新时代读写译1到4单元答案

第一篇：新时代读写译1到4单元答案

第三级的读写译与以前版本有严重不同 此答案只有1到4单元的！望查看清楚！【三级】 UNIT 1

Reading1（注：以下是书上的标号）Ⅲ ⒈ ⑴feel comfortable about ⑵improve one's reading abilities ⑶prefer television to print ⑷subjects at the level of higher education/at the college level ⑸retain new hnowledge/the retention of new knowledge ⑹apply for and get a driver's license ⑺something one benefits all one's life ⑻if you were in my position/if you were put in my position ⑼extract some benefits from ⑽Time flies by awfully fast ⒉ ⑴look over ⑵Getting a head start ⑶is held off/will be held off ⑷devote...to ⑸in sum ⑹In the light of ⑺There's a likelihood Ⅳ ⑴～⑸ EBAOC ⑹～⑽ DGHKJ Ⅴ ⒈ ⑴Jack decided to read Shakespeare's sonnets aloud until he can retain them.⑵How to cultivate one's long-term memory?term memory into longjust as you would need an instruction manual if your job required you to have one.⑸The real secret for the man's success is that he always gets a head start on the others.⒉ ⑴记忆的信息会在接触后的24小时内逐渐遗忘。（这就是“遗忘曲线”）⑵有些学生或许会以此作为考前突击的理由——把一切都拖到考试前最后一天来硬记。⑶许多教师都会进行期末总结性的考试，他们并不是仅仅考察上次考试以后所学的新知识，而是考察这门课自始至终的所有内容。⑷然而，你学习中的一半或者是更多的时间都可能花在教科书上了。⑸有些学生把他们的教科书看作是令人头痛或是乏味的东西，但不幸的是，这是他们所受教

育中必需的（也是昂贵的）组成部分。Ⅵ（此部分不会评分，所以，请尽情发挥吧）Reading2（实际上是书上的最后一段）long as the world goes around will continue to change words will be added to English will be altered because people are most comfortable with the familiar not likely that we'll ever see a major change in the way most words are spelled what would we do without the challenge of English spelling 3/3 Words and Phrases 1 1.probability--likelihood 2.pot for--choose 3.considered--contemplated 4.liberal--tolerant 5.invaded--affected 6.retain--master 7.a good beginning--a head start 8.in the light of--according to Words and Phrases 2 1.You don't have to...carefully(unless)you want to.2.The repairman...any(instruction)on when to fix the car.3.Due to the...decided to(hold off)the meeting.4.I don't think...umbrella(in case)it does.5.Two weeks after...supposed(to have left)the school now.6.As a nurse...was(exposed)to great danger.7.Professors expect...reference(sections)in the library.8.(Whatever)the outcome,....Discourse Exercise 3 1 4 2 6 5 Correction A---had been complaining D---used C---have learned A---minutes D---depending C---unfortunately C---attracting B---are D---is B---awfully Translation 1 ⒈If you have any doubts a...-----如果你对选修课有任何的疑问

⒉but also tried to persuade Cogress to pass...----而且设法说服国会通过一项法律，规定凡使用非标准拼写的人将受到法律的处罚 ⒊Rather, they test you on all...----而是考察你这门课自始至终的所有内容 ⒋Spelling reform continued to be...----对文字的拼写改革就像过去许多世纪中情形一样，以一种温和的形式在继续进行着 Translation 2 ⒈或许将这些实事此作为考前突击的理由----make those facts an arqument for cramming ⒉把英语学习看作事件令人头痛或乏味的事----regrad their English study as troublesome or uninteresting ⒊许多学生将一半或更多的学习时间都花在学英语上了----half or more of student's sutdy time have been devoted to English study/learning of English/many students has spent half or more of their study time on English study ⒋人们甚至对怎样写自己的名字也很随便----People were even very liberal about their names UNIT 2 Reading 1 ============================= ==========1/3---1============ 1.加入到“赛博空间”旅行的行列 2.常识和知识 3.控制费用 4.尤其,特别

5.在公告板上留言 6.停留

7.销售活动的针对性 8.个性化的广告 9.未料到的支出款项

10.确保你个人资料的保密性 11.旅行保险 12.请记住

13.使你的计算机系统染上病毒 14.预定一次旅行 15.注册 16.上不了网

========1/3---2============ 1.ger 2.mble 3.proof 4.sonalize 5.licited 6.iciously 7.jack 8.rupt 9.tachment 10.mous

========1/3---3=========== insured personal awareness accurately accessible exposing conversation have ventured reveals afford Banked Cloze 1 ========================== 1.tips 2.determine 3.charged 4.privacy 5.personal 6.collecting 7.personalized 8.guarantees 9.definitely 10.passwords 11.access 12.bulletin 13.attachment 14.transmitted 15.assure Banked Cloze 2 ===================== 1.far-reaching 2.digital 3.anonymous 4.filters 5.simulation 6.retreat 7.assume 8.isolated =====Translation 1===== 中译英

======================= 1.有时在线看电影会使你的电脑感染病毒

Sometimes watching movies online can expose your computer to viruses.2.我们应该充分认识到网络的安全和重要性。

We should be fully aware of the importance of online security.3.杀毒软件

Anti-virus software keeps the spreading of viruses under control.4.随着上网越来越便捷

As getting online gets easier and more affordable, more and more people will venture into Cyberspace.5.病毒可以通过多种途径传播

Viruses can be transmitted throught many ways, in particular, through the Internet.=====Translation 2===== 英译中

======================= 1.When you revist the site 当你再次访问这个网站时，该网站将会打开这个cookie文件，获得所存储的信息，从而知道怎样欢迎你--他甚至可能“叫”你的名字。2.When you enter a chat room 当你参与一个聊天室的讨论，在一个公告板上写留言，在一个商业网站注册，参加一个竞赛，或者是订购某种产品的时候，你直接公开地将信息传送到了“赛博空间”。3.When shopping online 网上购物是，如果告知别人你的社会保障卡，信用卡号码和发送地址，你要非常小心。4.Credit rights and other consumer 信用权利法案和其他消费者保护法规都适用于因特网事项。如果遇到问题，应报告给执法单位来处理。

5.There is so much to do and 在“赛博空间”里，有如此之多的事情可以做，有如此之多的”站点“可以浏览，因为你的因特网服务商在其网站上提供了大量的信息。=========Writing========= 略……

========================= Reading 2 =====2/3 Dictation======= 摘自课文第二段

第1行：achickenwith desirable traits has been bred or 第2行：genetically engineered of thousands of eggs which will 第3行：hatch into identical copies could roll off the production lines 第4行：every hour of clones could be produced each year 第5行：to supply chicken farms with birds that all grow at the 第6行：same rate the same amount of meat and taste the same ======3/3--1 ========= Word and phrases 1 ====================== 前面为提示，后面为答案 1.took risk of----ventured 2.pain----sufferings

3.age----era 4.deliberately----knowingly 5.postpone----put off 6.department----agency 7.Did you notice----Were you aware of 8.answer----respond to Word and phrases 2 ====================== 1.The force----scale 2.This middle school----attached 3.Citizens may have----access 4.This new type----resistant 5.This news program----external 6.China is a----vulnerable 7.What----welfare 8.A mystery ailment----victims =====排序====== 214365 ====Correction 改错===== 1.There could also c:carry food-poisoning bacteria 2.At present b:is too expensive for breeders 3.When shop online a:shopping online 4.It's difficult c:Expect to receive 5.Origen's website b:genetically engineering birds 6.Marketers a:in particular 7.Embrex is c:inject the cells into 8.Credit rights b:apply to 9:Billions of clones b:supply chicken farms with birds 10.When you enter C:protection of personal information =======Translation 1======= 英译汉

=========================== 1.Space and race 但网络爱情真能取代两人享受下午茶的惬意时光么？

2.When the computer 当计算机成为学校，办公室，家中的必需品后，3.As getting online 越来越多的人都将在网络空间“旅行”。4.When you enter 你直接公开地将信息传送到了“赛博空间”。汉译英

=========================== 1.The government----has banned all scientific research using human embryos.2.Only the bigger----afford the enormous fees that these players demand.3.We should----be fully aware of the importance of online security 4.It is not----will be full liable for any demage they may cause UNIT 3

Reading 1（注：以下是书上的标号）Ⅲ.⒉ ⑴rather than clear ⑵either of them had fallen ⑶did he realize the scale of the disaster ⑷they were giving up hope ⑸should have seen Euan’s face ⑹It was only after we’d flown back to Glasgow ⑺would have died ⒊ ⑴Because of-----thanks to ⑵find out---------work out ⑶hit----------------stricken ⑷escaped from---survived ⑸Very quickly----Before we know it ⑹counted the number of students------did a head count ⑺didn’t wake up from--------------------slept through ⑻stop holding----let go of ⑼to be obtained-----------available ⑽extremely pleased------thrilled Ⅳ.⑴extinguished ⑵reduced ⑶tragedy ⑷submitted ⑸architects ⑹damaging ⑺effective ⑻issued ⑼within 7

⑽rejected ⑾widening ⑿available ⒀consequently ⒁reconstruction ⒂reached Ⅴ.⒈ ⑴Stephen linked arms/was arm in arm with his wife wading through the fierce current.⑵There is no sign that the price of daily necessities is going to fall in the disaster-hit area.⑶Surviving the tsunami, Sara was finally reunited with her family at the airport.⑷Knowing/Seeing the injured person was in great danger, he quickly decked into doctor mode and set about saving his life on the spot.⑸She cried her eyes out, telling me that almost the whole village had been overwhelmed by the flood.⒉ ⑴这样他们才会安全——海浪已经卷走了很多人的生命，但他们的位置比海浪搞些。⑵一切都显得那么完美，史蒂文，瑞和孩子们开始在岸边泼水玩，然后又向一个码头走去。⑶当时史蒂文还没有意识到浪究竟有多大，他让阿什利回到海滩上去拿包。担当海水开始哗啦啦地冲过六英尺高的港湾围墙时，他明白这不是普通的海浪。⑷史蒂文太了不起了。他立即进入了消防员的状态，先让我们平静下来，然后开始想办法救我们。⑸他们迅速被快艇送到一个受灾很轻的岛上，第二天干最早的航班回到了英国。Ⅵ.writing（此处跳过，请大家也跳过吧）Reading 2（实际上是书上第一段）

(What)happened the nest few minutes after the Titanic hit the iceberg will forever remain in history.(First)Officer Murdoch,(who)was the officer of the watch at that time,(was)responsible for the navigation of the Titanic.(We)will probably never know what thoughts flashed through his mind as the wall of ice passed along the starboard side of the bow,(pieces)of it falling onto the forecastle and well deck.3/3（以下的题请注意顺序！！）---Words and Phrases 1 1.tendency---------current 2.nervous---------tense 3.fear---------panic 4.faithful to God-----religious 5.drew back--------receded 6.crash-----------collision 7.costly-----------luxurious 8.arranging--------coordinating---Words and Phrases 2 1.Linda decided to(switch)her major from engineering to medicine.2.We were(heading)for Boston in the middle of the night when our truck broke down.3.I’ve no idea how to set about(changing)a tyre on a car.4.We(bumped)into Kate when we were in London last week.5.There will be a full investigation to(work out)what caused the accident.6.A small dog had somehow(managed)to survive the fire.7.The lives of thousands of birds are(in)jeopardy as a result of the oil spillage.8.Falling export rates have(impacted)the country’s economy quite considerably.---Discourse Exercise 5 21643---Correction 1.He and his offices …(crews)were … C.crews--------crew 2.It was only after we’d …(when)I felt like … C.when--------that 3.As I looked down …(other than)clear and I … B.other than----rather than 4.Furthermore, he had not …(that)was the most… C.that--------what 5.Aside form the men …(a few)realized that … C.a few-------few 6.Like all ships …(great)her forward motion.C.great-------greater 7.Thanks to Stephen’s …(survive from)the Asian … D.survive from-----survive 8.Stephen used all his …(he realized)the scale… C.he realized------did he realize 9.(If)the Titanic proceeded … A.if----------had 10.He dashed back the hotel …(had missed)D.had missed----was missing---Translation 1 1.She cried out her eyes, telling me 她痛哭流涕地告诉我

2.the teacher did a head count to see if every body was present.教师就开始清点人数看看大家是否都到了，3.he quickly clicked into doctor mode setting about saving his life on the spot.他立即担当起医生的角色，开始在现场抢救他的生命。4.all the roommates slept it through except Xiao Zhang.宿舍里除了小张外所有人都没有察觉到。---Translation 2 1.当时还没有意识到浪究竟有多大 Not realizing just how big the wave was, 2.也许本来是可以避免发生的

which could have, perhaps, been avoided.3.几千人的生命正面临着危险

the lives of thousands of people were in jeopardy.4.迅速被快艇送到另外一个小岛

were whisked away by speedboat to another island UNIT 4

========================= 第四单元

========================= ========1/3============== Vocabulary & Structure 1 ========================= 1.food--borne illnesses 2.die of food poisoning 3.fatal digestive tract illnesses / fatal digestive tract disturbances 4.edible vegetables 5.store at room temperature 6.be in the absence of oxygen 7.make...safe for consumption 8.a fast-food restaurant chain 9.focus the public spotlight on 10.one outcome of the concern about / an outcome of the concern about 11.prevent loss of control over 12.make up only a fraction of 13.affect just a few victims 14.protect food from microorganisms Vocabulary & Structure 2 ========================== 1.experiences 2.contaminated 3.employs 4.life-threatening 5.vacuum-packed 6.senses 7.handling 8.protecting 9.recall 10.monitoring Vocabulary & Structure 3 ========================== 1.died of 2.suffers from 3.should focus all our attention on 4.On occasion

5.have come to 6.as a result Banked Cloze ========================= 1.suffer 2.diarrhea 3.cases 4.survey 5.from 6.complaining 7.whose 8.required 9.provisions 10.bare 11.out 12.hazardous 13.potential 14.among 15.in all =========1/3=========== Translation 1 ======================= 1.他吃了些

He suffered digestive tract disturbances after taking some contaminated food.2.我们应该

We should focus the public's spotlight on food safety.3.食源性疾病

Food-borne illness can cause diarrhea or stomachache.4.新鲜食物

Fresh food is more nutritious than canned and packaged foods.5.购买食品时

When food shopping, I am used to inspecting the batch numbers and seals of the products/ foods first.Translation 2 ======================= 1.Nearly everyone else experiences 几乎所有人都有过食物中毒的经历，但可能被误认 为是得了“流感”而硬挺了过来。

2.So potent is the botulinum toxin that an

amount as 肉毒素的毒性极强，仅一粒盐大小的肉毒素就可以 在1小时内致数人死亡。3.The botulinum toxin is 高温可以杀灭肉毒素，含肉毒素的罐头食品只需煮 沸十分钟，就可以安全食用了。自制的灌装食品只有 严格的按照食品卫生文本的规定操作，才能保证食品 安全。

4.While commercially prepared food is 通常商场出售的成品食物比较安全，但偶尔也会出 问题。一旦出了问题，就会对许多人造成危害。5.Canned and packaged foods sold in 杂货店出售的灌装和包装食品虽然易于控制和管理，但偶尔也会出现问题。Writing ===================== 讨厌的作文啊，在这里自己随便写点什么吧！========2/3========== Dictation ===================== 第1行:[It's] good to know that no single food additive poses a 2:severe danger to the entire population.[But] saiver addtion, [such] 3:as those we have mentioned, [do] pose some risks to the 4:general public and should be avoided as much as possible.5:[Fortunately], people are more aware than ever of the dangers 6:of pesticide resdues on fruits and vegetables and of 7:additives in our processed foods.=========3/3=========== Words and Phrases 1 ======================= 1.are loaded with-------contain 2.ban-------forbid 3.constitute-------are considered 4.pass it off------regard it 5.replace--------substitute 6.chances are excellent-----it's most likely 7.poses------cause 8.controversy------argument

Words and Phrases 2 ======================= 1.One of our objectives in education---------critical 2.The botulinum toxin is destroyed by---------rendered 3.It is our responsibility as---------healthy 4.For many years, meat and seafood---------inspectors 5.Bacteria may ______ or act in food---------multiply 6.Fortunately,people are more aware---------residues 7.The federal government---------recognizes 8.Now more and more people have---------cocern Discourse Exercise ====================== 3 5 1 6 2 4 Correction ==================== 1.Whether or not the microbes-------B:sources 2.So potent the botulinum toxin-------B:is the botulinum toxin 3.Some people have come to-------B:inevitable 4.While commercially prepared food-------D:take notice 5.Artificial colorings, often using-------B:used 6.A plan must then be developed-------D:at 7.But several additives, such as-------B:do pose 8.Red No.3 has been-------D:under 9.Overwhelmingly, most food-------B:make 10.For people who are otherwise-------C:relatively Translation1

====================== 1.A reduced-calorie diet can be effective 但是要记住大量减少热量的节食，应该在医生的监 督下进行，这一点很重要。

2.When food shopping, I am used to习惯于先查看产品批号和封口。3.During this chemical reaction 亚硝酸钠与其他化学物质结合，生成强致癌因子。4.The botulinum toxin is destroyed by 自制的灌装食品只有严格的按照食品卫生文本的规 定操作，才能保证食品安全。Translation1 ====================== 1.[Food safety affects] not only just a few victims, but the whole society as well.2.[The incident itself] has focused the public spotlight on thr issues of.3.[Eating good foods makes you feel great and] helps prevent many types of illnesses.4.[Nowadays people] are more aware than ever of

第二篇：新时代交互英语读写译4课文翻译

Unit 1 移民的挑战

人们远离家乡侨居国外的原因很多。对有些人来说，是出于经济上的考虑。他们觉得在别的地方会有更多赚钱机会。对另一些人来说，是出于冒险，想尝试别样的生活。还有一些人移居国外是因为他们认为那儿的价值观与他们的理想比较吻合。

那些出于经济原因移民的人常被误导。他们可能听说过无数发财致富的故事，但事实绝非如此简单。要果真如此，他们要去的那个国家的人早就赚了上百万了。移民到国外的人通常要辛苦工作，可能要比在本国辛苦得多。

有时候，人们对该不该移民基本没有多少主动权。例如在爱尔兰饥荒期间，数百万的爱尔兰人把移民看成是去国外（生存）还是在家里等死的选择。大部分人一路艰辛，冒着危险来到美国，干着最脏的活，拿着比其他美国人低得多的工资。移民遭受的此类歧视和亏待在历史上早已司空见惯了。

而且，许多移民发现他们手艺不被认可。许多越南或巴基斯坦的医生、律师、工程师发现一旦离开祖国，他们的资历就一钱不值。他们达不到移民国家设定的标准。结果，他们就干起了打扫办公室地板、晚上守夜值班的活。而他们在移民前有可能就是在这样的办公室工作。这种二等公民的感觉既屈辱又让人压抑。

还有一些人可能发现他们的语言能力使得他们既不好找工作又不被社会认可。那些出于冒险而移居国外的人不在乎这一点，但学一门新的语言要占用他们为过上好生活而挣钱的时间。我们常常见到，移居到多元文化国家里的移民们找不到自己的位置，而最终总是在自己老乡圈里活动，并为充分抓住新的机会。

人们可能因为不喜欢自己国家的条件而决定离开。在美国对越作战期间，数以万计的美国年轻人离开美国去加拿大，以逃避去为一场毫无意义的战争当炮灰。这些人与他们的朋友、家人切断联系，不能回归祖国。

人们移民总是期望为孩子们营造更好的将来，过上更好的生活。但情形往往是父母做出的牺牲并没有得到子女的回报，因为他们在父母的娇宠中长大成人，不懂得惜哺双亲。

但是，人们仍然克服重重困难移民，尤其是去那些经济增长快的国家，如澳大利亚、加拿大和美国。这些国家历史不长，但正是靠那些为逃避祖国的灾荒或战乱而背井离乡的一批批农民、工人和商人建设起来的。其中少数的移民，通过一两代人的努力，实现了自己梦寐以求的飞黄腾达。许多国家依然依靠移民从事体力劳动，同时需要移民带来新的观念和高科技。例如印度软件编程员在世界各地都大受欢迎。移民满怀希望在落户地开创新家园常常引起人们的担忧。本地人担心新移民会抢走一部分工作，瓜分他们已有的财产。但移民通常会创造新的财富，促进生产力，刺激消费。

同时，人们会因为彼此的价值观、理想和习俗不同而觉得陌生。但这种情形会随着双方的调和而很快得到改观。在大量印度人移民到英格兰初期，英国人觉得印度人的食物是那么的不同，与清淡的英国口味有天壤之别。可是今天，印度食品卖得比英国传统食品——炸鱼和炸薯条还好，成为英国最受欢迎的食品。

不管一个人出于什么原因移民，他都会给新的国家带来比手艺和工作热情更重要的东西：勇气。要离开熟知的环境去开始全新的生活，为自己和家人打拼崭新的将来，这需要何等的勇气！这种勇气对任何国家都是永恒的财富。

谁属于“第 1.5 代移民”？

传统上，我们是按照移民家庭到美国的时间来划分移民的。我们把新移民称为第一代，他们的孩子为第二代，孙辈们为第三代，依此类推。

这些分类虽然不无益处，但是把移民依此归类却并非易事。并不是所有的第一代移民都拥有同样的经历。他们来自不同的国家．拥有不同的背景。第一代移民中的一大差异在于他们来时的年龄。目前学者们认识到移民的经历差异很大，而这些差异取决于他们来到美国时的年龄。

有一些移民是成年后才来到美国的，他们已在各自的祖国完成了学业。而另外不少人是在孩提或青少年时期随同他们的父母来到美国，甚域作为孤儿难民来到美国。这些年轻的移民在他们的祖国刚刚开始人生和接受教育。和成年移民一样，他们的生活经历包含着两种或更多种的文化和语言。然而与成年移民不同的是，他们是在一个地方开始教育而在另一个新的国家以一种新的语言完成教育。这些年轻人在很多方面既与第一代的成年移民不同，也与第二代移民不同，他们介乎于两者之间。

从事移民教育和其他领域研究的学者们把这种处于中间的群体叫做．“第1.5 代”。第1．5 代成员的特征和教育需求在某些地方介于第一代成人移民和第二代移民之间。“第1.5 代”已经成了一个广为人知的名词，因为它体现了游离于传统分类之外的年轻人所处的中间位置。

了解有多少人属于这一类移民是至关重要的。目前每年大约有100 万移民来到美国，其中30%以上是不满，8 岁的孩子，这是美国历史上最大的一次儿童新移民浪潮。

第1.5 代移民所面临的挑战 大部分人认为儿童移民会很容易适应新国家。然而，研究却表明他们会经常面临困境。例如，儿童移民会经常感到烦恼和沮丧。他们必须远离他们熟悉的祖国、家人和朋友。对于这些孩子来讲．适应调整是不容易的。他们很有可能在美国生活了多年后还会面临困难。

比起在美国出生的孩子，儿童移民通常会承担更多的家庭责任。许多移民父母要打好几份工，工作时间很长，只有这样他们才能挣足够的钱在美国养家糊口。这样，许多移民儿童就必须自己照顾自己，有时他们还得充当父母的角色去照顾弟弟和妹妹。移民儿童常常会迫于压力在小小年纪就开始工作或退学来帮助养家糊口。

语言传递者

第1.5 代的另一个责任就是充当语言传递者。语言传递者就是为讲不同语言的人翻译。而通常语言传递者都没有受过任何正规训练。许多儿童移民都为他们的父母充当语言传递者。他们为父母在商场、政府机关甚至在医院充当翻译。例如，美籍越南作家黎氏艳岁就回忆起她作为语言传递者的经历。由于她会说英语，她成为了“我们家的头号代表”。她在家中起着成年人的作用。她终日“指引着我的家人解决日常生活的困难，包括从杂货店找到牛奶，在社会服务大楼和医院里找到该进的房间。”

价值观冲突

儿童移民面临的最大困难也许就是价值观的冲突。儿童移民承受着适应美国文化的压力。美国文化中的价值观会和他们的本国文化相冲突。然而，儿童移民通常会比他们的父母更快地接受美国价值观。孩子们认识到新的价值观不同于他们父母的价值观，因此会与父母产生冲突。例如，移民孩子如果像美国孩子那样打扮和举止的话可能会显得大逆不道。为了适应这种情况，移民孩子身处在完全不同的两种社会之间。他们必须适应家里的文化和美国的文化。他们每天都要经历价值冲突。

妙笔生花的黎氏艳岁讲述了她从越南来到加利福尼亚后的成长历程中所经历的冲突。她“喜欢莳萝通心面和奶酪．而且特别擅长呼啦圈和倒着溜旱冰，”但她的父母却保持着越南的传统习惯。他们吃姜烧鱼，荔枝和面条汤，这些让她不禁想到“那一整段历史，我原以为已经把它像诸多无用的赘物般从甲板上扔进了万劫不复的太平洋。”她的家就像是“一个偏远的越南村落”。当她离开这所房子的时候，父母和越南就好像离她远去。她这样概括她两相为难的情形：“我在一条宽阔的河流上不停地在两岸之间来回摆渡。”

歧视

正如黎氏艳岁的经历所展示的，儿童移民面临着一个棘手的问题。他们必须同时培养对原家乡文化和美国文化的认同。除了家庭的压力，儿童移民还常常遭到歧视。在学校里，有些老师会因为学生不会说英语而认为他们不聪明。相反，另一些老师可能会对他们期待太高。这种情况在亚洲移民中很常见，他们必须满足人们对他们成为“少数族裔模范’的期望。

在学校里，第1.5 代还面临其他问题。学生们经常对第1.5 代的学生抱有偏见。例如，有些学生，特别是土生土长的美国人，可能会把第1.5 代看作“外国人”。甚至来自于他们自己文化的学生也瞧不起他们。他们认为第1.5 代是跟不上时代的。有时他们把他们称为“F O B（刚下船的）”以示他们的落伍。而另一方面，新到的移民会认为第1.5 代学生太美国化了。像美国黑人等其他少数族群则会觉得第1.5 代学生是他们获得更好工作和教育机会的竞争对手。

新移民学校

儿童移民在学业上面临的问题更多。他们必须学会适应英语主导的文化和新的学校体制。在一些学校里，为移民孩子所提供的服务可能是有限的。在另一些地方，出现了“新移民学校”的项目。在这种特殊的学校里，儿童移民可以学习如何适应美国生活和基础英语。“新移民学校”的作用也遭到了质疑。批评者认为这种学校与其说解决问题，不如说引发了更多的问题。这样会助长种族隔离。他们为学生的教育设置了更多的障碍并且延误了学生融入主流校园生活的时间。而支持者宣称，这种学校和项目使新移民能站稳脚跟，能帮助孩子加快适应的过程并且肯定其家乡文化的价值，还能帮助新移民儿童建立自信和自尊。

Unit 2

全球通用语言——英语

随着因特网及其他全球通讯技术的出现，世界已经变小了，人们几乎可以在任何地方、任何时间进行交流，而使用最多的语言就是英语。英语的使用已遍及全球，成为娱乐、商务和科技活动的交际语。

英语为何享有如此高的地位？答案是英语在历史上一直都充当着强者的语言。语言学家兼作家戴维·克里斯特尔曾说：“一种语言成为世界语言的唯一原因是说这种语言的人的强大。”正因为英语是那些在政治、经济、技术和文化上成为了强者的语言，所以它成为了当今世界最常用的交际语言。

有些人把全球化语言的存在当做福音，另一些人却视之为祸水。的确，全球通用语言能使人们更多地认识和了解彼此。特别是在科技领域，英语作为首选语言促进了研究合作与知识共享。尽管具有主导地位的单一语种会更能兼收并蓄，但也会引起分歧和排斥。英语不是母语的人们可能无法融入进去，而那些英语为母语的人凭借着熟练的语言知识而成为特权精英。例如，非英语国家的科学家可能无法在国际期刊上发表他们的研究成果。

许多人已经意识到英语的重要性和学习英语的必要性，否则就可能被国际交流圈拒之门外。英语就像会用计算机一样，成为学生很小就开始学习的一门基本技能。商业圈更是体会到拥有会说几种语言的员工的好处。

但是，人人都学英语了，那他们会不会忘记或丢掉自己的母语呢？英语不断蚕食其他语言的领地，其他语言还会存在吗？

有人认为英语的扩张对全世界语言的独特性和多样性是一种威胁。不少语言正以惊人的速度消亡，这是事实。当今世界约有6000种语言，其中90%面临消亡。随着世界变小，各种社会和文化不断融合，那些边缘性语言就逐渐消失了。戴维·格拉多尔是一家名为“英语公司”的出版社的执行董事，同时也是《英语的未来》一书的作者。他说：“那些边远小村庄里的语言随着那儿的人们与外界紧密联系而被同化正在逐渐消失。”

当有人在为失去珍稀冷僻的语言忧心忡忡时，有人却声称随着社会和文化的融合，语言并未消亡，而是融合进而演变成新的混杂型语言。当英语在某个地方被使用时，它不会一成不变，它会呈现出当地的文化特点和惯例习俗。当人们把英语当成交流用语时，他们会改造它，从这种意义上说，文化变异和个性因此得以保留。这听起来有点自相矛盾，英语的传播反而可能有助于保持全球的多样性。

英语的未来

语言，特别是英语，不是永恒不变的。语言会变化。语言彼此借鉴字词和语句。尤其是英语，它就像吸尘器，从其他语言中吸纳词语。今天的英语包含了从350多种语言中借用的词汇。有人认为这对英语有害，认为我们应该尽力保持英语的“纯粹”。但是我们得看到当今英语是何其的丰富，以及通过融合吸收所带给英语的好处。它过去是、现在是、将来仍然会继续演变，它通过吸纳和融合承载它所影响的和被影响的人们、文化及语言的历史。确信无疑的是英语将会继续进化演变。

英语会保持其全球性语言的地位吗？有些人认为我们正处在转变时期。格拉多指出英语作为全球语言的地位将很快达到极点。现在，汉语拥有最大量的母语使用者，而英语是全球贸易和科技用语。预测到2050年，英语、西班牙语、印度语和阿拉伯语将拥有等量的使用者。到那时，汉语或阿拉伯语是否能取代英语而成为全球化的语言？

将来，很可能很多人都会说两种或三种语言。生意场上用英语，而日常生活中用自己的母语。毫无疑问，只会说一种语言的人要想完全融入多语言社会会有些困难。那些英语为母语的人总因自己很幸运地拥有母语优势而志得意满，经常意识不到有必要学习别的语言。而那些意识到这一需求的人们将为成为明天全球化社会的一分子占尽先机。

我母亲的英语

谭恩美对日常生活中的语言很感兴趣，并由此加深了对语言神力的以识——无论是生动的想象、复杂的思想、还是朴素的真理，语言都可以表达。在这篇节选中，谭谈到了她母亲的英语，以及“不同水平的英语”对她生活和写作的重要影响。

近来，我对母亲的英语进行了深入的思考。和有些人一样，我把它形容为“支离破碎”的英语。但每当我这么说的时候又心存怯意。我总为如何形容它而烦恼，因为除了“破碎”一词外，我想不出别的什么。就好像它是什么损坏了的东西，需要修理，又好像它缺乏一定的完整性和可靠性。我也听说过别的词，例如“有限的”。但也一样糟，就好像一切都是有限的，包括人们对有限英语使用者的认识。

我知道事情真是这样，因为在我的成长过程中，母亲让我对她的了解很有限。我为她的英语感到羞愧。我认为她的英语反映了她要说的事情的品质。也就是说，因为她的表达不完善，她的思想也就不完善。而且我有很多以前发生过的事实证明：百货公司，银行，餐馆的人不重视她，不给她好好服务，假装听不懂她说什么，甚至装作没听见。

母亲也很早意识到她英语的缺陷。我15 岁的时候，她就常让我假冒她给别人打电话。我被迫扮成她去询问信息，甚至朝那些对她无礼的人抱怨和吼叫。有一次是给她在纽约的股票经纪人打电话。她把她的小笔投资兑成了现金，巧得很，接下来的一周我们要去纽约，这是我们到加州以外的首次旅行。我只有拿起电话，带着少年的嗓音，当然不太像了，说：“我是谭太太。”

母亲就站在我身后．在我耳边大声说，“为什么他不寄给我支票，已经延迟两星期了。真是疯了，他骗我，损失我的钱。”

然后我就以流利的英语说：“没错．我现在很着急。两个星期前，你就答应给我寄支票的，但是还没收到。”

然后她开始更大声地说：“他要怎样，我来纽约告诉他老板．你骗我？”我一边尽量让她平静下来，让她小声点儿，一边对股票经纪人说，“我再也不听你的任何借口了。如果不能马上收到支票，我下周到纽约，就得找你们经理谈。”

果真，接下来的一周我们就来到惊讶的经纪人面前，我红着脸、乖乖地坐在那儿，而我母亲，真正的谭太太，说着绝对不成句的英语，冲着他的老板大喊大叫。我想母亲的英语几乎还有一种制约我生活中可能性的作用。社会学家和语言学家或许告诉你，一个人语言技能的发展更多地受同龄人的影响。但我却认为，家庭中使用的语言、尤其在更为封闭的移民家庭，对孩子语言能力的形成有重大影响。我认为它还影响到我在学业考试、智商测试、以及学能测试中的表现。尽管我的英语水平并不差，但与数学相比而言，英语井非我的强项。小学的时候，我英语学的还可以，差不多都是B，有时候是B+，学业考试成绩位于前40%~30%。而这些成绩与我的强项数学和理科相比，不足挂齿．因为在这些领域，我得了许多A，位于前10％，甚至更高„„

近来，我一直思考有关语言的方方面面，关于母亲的英语，关于学业考试。因为最近，有人问作为作家的我，为什么美国文学中描写美籍亚裔的作品不多。为什么鲜有美籍亚裔参加创意写作课程？为什么那么多中国学生去学工程？然而，这些是涉及广义社会学的问题．我还难以作答。但我注意到有调查显示—事实上，就是上周的调查——亚洲学生，作为一个整体，数学学业测试成绩明显好于英语学业测试成绩。这使我想起其他美籍亚裔学生，他们家中使用的也是这种“破碎”、“有限的”英语。或许他们也有老师引导他们疏写作而数学和理科，就像曾经发生在我身上的一样。

幸运的是，我碰巧生性叛逆，喜欢证明他人对我的设想有误的那类挑战者。我被录取为医学院预科生后，大学第一年改学英语专业了。我的前任老板告诉我写作是我最薄弱的方面，我应该把自己的天赋用于账目管理，不出一个星期，我就开始写些非小说类的散文，成了一名自由投稿人。

直到1985 年，我终于开始写小说。后来我决定，为要写的故事想象一位读者。我选定了母亲，因为这些是关于母亲的故事。这样，把这位读者放在心中——事实上，她真的读过我娜的草稿——我开始用我成长中接触到的各种英语写故事了：我和母亲之间使用的英语，因为没有更合适的词形容，姑且称之为“破碎”英语吧；她的的中文经我翻译，一准儿的“水货”；还有我想象的，如果她英语很好，会怎样翻译自己的中文。于是我想尽星保留其精髓，但句式成了不英不中。我想抓住语言能力测试无法反映的东西：她的意图、激情、比喻、她说话的节奏，和她思想的本质。

暂且不论批评家对我作品的意见，每当母亲读完我的书，给我定论：“很好懂啊”，那时我就知道故事写成功了。

Unit 3

希望是人生成功的关键

引言 心理学家发现，希望带给人们在不同领域的好处多得令人惊讶，从获得学术成就，到承担超负荷的工作，再到应对病魔。相反，人们发现失去希望是一个人可能自杀的更为强烈的征兆，比起人们以往所认为的其他危险因素来，这一征兆更危险。

成功的指标

“迄今为止，我们所从事的研究都证明，希望是预测最终结果最有效的预测器。”堪萨斯大学心理学家查尔斯·斯奈德博士说。他设计了一个测量方法，用来评估一个人的希望指数。比如，在对3920位大学生的研究中，斯奈德博士和他的同事发现，大学新生在第一学期开始时的希望指数更能准确地预测他们大学期间的学业成绩，比用他们的SAT分数或中学的学业平均分更可靠，而后两项指数经常被用来预测大学成绩。这一研究的部分结果刊登在《性格与社会心理月刊》的第11期上。

“心怀高期望值的学生为自己设定更高的目标，并且知道如何努力达到目标，”斯奈德博士说。“当你对两个智力能力和以往的学业成绩相当的学生进行比较时，他们的区别就在于是否怀有较高的希望。”

在设计一个科学地评估希望的办法时，斯奈德博士超越了简单的概念，即希望只是一种感觉——每件事情都有好的结局。“这一概念不够具体，并且它将希望的两个关键部分混为一谈，”斯奈德博士说，“怀有希望意味着相信自己既有实现目标的愿望，又有实现目标的途径，不管这目标是什么。”

摆脱困境：能力和态度

斯奈德博士的测量方法向研究对象询问下列问题，如：他们是否能想到很多方法摆脱困境，或想办法解决使别人气馁的问题，通过询问此类问题来评估人们应对逆境的能力。然后，询问人们是否觉得生活一直比较顺利，或是否通常都能精神饱满地追求既定目标，通过此类问题来测量他们对意志力的看法。

尽管人们常说：“有志者，事竟成”，斯奈德博士发现，这两者不一定密切相连。在一项研究中，（其……）研究对象7000余人，年龄从18岁到70岁，既有男性也有女性，斯奈德博士发现，从技术角度看只有40%的人充满希望，相信他们有精力和手段达到他们的目标，不论是什么目标。

该研究发现，约20%的人相信他们有能力找到达成目标的手段，但缺乏达成目标的意志。另外20%的人却正好相反，他们声称他们有动力，但没有信心能找到合适的手段。

其余的人几乎不抱什么希望，说他们既没有意志力也没有方法达到目的。“只有得到某种东西的愿望是不够的，”斯奈德博士说。“你还需要方法。另一方面，如果你没有采取行动的意志，所有解决问题的技巧都是没用的。”

希望的描述：何为希望？

斯奈德博士发现，怀有很高希望的人都有以下的特点：

l 与不抱多少希望的人不同，他们会咨询朋友如何能达到目标。l 他们告诉自己：他们能够成功完成自己必须做的事情。

l 即使在困境中，他们也会告诉自己：随着时间的推移，情况会好转。l 他们机敏灵活，足能找到达到目标的不同方法。

l 如果实现一个目标的希望渺茫，他们会找到另一个目标。根据斯奈德博士的观点，“希望不高的人往往执着于一个目标，即使受困，也执迷不悟，他们停滞不前，直到灰心丧气”。

l 他们显示出一种能力，能将一项艰难的任务分解为多个具体的、易于实现的小任务，“希望不高的人只看到大目标，而看不到达到这一目标的具体步骤”。

1987年的一期《美国精神病学月刊》中，介绍了一项为期10年的研究，有206名病人说他们曾经想到过自杀，但没有付诸行动，这些病人的绝望指数得分是预测他们将来是否还会企图自杀的唯一的、最好的依据。

斯奈德博士介绍说，在希望指数测量中得分较高的人“与那些希望指数测量分数低的人同样经历过许多低潮，但他们学会用满怀希望的方法看待它，把挫折当做挑战，而不是失败”。

培养希望

斯奈德博士和他的同事正在努力策划一些项目，来帮助孩子们来培养起那些满怀希望的人所具有的思维方式。“他们往往从某个人那儿学养成保持满怀希望的习惯，这个人是一个朋友，或是老师。”他以此为目的制作了录像带，播放与满怀希望的学生的访谈，以帮助大学新生更好地应对大学第一年遇到的压力。斯奈德博士相信，类似的方法可能会帮助其他群体提高希望指数，诸如贫民区的孩子。他说：“希望是可以培养的。”

寻找动力之源

＋六项基本欲望

你是否知道——并且＋分确定——是什么推动你做这样那样的事情？想象一下，如果你有一份清单，上面罗列着所有能激发你兴趣的事情和你不感兴趣的事情，你的生活是否会因此而不同？史蒂文·赖斯相信你的生活能变得更有意义，更令人满意。他曾花了多年的时间来研究如何帮人们找到什么才是他们真正需要的生活。赖斯是俄亥俄州州立大学的心理学和精神病学教授，他写了一本名为《我是谁？：十六项塑造性格，决定行动的基本欲望》的书。在这本书中，赖斯说道：这些基本欲望“是我们所做的一切事情的动力之源。，它们是：权利、独立、好奇心、归属感、秩序、节省、荣誉、理想、社交、社会关系、家庭、社会地位复仇、浪漫、饮食、运动、安宁

不同的人对这16种基本欲望的重视程度是不同的，甚至可以说不同的人对这些欲望的要求会大相径庭：有些很重要，有些则一般，还有一些根本就无足轻重。“我们对这16种基本欲望重视程度的不同，构成了我们不同的个性。”赖斯说，“对这些欲望孰先孰后的选择造就了独一无二的你。”这些欲望，赖斯补充到，大有其遗传学基础。人们可以决定如何去满足这些欲望，但改变不了那些与生俱来的需求。“我不知道一个人如何能刻意地说‘我打算不再那么雄心勃勃了’，或‘我想更好奇一点’”。

发现自我的研究

赖斯把这本书描述为一本帮助人们发现自我的书。他和同事们做了大量的研究，并把心理学和哲学结合在一起。他们调查了6000多人，受试者被要求列举出他们内心深处的基本欲望和价值观。研究者详细地解释了这十六种欲望，让受试者判断这些欲望的重要程度。比方说，如果你同意下列说法：“与同龄人相比，你花了更多的时间追求浪漫”，那就说明你是一个很看重浪漫的人；如果你选择“你很少花时间追求或思考与他人发展亲密关系”，那你就是一个不看重浪漫的人。

通过对自己基本欲望不同需求的研究，可以勾画出你自己不同于他人的“欲望档案”，展示你个人内心的欲望：或强烈，或一般，或微弱。为帮助读者更好地理解这一概念，赖斯分析了一些名人的欲望档案。杰奎琳·肯尼迪·奥纳西对节省、家庭和地位有着强烈的欲望，但对理想和社交却并不在意。而对演员亨弗莱·鲍嘉来说，最能激励他的是独立、荣誉、理想和浪漫，但归属感、好奇心、家庭以及社会地位对他来说并不重要。

《我是谁？》一书中提出的问题，能就这16种欲望生成4300万种不同的组合。（《赖斯基本目标和动机敏感度图表》是赖斯设计的一个标准化的心理测试，它能测定出超过两万亿个不同的欲望档案。）赖斯说，“发现欲望档案的目的是为了让我们的生活过得更有意义。这个测试最好的一点就是你一定会喜欢它测评出的结论。这是一个你想要的测试，你也一定能得到你想要的结果。”

档案的使用

赖斯的理论是这样的：一旦人们有了需求档案，就可以着手根据档案改造自己的生活。赖斯告诉读者该如何去满足这些基本欲望，以便在爱情、家庭、事业、运动和精神方面都能实现‘有价值的快乐’。不愿受约束的人会更多地倾向于自发性和不确定性，而复仇欲望很强的人会希望换到更有竞争性的工作去。

赖斯强调说接受自己的基本欲望是很重要的。“如果你是一个独立性很强的人，那你就做那样的人。不要让别人对你说三道四，或试图改变你。这是你自己的生活——尽量让它变得有意义，坚持自己的价值观。”如果你有极强的权利欲并愿意为此而长时间工作，也无可厚非，只要你真的相信做一个工作狂使你感到幸福。赖斯还说，建立欲望档案能帮助人们彼此之间相处得更好——因为他们能理解每个人的欲望都是因人而异的；而且还认识到一个人改变不了别人的欲望，正如同他改变不了自己的欲望一样。他说，人们在交流中常犯的错误是把自己的欲望强加到别人身上。雄心勃勃的父母常会与没有野心的孩子发生冲突„„赖斯说，“这些人头脑中潜在的假设是：‘只要你像我这样去尝试，你一定会喜欢上它的。’而他们把这一切建立在自己的生活经验的基础之上。”需求档案能帮人们认识到每个人的需求都是不同的。

什么对你来说最重要？这16个基本需求是：

权利：渴望影响他人。表现为领导欲、成就感与对工作的渴求。

独立性：对自立的欲望。表现在做事时我行我素，拒绝别人的建议和指导。

好奇心：求知若渴的好奇心。表现在追求真理、寻求问题解决的方案。

归属感：渴望为人所包容、有所归属的欲望。表现为避免被拒绝和批评。

秩序感：寻求有组织有结构的秩序的欲望。表现为制定规则，做好计划，对不整洁状态难以容忍。

节省：收藏东西的囤积欲望。表现于节俭、不浪费。

荣誉：忠于父母、忠于传统的荣誉感。表现为高尚品格、道德及有原则的行为上。

理想：追求社会公正的理想主义。表现为献身于某种主义、志愿者工作以及慈善事业上。

社交：渴望同伴或友谊的社会接触欲望。表现为社会交往和获得友谊的需求。

家庭：渴望养儿育女，建立家庭。表现为把抚养子女和与家人共享天伦之乐的时间放在首位上。

社会地位：对社会身份地位的欲望。表现为对社会声望的关注。

复仇：获得公平待遇及讨回公道的报复欲望。表现为竞争和争强好胜。

浪漫：对性与美的渴求。表现在谈恋爱及对爱情的追求上。

饮食：满足口腹之欲的进食欲望。表现在吃饭、用餐及烹饪上。

运动：锻炼体魄的体能活动欲望。表现在参加体育活动和各种运动上。

安宁：追求情绪稳定与心情祥和的平静欲望。表现在避免压力过大的情感。

第三篇：研究生读写译各单元课后作文总结

研究生课本课后1-6单元写作集锦

第一单元：提高社区成员交流的建议

Nowadays, It is more and more important for us to improve communication, because communication is playing a significant role in our daily life.Our neighborhood is like a big family, communication can help us to solve the conflicts and contradictions in the neighborhood.Firstly, As a chairman of our neighborhood community, I have the responsibility to hold some activities to enrich the lives of members.The opportunity of communication is very important.For example, a cocktail parties can help people to keep conversation flowing.Secondly, numbers should enhance the skills of communication.sometimes, we should use our body language properly and make them lively.For example, a physical, nonverbal gesture by women should be more expressive.Sometimes, Language is the only tool, different speed and cadence of our voices can express different meanings.Someone express themselves in all sincerity and with warmth to show respect to the others.Besides, sense of humor is very important, we should use this skill frequently.Lastly, we should learn more knowledge to enrich our mind.That can help us to communicate with others meaningfully, and When the others talk about anything, we can join in them at once and don't feel embarrassed.The importance of communication among the community members is obvious.However, the suggestion is very simple.Therefore, step up and start to make your life become different.第二单元：最有价值的家庭传统

When I was young, my parents told me：“Where there is a will, there is way ”.They aimed at encouraging me of the importance of diligence.Undoubtedly, the most valuable tradition of my family is diligence, nobody can deny the importance of it, which developed a positive attitude to make my life more meaningful in my growth.The spirit was remembered and it prevented me from quitting easily when I felt precarious.My parents said that if I hoped to make progress, I must try my best to do everything unswervingly.The more diligent we are, the more easily we are to make money, accumulate wealth, create more opportunities, establish career and integrate into society.My mother often took Edison as a case in point, He told us:” Genius need 1% inspiration and 99% perspiration”.All in all, at no time can I ignore the importance of the diligence.Furthermore, on my personal level, small success is no excuse for feeling satisfied with myself.I have always believed in success, have always believed that without diligence, I have learned that one person can really make a difference.Only I strive for life in the future, can I obtain a better education, more job stability better income and a more beautiful environment.第三大单元：促使比尔盖茨成功的因素

Factors Contributing to the Success of Bill Gates Everyone is eager to gain success，and everyone has his own interpretation.There are many factors leading to success such as opportunity,intelligence,and ambition,ect.There is no denying that the success of Bill Gates is one of the most successful entrepreneurs in the world.As far as i am concerned,ambition is the premise.Firstly,you must have an ambition.You ought to know what do you want to do.Bills Gates clearly knows his ambition,so he drop out of school Secondly, opportunity plays the same important as diligent impact on success.There is a saying that:”success is owing to the people who are ready to do everything ”Thirdly is preparation.God always give the chance to someone who make an preparation.The last factor which contributing to the success of Bill Gates is intelligence.As far as i am concerned,intelligence is also play an important impact on success.Someone ought to develop his strength.In conclusion, concerning the importance of seizing the right moment, we college students should make every effort to get fully prepared to lest miss the opportunities.And everyone should have a clear vision of what he really want in life.If you know what you want, then you’ll recognize every opportunity that comes along that fits with your vision, and you’ll be able to grab these opportunities with both hands

第四单元：财富和快乐的关系

In our modern society with material becoming rich and wealth increasing, most people misunderstand the relationship between wealth and happiness.People always regard wealth as happiness, but there really are some differences between them.Happiness isn’t wealth or can’t be equal to wealth completely.To some people ,wealth is regarded as first ,because it can help them to do what they want to do.For example ,with a lot of money ,they can buy house ,car ,clothes ,and so on.Besides ,they even have the idea that they can buy happiness which they like.As far as I’m concerned ,one should not equate wealth with happiness ,Happiness contains all kinds of things.I suppose that sometimes happiness comes from a little case.such as ,when you feel very hungry ,you can have a fine meal.you will be happiness as long as you feel your life being full of value.In a word, keeping health first if you want become wealthy.It is well-known that a person can make a large fortune if he has the right opportunities during his life.But if the person suffers from a terrible illness, then no matter how much money he may earn, he will still lead a miserable life.Therefore, health is much more important than wealth.第五单元：现代科技便利还是麻烦？

With the development of economy, the modern technology becomes more and more important in our daily life.As far as I am concerned , altough the development of technology has aroused many negative effects, yet its advantages and benefits far outweigh the down side Firstly, modern technology has generated a great many innovative machines , which substitute human beings to undertake much labor work.Take computer for example, it can perform calculations in an instant with high accuracy.People have been set free from labors with the help of machines technology.Secondly, technology has bettered people’s health condition, and lengthened human life with advanced medical care and progressive medical research.Finally modern technology has shortened the distance among people, and facilitated communications between people.Some people still hold the argument that life was better when technology was simpler.That may be illustrated by the fact that modern technology has resulted in great damage to natural environment.Great amount of natural resources have been over-exploited, and even disappeared.Yet such a problem should be controllable, and may be prevented if reasonable measures taken by we human beings.第六单元：失败是好的老师吗？

At present,“Is failure a good teacher?”has become one of the most popular topics in our daily lives.There is no doubt that failure indeed happen every now and then, it often accompany with us in our common life.Although,for

failure,different

people

have

different

ideas.I’m perfectly willing to agree that failure can be a good teacher.Generally speaking,For these people who are optimistic, they always think that “the failure is the mother of success”.They can always find the way to success, according to failure.They will never be afraid of failure , because they have the faith that failure is only the obstacle in the way to success, they may move the stone from the way or find another way to reach success at last.For the other pessimistic people , they may think that failure is not good.They are afraid of failure.If they do meet with failure , they always tell themselves that they are bad and could never be successful , which could destroy their confidence.So they are very afraid of failure.As long as I am concerned , failure is a good teacher.There is some wisdom to be learned from failure.If we can learn to turn a failure to our advantage, we will have learned another secret to success.In a word, Failure is a good teacher and teach us a lot.

第四篇：研究生英语读写译教程 课文小结

小结 Unit One

“The End of Something", by Ernest Hemingway, is a short story about two young people who witness how time can change the world and the people in it.The broken mill represents Nick and Marjorie's broken relationship.Once, the mill was the center of the town.The town was a place full of activity.In the present of the story, as the time passed by ,the mill lies deserted, as does the relationship between Nick and Marjorie.we can clearly see that time can change everything , when they cannot stay young forever,so the weak foundation of their relationship is torn down and left in pieces.Eventhough they will meet one day ,the love is not there,because the two lovers have their own understanding of love.Just as the story says“ the fish will not strike anymore, and love is not fun anymore.” The good old past feeling isn't good enough anymore, even one of the lovers does not want give up on catching the love,and still clings to what is left and still hopes for the best.The past has become past, only can we cherish the good memory.what one must focus on is what is, now, and what is to come, tomorrow.One must look beyond what was and look for the love belong to themselves.Unit Two

Ignorance is a condition or state where a person ignores, disregards, or overlooks knowledge about something.It is when the person is uninformed, is uneducated about something.However, only an person is full of knowledge,can he has courage to admit his ignorance.The author began the essay by telling the experience of waking in the morning and finding him practically ignorant of anything.The author felt sad about his current store of knowledge after many years of costly education.He has a limited range of knowledge and the inadequate understanding of the major phenomena of the world.However, it suddenly occurred to him when he has gone his way serene and happy, he may be the only one who is ignorant, for anyone will not admit that he is a ignorant person.So someone may have the psychology of remaining to be a happy ignorant person, so he or she would not be able to know more knowledge.And he or she is not vulnerable to ignorance.Unit Three

“A sound mind in a sound body is a short, but a full description of a happy state in this world.” Nowadays research suggests that we should think there is deep link between body and mind health in order to achieve happy state of mind.In this way, exercise is a state of mind.Michael Craig Miller uses scientists’ experiments as evidence to show that exercise has exerted great effects on people’s mind health.Regular exercise can improve your mood, decrease anxiety, and raises self-esteem through inducing biological changes.Exercise is also a pretty good antidepressant which can relieves and prevents depression through regulating mood and storing memories.On the other hand, exercise is under genetic control.Genes can influence both people’s physiological responses to exercise and people’s subjective experience of exercise.In the end, the author advices that we form the habit of exercise.You needn’t spend too much and the type of exercise doesn’t matter.Continuing exercise and motivation to exercise are good to your body and mind health.Unit Four

“Opportunity is the crux of the American ideal.” People in the American society used to think that with hardwork and self-determination, they are sure to succeed and realize their dreams.But in recent years the traditional doctrine of “American dream” is seriously challenged, esp.with regard to the economic development.Clive Crook holds that in spite of new immigrants, America is already a middle-aged country, and pessimistic spirit has come to dominate the national consciousness.Most important of all, the economic mobility in America is getting lower and lower as compared to any other western country.The idea of the “American Dream” is starting to fade since rich children stay rich whereas poor children still stay poor.And the real focus of any effort to restore economic opportunity is to get out of poverty, and to this end one effective way may be to improve education, which will definitely have a great effect on economic mobility across generations.Unit Five

It is probably safe to say that every language has a pair of words expressing good and evil, for it is generally believed that a sense of moral judgment and a distinction between good and evil or right and wrong are cultural universals.But what really is good, and what really is evil? Moral relativists would argue that the standards of good and evil are only products of local culture, custom, or prejudice.Moreover, believers in the duality of “good versus evil” would say evil cannot exist without good, nor good without evil, as they are both objective states and opposite ends of the same scale.As boys and girls, we were taught to do good, not evil.(Remember that good will be rewarded with good, and evil with evil?)Yet as Plato observed, there are relatively few ways to do good, but there are countless ways to do evil, which can therefore have a much greater impact on our lives, and the lives of other beings capable of suffering.For this reason, some philosophers(e.g.Bernard Gert)maintain that preventing evil is more important than promoting good in formulating moral rules and in conduct.To prevent evil, the author of this article argues, we must first know what is truly “evil”, for there can be no genuine understanding of goodness in human behavior unless we also understand evil.Beginning with the recognition that neither good nor evil exist outside the human personality, the author distinguishes creative and destructive potentials, and then finds social forces that may activate destructive potentials.With such whats about evil, the author concludes the text by offering some hows as to teaching our children.

第五篇：研究生英语读写译教程 课文小结

小结

Unit One

“The End of Something", by Ernest Hemingway, is a short story about two young people who witness how time can change the world and the people in it.The broken mill represents Nick and Marjorie's broken relationship.Once, the mill was the center of the town.The town was a place full of activity.In the present of the story, as the time passed by ,the mill lies deserted, as does the relationship between Nick and Marjorie.we can clearly see that time can change everything , when they cannot stay young forever,so the weak foundation of their relationship is torn down and left in pieces.Eventhough they will meet one day ,the love is not there,because the two lovers have their own understanding of love.Just as the story says“ the fish will not strike anymore, and love is not fun anymore.” The good old past feeling isn't good enough anymore, even one of the lovers does not want give up on catching the love,and still clings to what is left and still hopes for the best.The past has become past, only can we cherish the good memory.what one must focus on is what is, now, and what is to come, tomorrow.One must look beyond what was and look for the love belong to themselves.Unit Two

Ignorance is a condition or state where a person ignores, disregards, or overlooks knowledge about something.It is when the person is uninformed, is uneducated about something.However, only an person is full of knowledge,can he has courage to admit his ignorance.The author began the essay by telling the experience of waking in the morning and finding him practically ignorant of anything.The author felt sad about his current store of knowledge after many years of costly education.He has a limited range of knowledge and the inadequate understanding of the major phenomena of the world.However, it suddenly occurred to him when he has gone his way serene and happy, he may be the only one who is ignorant, for anyone will not admit that he is a ignorant person.So someone may have the psychology of remaining to be a happy ignorant person, so he or she would not be able to know more knowledge.And he or she is not vulnerable to ignorance.Unit Three

“A sound mind in a sound body is a short, but a full description of a happy state in this world.” Nowadays research suggests that we should think there is deep link between body and mind health in order to achieve happy state of mind.In this way, exercise is a state of mind.Michael

Craig Miller uses scientists’ experiments as evidence to show that exercise has exerted great effects on people’s mind health.Regular exercise can improve your mood, decrease anxiety, and raises self-esteem through inducing biological changes.Exercise is also a pretty good antidepressant which can relieves and prevents depression through regulating mood and storing memories.On the other hand, exercise is under genetic control.Genes can influence both people’s physiological responses to exercise and people’s subjective experience of exercise.In the end, the author advices that we form the habit of exercise.You needn’t spend too much and the type of exercise doesn’t matter.Continuing exercise and motivation to exercise are good to your body and mind health.Unit Four

“Opportunity is the crux of the American ideal.” People in the American society used to think that with hardwork and self-determination, they are sure to succeed and realize their dreams.But in recent years the traditional doctrine of “American dream” is seriously challenged, esp.with regard to the economic development.Clive Crook holds that in spite of new immigrants, America is already a middle-aged country, and pessimistic spirit has come to dominate the national consciousness.Most

important of all, the economic mobility in America is getting lower and lower as compared to any other western country.The idea of the “American Dream” is starting to fade since rich children stay rich whereas poor children still stay poor.And the real focus of any effort to restore economic opportunity is to get out of poverty, and to this end one effective way may be to improve education, which will definitely have a great effect on economic mobility across generations.Unit Five

It is probably safe to say that every language has a pair of words expressing good and evil, for it is generally believed that a sense of moral judgment and a distinction between good and evil or right and wrong are cultural universals.But what really is good, and what really is evil? Moralrelativists would argue that the standards of good and evil are only products of local culture, custom, or prejudice.Moreover, believers in the duality of “good versus evil” would say evil cannot exist without good, nor good without evil, as they are both objective states and opposite ends of the same scale.As boys and girls, we were taught to do good, not evil.(Remember that good will be rewarded with good, and evil with evil?)Yet as Plato observed, there are relatively few ways to do good, but there are countless ways to do evil, which can therefore have a much greater

impact on our lives, and the lives of other beings capable of suffering.For this reason, some philosophers(e.g.Bernard Gert)maintain that preventing evil is more important than promoting good in formulating moral rules and in conduct.To prevent evil, the author of this article argues, we must first know what is truly “evil”, for there can be no genuine understanding of goodness in human behavior unless we also understand evil.Beginning with the recognition that neither good nor evil exist outside the human personality, the author distinguishes creative and destructive potentials, and then finds social forces that may activate destructive potentials.With such whats about evil, the author concludes the text by offering some hows as to teaching our children.