示一个本来打算做而没有做的事

这种结构也可以表示过去未曾实现的设想、意图或希望等，含有某种惋惜。I had intended to call on you yesterday, but I had an unexpected visitor.我本来昨天打算要去看你，但我来了个不速之客。

We had meant to tell her the news but found that she wasn’t in.我们本想把这个消息告诉她的，但发现她不在家。

（7）过去完成时常用结构有“hardly, scarcely, barely „ when, no sooner„ than等副词的句子里。

She hardly had gone to bed when the bell rang.他刚睡下铃就响了。

No sooner had they left the building than a bomb exploded.他们刚刚离开大楼，一颗

炸弹就爆炸了。

（8）当before , after, as soon as 等引导的从句里的动作与主句的动作紧接时，由于这些连词本身已经说明了两个动作发生的先后关系，因此两个动作均可用一般过去时表示。

We had breakfast after we did morning exercises.做完早操之后，我们吃早饭。The train started to move just before we reached the station.我们到车站时火车刚开动。

As soon as they got there, they started to study.他们一到那里就开始学习了。

定语从句

一、限定性定语从句

1.that即可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which在从句中作宾语则不能省略。而且，如果which在从句中作“不及物动词＋介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置

2.which作宾语时，根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系，先行词与which之间的介词不能丢

3.代表物时多用which，但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which，这些词包括all, anything, much等，这时的that常被省略

4.who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语

5.where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句

6.when引导定语从句表示时间

〔注〕值得一提的是，表示时间“time”一词的定语从句只用when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导

By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks.I still remember the first time I met her.Each time he goes to besiness trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc.7.whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格

8.当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something，anything, everything或nothing时，常用there is来引导

二、非限定性定语从句：非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常和主句间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立

1.which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分

2.在引导限定性定语从句时，that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at which

Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which)attitudes towards night dreaming have changed.人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变，这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。

I like the music for the very reason that(for which)he dislike it.我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐，而他恰恰与我相反。

We arrived the day that(on which)they left.刚好我们到的那天他们走了。

3.有时as也可用作关系代词

4.在非限定性定语从句中，不能用that，而用who, whom代表人，用which代表事物

在英文中，有两种定语从句：限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句。这两种定语从句在其功能和形式方面都有明显的区别：

限定性定语从句限定性定语从句与主句的关系很紧奏，对其先行词起限定、修饰的作用。如果将其去掉，会影响句子意思的完整性；有时甚至于引起费解、误解。例如：

Rainforests are being cleared for valuable timber and other resources to speed up the economic growth of the nationsin which they are located.为了加速他们各自所在国家的经济发展，热带雨林作为有价值的原木和其他资源正为人们所砍伐。

Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow.洋流影响其流经的附近地区的气候。

They explained the reason to us why they had hated us before.他们向我们解释为什么他们不喜欢我们的原因。

非限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句在形式上就与主句很松散，它与主句之间有一个逗点“，”隔开；它对其先行词没有限定、修饰的作用，只起补充、说明的作用。有时也用它来对全句进行补充、说明。即使将其去掉，也不会影响句子意思。由于上述原因，非限定性定语从句在表达意思方面也有别于限定性定语从句。另外，非限定性定语从句在中文译文里，我们往往将其作为一个分句处理，而不把

它作定语翻译。例如：Earlier , the Babylonians had attempted to map the world , but they presented it in the form of a flattened disc rather than a sphere , which was the form adopted by Ptolemy.（此句中，非限定性定语从句是对先行词a sphere进行补充、说明。）

更早之前，巴比伦人曾试图绘制世界地图，但是他们把它绘制成平盘状而不是托勒密所采用的球体状。

The combination of satellites, which transmit information , computers , which store information , and television , which displays information , will change every home into an education and entertainment center.（此句中，三个非限定性定语从句分别对三个先行词：satellites，computers和television进行补充、说明。如果去掉这三个非限定性定语从句，那么句子可简化为：

The combination of satellites , computers and television will change every home into an education and entertainment center.）卫星能传输信息，计算机能储存信息，电视能显示信息，把这些手段结合起来可以使每个家庭都成为教育娱乐的中心。

The sun heats the earth , which makes it possible for plants to grow.（此句中，非限定性定语从句是对全句进行补充、说明,将全句表达的意思看成“一件事情）。太阳给予大地热，这就使植物的生长成为可能。

The old man has a son , who is in the army.（此句中，非限定性定语从句是对先行词son进行补充、说明。但本句所传达的信息是：”这位老人只有一个儿子“。如果将此句改写成限定性定语从句：

The old man has a son who is in the army.那位老人有一个在部队工作的儿子。那么，限定性定语从句就要对先行词son进行限定、修饰。这样一来，句子所传达的信息就变成了：”这位老人有一个儿子在部队工作，还有其他的儿子在干别的工作“。）那位老人有一个儿子，他在部队工作

三、初中定语从句的讲解与练习

定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。

关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。

关系副词有：when, where, why等。18.1 关系代词引导的定语从句

关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。

1）who, whom, that

这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：

Is he the man who/that wants to see you?

他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）

He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）

2)Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）, 例如：

They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。

Please pass me the book whose(of which)cover is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书。

3）which, that

它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：

A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在句中作宾语）

The package(which / that)you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语 18.2 关系副词引导的定语从句

关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。

1）when, where, why

关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于”介词+ which“结构，因此常常和”介词+ which“结构交替使用，例如：

There are occasions when(on which)one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。

Beijing is the place where(in which)I was born.北京是我的出生地。

Is this the reason why(for which)he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？

2）that代替关系副词

that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和”介词+ which"引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略，例如：

His father died the year(that / when / in which)he was born.他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。

He is unlikely to find the place(that / where / in which)he lived forty years ago.他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。

用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：

This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.判断改错（注：先显示题，再显示答案，横线；用不同的颜色表示出。）

（错）This is the mountain village where I visited last year.（错）I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.（对）This is the mountain village(which)I visited last year.（对）I'll never forget the days(which)I spent in the countryside.语法讲解：主谓一致

在英语句子里，谓语受主语支配，其动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，这就叫主谓一致。寻其规律，大致可归纳为三个原则，即语法一致、逻辑意义一致和就近一致原则。

一、语法一致原则

语法上一致就是谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式上保持一致。

1.以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：His father is working on the farm./ To study English well is not easy./ What he said is very important for us all./ The children were in the classroom two hours ago./ Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.注意：由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。如：What I bought were three English books./ What I say and do is（are）helpful to you.2.由连接词and或both „„ and连接起来的合成主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。如：Lucy and Lily are twins./ She and I are classmates./ The boy and the girl were surprised when they heard the news./ Both she and he are Young Pioneers.注意：（1）若and所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时，它后面的谓语动词就应用单数形式。如：The writer and artist has come.（2）由and连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no，each，every more than a（an），many a（an）修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。如：Every student and every teacher was in the room./ No boy and no girl likes it.3.主语为单数名词或代词，尽管后面跟有with，together with，except，but，like，as well as，rather than，more than，no less than，besides，including等引起的短语，谓语动词仍用单数形式；若主语为复数，谓语用复数形式。如：Mr.Green，together with his wife and children，has come to China./ Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground./ She，like you and Tom，is very tall.4.either，neither，each，every 或no +单数名词和由some，any，no，every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。如：Each of us has a new book./ Everything around us is matter.注意：（1）在口语中当either或neither后跟有“of+复数名词（或代词）”作主语时，其谓语动词也可用复数。如：Neither of the texts is（are）interesting.（2）若none of后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数；若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。如：None of us has（have）been to America.5.在定语从句时，关系代词that，who，which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。如：He is one of my friends who are working hard./ He is the only one of my friends who is working hard.6.如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数；如果它指集体的成员，其谓语动词就用复数形式。这些词有family，class，crowd，committee，population，audience等。如：Class Four is on the third floor./ Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.注意：people，police，cattle等名词一般都用作复数。如：The police are

looking for the lost child.7.由“a lot of，lots of，plenty of，the rest of，the majority of + 名词”构成的短语以及由“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语作主语，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。如：There are a lot of people in the classroom./ The rest of the lecture is wonderful./ 50% of the students in our class are girls.注意：a number of“许多”，作定语修饰复数名词，谓语用复数；the number of“„„的数量”，主语是number，谓语用单数。

8.在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如：There comes the bus./ On the wall are many pictures./ Such is the result./ Such are the facts.二、逻辑意义一致原则

逻辑意义一致就是谓语动词的数必须和主语的意义一致（因有时主语形式为单数，但意义为复数；有时形式为复数，但意义为单数）。

1.what，who，which，any，more，all等代词可以是单数，也可是复数，主要靠意思来决定。如：Which is your bag？ / Which are your bags？ / All is going well./ All have gone to Beijing.2.表示“时间、重量、长度、价值”等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式，这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体，如：Thirty minutes is enough for the work.3.若英语是书名、片名、格言、剧名、报名、国名等的复数形式，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。如：“The Arabian Nights” is an interesting story-book.4.表数量的短语“one and a half”后接复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词可用单数形式（也可用复数。如：One and a half apples is（are）left on the table.5.算式中表示数目（字）的主语通常作单数看待，其谓语动词采用单数形式。如：Twelve plus eight is twenty./ Fifty-six divided by eight is seven.6.一些学科名词是以 –ics 结尾，如：mathematics，politics，physics 以及news，works等，都属于形式上是复数的名词，实际意义为单数名词，它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。如：The paper works was built in 1990./ I think physics isn‘t easy to study.7.trousers，glasses，clothes，shoes，等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有a（the）pair of等量词修饰时，谓语动词用单数。如：My glasses are broken./ The pair of shoes under the bed is his.8.“定冠词the + 形容词或分词”，表示某一类人时，动词用复数。

三、就近一致原则

在英语句子中，有时谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主语保持一致。

1.当两个主语由either „„ or，neither „„ nor，whether „„ or „„，not only „„ but also连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语一致。如：Either the teacher or the students are our friends./ Neither they nor he is wholly right./ Is neither he nor they wholly right？

2.there be句型be动词单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致。如：There are two chairs and a desk in the room.注意：Here引导的句子用法同上。

第二篇：主谓一致讲解教案

主谓一致讲解 教案

一、授课时间：2012年1月4日

二、授课内容：语法点主谓一致讲解

三、授课重难点：

1、授课重点：主谓一致三原则：语法一致；意义一致;就近一致原则

2、授课难点：主谓一致常考题型

四：授课过程 Step I 课程引入

由三个例句导入主谓一致的概念 1.I am a student.2.They are students.3.She is a teacher.我们可以看出主语不同，谓语动词的形式就不同

主谓一致：谓语动词的人称和数随着主语的人称和数的变化而变化。Step II 讲述

一、主谓一致遵循三个原则：语法一致；意义一致;就近一致原则

分别对每个原则中的每一项进行讲解，并且举出例句，和学生互动。

1.语法一致原则：指主语是单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式，主语是复数形式，谓语也用复数形式。

Tom is a good student.汤姆是个好学生。

They often play football on the playground.他们经常在操场上踢足球。2.意义一致：指主语形式上为单数，但意义为复数，因此谓语动词用复数形式；或主语形式上为复数,但表示单数意义，这是谓语动词用单数形式。

My family are having lunch now.我们一家人现在正吃午饭。

Twenty dollars is too expensive for the book.这本书20美元太贵了。

3.就近一致：指谓语动词用单数形式还是用复数形式，取决于最靠近他的主语。例如：

Not only the teacher but also his students like playing football.不仅老师喜欢踢足球，而且他的学生也喜欢踢足球。

There is a pen and some books on the desk.课桌上有一支钢笔和一些书。

4.就远一致：指谓语动词用单数形式还是用复数形式，取决于离他远的主语。9.当主语部分含有with，together with，along with，as well as，besides，except，but，like 等介词或介词短语时，谓语动词用单数形式；但“名词+as well as+名词”时，谓语动词一般应与第一个名词一致。

Mike with his father has been to England.迈克同他的父亲去过英格兰。

Mike,like his brother,enjoys playing football 迈克像他的哥哥一样喜欢踢足球。

The students as well as the teacher were present at the meeting.二、主谓一致细致讲解

（一）语法一致原则：

1.单数名词(代词)，不可数名词作主语时，谓语用单数形式，复数名词(代词)作主语，谓语用复数形式。

The desk is Tom’s.这张桌子是汤姆的。

Some water is in the bottle.一些水在瓶子里。

The students are playing football on the playground.这些学生正在操场上踢足球。

2.由and 或both...and连接的两个可数名词或不可数名词做主语时，谓语动一般用复数。

Tom and mike are good friends.Both bread and butter are sold out.Meat and rice are my favourite food.3.不定代词somebody, someone, something, anybody, anything, everybody, everyone, everything, nobody, no one, nothing作主语，谓语动词用单数。Is everyone here today.今天大家到齐了吗？ Something is wrong with him.他有毛病。Nobody was in.没有人在家。

4.each, either, neither, another, the other 作主语，谓语动词用单数。Each of them has an English dictionary.他们每人都有一本英语词典。Neither answer is correct.两个答案都不正确。

尤其注意主语是each/every+单数名词+and(each/every)+单数名词时，谓语动词用单数。

Each boy and each girl has got a seat.每个男孩和女孩都有一个座位。

Every man and every woman is at work.每个男人和女人都在工作。

5.a number of +名词复数，动词要用复数形式;.而the number of +复数名词作主语，谓语动词用单数。(重点）

A number of trees are cut down.The number of the students is over eight hundred.6.“a lot of,lots of,plenty of ,most of +名词”作主语，谓语动词的单复数形式取决于所加的名词。

Plenty of the water was polluted.A lot of students pass the exam.7.某些只有复数的名词如trousers,shoes,gloves,glasses等作主语时，谓语动词用复数；但是由“a pair of +此类复数名词”作主语，谓语动词用单数； 由“pairs of +此类复数名词”作主语，谓语动词用复数； The shoes are for you.A pair of glasses is lying on the table.Fifteen pairs of shoes are made every day.8.动词不定式，动名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。

To see is to believe 眼见为实。

Doing eye exercises is good for your eyes.做眼睛保健操对你的眼睛十分有益。

9.在定语从句中，关系代词that, who,which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数与先行词保持一致.This is the man who wants to see you.The girls who are coming soon are my students.10.由what引导的主语从句，主句谓语动词一般用单数形式，但如果表示复数意义，主句谓语动词则用复数形式。What we need now is time.What he left me are only some old books.3

(二）意义一致：

1.由and连接的两个单数名词作主语时，一般用复数形式，但and所连接的并列主语是同一个人，事物，或概念时，谓语动词用单数。这两种情况区分如下：a/the+单数名词+and+单数名词，指的是同一个人或物；a/the+单数名词+and+a/the+单数名词，指两个人或物。The writer and teacher is coming.那位作家兼教师来了。(作家和教师指同一个人)The writer and the teacher are coming.作家和老师来了。(作家和老师是两个人)2.表示时间，价格，重量，数目，长度，数学运算等的词或短语作主语时，这些通常作一个整体概念，谓语用单数形式。例如：

Two months is a long holiday.两个月是一个长假。Twenty pounds isn’t so heavy.2 0英镑并不太重。

Ten miles isn’t a long distance.1 0英里并不是一段很长的距离。Five minus four is one.5减4等于1。

3.people,police等集体名词作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。

People here are very friendly.这儿的人很友好。

4.family,class,group,team等集体名词作主语，若指一个整体时，谓语动词用单数形式，若指一个具体成员时，谓语动词复数形式。（难点）His family isn’t large.他家的人不多。

My family all like watching TV.我们一家人都喜欢看电视。

5.以—s 结尾的名词本身不表示复数意义，谓语通常用单数形式，如news, maths, physics等，No news is good news.没有消息就是好消息。

Maths is very popular in our class 在我们班数学很受欢迎。

6.none作主语时，谓语动词多用复数形式，但作为单数看待时，谓语动词用单数形式,取 决于后面所接的名词。

None of the advice was accepted.None of the children of the family are interested in art.7.some,any,all,more,most,the rest of ,分数或百分数作主语时，谓语动词要与它们指代的名词保持一致。

Two thirds of the apples remain green.Three fifths of the money was spent on clothes.8.the+形容词表示一类人时，谓语动词用复数形式，表示抽象概念时，用单数形式.The poor are very happy,but the rich are sad.The beautiful lives forever.美是永存的。9.the+姓氏表示一家人时，谓语动词用复数形式。The Whites are watching TV.(三）邻近一致原则（就近原则）

1、由or, either„or„，neither„nor„, not only„but also„, not„but„,连接两个名词或代词作主语时，根据就近原则决定谓语动词形式。（重点）

Either my wife or I am going.Neither you, nor I, nor anyone else knows the answer.Not only you but also he is ready to leave.2．以here，there开关的句子，若主语在两个或两个以上，谓语动词通常与临近的主语一致

There is a book and three pens on the desk.There are three pens and a book on the desk.Here are some books and paper for you.Here is a letter for you.Step III 练习

1.Either Jane or Steven _____ watching TV now.A.were B.is C.was D.are

2.Two days _______enough for me to finish the work, I need a third day.A.isn’t B.is C.are’t D.are 3.—How many lessons do you usually haver a day?

—Six lessons a day.And each of then _____45 minutes.A.last B.lasts C.have D.are 4.Neither Liping nor I _______a basketball player.A.am B.is C.be D.are 5.There ______ many new words in lesson one,It is very easy.A.is B.aren’t C.isn’t D.are

6.The number of the students in our school ____1200.A.is B.are C.has D.have 7.Maths _______ my favourite subject.A.be B.is C.am D.are 8.The boy with the two dogs _____ when the earthquake rocked the city.A.were sleeping B.is sleeping

C.was sleeping D.are asle 9.Every one except Tom and John _____there when the meeting began.A.are B.is C.were D.was 10.That place is not interesting at all, ____of us wants to go there.A.Neither B.Both C.All D.Some Step IV 总结 1.主谓一致的概念 2.主谓一致的三个原则 3.主谓一致的常考题型 Step V 作业

主谓一致练习题

1.The old ____well looked after by the government in China.A.is B.are C.has been D.was 2.The secretary and manager ____very busy now.A.is B.are C.was D.were 3.Both the secretary and the manager _____agreed to attend the meeting.A.has B.have C.are D.was 4.Tom as well as two of his classmates _____invited to the party.A.was B.were C.have been D.had been 5.Either you or I _____going to the teachers‘ office after class.A.am B.is C.are D.will 6.Most of his spare time ____spent in reading.A.are B.were C.was D.have been

第三篇：定语从句讲解

定语从句专题讲解

一、基本概念：

在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。

Do you know the man who spoke at the meeting just now? That is the house where he lived ten years ago.定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词；定语从句一般用关系代词或关系副词来引导，关系词放在先行词与定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作从句中的一个成分。引导定语从句的关系代词有：that, who, whom, whose, which，as 关系副词有：when, where, why.二、关系词的用法：

（一）关系代词的用法：

1． 作主语用who, which和that, 如： He is the man who/that lives next door.The train which/that has just left is for Shenzhen.2． 作宾语用whom, who, which, that, 如：

The man(whom/who/that)we have just seen is a famous writer.Where is the book(which/that)I bought last week? 注：在非正式文体中，用于指人的关系代词who whom, that 通常可以省略，但在正式文体中通常用whom, 不可省略；用于指物的关系代词which和that 在非正式文体中也通常省略，但在正式文体中一般不省略。

3． 作定语用whose, 如：(a)He is the man whose car was stolen last week.(b)It was a meeting whose importance I did not realize at that time.注：“whose +名词中心词”这一结构在定语从句中既能作主语（如上a句），又能作宾语（如上b句）。whose 的先行词常用来指人，但有时也可以用来指具体事物或抽象概念，这时可以与of which 结构互换，词序是：“名词+of which”，如： They came to a house whose back wall had broken down..(= the back wall of which)He’s written a book the name of which I’ve completely forgotten.(= whose name)4． 作表语只用that，它既可以指人，也可以指物，但时常省略。如： He is no longer the man that he used to be.This is no longer the dirty place(that)it used to be.（二）关系副词的用法：

1．when 指时间，在从句中作时间状语，它的先行词通常有：time, day, morning, night, week, year 等。如：

I still remember the time when I first became a college student.Do you know the date when Lincoln was born? 注：when时常可以省略，特别是在某些句型和某些时间状语中。如： Each time he came, he did his best to help us.But help never stopped coming from the day she fell ill.2．where指地点，在从句中作地点状语。它的先行词常有：place, spot, street, house, room, city, town, country等。This is the hotel where they are staying.I forget the house where the Smiths lived.注：where有时也可以省略。如：

This is the place(where)we met yesterday.3． why指原因或理由，它的先行词只有reason。如： That is the reason why he is leaving so soon.注：why时常也可以省略。如： That is the real reason he did it.(三)使用关系副词应注意下列几点：

1． 这三个关系副词在意义上都相当于一定的介词+which结构： when = on(in, at, during„)+ which;where = in(at, on„)+ which;why = for which.如：

I was in Beijing on the day when(=on which)he arrived.The office where(=in which)he works is on the third floor.This is the chief reason why(=for which)we did it.2． 当先行词是表时间的time, day等和表地点的place, house等时，一定要注意分析从句的结构，如果缺少主语或宾语时，关系词应该用which或that, 缺少时间状语或地点状语时，才能用when或where，试比较：

I’ll never forget the day when my hometown was liberated.I’ll never forget the days which/that we spent together last summer.His father works in a factory where radio parts are made.His father works in a factory which/that makes radio parts.3． when和where既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。而why 只能引导限制性定语从句。三．限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句

1．限制性定语从句说明先行词的情况，对先行词起限定作用，与先行词关系十分密切，不可用逗号隔开，也不可省略，否则全句意义就不完整。如： This is the telegram which he refers to.Is there anything(that)I can do for you? 2．非限制性定语从句只是对先行词作补充说明，没有限定作用，它与先行词的关系比较松散，因而不是关键性的，如果省略，原句的意义仍然完整。这种从句在朗读时要有停顿，在文字中通常用逗号与主句隔开。如：

This note was left by Tom, who was here a moment ago.As a boy, he was always making things, most of which were electric.引导非限制性定语从句的关系词有：who, whom, whose, which, when 和 where，不可以用that和why。

另外，非限制性定语从句从意义上讲，相当于一个并列句，在口语中使用并不普遍，在日常生活中，人们通常用并列句或简单句来表达。如：

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I told the story to John, who later did it to his brother.= I told the story to John, and he later told it to his brother.Yesterday I happened to see John, who was eager to have a talk with you.= Yesterday I happened to see John and he was eager to have a talk with you.3．两种定语从句的内涵不同，限制性定语从句具有涉他性，而非限制性定语从句具有唯一性，这在理解和翻译时应特别注意。试比较： All the books there, which have beautiful pictures in them, were written by him.All the books there that have beautiful pictures in them were written by him.His brother, who is eighteen years old, is a PLA man.（只有一个）His brother who is a PLA man is eighteen years old.（不止一个）

4．有时，非限制性定语从句所修饰的不是某一个词，而是整个主句或是主句中的一个部分，这时一般采用which或as来引导。当整个主句（先行词）在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词要用单数。

eg: He passed the exam, which/as he hoped he would.He has left here, which greatly upsets me.注：

（1）as引导的从句可以放在主句之前，而which引导的从句只能放在主句之后。They are hollow, which makes them very light.As is known to all, Taiwan is a part of China.（2）从意义上讲，which指前面主句的内容；而as指代的是作为一般人都知道的常识性的东西，因此常译成“就象„ „那样”。

（3）如果定语从句的内容对主句的内容起消极作用或当非限制定语从句为否定时，则常用which，而不用as，如：

She stole her friend’s money, which was disgraceful.He tore up my photo, which upset me.Tom drinks a lot everyday,which his wife doesn’t like at all.5．在正式文体中，以the way为先行词的限制性定语从句通常以in which或 that 引导，如：

The way in which you answered the questions was admirable.但在非正式文体中，人们通常省略in which或 that : The way(in which)he spoke to us was suspicious.I don’t like the way(that)you laugh at her.四．关系词的选择

1． 在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词作主语，只能用who 指人，which指物；关系代词做宾语，常用whom（口语中有时用who）指人，which指物，它们都不能用that代替。

2． 关系代词作介词宾语，不论是在限制性定语从句中，还是在非限制性定语从句中，当介词前置时，只能用whom指人，which指物；但如果介词后置，则不受这种限制，关系代词还可以省去，特别是在口语中。如：

Do you know the boy to whom she was talking?

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Do you know the boy(that)she was talking to? The pencil(which/that)he was writing with suddenly broke.3． 在限制性定语从句中，当先行词指物时，关系词可用which或that，二者常可以互换；但在下列情况中，只能用that，不用which：(1)当先行词是all, a lot,(a)little, few, much, none, anything, something, everything, nothing等词时。如： All that can be done has been done.In this factory I saw little / much that was different from ours.(2)当先行词被all, any no, much, little, few, every等限定词所修饰时。如：

We heard clearly every word that he said.(3)当先行词是序数词或被序数词所修饰时。如：

The first thing that should be done is to get the tickets.When people talk about Hangzhou, the first that comes to mind is the West Lake.(4)当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级所修饰，以及先行词被序数词和形容

词最高级同时修饰时，如：

Is that the best that you can do? That’s the most expensive hotel that we’ve ever stayed in.This novel is the second best one that I have ever read.(5)当先行词被 the very, the only, the next, the last等所修饰时。如： This is the very book that I want to find.(6)当先行词为指人和指物的两个并列名词词组时。如：

The guests spoke highly of the children and their performances that they saw at the Children’s Palace.She described in her compositions the people and places that impressed her most.(7)当主句是以which，who,what开头的特殊疑问句时。如： Which is the car that killed the boy? Who is the person that is making this lecture? 4.用which而不用that的情况：

①引导非限制性定语从句； ②代表整个主句的意思； ③介词+关系代词。e.g.He had failed in the maths exam,which made his father very angry.他数学考试没有及格，这使他的父亲很生气。

This is the room in which my father lived last year.这是父亲去年居住过的房子。

5.在限制性定语从句中，当先行词指人时，关系词可用who(m)或that，二者常可互换。

但在下列情况中，用who(m)，而不用that：

(1)当先行词是one, ones, any, few, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody, everyone, everybody等词时。如：

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Is there anyone who can answer this question? He was among the few who managed to live through the enemy prison camp.注：在非正式文体中可以说：You’re the one that knows where to go.)(2)当先行词是he, they, those, people, person等词时。如： He who wants to catch fish just not mind getting wet.Those who are against the proposal put up your hands.注：在固定结构的谚语或习语中，可用he that„。如： He that promises too much means nothing.(3)当先行词有较长的后置定语修饰时。如：

Do you know the writer in blue with thick glasses who is speaking at the meeting?(4)在分隔式定语从句中，若先行词指人，为了明确修饰关系，应当用who(m)。如：

A new master will came tomorrow who will teach you German.There’s only one student in the school who/whom I wanted to see.I was the only person in my office who was invited.(5)两个定语从句同时修饰一个指人的先行词，第二个定语从句常用who(m)来引导，如：

She is the only girl I know who can play the guitar.6.在限制性定语从句中，当先行词指人时，在下列情况中，一般用关系词that:(1)当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时。如： Who is the man that is reading the newspaper over there? Which of us that knows anything does not know this?(2)当先行词被形容词最高级或序数词所修饰时。如： He is the greatest man that has ever lived.(3)当先行词被the only, the very, the last等词所修饰时。如： She is the only person that understands me.7.当先行词被the same所修饰时，关系词既可以用as，也可以用that。在表示具体事物时，有时两者有一定的区别。一般说来，表示同一种类多用as，表示同一事物多用that。

如：This is the same instrument that I used yesterday.这就是我昨天用过的那台仪器。

This is the same instrument as I used yesterday.这台仪器跟我昨天用过的那台一样。

在抽象概念上，同种类和同一事物是没有绝对区别的，所以两个词可换用： I have the same opinion as / that you have.这里要注意的是：

（1）使用as时，它引导的定语从句中的动词可以省略，但使用that时，定语从句中 的动词不可省略。如： Women received the same pay as men.Women received the same pay that men received.(2)在“the same„that”结构中，that只是用来加强语气，强调“相同”。

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that可以省去而不改变句子原意，甚至连名词前的same也可以省去。如： This is the same instrument that I used yesterday.= This is the same instrument I used yesterday.= This is the instrument I used yesterday.但在“the same„as”结构中，same和as都不能省略。

(3)当“the same„that”结构中的that作为关系副词用时，不可以直接与as互换。

如：He lives in the same building that I live.= He lives in the same building as / that I live in.Shall we meet at the same place that we last met? = Shall we meet at the same place that / as we last met at? 8.当先行词前有such, so, as时，关系词应当用as。如： A wise man seldom talks about such things as he doesn’t understand.He spoke in such easy English as everybody could understand.At this time of the day, all buses and trolleys have to carry as many passengers as they can.It is so easy a book as every schoolboy can read.Let’s discuss such things as we can talk of freely.另需注意：

This book is written in such easy English as beginners can understand.（定语从句）

This book is written in such easy English that beginners can understand it.（结果状语从句）

9.as引导非限制性定语从句既可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后，用来修饰整个句子。通常用下列句型：

as is known to all,as is said,as is reported, as is announced,as we all know,as I expect等。

Eg：As I expected,he got the first place again in this mid-term examination.正如我所预料的那样，他在这次期中考试中又获得了第一名。

第四篇：定语从句讲解

定语从句讲解

一、定语从句的概念

在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行

词，定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。

如：

He is the boy

who often goes to school late.先行词

关系词

定语从句

二、定语从句的关系词

引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词，常见的关系代词包括that，which，who（宾格whom，所有格whose）等，关系副词包括where，when，why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作定语从句的重要成分。

三、定语从句的分类

根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省去，非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。

四、关系代词的用法

1.that 既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语，作主语时不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如：

Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。（that作主语）

The coat（that）I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。（that作宾语）

2.which用于指物，在句中作主语或宾语，作主语不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如：

The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。（作主语）

The film（which）we saw last night was wonderful.我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。（作宾语）

3.who，whom用于指人，who 用作主语，whom用作宾语。在口语中，有时可用who代替whom，也可省略。例如：

The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。（作主语）

Who is the teacher（whom）Li Ming is talking to？正在与李明谈话的老师是谁？（作宾语）

注意：（1）当定语从句中含有介词，介词放在句末时，who，that，which可省略，但介词在关系代词前时，只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。例如：

This is the house in which we lived last year.这是我们去年居住的房子。

Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。

（2）含有介词的固定动词词组中，介词不可前置，只能放在原来的位置上。例如：

This is the person whom you are looking for.这就是你要找的那个人。

（3）that 作介词的宾语时，介词不能放它的前面，只能放在从句中动词的后面。例如：

The city that she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常远。

（4）关系词只能用that的情况：

a.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：

He was the first person that passed the exam.他是第一个通过考试的人。

b.被修饰的先行词为all，any，much，many，everything，anything，none，the one等不定代词时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：

Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop？你在商店里有什么东西要买吗？

c.先行词被the only，the very，the same，the last，little，few 等词修饰时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：

This is the same bike that I lost.这就是我丢的那辆自行车。

d.先行词里同时含有人或物时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：

I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。

e.以who或which引导的特殊疑问句，为避免重复，只能用that.例如：

Who is the girl that is crying？ 正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁？

f.主句是there be 结构，修饰主语的定语从句用that，而不用which.例如：

There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom.桌子上那本书是汤姆的。

（5）关系词只能用which，而不用that 的情况：

a.先行词为that，those时，用which，而不用that.例如：

What’s that which is under the desk？ 在桌子底下的那些东西是什么？

b.关系代词前有介词时，一般用which，而不用that.例如：

This is the room in which he lives.这是他居住的房间。

c.引导非限制性定语从句，用which，而不用that.例如：

Tom came back，which made us happy.汤姆回来了，这使我们很高兴。

五、关系副词的用法

（1）when指时间，其先行词表示时间，在句中作时间状语。例如：

This was the time when he arrived.这是他到达的时间。

（2）where指地点，其先行词表示地点，在句中作地点状语。例如：

This is place where he works.这是他工作的地点。

（3）why 指原因，其先行词是原因，起原因状语作用。例如：

Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school.没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。

第五篇：定语从句讲解

定语从句讲解

一个美丽的女孩

a beautiful girl（形容词作前置定语）一个穿白色衣服的女孩

a girl in white（介词短语作后置定语）一个正唱歌的女孩

a girl who is singing(定语从句，修饰或限定名词girl）

一、概念: 在复合句中修饰名词或代词的句子.Harry Porter is a smart boy.形容词作定语 Harry Porter is a boy who has magic power.句子作定语,修饰boy, 叫做定语从句 先行词：被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。关系词 分为关系代词和关系副词。

关系代词：who whom whose which that as

关系代词 ：when where why 先行词和关系词的关系

1.A plane is a machine that can fly.the machine = that 2.The boy who broke the window is called Tom.the boy =who 3.The boy whose parents are dead was brought up by his grandfather.the boy’s =whose The school where I study is far from my home.in the school = where 关系代词实际上是先行词的复指

关系词whose实际上是先行词的所有格 关系副词实际上是介词＋先行词 关系代词的作用

1.代替先行词;

２.它还在定语从句中担任一定的成分;

3.同时连接先行词与它引导的定语从句.（把主句和从句连起来）

关系代词在定语从句中代替主句中的先行词，所以它在一般情况下都跟在先行词之后，而且它的 人称、数必须和先行词一致。

① who指人,在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时，可省略。

The man who is speaking at the meeting is a worker.分解

作主语 The man is a worker.The man is speaking at the meeting.The man(who)I talked with is our teacher.A person who steals things is called a thief.②whom指人,在定语从句中作宾语，可省略。

The woman whom they wanted to visit is a teacher.作宾语分解、The woman is a teacher.They wanted to visit the woman.The man(whom)I nodded to is Mr.Li.③ which 指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时，可省略。

This is a truck which / that is made in China.分解 This is a truck.The truck is made in China.These are the trees which were planted last year.This recorder（which）he is using is made in Japan.The TV set(which)he bought yesterday is made in Japan.Is this the library(which)you borrow books from? ④that 指人或物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时，可省略。

The man who / that is speaking at the meeting is a worker.作主语 分解 The man is a worker.The man is speaking at the meeting.A plane is a machine that can fly.He is the man(that)I told you about.⑤whose指人或物, 在定语从句中作定语。不可省略。I know the girl whose mother is a teacher.分解 I know the girl.The girl’s mother is a teacher.This is the little girl whose parents were killed in the great earthquake.We live in a house whose windows face south.I saw a woman.Her bag was stolen.I saw a woman whose bag was stolen.Please show me the book.Its cover is red.Please show me the book whose cover is red.定语从句三步：

第一找出先行词

第二看先行词在定语从句中的语法功能（做主语、宾语或状

语）

第三选择合适的关系词 关系代词的用法注意点

(1)that和which都可以指物，但以下5种情况只能用that 不能用which。①当先行词中有人又有物时。如：

Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about? ②当先行词为不定代词all, one, few, little, no, some, any, everything, nothing, nobody, none等时。如：

This is all that I want from the school.③当先行词被only, just, very, right, last等修饰时。如： This is the very book that I am looking for these days.④当先行词被最高级修饰时。如：

The TV tower is the highest building that has been built in this city.⑤当先行词被序数词修饰时。如：

The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten.由wh-开头的特殊疑问句

Who is the man that you are talking about? 练习：that 与 which 1)Do you have anything ______ you don’t understand? 2)The only thing _____ we can do is to give you some advice.3)Who is the man _____ is standing there? 4)Her bag, in ________ she put all her money, has been stolen.5)She heard a terrible noise，______ brought her heart into her mouth.(2)that和who都可以指人，但下面两种情况，多用who。①先行词为all, anyone, one, ones等时。如： All who heard the news were excited.②先行词为those, he和people时。如：

Those who want to go please sign your names here.He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man.定语从句练习

The foreign guests，were scientists, were warmly welcomed at the airport.A．most of them

B．most of whom

C．most of that

D．most of those He was the very one of the students who

praised at the class meeting.A．was

B．were C．is

D．are The balls are solid，makes them very heavy.it

B．what C．which D．that

The scientist and his achievements

you told me about are admired by us.who

B．that

C．which D． /

He is working hard，will make him pass the final exam.who

B．that

C．which D．it

The museum

we are going to visit is far form our school.where B．that

C．it

D．as

Which of the two sheep

you keep produces more milk?

that

B．which C．what D．they

The weather turned out to be very good，was more than we could expect.B．which

C．that

D．it

Finally, the thief handed everything

he had stolen to the police.which B．what

C．whatever D．that

Tom as well as his friends who

football matches

to school today.likes;hasn’t gone

B．likes;haven’t gone

C．like;hasn’t gone

D．like;haven’t gone We should learn from those

are ready to help others.A．what

A．who

B．whom C．whose D．they 12.I have two brothers，are doctors.A．both of them

B．both of who

C．both of whom

D．both of they 13.Everything

can be done should be done.A．which B．that

C．all

D．where 14.Is oxygen the only gas

helps fire burn?

A．that

B．/

C．which D．what

15.The first place

we visited in that city was a big factory.A．where B．in which C．that

D．which

16.Which is the largest bridge

was built across the river?

A．that

B．which C．where D．on which 17.Please pass me the dictionary

cover is black.A．which B．its

C．whose D．which of 18.This is the very place

I’m wishing to live in.A．where B．which C．that

D．in which 19.She always gives in to those _____ have money.A．in which B．who

C．that

D．which

二、从下框中选择合适的关系代词填空。

that;which;who;whose;不填

This is the village ______ I ever visited last year.I will always remember the days ______ we spent in the village.I will never forget the boy ______ ever helped me.He lives in the room ______ door is green.This is the best movie ______ we have seen this year.The trees _____ stand by the river have been green.These are the very books _____ I am looking for.It was the largest map _____ I had even seen.He made notes of everything _____ he read.10.Yesterday I met the teacher _____ once taught us maths.