第一篇：2015年12月英语六级单句翻译
英语六级单句翻译黄金三准则
汉语常被称为时间型的动态结构，主要体现为形式自由、富于弹性。而英语则以 “主-谓”的主干结构为中心来统领各语言成分，句界分明，外形严谨。因此在汉译英时，译文在逻辑和形式上都应当体现出英语的特点。如果是单句，首先应当确 立句子的主干及句型，如果是复杂的句子或长句，则要确立中心，根据上下文进行句子组合，可以译为并列句、主从复合句(名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句 等)、并列复合句或使用独立结构等。
(一)确立翻译句式主干
在汉译英时，不管汉 语句子如何复杂，首先要考虑英语的基本组句框架。这些最基本的框架可以变换，可以组合，但不能突破。组织英语句子时，始终不能脱离“主-谓”主干这一总的 框架，然后再进行相应的时态变化、语
态变化、语气变化、句式转换(肯定式、否定式、疑问式、强调句式及倒装句式等)，增加定语、状语修饰成分、插入语 等。
(二)语序调整
1.定语的位置
汉语的定语常放在中心语前;而英语的定语位置分为两种：前置和后置。单词充当定语时通常放在被修饰的中心语之前;而短语和从句作定语则多放在所修饰的中心语之后。
2.状语的位置
汉语常把状语放在被修饰的成分前面，但英语中状语的位置则分为几种情况：单词做状语修饰形容词或其他状语时，常前置;表示程度的状语修饰其他状语时，可前置或后置;单词作状语修饰动词时，多放在动词之后;短语或从句作状语时，可放在被修饰部分之前或之后。
3.汉英叙事重心不同
汉语先叙事，然后表态或评论，以此来突出话题，这种句子被称为主题句。而英语则先表态或进行评论，而后再叙事，以突出主语。
4.强弱词语的顺序不同
表示感情色彩的轻重、强弱时，汉语将重的内容、强的词语放在前面;英语将语义轻的内容、弱的词语放在前面，基本原则是前轻后重，前简后繁。
(三)段落的衔接
段落的衔接是指段落中各部分在语法和词汇方面有关联，即段落的各个部分的排列和衔接要符合逻辑。汉语和英语在衔接手法上迥异。在汉译英时，要注意通过词的增补、替代等技巧把汉语的衔接习惯转化为英语的衔接习惯。
2015英语六级翻译必背：中国文化词汇(上)汉语
汉字 Chinese character
单音节 single syllable
汉语四声调 the four tones of Chinese characters
阳平level tone
阴平rising tone
上声 falling-rising tone
去声 falling tone
五言绝句 five-character quatrain
七言律诗 seven-character octave
八股文 eight-part essay;stereotyped writing
四书五经
1、四书 the Four Books
《大学》 The Great Learning
《中庸》 The Doctrine of the Mean
《论语》 The Analects of Confucius
《孟子》 The Mencius/The Works of Mencius
2、五经 The Five Classics
《春秋》 the Spring and Autumn Annals
《诗经》 The Books of Songs;The Book of Odes
《易经》 I Ching;The Book of Changes
《礼记》 The Book of Rites
《尚书》 The Books of History
四大名著
《三国演义》 Three Kingdoms
《西游记》 Journey to the West;Pilgrimage to the West
《水浒传》 Heroes of the Marshes;Tales of the Water Margin
《红楼梦》 Dream of the Red Mansions
经典作品
《史记》 Historical Records
《资治通鉴》 History as a Mirror;Comprehensive History Retold as a Mirror for Rulers
《山海经》 The Classic of Mountains and Rivers
《孝经》 Book of Filial Piety
《孙子兵法》 The Art of War
《三字经》 The Three-Character Scripture;The Three-Word Chant
《西厢记》 The Romance of West Chamber
《聊斋志异》 Strange Tales of a Lonely Studio;Strange Tales from Make-Do Studio
近现代佳作
《围城》 Fortress Besieged
《阿Q正传》 The True Story of Ah Q
《吾国吾民》 My Country and My People
《京华烟云》 Moment in Peking
《骆驼祥子》 Rickshaw/James
《茶馆》 Teahouse
《边城》 The Border Town
《倾城之恋》 Love in a Fallen City
《十八春》 Eighteen Springs
文化遗产
重要文化遗产 major cultural heritage
优秀民间艺术 outstanding folk arts
文物 cultural relics
中国画 traditional Chinese painting
书法 calligraphy
水墨画 Chinese brush painting;ink and wash painting
工笔 traditional Chinese realistic painting
中国结 Chinese knot
旗袍 Cheongsam
中山装 Chinese tunic suit
唐装 traditional Chinese garments(clothing)，Tang suit 艺术词汇
文人 men of letters
雅士 refined scholars
表演艺术 performing art
现代流行艺术 popular art, pop art
纯艺术 high art
高雅艺术 refined art
电影艺术 cinematographic art
戏剧艺术 theatrical art
才子佳人 gifted scholars and beautiful ladies 2015英语六级翻译必背：中国文化词汇(下)国粹术语
生(男性正面角色)male(the positive male role)
旦(女性正面角色)female(the positive female role)
净(性格鲜明的男性配角)a supporting male role with striking character
丑(幽默滑稽或反面角色)a clown or a negative role
花脸 painted role
歌舞喜剧 musical
滑稽场面, 搞笑小噱头 shtick
滑稽短剧 skit
京剧人物脸谱 Peking Opera Mask 戏剧文化
皮影戏 shadow play;leather-silhouette show
说书 story-telling
叠罗汉 make a human pyramid
折子戏 opera highlights
踩高跷 stilt walk
哑剧 pantomime;mime
哑剧演员 pantomimist
戏剧小品 skit
马戏 circus show
单口相声 monologue comic talk, standup comedy
特技表演 stunt
相声 witty dialogue comedy, comic cross talk
杂技 acrobatics
京韵大鼓 the traditional story-telling in Beijing dialect with drum accompaniment
秦腔 Shaanxi opera 中国瑰宝
习武健身 practice martial art for fitness
气功 qigong, deep breathing exercises
篆刻 seal cutting upriteous
工艺, 手艺 workmanship / craftsmanship
卷轴 scroll
蜡染 batik
泥人 clay figure
漆画 lacquer painting
唐三彩 Trio-colored glazed pottery of the Tang Dynasty
景泰蓝 cloisonné
文房四宝 The four stationery treasures of the Chinese study---a writing brush, an ink stick, an ink stone and paper
天干地支
阳历 solar calendar
公历 Gregorian calendar
阴历 lunar calendar
天干 heavenly stem
地支 earthly branch
闰年 leap year
二十四节气 the twenty-four solar terms
民间传说 folklores
寓言 fable
传说 legend
神话 mythology
古为今用,洋为中用 make the past serve the present and the foreign serve china
对对联 matching an antithetical couplet
传统节日
十二生肖 the twele Chinese zodiac signs
本命年 one's year of birth considered in relation to the 12 Terrestrial Branches
春节 theSpring Festival
元宵节 the Lantern Festival(15th day of the first lunar month)
清明节 the Pure Brightness Festival / the Tomb-sweeping Day(April the 5th)
端午节 the Dragon Boat Festival(5th of the fifth lunar month)
中秋节 the Moon Festival / the Mid-Autumn Day(15th of the eight lunar month)
重阳节 the Double Ninth Day / the Aged Day 2015年12月英语六级翻译必备知识盘点 词性转换
词性转换不仅是重要的译词手段，也是常用的句法转换变通手段，是一种常用的翻译技巧。说白了，就是在必要的时候，将原文中的某个词的词性在译文里用其他词性表达出来。这种转换会使译文更加灵活变通，不必拘泥于原文形式，却能更准确传达出原文内涵。本部分内容主要从汉译英入手。从四个方面加以说明。
1汉语动词的转换
汉语动词的使用频率远远高于英语。这是因为按照英语句法，受主谓关系的限制，一个 简单句或分句大多只有一个谓语动词。而且，英语还可以通过谓语动词以外各种词性的词来体现动词意义。因此将汉语句子里的动词转换为英语里其他词性的词是翻译中的常用技巧之一。
例1 这本书反映了30年代的中国社会。
译文:The book is a reflection of Chinese society in the 1930s.(将汉语动词转换为英语名词)
例2 他们不满足于现有的成就。
译文:They were not content with their present achievements.(将汉语动词转换为英语形容词)
例3 我想男孩与女孩的思维方式不同。
译文:I suppose boys think differently from girls.(将汉语动词转换为英语副词)
例4 你赞成还是反对这项计划?
译文:Are you for or against the plan?(将汉语动词转化为英语介词)2.汉语名词的转换
英语中有很多由名词派生的动词，以及由名词转用的副词，形容词等。在汉译英时，汉 语中的名词常常可以产生一些转换，从而更简洁有力地表达原文。
例5 他们尽了最大的努力帮助病号和伤员。
译文:They did their best to help the sick and the wounded.(汉语名词转换为英语副词)
例6 钢的含炭量越高，强度和硬度就越大。
译文:The more carbon the steel contains, the harder and stronger it is.(汉语名词转换为英语形容词表示特征和性质)
例7 这就是你不对的地方。
译文:This is where you are wrong.(汉语名词转换为英语副词)
例8 我的体重比过去轻了。
译文:I weigh less than I used to.(汉语名词转换为英语动词)3.汉语形容词的转换 在汉译英时，汉语的形容词往往可以译成英语中的名词或副词。这些名词或副词通常具 有抽象意义，而且往往由某些形容词派生而来。
例9 我们感到，解决这个复杂的问题是困难的。
译文:We found difficulty in solving this complicated problem.(汉语形容词转换为英语名词)
例10 有时候我们不得不为错误付出昂贵的代价。
译文:Sometimes we have to pay dearly for mistakes.(汉语形容词转换为英语副词)4.汉语副词的转换
有时出于修辞和句法结构的需要，往往把汉语中的副词用英语其他词性的词来表达，这也是翻译中的一个常用技巧。
例11 独立思考对学习是绝对必需的。
译文:Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.(汉语副词转换为英语名词)语序
1)定语位置的调整
汉语的定语，无论是单用还是几个连用，通常都放在所修饰的名词之前。而在英语里，单词作定语时，一般放在所修饰的中心词之前，词组，短语和从句作定语时，则放在所修饰的名词之后。汉语的定语译成英语时，有的可能是单词，有 的可能是短语，有的可能是从句。对这些成分的安排，要依据英语的语言习惯来处理。反之亦然。
例1 实现我国社会主义现代化是一项我们必须努力完成的任务。
译文: The socialist modernization of our country is a task that we must do our utmost to fulfill.汉语中作“现代化”定语的“社会主义”在英语中只需要一个单词 socialist 就可以表明，按照英语的习惯，放在所修饰的中心modernization 之前。但是原文中“我国”翻成英语就不是简简单单的一个词了，而是一个介词短语of our country，置于中心词“现代化”之后，成为后置定语。英译时，“任务”的定语“努力完成的”是一个从句that we must do our utmost to fulfil，按照英语习惯，应放在所修饰的中心词task之后。
例2 She was very happy to meet the artist who painted the picture.译文: 她很高兴能够遇到那幅画的艺术家。全句的宾语是“艺术家”，英语里修饰the artist 的成分在the artist之后，这是英语表达习惯所规定的。但是转换成汉语时，就必须把定语修饰成分提前到中心词“艺术家”之前。2)状语位置的调整
汉语中状语习惯于放在主语之后，谓语之前。但有时为了强调也可以放在主语之前。英语中状语的位置要灵活得多。就单词状语而言，它可以位于句首，句中，句末。较长的状语常被置于句首或句末，句中的情况极少。因此，在汉英，英汉互译时，状语位置的变换调整极为复杂。
例3 上星期五我们在那家新餐馆尽情地吃了一顿。
译文：We ate to our hearts content at the new restaurant last Friday.原文中，“上星期五”放在句首，并且在“那家新餐馆”之前，而译文中却将时间状语和地点状语的位置颠倒了过来。这样一来，既准确地表达了原文意思，又符 合了英文语序习惯。所以我们可以得出结论：英语里如果句子既有地点状语又有时间状语，一般地点状语在前，时间状语在后。汉语里则往往把它们置于句首或谓语 前，而且通常时间状语在地点状语之前。
分合句法
1)分句法
把原文中一个单词或短语译成句子，使原文的一个句子分译成两个或两个以上的句子。或干脆把原文的一个句子拆开，译成两个或两个以上的句子。
例1 八月中旬，修理组人员在骄阳下工作。
译文: It was in mid-August,and the repair section operated under the blazing sun.(一个单句拆分成了一个并列复合句)
例2 他为人单纯而坦率。
译文: He was very clean.His mind was open.(一个单句拆分成两个简单句了)
例3 The mother might have spoken with understandable pride of her child.译文: 母亲谈到她的孩子时，也许有自豪感，这是可以理解的。(形容词被拆开)
例4 I wrote four books in the first three years ,a record never touched before.译文: 我头三年写了四本书，打破了以往的记录。(名词短语拆开)
2)合句法
把原文中两个或以上的简单句，主从复合句或并列复合句等译成一个单句。
例5 她已试了好几次，要帮他们另找一所出租的房子，结果并未成功。
译文:She had made several attempts to help them find other rental quarters without success.(多个简单句合成一个单句)
例6 他们有遵守交通规则，机器出了故障。
译文：His failure to observe the safety regulations resulted in an accident to the machinery.(并列复合句合成一个单句)
例7 When we praise the Chinese leadership and the people, we are not merely being polite.译文：我们对中国领导人和中国人民的赞扬不仅仅是出于礼貌。(主从复合句合成一个单句)综合法
有些句子单独使用一种翻译方法是很难翻译好的，需要用几种方法进行综合处理，然后再按照时间顺序，主从结构或逻辑关系等重新排列，即进行句子重组。我们先来看一句汉译英：
例1 除了服务于说本族语者的需要外，英语也是科学、技术和其他领域一些重要著作编撰时所使用的语言，这些著作并非总是由以英语为母语的人所编撰的。
这句话虽然很长，但其实只说明了一个问题--英语是一个什么样的语言?由句子可知，英语有以下功能：服务于以母语的人;在科学等领域编撰著作时使用。英 语还具有一个特征：用于科学等领域的书籍编撰时，并非总是由以英语为母语的人来担纲。而在英语的两个功能中，本句尤其突出他的第二个功能，所以在翻译本句 时要注意重点和句子结构的重组，有些部分可以处理成修饰语成分。
译文：English is a language in which some of important works in science,technology and other fields are being produced, not always by native speakers,besides serving the needs of its native speakers.我们再来看一个由英文转换到中文的例子：
例2 The technical aspects or applications of knowledge are equally necessary for man and are of the greatest importance, because they also contribute to defining him as man and permit him to pursue a life increasingly more truly human.译文：对人们来说，知识的技能及其应用是同样必不可少的，并且也是至关重要的，因为它们也有助于对人类本身下定义，同时允许人类追求日益真实的人的生活。
虚拟语气
虚拟语气：与事实相反的一、if从句：
即 主句„„, if 从句„„
1、倒装代替if从句：HadWereShould „„，主句„„
2、but for = without(如果不是)代替if从句，两个都是介词 But for without + 名词，主句„„
3、with + 名词，主句 „„
4、if only +(if 从句)要是„„该多好
二、宾语从句：
1、I suggest(表示命令;建议;请求)that „„ shoule +do„„
(在虚拟语气中，shoule have done = ought to have done,其他时候should 不等于ought to)
2、I wish that „„(用虚拟语气)
三、主语从句：
1、it is +adjn that + 虚拟
2、it is +done(表示建议、要求)that + 虚拟
四、目的状语：
Lest或者for fear that +(虚拟语气)should do
五、隐藏虚拟语气：
本打算做但结果没有做的
1、had hopedintendedplannedexpectedwantedmeant to do
2、hoped to have done
3、be(waswere)+ to have done
4、wouldshould like to have done Would have done 表意愿、将来
Should have done 竟然做了、本应该做的 Could have done 有能力做 Might have done 表示猜测
Need have done 本来需要做的却没有做
六、主从句时间不一致情况下的虚拟语气
有时条件从句中的动作和结果与主句中的动作，发生的时间不一致，这时动作的形式应根据它所表示的时间加以调整。如：
1.从句表示过去，主句表示将来：
⑴、If they had started the early morning yesterday, they would be here now.⑵、If we hadn' t made adequate preparations, we shouldn' t dare to do the experiment next week。
2.从句表示将来，主句表示过去： ⑴、If I were not to make a preparation for my experiment this afternoon, I would have gone to see the film with you last night.3.从句表示将来，主句表示现在：
⑴、If we shouldn't have an exam this afternoon, I would go shopping now.4.从句表示过去，主句表示现在。
⑴、If they had stared the early morning yesterday, they would be here now.⑵、If you had followed my advice, you would be able to finish the work now.6.从句表示现在，主句表示过去
⑴、If I were you, I would have gone to her birthday party.如果我是你，我就去参加她的生日晚会了。(从句说明现在，主句说明过去。)
7.从句表示过去，主句表示过去和现在 ⑴、If you hadn't lent me some money, I couldn't have bought the new house and most likely I would be still living in the dangerous house now.在不少情况下，虚拟式已变成习惯说法，很难找出其暗含的条件。
(1)You wouldn't know.你不会知道。
(2)I would like to come.我愿意来。
(3)I wouldn't have dreamed of it.这是我做梦也不会想到的。
(4)He told the story in such minute detail that he might himself have been an eye-witness.他将那事讲的非常仔细，简直就象他亲眼看见一样。
条件从句中省略 if 采用倒装语序的情况
在 if引导的表示虚拟的条件状语从句中，有时可以把含有助动词、情态动词、be或 have的虚拟条件句中的连词 if 省去，而将 had , should, were 等词提到主语之前，即用倒装结构。
1).原句： If she were younger, she would do it.去 If： Were she younger, she would do it.(把动词 were移到主语 she的前面)
2).原句： If he had tried it, he could have done it.去 If： Had he tried it, he could have done it.(把 had移到主语 he的前面)
3).Had he worked harder, he would have got through the exams.4).Were he to leave today, he would get there by Friday.5).Were I in your place, I wouldn't do that.6).Had I seen the film, I would have discussed it with them last night.假如我看了那部电影，昨晚我就可以和他们一起讨论了。
7).Were I a bird, I could fly freely.假如我是一只小鸟，我就能自由翱翔。
8).Should it rain next week the farmers would have a good harvest.要是下周能下雨的话，农民们就能有个好收成了。
如果虚拟条件句中有 were, had或 should时，把它们放在 if的位置上;但是如果条件句中没有 were, had或 should不能用倒装。
⑴ Should it rain tomorrow, what should we do? 要是明天下雨的话，我们怎么办呢 ? ⑵ Were I you, I would have asked him for some advice.要是我是你的话，我就向他请教了。
⑶ Were he to do this work by himself, he would get a lot of money.如果他自己能够做此工作，他就会得到一些钱。
在 “开放式条件句 ”和让步状语从句中 should是被省略了的。在这种情况下，如果 if省略，动词 be与主语的位置要倒装。
⑴ If any person be guilty of a crime, the court shall have the right to appeal.(任何人犯罪，法院有权起诉。)
Be any person guilty of a crime, the court shall have the right to appeal.⑵ Whether she be right or wrong, she will have my unanswering support.(不管她是对还是错，我都会支持她的。)
Be she right or wrong, she will have my unanswering support.⑶ ____ ,I will take her as my wife.[A]Were she rich or poor [B]Being rich or poor [C]Be she poor or rich
[D]Whether is she poor or rich 注意：有时虚拟条件句并没来 if 从句表示出来，而是用介词短语(otherwise, or, without, but for)、上下文或其它方式来表示。
⑴、We didn't know his telephone number;otherwise we would have telephoned him.⑵、Without you help, I wouldn't have achieved so much.⑶、But for your help, I would not have succeeded.有时虚拟条件句的从句或主句都可以省略其中一个：
1.I could help you.(只有主句)
2.If I had time.(只有从句)
3.She should have come to the meeting.(只有主句)
4.If he had much more money.(只有从句)中国经济
中国经济
总需求 aggregate demand
总供给
aggregate supply
企业文化
corporate/entrepreneurial culture
企业形象
corporate image(Cl);enterprise image
跨国公司
cross-national corporation
创业精神
enterprising spirit;pioneering spirit
外资企业
foreign-funded enterprise
猎头公司head-hunter 假日经济 holiday
economy
人力资本human
capital
航空和航天工业aerospace
industry
飞机制造工业aircraft
industry
电子工业
electronic industry
汽车制造工业 car
industry
娱乐业
entertainment industry
信息产业
information industry 知识密集型产业
knowledge-intensive industry
国有大中型企业
large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises
轻工业 light
industry
博彩业 lottery
industry
制造业
manufacturing industry
垄断行业
monopoly industries
市场多元化 market
diversification
市场经济 market
economy 市场监管 market
supervision
购买力
purchasing power
熊市 bear
market
牛市 bull
market
城镇化
urbanization
房地产 real
estate
首付
down-payment
业主 home
owner 个人购房贷款
individual housing loan
经济全球化
economic globalization
经济特区 special
economic zones(SEZ)
经济增长
economic growth
泡沫经济 bubble
economy 关税tariff
纳税人tax payer
宏观经济macro
economy
货币投放量 the
size of money supply
流动性过剩excess liquidity
经济过热
overheated economy
通货膨胀inflation
抑制通货膨胀curb
inflation
注入流动性 to
inject liquidity
贴现率 discount
rate
存款准备金率
reserve requirement ratio(RRR)
公开市场业务 open
market operation(OMO)
逆回购 reverse
repurchase agreement;reverse repo 引导降低市场借贷成本to
guide the market borrowing costs to a lower level
稳健的货币政策prudent
monetary policy
微调货币政策 to
fine-tune monetary policy
硬着陆 hard
landing
软着陆 soft
landing
二十国集团 Group
of Twenty(G2O)
财政部长 Finance
Minister
全年预期经济增长目标the
expected growth target for the whole year 经济活力
economic vitality
大规模经济刺激计划 a
massive economic stimulus package
结构改革
structural reform
硬资产 hard
assets
软资产 soft
assets
有形资产
tangible assets
经济走廊 economic
corridor
整顿市场秩序 to
rectify the market order 反垄断
antitrust;anti-monopoly
定价浮动 price
fluctuations
谋求利益最大化 to
maximize profit
债务审计audit of
debt
地方性政府债务
local government debt/liability
公共财政体制改革 an
overhaul of the public finance system
债务管理 debt
management
信用支持 credit
support 2015年12月六级考试翻译必备5个技巧
词义选择
所谓词义选择，是指词本来就有这个意思，但是要求我们将其在特定场合的正确意思选出 来。正确选词是保证译文质量的重要环节，如果能做到在词语意义和字面形式上都对等当然最好，如果不能兼顾，则取意义，舍形式。越是普通的词，越是拥有繁多 的释义和搭配，翻译过程中的词义也就越难以确定。选词时，要注意词义的广狭、所处的语境、词的褒贬和感情色彩。
例如：
剪纸被用来装饰门窗和房间，以增加喜庆的气氛。
Paper cutting are used to decorate doors, windows and rooms in order to enhance the joyous atmosphere。
“增加”此处实际是“加强”的意思，而非我们平常所指的“数量增多”的含义，因此不宜翻成increase，翻译为 enhance更恰当。
词类转换
词类转换是汉译英常用的一种手段。汉语具有动态性和具体性的特点，在语言运用上多用动词。英语则具有动态性和抽象性的特点，在语言使用上呈现出名词化和介词化倾向，在汉译英过程中，适当转换词性，可以使译文更符合英语的表达习惯。
1.动词→名词
汉语中动词使用比较频繁，而且汉语动词没有时态变化的约束，也没有谓语动词和非谓语动词的形式之分，动词甚至可以充当句子的任何成分。然而，英语动词的 使用则受到形态变化规则的严格限制。一个句子往往只有一个谓语动词，大量原本应该由动词表达的概念，常常需要借助于名词，因为名词比较不受形态变化的束 缚。使用起来相当灵活、方便。
例如： 吃头两个主菜时，也是赞不绝口。
You will be full of praise while eating the first two main courses。
英语中有大量抽象名词表示行为或动作意义。如：advice, agreement, inheritance, knowledge, praise, use等。汉译英时，借助抽象名词表达特定的行文动作，译文也会显得更为地道。
2.动词-→介词
介词与名词密切相关，英语名词的广泛使用使得介词频繁出现。而且英语中有些介词本身是由动词演变而来的，具有动词的特征。因此，汉译英时，有些动词可以用介词短语来表达。
例如：人们常用剪纸美化居家环境。
People often beautify their homes with paper cuttings。
3.动词-→形容词
汉语的一些动词也常常可以用英语的形容词来表达，这些形容词通常是与动词同源的词(如dreamful, doubtful, sympathetic等)，这样的译文有时比直接使用动词显得更地道，更标准。
例如：在明朝和清朝时期(the Ming and Qing Dynasties)特别流行。
It was widespread particularly during the Ming and Qing dynasties。
4.形容词或副词-→名词
由于语法结构和修辞的需要，汉语的形容词和副词也可以译为英语的名词。
例如： „„只有这些生灵自由自在地享受着这个黄昏。
„„leaving these living things to enjoy this moment of dust with full ease and freedom。
5.名词-→动词
有些情况下，汉语的名词可以用英语的动词来表达，此时汉语中修饰名词的形容词也随之改为英语中作状语使用的副词。
例如：大自然对人的恩赐，无论贫富，一律平等。
People, poor or rich, are equally favored by nature。
词的增补
1.语法需要
由于汉英两种语言的差异，汉译英时往往需要补充汉语原文为了语言简洁而省去的词语或没有的词类，以使译文符合英语语法的要求。增补的词多为冠词(英语多特有)、代词或名词(充当句子的主语、宾语、定语等成分)、连词或介词等。
例如：农业社会的人比工业社会的人享受差得多，因此欲望也小很多。
People in the agriculture society enjoyed far less than people in the industry society, thus their desires are far less either。
英语中用得很多的介词有at, by, for, from, in, of, on, to和with九个。这些介词是连接英语句子的重要纽带，在英语中起着极其重要的作用。汉译英时，要根据上下文搭配灵活地选择介词。
2.意思表达需要
例如：这是黄河滩上的一幕。
This is a scene taking place on the shore of the Yellow River。
在翻译“这是黄河滩上的一幕”时，增译taking place短语，使译文表达更为生动贴切。
3.文化背景解释的需要
中西文化差异的存在使得英语和汉语包含着许多文化色彩浓厚且不易被译文读者所理解的词语。因此在翻译过程中需要使用增词译法，把相关文化背景知识翻译出来。
例如：三个臭皮匠，胜过诸葛亮。
The wit of three cobblers combined surpasses that of Zhuge Liang, the master mind。
词的减省
所谓词的减省，就是翻译时，把原文中一些仅仅为了语法上的需要而存在的词、词组加以适当省略，从而达到译文通顺、意思完整及句子精炼的目的。汉语中重复的部分可以是主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语等，在译成英语时需适当删减，以保持句子的通顺。
例如：于是转喜为怒，转赞美为责备挑剔，转首肯为摇头。
Then happiness turns to anger, praise to scolding and nit-picking, and head-nodding to head-shaking.(删减重复的谓语动词)词的替代
重复时汉语常使用的一种语篇衔接手段，虽然英语中也用重复，但多是利用词语的重复来体现语义强调或进行语言润色。汉语以重复见长，英语则以省略见长。故而在汉译英时，可采用替代的方法来避免重复。在英语中主要有三种替代现象：名词成分替代、谓语成分替代和分句替代。
第二篇：英语六级翻译
From Nov.3 to 12, Beijing will restrict the use of private vehicles based on even-and odd-numbered license plates, and 70 percent of cars belonging to local governments, public institutions, social groups and state-owned enterprises will not be allowed to be used during the period.11月3日至11月12日，北京市将按照机动车车牌单双号对私家车实行限制措施，同时，政府机构、事业单位、社会组织以及国有企业70%的车辆都不允许在此期间上路行驶。
”拼车“ 用英语怎么说
Carpooling has become a popular choice for Beijing's white-collar workers as the limit on the number of cars on roads during the APEC meeting took effect on Monday.北京在APEC期间的车辆限行措施周一开始实施，拼车成为北京白领们的热门选择。”
取消死刑“和”刑法“用英语怎么说
The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress is considering reducing by nine the number of crimes subject to the death penalty through revising the Criminal Law.全国人大常委会拟通过《刑法》修正案减少九个适用死刑的罪名。”邪教“用英语怎么说
Liu Jinguo, vice-minister of public security, has been appointed deputy head of the 610 Office, the central government agency responsible for combating cults and handling cult-related issues.公安部副部长刘金国被任命为中央防范和处理邪教问题领导小组610办副组长。
“出柜”用英语怎么说？
苹果CEO提姆·库克周四宣布出柜，并表示他在用自己小心守护的隐私换取民权进步的机会，他也由此成为出柜的美国公司首脑中最有影响力的一位
Apple Inc CEO Tim Cook on Thursday became the most prominent American corporate leader to come out as gay, saying he was trading his closely guarded privacy for the chance to help move civil rights forward.“低碳出行”英语怎么说？
Shanghai marked World Car-Free Day on September 22nd with a series of publicity campaigns to promote low-carbon transportation, but didn't prevent cars from entering certain downtown areas as it had in the past.It was the seventh year Shanghai participated in World Car-Free Day along with 150 other cities around the country.Officials used the theme “Greener Traffic, Cleaner Air” to encourage car owners to take public transportation more often and help ease road congestion and contribute to better air quality.9月22日是“世界无车日”，沪上并未像过去一样在市区某些区域设置“车辆禁行区”，而是通过一系列丰富多彩的宣传活动，倡导市民低碳出行。
这是上海第七年参与“世界无车日”的活动，一同参与的还有全国其他150个城市。此次活动的官方主题为“绿色交通?清新空气”，旨在鼓励有车一族多乘坐公共交通出行，从而缓解交通拥堵，提升空气质量。
“广场舞”用英语怎么说？
A recent survey found that Shanghai residents have more tolerance for public square dancing, or guangchangwu, which has become a national controversy in recent years.最近的一项调查发现，上海居民对广场舞的容忍度有所提高。近年来广场舞一直是饱受民众争议的一个话题。
“穷游”英语怎么说？
Traveling is a priority for many people during the National Day holiday, and college students are no exception.But with landmarks swamped with tourists, and transportation and accommodation costs even higher during Golden Week, how to travel on a budget is a tricky question.对于许多人而言，在过去的国庆假期里，旅行可是头等大事。大学生们自然也不例外，但是，鉴于黄金周各大景点人山人海，交通、住宿费用水涨船高，如何“穷游”成为了一个棘手的问题。
”依法治国“英语怎么说？
中国共产党第十八届中央委员会第四次全体会议10月20日起至23日在北京召开，将首次以全会的形式专题研究部署全面推进依法治国。以往的四中全会多聚焦于党风建设，本次会议以依法治国为主题，反映出中国改革已进入攻坚期，将通过完善法治实现改革目标。
The Fourth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committeewill deliberate on a draft decision of the CPC Central Committee on “major issues concerning comprehensively advancing rule of law”.”封杀劣迹艺人“用英语怎么说？
Watchdog bans broadcasts of works by tainted stars 广电总局下令封杀“劣迹艺人”
The country's top press and media watchdog has ordered TV stations and other outlets to stop broadcasting material featuring stars who use drugs or visit prostitutes.广电总局日前下令，各大卫视和其他媒体机构停止播出“有吸毒、嫖娼等违法犯罪行为者”参与制作的节目。
全面禁烟（可能性大）China is mulling
a
ban
on
all
forms
of
tobacco advertising,sponsorship and promotion of tobacco products, according to adraft regulation on Monday.据周一发布的一份条例草案规定，中国拟全面禁止任何形式的烟草广告、赞助活动以及烟草产品促销。
此次公开征求意见的控烟条例明确，所有室内公共场所一律禁止吸烟（smokingis banned in all kinds of indoor public places）；体育、健身场馆的室外观众座席、赛场区域（outdoor seating areas and venues of stadiums and fitness centers）、公共交通工具的室外等候区域（outdoor waiting areas of public transportation）等也全面禁止吸烟。
送审稿还规定，新闻出版广电总局负责对电影、电视剧及其他节目中的吸烟镜头（smokingscenes in films and TV shows）进行监督管理，违者最高罚款3万元。
这样的禁烟令堪称carpet（地毯式，全面）smoking ban。驾照自学自考
Under the reform, if someone wants toobtain a driver's license, they can learn the necessary skills on their own andregister online for an examination, said Huang Ming, vice-minister of publicsecurity.公安部副部长黄明表示，按照改革，人们可以自行学习驾车技能然后上网登记报考驾照。
此次reform on the issuing of driver's licenses（驾照改革）的目的是curb corruption in vehicle management departments（杜绝车管部门的腐败）。改革有望实现众人期盼已久的“驾照自学自考”。根据现行规定，想考取驾照的人必须上至少64小时的driving classes held by training schools（驾校课程），包括两门driving theory（驾照理论）课和两门driving practice（驾照实践）课。驾校学费从5000元到1万元不等，而且逐年上升。考生不能register for tests themselves（自行报考），而是由trainingagency registers on behalf of applicants（培训机构代为报考）。
APEC的亚太一体化
“The development prospect of ourregion hinges on the decisions and actions we take today,” he said.“We are duty-bound to create and fulfill an Asia-Pacific dream for ourpeople.”习近平指出，亚太发展前景取决于今天的决断和行动。我们有责任为本地区人民创造和实现亚太梦想。文中的Asia-Pacific dream就是指“亚太梦”。习近平指出，今天的亚太，在世界格局中的地位不断上升。也面临方方面面的挑战。亚太的未来，正处在关键的路口。
习近平在演讲中还指出，中国经济呈现出“new normal”（新常态）。我们正在推行的comprehensivelydeepening reform（全面深化改革），既是liberate theproductive force（对社会生产力的解放），也是对unleash the vitality ofthe society（社会活力的解放），必将成为推动中国经济社会发展的强大动力。
政府用房标准
The National Development and Reform Commission andMinistry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development jointly released the 32-pageset of guidelines outlining the construction standards for Party and governmentbuildings and offices on Monday.国家发展改革委、住房建设部周一发布了长达32页的党政机关办公用房建设标准。
“党政机关办公用房建设标准”即guidelines outlining the constructionstandards for Party and government buildings and offices，标准规定minister's office（部级正职的办公室）不超过54平方米。外面不搞luxurious decorations（豪华装修），不定位为landmarkbuilding（城市标志性建筑）。
自2012年12月4日中国中央政治局通过的eight-point code to cutbureaucracy and maintain close ties with the people（关于改进工作作风、密切联系群众的八项规定），就要求官员消除hedonism（享乐主义）。
药价改革
Prices of more than 2,700 drugs willsoon be determined by the market, rather than the government, as China getsready to roll out its ambitious drug pricing reform plan, industry sources said on Thursday.据业界消息周四透露，中国已准备好施行大规模的药价改革计划，今后超过2700种药品价格将由市场而不是政府来决定。“药价改革”英文就是drugpricing reform，根据改革方案，国家拟取消药品最高零售限价或出厂价格，从完善药品采购机制、强化医保控费作用、强化医疗行为监管、强化价格行为监管等四方面加强监管，发挥医保支付基准价的引导作用，使药品市场价格保持在合理的水平。
现阶段government-priced drugs（由政府定价的药品）占据了整个药品市场的23%。从明年一月份开始，政府不再设定药品的maximumretail price（最高零售限价）或factory price（出厂价）。
第三篇：英语六级翻译
2012年6月
《孙子兵法》（The Art of War）是中国古代最重要的一部军事著作之一，是我国优秀传统文化的重要组成部分。孙子（Sun Tzu），即该书的作者，在书中揭示的一系列具有普遍意义的军事规律，不仅受到军事家门的推崇，还在经济领域、领导艺术、人生追求甚至家庭关系等诸多方面，具有广泛的指导作用。《孙子兵法》中的许多名言警句（epigram），富有哲理，意义深远，在国内外广为流传。如今，《孙子兵法》已被翻译成多种语言，在世界军事史上也具有重要的地位。
The Art of War is one of the most important ancient Chinese military literary works, and serves as an important part of outstanding traditional culture in China.Sun Tzu, the author of the book, revealed a series of universal military laws which are not only valued by militarists but also play an extensive guiding role in several fields such as economy, art of leadership, the pursuit of life and even family relationship.There are a lot of famous saying and epigrams in The Art of War that are rich in wisdom and have profound meanings and are thus widely circulated both at home and abroad.Nowadays The Art of War has been translated into many languages and it also plays an important role in the military history of the world.2012年12月
京剧
京剧（Peking Opera）已有200多年的历史，是中国的国剧。与其他地方戏相比，京剧享有更高的荣誉，但其实京剧融合了多种地方戏的元素。京剧演员的脸谱（facial make-up）和戏服都很精美，相比之下舞台布景则十分简单。表演者主要应用四种技能：唱、念、做、打。京剧较擅长于表现历史题材的政治、军事斗争，故事大多取自于历史演义和小说话本（historic and fictional stories）。在古代，京剧大多是在户外演出的，因此演员们形成了一种有穿透力的唱腔，以便每个人都能听到。
Peking Opera, as the national opera of China, has a history of more than 200 years.Compared with other Chinese local operas,Peking Opera enjoys a higher reputation;but actually it absorbed many elements of other local operas.The facial make-up and costumers of the performs are very delicate;by contrast, the backdrops are quiet plain.During performance, the performers mainly utilize four skills: song, speech, dance, and combat.Peking Opera is better at performing political and military struggle with historic and the performed stories are mainly from historic and fictional stories.In ancient times, Peking Opera, was mostly performed in the open air, so the performers developed a piercing style of song that could be heard by everyone.2013年6月
中国卫生监督部门决定在未来三到五年之内建立一个全国性的网络，用以监测空气污染对人类健康的影响。这一目标于国家卫生和计划生育委员会(National Health and Family Planning Commission)针对空气污染的一份工作文件中披露，根据这份文件，该网络将搜集不同地区空气中的PM2.5数据和主要空气污染物浓度变化的数据。这将为分析和评估空气污染对健康的影响提供数据支持。这一文件提到，缺乏长期而系统的监测使国家无法揭示空气污染和人类健康之间的联系。
China’s health watchdog has decided to set up a national network to monitor the impact air pollution on human’s health within the coming three to five years.The goal was revealed in a work document on air pollution released by National Health and Family Planning Commission.According to the document, the network will gather data on PM2.5 in the air in different regions and the density changes of main air pollutants.That will provide data support for the analysis and evaluation of the impact of air pollution on health.The document noted that lack of long-term and systematic monitoring prevented the country from uncovering the link between air pollution and human’s health.2013年12月第一套
中国人自古以来就在中秋时节庆祝丰收。这与北美地区庆祝感恩节的习俗十分相似。过中秋节的习俗于唐代早期在中国各地开始流行。中秋节在农历八月十五，是人门拜月的节日。这天夜晚皓月当空，人们合家团聚，共赏明月。2006年，中秋节贝类为中国文化遗产，2008年又被定位公共假日。月饼被视为中秋节不可或缺的美食。人们将月饼作为礼物馈赠亲友或在家庭聚会上享用。传统的月饼上带有“寿（longevity）”、“福”或“和”等字样。
Since ancient times, Chinese people have celebrated their harvest during mid-autumn, which is quite similar to the custom of celebrating Thanksgiving Day in North America.The custom of celebrating Mid-Autumn Festival started gaining its popularity in the early Tang Dynasty around China.The Mid-Autumn Festival ,celebrated on the 15th day of the eighth lunar month, is a festival for Chinese people to worship the moon.During the night of the day when the bright moon is shining in the sky, there will be family reunions and family members will enjoy the bight moon together.In 2006, the Mid-Autumn Festival was listed as a Chinese cultural heritage, and in 2008, it was designated as a public holiday.The moon cake is seen as the indispensable fine food for the Mid-Autumn Festival.People send moon cakes as gifts to their relatives and friends or they eat moon cakes at family gatherings.Traditional moon cakes are imprinted with Chinese characters conveying such meanings as “longevity”, “blessing”or “harmony”.2013年12月第三套
闻名于世界的丝绸之路是一系列连接东西方的路线。丝绸之路延伸6000多公里，得名于中国古代的丝绸贸易。丝绸之路上的贸易在中国、南亚、欧洲和中东文明发展中发挥了重要的作用。正式通过丝绸之路，中国的造纸、火药、指南针、印刷术这四大发明才被引介到世界各地。同样，中国的丝绸、茶叶和瓷器(porcelain)也传遍全球。物质文化的交流是双向的，欧洲也通过丝绸之路出口各种商品和植物，满足中国市场的需求。
The word-famous Silk Road refers to a series of routes that connect the East and the West.The Silk Road extends for over 6,000 kilometers and derived its name from ancient China’s silk trade.The trades that occurred on the Silk Road played an important role in the development process of the civilization of China, South Asia, Europe and the Middle East.It is by way of the Silk Road that China’s four great inventions, namely paper-making, powder, compass and printing technology, were introduced to all over the word.Similarly, Chinese silk, tea and porcelain also spread to the whole word.Material and cultural exchanges are two-ways, for Europe also satisfied the demands of Chinese market by exporting various commodities and plants to China through the Silk Road.2013年12月第二套
中国园林（the Chinese garden）是经过三千多年演变而成的独具一格的园林景观（landscape）。它既包括为皇室成员享乐而建造的大型花园，也包括学者、商人和卸任的政府官员为摆脱嘈杂的外部世界而建造的私家花园。这些花园构成了一种意在表达人与自然之间应有的和谐关系的微缩景观。典型的中国园林四周有围墙，园内有池塘、假山（rock-work）、树木、花草以及各种各样由蜿蜒的小路和走廊连接的建筑。漫步在花园中，人们可以看到一系列精心设计的景观犹如山水画卷（scroll）一般展现在面前。
The Chinese garden is a unique landscape in virtue of evolution of more than three thousand years.It includes not only the large gardens built by the royal family for enjoyment, but also the private ones built by scholars, businessmen and former government officials for getting rid of the hustle and bustle of the outside world.These gardens constitute a kind of miniaturized landscape which aims at displaying the due harmonious relationship between human and nature.Typical Chinese gardens are surrounded by walls.In the gardens there are ponds, rock-works, trees, flowers and plants, and various architectures that are connected by winding paths or corridors.When rambling in the gardens, people can enjoy a series of elaborately designed landscapes which are presented in front of them like a landscape painting scroll.2014年6月
北京计划未来三年投资7,600亿元治理污染，从减少PM2.5排放入手。这一新公布的计划旨在减少四种主要污染源，包括500多万辆机动车的尾气（exhaust）排放、周边地区燃煤、来自北方的沙尘暴和本地的建筑灰尘。另有850亿元用于新建或升级城市垃圾处理和污水（sewage）处理设施，加上300医院投资未来三年的植树造林（forestation）。
市政府还计划建造一批水循环利用工厂，并制止违章建筑，以改善环境。另外，北京还将更严厉地处罚违反限排规定的行为。
Beijing has planned to invest 760 billion yuan to tackle pollution in coming three years, starting from reducing the PM2.5 emissions.The newly released plan is aimed at reducing four major pollution sources, including the exhaust emissions from more than 5 million motor vehicles, the burning of coals in the surrounding areas, the sandstorms from the North and the local construction dusts.Another 85 billion yuan will be used to build or upgrade the facilities for treatment of urban garbage and sewage and additional 30 billion yuan will be invested in forestation in the next three years.The municipal government also plans to set up a group of water recycling factories and curb peccancy buildings in order to improve the environment.In addition, Beijing will punish more severely the behaviors that violate the regulations of emission limitation.4
第四篇：英语六级翻译
一随着经济的快速发展和国际地位的提升，中国逐渐成为各国留学生的热门留学目的地。到2020年，中国将力○争成为亚洲最大的留学目的国。除了汉语之外，中国艺术、饮食、民俗、中医(Traditional Chinese Medicine)等颇具中国特色的专业也深受金发碧眼的洋学生们热捧。同时，中国为进一歩扩大外国留学生规模，不断增加政府奖学金的投入；另一方面，为吸引更多优秀的国际生源，各院校也增设了不少奖学金项目。参考翻译: With the rapid economic development and thepromotion of international status, China hasgradually become a popular destination country foroverseas students.China strives to be the hottestdestination country for overseas study in Asia bythe year 2020.Besides the Chinese language, the overseas students with blond hair and blueeyes are also interested in the majors with Chinese characteristics like Chinese art, food,folklore, traditional Chinese medicine and so on.Meanwhile, to expand the scale of overseasstudents, Chinese government constantly invests more to offer scholarships on the otherhand, to attract more excellent overseas students, universities also add many scholarshipprograms.1.随着经济的快速发展和国际地位的提升:表达“随着”的含义，可采用with加分词短语的形式。
2.力争成为亚洲最大的留学目的国:其中“力争”可用striveto表达；“最大的”即 “最热门的”，可译为 hottest。3.金发碧眼的洋学生们:其中“金发碧眼”可译为blond hairand blue eyes;“洋学生”可译为overseas students,文中“外国留学生”、“国际生源”均可用该词组表达。
4.扩大规模:可译为expand the scale of或increase the number of。
5.不断增加政府奖学金的投入:可译为Chinese government invests more to offer scholarships。6.增设了不少奖学金项目:可译为add many scholarship programs。
医生该如何学习诚实对待他们的病人呢？进行更多关于如何与病人沟通其健康状况的培训是极其重要的——尤其是在告知（deliver）坏消息时。如果检查结果对病人的健康没有影响的话，医生们可能不会把略有异常的实验室检查结果告诉给焦虑的病人。相反地，医生也许会夸大（exaggerate）正常的结果，希望能刺激病人更好地照顾自己。而病人们也需要清楚并确定他们所期望的医生的诚实度。毕竟，即便在医生的办公室里，交流也是双向的。参考译文：
How can doctors learn to be honest with their patients? More training about how to communicate with patients about their health is critical—especially when it comes to delivering bad news.Doctors may not tell the anxious patients the slightly abnormal results of a lab test, if it has no impact on the patient’s health.Conversely, they might exaggerate a normal result in hopes of motivating a patient to take better care of himself.Patients also need to be clear and certain about how honest they want their doctors to be.Communication is a two-way street, after all, even in the doctor’s office.词句点拨
1、极其重要的 critical
2、尤其是在告知（deliver）坏消息时 when it comes to delivering bad news.（注：注意come to的用法。come to sth.其中的一个意思就是“当达到某种状况（尤指不好的状况）时”。）
3、如果检查结果对病人的健康没有影响的话，医生们可能不会把略有异常的实验室检查结果告诉给焦虑的病人。Doctors may not tell the anxious patients the slightly abnormal results of a lab test, if it has no impact on the patient’s health.（注：注意这句话的翻译顺序，及检查结果重复出现时，翻译时可译为it。）
4、希望能刺激病人更好地照顾自己 in hopes of motivating a patient to take better care of himself
5、清楚并确定 be clear and certain
6、双向的 a two-way street
信用卡(credit card)是由银行发行的卡，持卡人可以凭卡赊购(buy on credit)商品和服务。使用信用卡最大的好处就是能给持卡人带来极大的方便。人们可以 使用信用卡赊购他们需要的东西，并在一段时期内付淸欠款,而不必随身携带大量的现金。但如此的便利也带来了一些问题，如恶意透支(malicious overdraft)。还会剌激使用者超前消费，容易产生月光族。在消费的时候，使用信用卡会促使消费者更加冲动地购物，甚至购买一些平时不怎么用的商品。参考译文：
A credit card is a card issued by a bank,allowing its holder to buy goods and services on credit.The most obvious advantage of credit card is the huge convenience it brings to card holders.People can use the cards to buy what they want on credit and pay off the debt over a period of time instead of carrying a large sum of cash with them.But such convenience also brings such problems as malicious overdraft and overconsumption which will easily reduce the card users to“moonlight group”.When shopping,consumers with credit cards will buy goods more impetuously.They will even buy something that is not often used in daily life.词句点拨
1.赊购商品和服务:赊购可用短语buy...on credit来表达。故此处可译为buy goods and services on credit。2.最大的好处:“大的好处”即“明显的好处”，故此处可译为the most obvious advantage。其中obvious意为“显著的”。3.但如此的便利也带来了一些问题，如恶意透支…:可译为But such convenience also brings such problems as malicious overdraft"其中，使用“such+n.+as...”这个结构可以达到清晰列举事例的效果。例如，我们买了苹果、香蕉、葡萄等水果，即We bought such fruits as apples,bananas,grapes,etc.4.恶意透支和超前消费:分别可译为名词短语malicious overdraft和over-consumption。
传统的中国婚俗被视为中国传统文化礼仪的基础。通常，婚礼是隆重场合，有很多的礼节。婚礼有八大程序，包括求婚、生辰匹配、合婚（marriage divination),下聘礼（betrothal gifts presenting)、确定婚期、置办嫁妆（dowry urging)、迎娶新娘、举行正式的结婚仪式。在中国传统的婚礼中，新娘由新郎牵着。她头顶红盖头，全程都垂在肩上。传统的中国婚俗已经实行了几千年。它们可能会因时间和地点而异，但在中国人的生活中一直占据着重要地位，对中国人的生活方式产生着深远的影响。参考译文：
Traditional Chinese wedding customs are considered as the foundation of rites in traditional Chinese culture.A wedding is usually a grand occasion with so many formalities.There are eight major procedures of a wedding,including proposal making,birthday matching,marriage divination,betrothal gifts presenting,wedding date fixing,dowry urging,welcoming the bride to the wedding and performing the formal wedding ceremony.During the traditional Chinese wedding ceremony,the bride is led by her groom.Her head is covered by a red veil which is Ming down to her shoulder during the whole period.Traditional Chinese wedding customs have been running for thousands of years.They may vary from place to place and from time to time,but they have been holding an important position in the life of Chinese people,having a far-reaching impact on Chinese people's lifestyle.词句点拨
1.隆重场合:可译为a grand occasion。grand意为“重大的，盛大的 2.求婚:可译为名词结构proposal making。3.生辰匹配:可译为birthday matching。
4.合婚:八字合婚是中国民间的一种旧俗，即婚前男女双方交换庚帖，以卜八字是否相配来确定婚姻是否幸福美满。故此处译为marriage divination,divination意为“预测，占卜”。
5.下聘礼:可译为betrothal gifts presenting。betrothal是名词，意为“订婚”，betrothal gifts意为“聘礼”。6.置办嫁妆:可译为dowry urging。
7.红盖头:可译为red veil。veil意为“头巾；面纱”。
8.因...而异:可译为vary。vary是常见词，常用词组有vary from(与...不同),vary with(随...而不同)，vary in(在...方面有差异)。
地球表面超过70%是水，水无疑是地球上最宝贵的自然资源。若非这些看似毫无价值的氢氧化合物(compound of oxygen and hydrogen)，地球上的生命将不复存在，因为万物的生长繁荣都依存于此。尽管人类承认这个现实，但是我们对此漠视，依然在污染我们的江河湖海。久而久之，地球确实深受其害，生物正以惊人的速度死亡。除了无辜生命的死亡外，我们的饮用水和水上娱乐活动也收到了极大的影响。为了应对水污染，我们必须理解症结所在，并参与解决。
请看下面的汉译英段落翻译：
【参考译文】：
Comprising over 70% of the Earth’s surface, water is undoubtedly the most precious natural resource that exists on our planet.Without the seemingly invaluable compound of oxygen and hydrogen, life on Earth would be non-exist: it is essential for everything on our planet to grow and prosper.Although we as humans recognize this fact, we disregard it by polluting our rivers, lakes, and oceans.Subsequently, we are slowly but surely harming our planet to the point where organisms are dying at a very alarming rate.In addition to innocent organisms dying off, our drinking water has become greatly affected as is our abilities to use water for recreational purposes.In order to combat water pollution, we must understand the problems and become part of the solution.在当今社会，相差三岁，就会有“沟”，即所谓的:“三岁一代沟”。以前，在人们的思维里，代沟(generation gap)所表示的时间长度是10到20年。而到了21世纪，随着全国各地的经济发展，人们文化知识的增长，思想意识的提髙，每个人的个性化和自我意识逐渐增强，人与人之间的交流出现了障碍，人与人之间的想法、观点出现了分歧，很难找到共鸣(resonance)。这种现象与经济发达程度有关，经济越发达的地方，代沟的时间差距越小。参考译文：
In modern society,there will be a generation gap if the gap of ages reaches 3 years.This is the so-called“Each three-year age gap,one generation gap”.In the past,people thought that generation gap appeared when the age gap reached 10 to 20 years.But in the 21st century,with the national economic development,the growth of people's cultural knowledge and the improvement of their thought and consciousness,people's individualization and self-awareness have gradually been strengthened.Communication barriers among people appear;ideas and viewpoints begin to differ from person to person,making it hard for one to find resonance with other people.This phenomenon is related to the level of economic development-the more developed a place is,the narrower the age gap will be.词句点拨
1.相差三岁，就会有“沟”:这里的“沟”指代沟。
2.三岁一代沟:可译Each three-year age gap,one generation gap,意为“每差三岁，就有代沟”。英文译成对仗的形式显得较为工整。
3.思想意识的提高:可译为the improvement of thoughts and consciousness。
4.每个人的个性化和自我意识逐渐增强:可译为people's individualization and self-awareness have gradually been strengthened。
5.很难找到共鸣:该句其实是“交流出现了障碍”、“想法、观点出现了分歧”的结果，故译为非谓语形式making it hard for one to find resonance with other people作结果状语。6.经济越发达的地方，代沟的时间差距越小:翻译时可使the more…the more…句式，即the more developed a place is,the narrower the age gap will be。
打车难已经成为大城市人们生活中较为普遍的问题。城市人口规模的扩大，人类社会活动的不断多元(diversification)化都增加了对出租车的需求。随着城市交通拥堵状况不断加剧，为避免堵车影响收人，上下班高峰时段很多司机不愿意跑拥堵路段和主城区，导致市民在一些交通枢纽、商业中心、医院附近很难打到出租车。城市建设影响了出租车的使用效率。出租车行业不规范，拒载行为屡屡发生，这也是导致打车难的人为因素 参考译文：
It has been a common problem in large city residents' life that it's hard to take a taxi.The increase of urban population and diversification of social activities make the demand for taxi rise.As the traffic jam becomes worse in cities，to guarantee personal income, many taxi drivers refuse to drive on busy roads and main urban areas, which makes it difficult for many citizens to take a taxi near some transportation junctions, commercial centers and hospitals.City construction affects the efficiency of taxi.Being not standard in the taxi industry and taxi drivers' often refusing to take passengers are the human factors that make it difficult to take a taxi.词句点拨
1.打车难:可译为it's hard to take a taxi,作为problem的同位语，意义表达清楚自然。
2.增加了对出租车的需求:可译为make the demand for taxi rise。
3.为避免堵车影响收入:可灵活地译为to guarantee personal income。采用逆向译法，上下文反复出现“堵车”这个词，所以可以省略。
4.出租车行业不规范，拒载行为屡屡发生:这里是说明原因，为了句式简明，可以处理为动名词和独立主格的形式，直接充当句子主语。
5.人为因素:可译为human factor。
闻名于世的丝绸之路是一系列连接东西方的路线。丝绸之路延伸6，000多公里，得名于古代中国的丝绸贸易。丝绸之路上的贸易在中国、南亚、欧洲和中东文明发展中发挥了重要作用。正是通过丝绸之路，中国的造纸、火药、指南针、印刷术等四大发明才被引介到世界各地。同样，中国的丝绸、茶叶和瓷器（porcelain）也传遍全球。物质文化的交流是双向的，欧洲也通过丝绸之路出口各种商品和植物，满足中国市场的需求。
【翻译】
The world-renowned Silk Road is a series of routes connecting the East and the West.It extended more than 6,000 kilometers.The Silk Road was named after ancient China‘s silk trade which played an important role in the civilization development of China, South Asia, Europe and the Middle East.It was through the Silk Road that papermaking, gunpowder, compass and printing of the four great inventions of ancient China were introduced around the world.Similarly, Chinese silk, tea and porcelain spread all over the world.Europe also exported various goods and plants through the Silk Road to meet the needs of the Chinese market.中国将加速节能产业的发展，使其到2015年成为国民经济的支柱产业。国务院(the State Council)曾在一份声明中承诺要推进技术创新,扩大人们对节能产品的需求，推动坏保服务产业的发展。国务院表示,节能产业的产出价值到2015年将达到4.5万亿元,平均年增长15%。政府将起主导作用，并允许非国有资本投资节能项目。中国已承诺到2020年，将每单位GDP的碳排放量在2005年的基础上减少40%—45%。【解析】
1.加速节能产业的发展:“节能产业”可译为energy saving industry。2.国民经济的支柱产业:可译为a pillar of the national economy。
3.承诺要推进技术创新，扩大人们对节能产品的需求，推动环保服务产业的发展:此处“承诺”可译为vow;“推进”可翻译为spur;“妒大”可翻译为 expand;“推动”可翻译为boost。
【参考答案】
China will speed up development of the energy-saving industry and make it a pillar of the national economy by 2015.The State Council vowed in a statement to spur technological innovation，expand demand for energy-saving products and boost the environmental-protection service industry.According to the State Council, the value of the energy-saving industry’s output will reach 4.5 trillion yuan by 2015,with an average annual growth rate of 15 percent.The govemment will play a leading role and allow the non-state capital to invest in energy-saving projects.China has committed to reducing its carbon emissions per unit of GDP by 40 to 45 percent by 2020 compared with the number in 2005.有些国家为了处理他们与中国的贸易，建立了专门的机构。CCBC是加中贸易理事会，该机构协助处理两国间的贸易项目。另外一个有此功能的机构是英中贸易协会(the China-BritainBusiness Council)。该机构设立的目的是协助中英两国间的贸易。同时，中国也帮助国内的年轻人在商业上抢占先机。中国青年创业国际计划旨在帮助年轻人进行创业。另外，中国还发行了一些商业杂志，来帮助中国人跟进国际商业领域的新发展。
【解析】
1.专门的机构:可译为special organization。
2.中国青年创业国际计划旨在帮助年轻人进行创业:“中国青年创业国际计划”是专有名词，译为Youth Business China;“创业”就是“开创一番事业”，因此可译为start a business。
3.跟进国际商业领域的新发展:“跟进”可用keep track of表达，“国际商业领域”可翻译为internationalcommercial areas。【参考答案】
Some countries have special organizations set up for dealing with their business with China.CCBC isthe Canada China Business Council which helps with the trade between the two countries.Anotherorganization of the same function is the China-Britain Business Council.This organization has beenestablished to facilitate the trade between the UK and China.At the same time, China serves for theyoung people to grab the favorable business opportunities.Youth Business China aims at helpingyoung people to start a business.China also publishes several business magazines to help theChinese people to keep track of the development in the international commercial areas.make a living 谋生
make it 成功
make the best / most of 充分利用 many a 许多
mark the papers 批改考卷
mayor / minor in
meet one's needs 满足要求
might as well 不妨
mistake a for b 认错
more or less 或多或少，有点
my treat 我请客
narrow escape 九死一生
necessary to /for 必要的 next door 隔壁的，在隔壁
next to 下一个，其次
no doubt 无疑地
no less than 不少于……;不亚于
no longer 不再
no more than 至多，同……一样不
no more 不再
none other than 不是别的，正是
nothing but 只有，只不过
now and then 时而，偶尔
off and on 断断续续，间歇地 hand 一方面
on a large/small scale 大/小规模地 on account of 由于
on behalf of 代表
on board 在船(车/飞机)上
in turn 依次,轮流;转而
in vain 徒劳,白费力
indifferent to无兴趣,不关心
indignant with sb.愤慨
inferior to级别低于,不如
innocent of无...罪,无辜
instead of 代替,而不是
intent on专心于
invisible to不可见的 jealous of嫉妒
just now 眼下;刚才
keep one's eyes on关注
keep on爱好,很喜欢
keep track of 留心
kind of / sort of有点somewhat
lay off 下岗
off duty 下班
on(the)one
in touch 联系,接触
leave alone别说
let the cat out of the bag泄露秘密 liable for对...有责任 liable to易于
little by little 逐渐地
look for / hunt for 找工作 lost the point弄错 lots of 许多 loyal to忠于
mad about/on狂热迷恋 mad at/with sb.生气,愤怒 mad with因...发狂
make(both)ends meet收支平衡
第五篇：汉译英单句翻译
1.根据它的叫声特点，人们把蝉又称作知了
Another name for the cicada is Zhiliao, or know all, for that’s how sounds to the Chinese.2.纪晓岚是乾隆的宠臣，曾三次任礼部尚书
Jixiaolan enjoyed great favor in Emperor Qianlong’s court and was times the Ministry of Rites.3.中国人又在正月十五晚上吃元宵，赏花灯的习俗。
The Chinese have the custom of eating yuanxiao sweet dumplings made of glutinous rice flour and watching festive lanterns on the fifteenth evening of the first lunar month.4.他的不合作态度是这个项目进展十分缓慢。
The project is making slow progress because of his uncooperativeness.5.你们谁想参加春游就在星期五之前报名并交费。
Whoever wants to join the spring out ing should sign up and pay the expenses before Friday.6.我觉得这个店里的衣服即使打折也还是太贵。
I think the clothes in the shop are still too expensive even if we could get a 40 percent discount.7.就目前情况看，工程造价将会超出预算百分之三十。
8.万一你想取消这次旅行，请至少提前一个月书面通知我们
If you should want to cancel the trip, please notify us in writing at least one month in advance.9.想让他答应如此要求恐怕不大可能
I’mafraid it is unlikely for him to agree to such a request
10.在董事会年会上，他请大家注意一个被普遍忽视的问题
At the annual meeting of the board of directors, he called everyone’s attention to a commonly ignored problem.11.听到这个消息，她心里一沉，但还是勉强挤出一点微笑。
Her heart sank when she heard the news, but she still managed to force a smile.12.收到请帖后她觉得左右为难，不知该不该接受
13.如果不适当地处理，锅炉及机动车辆排出的废气就会造成城市空气污染
Exhaust from boilers and vehicles, unless properly treated, causes air pollution in cities.14.如果说，词汇是语言的“建筑材料”，那么，句子便是文章的“基本部件”。
If vocabulary is the “building materials” for language, sentences are “fundamental parts” of writings.15.鲁迅的骨头是最硬的，他没有丝毫的奴颜和媚骨，这是殖民地半殖民地人民最可宝贵的性格。
Lu Xun was a man of unyielding integrity,free from all sycophancy or obsequiousness, this quality is invaluable among colonial and semi-colonial people.16.胎又瘪了。
We’ve got another flat tire.17.人不可貌相，海水不可斗量。We can not judge a person by appearance 18.在历史上，由于长江不断改道，在武汉地区形成了众多的湖泊。
The constant change of the course of the Changjiang River in history helped form a great many lakes in the areas around Wuhan city in central China.19.健康不佳就无法有效工作。
Poor health may cause one’s inefficiency at work.20.北京地区由于近些年加强了植树造林，在一些地方飞来了稀有的鸟类。
Quite a few rare birds come to settle down in some places around Beijing thanks to the expansion of woods there these years.21.世纪交替，千年更迭，人类社会的发展正在揭开新的篇章。
The turn of the century has opened a new chapter in the development of human society.22.世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃。
At the turn of the century, China is most active in its diplomatic activities.23.你做这事不费吹灰之力。
It is very easy for you to do such a thing.24.决定把这问题到下次会上讨论。
It was decided to bring the matter up at the next meeting.25.这时我激动得说不出话来。
I am too excited to utter any words.26.成都新改建的府南河两岸将修建许多草坪和居民大楼。
Plenty of lawns and apartment houses will be built along both the banks of the newly-renovated Funan River.27.这件事至今还没有得出正确的结论。
So far no correct conclusion has been drawn on the matter.28.有明显的迹象表明，一些古老的传统和价值观不再为年轻人所珍藏。
Obvious signs show that some old traditions and values are not cherished by youth any more.29.收音机的成本降低了80%。
The cost of radio sets was reduced by 80%.30.可以预见，在一个不太长的时间内，中国比在科学技术方面赶上世界最先进的国家。It can be predicted that China will catch up with the most advanced nations in the world in science and technology in not too long a time.31.好像有点不大对头。
There seems something wrong about it.32.古今中外，这种情况概莫能外。
There is no exception to this in modern or ancient times,in China or elsewhere.33.古今中外，在商贸市场上历来都是大鱼吃小鱼。
There exists a law at all times and in all countries that the great fish eat up the small in the world of business.34.到了济南府，进得城来，家家泉水，户户垂杨，比那江南风景，觉得更具为有趣。When he reached Jinan and entered the city, there were flowing streams by every house and willow trees by every door, which delighted him even more than the scenery of the south.35.北京很好玩。
Beijing is a city to have fun.36.北京外来人口逐年增多。
The number of people from other places in Beijing increases yeat by year.37.从北京乘火车到郑州要花十多个小时。
It takes more than ten hours to ride by train from Beijing to Zhengzhou, the capital city of Henan province near Beijing.38.总统明天准备乘专机前往上海参观访问。The president prepares to go to Shanghai by his special plane for a visit tomorrow.39.晚上过来跟我们一块打保龄球如何？
Would you come to join us for playing bowling this evening? 40.中央政府不敢与香港特别行政区的事务。
The central government has never intervened in the affairs of the HKSAR.41.中国经济将融入世界经济的大潮。
The economy of China will converge with that of the world.42.新的经典不断出现，观光人数不断增加，地区经济也有了很大发展。
The emergence of one new scenic spot after another and the influx of more and more tourists have also boosted the economy.43.本文所讲的内容对通讯工程来说是很有趣的。
44.在零售和烹调行业方面，加班企业的买卖完全超过了国家办的。
45.和古庙正好个和相对的那座宝塔据说是明代的建筑。
46.我们大为惊奇的是，那幢经受强烈地震而幸存下来的唯一建筑物竟是砖木结构。
47.我们必须培养分析问题解决问题的能力
We should develop our ability to analyze and solve problems 48.要提倡顾全大局
We should advocate the spirit of taking the whole situation 49.这真是俗话说的，“旁观者清” It was the saying goes, “the observer is clear” 50.中国经济现在还处在落后状态 China’s economy is still backward 51.这些苹果你们四个人分
These apples shared by four people 52.她不把他当公公，而当作亲爹。
She considered him not a father-in-law but a father 53.我们党结束了那个时期的社会动荡和纷扰不安的局面
Our Party has put an end to the social unrest and unpheaval 54.在交作业之前必须读几遍，看看有没有要修改的地方
Before handing in your homework, you have to read it over and over again and see if there is anything in it to be corrected or improved 55.他声称男子气概和勇气只有在战场上才能得当考验
He claimed that manhood and courage could be test only on the battlefield
56.花园里面是人间的乐园，有的是吃不了的大米白面，穿不完的绫罗绸缎，花不完的金银财宝。
The garden was the paradise on earth, with more food and clothes than could be consumed, and more money than could be spent.57.耳朵是用来听声音的器官，鼻子用来闻气味，舌头用来藏滋味
The ear is the organ that is used for hearing.The nose is used for smelling.The tongue is used for tasting 58.天已经相当晚了，我们决定在那桌庙里过夜
As it was getting quite dark, we decided to stop at that temple for the night 59.人口对住房的压力减少，房价就会下降，建筑业自然就会削弱
When the pressure of population on housing decreases, pricesalso godown and the building industry is weakened 60.他用手蒙住脸，好像是为了保护眼睛
She covered her face with her hand, as if to protect her eyes 61.俘虏往往沈明，又望望其他人，没有说下去
Looking at Shen Ming,then at the others,the prisoner of war fell silent 62.天气这样闷，十之八九要下雨
With the weather so dose and stuff, then to one it’ll rain presently 63.这对年轻夫妇并不相配，一个是西施，一个是张飞
This young couple is not well-matched, one is a Xishi,--a famous Chinese beauty, while the other is a Zhangfei—a well-known ill-tempered brute.64.在党的领导下，中国人民已经完成了解放事业
Under the leadership of the party the Chinese people have succeeded in their liberation 65.也许您忘记了7月份的购货帐还没有结算
Perhaps you have forgot the fact that your account for July purchases has not yet been settled 66.多年来哪个国家一直有严重的失业现象
For many year there has been serious unemphyment in that country 67.谁不盼望自己有个健康的身体，又有谁不盼望能有一个幸福美满的家庭，其实家庭和健康之间存在着密切而不可分割的关系
Who doesn’t hope for a healthy physique and a happy family? As a matter of fact，there exists an intimate and inseparable relation between the family and health．
68.到目前为止，在西藏高原和其他地方建立起50多个机构研究西藏文化——藏学。1986年在北京还成立了一个西藏学中心
So far, more than 50 institutions of Tibetology—the study of Tibetan culture—have been set up in the plateau as well as other places and a Tibetan studies center was founded in Beijing in 1986
69.鼎湖山整个地区为热带、亚热带森林所覆盖，气候独特
Dinghu Mountain is covered by tropical as well as subtropical forest and has unique climate.70.该计划将有一个特别委员会加以审查
This plane will be examined by a special committee 71.广州地铁二号线的列车是从德国空运过来的。
The metro trains of line I in Guangzhou was transported from German 72.有些问题还需要澄清
These questions have to be clarified 73.当下众人七言八语
By now proposals of all kinds were being made 74.据说核电站正在筹建中 It is said that nuclear power plants are undered preparation for construction 75.他们努力尽可能快的速度提高产量
They are working to increase production at the highest speed possible 76.这是能想得出的最好解决办法
This is the best solution imaginable 77.避暑山庄和北京的故宫、山东曲阜的孔庙一样，是中国保存最完好的古代建筑群，也是中国现存规模最大的古典皇家园林
The Summer Palace of Chengde is one of the three best-preserved magnificent ancient architectural complexes in China, the other two being the forbidden City in Beijing and the Confucian Temple in Qufu of Shandong Province.78.无云散掉之后，太阳又开始放射光芒。
The dark clouds having dispersed,the sun shone again 79.是他吃惊的是，她不仅没有表扬他，反而批评了他 To his surprise, she criticized him instead of praising him 80.我们得早点到达那里
We have to be there earlier 81.会议将于明天下午在国际会议厅举行
The meeting will be held in the International Conference Hall.82.我们上星期在他家饱餐了一顿
We ate to our heart’s content at her home last Sunday.83.我们明天早上七点钟动身
We shall start at seven tomorrow morning 84.他出生在绍兴附近的一个小村子里 He was born in a small village near ShaoXing 85.粗活
Heavy manual labor 86.臭豆腐 Stinking toufu 87.交通畅达
Nice traffic 88.我们畅谈了整整一夜
We talked the night over freely and to our heart’s content 89.他笨手笨脚的
He is too clumsy 90.你应丢掉不切实际的幻想
You should cast away any illusions 91.小说的情节错综复杂，引人入胜
The plot of the novel is intricate and fascinating 92.祖国的前途光辉灿烂
The future of our motherland shines with great splender 93.现在形势大好
Now the situation is excellent 94.大好时机 Golden opportunity 95.大干 Go all out 96.大白菜
Chinese Cabbage 97.他给多愁善感的玛丽写了封信 He wrote a letter to the sentimental Marie.98.大作收到，十分高兴。
I was very glad to have received your writing.99.我们响应了祖国的号召.We responded to the call of our motherland.100.我们的心永远向着祖国
Our hearts are always towards our motherland.101.雪下了一整夜，厚厚的积雪覆盖着地面
102.该定理的证明不困难
The proof of the law.103.现在人们越来越认识到这一方法是很有价值的 There is a growing awareness that this technique is of value.104.我们对问题要作全面的分析，才能解学得妥当
We must make a comprehensive analysis of a problem before it can be properly solved.105.老师在等我，我得走了
My teacher is waiting for me, so I have to leave 106.她不来，我不走
If he doesn’t come, I shall not go 107.东方不亮西方亮，黑了南方有北方
When it is dark in the east, it is light in the west；when things are dark in the south there is still light in the north.108.送君千里，终有一别
Although you may escort a guest a thousand miles, yet must the parting come at last 109.我们应当逐步消灭城乡差别
We should try to eliminate the differences between town and country 110.那我们在山脚见吧
Let’s meet at the foot of the hill.111.你白天还是晚上飞广州？
Do you fly to Guangzhou in the daytime or at night? 112.班门弄斧
Show off one’s skills with the axe before an expert carpenter.113.三个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮
Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind.114.心病终需心药治，解铃还须系铃人
No remedy but love can make the lovesick well, only the hand that tied the knot can loose the tiger’s bell.115.结婚大办酒席，是在可以免去了
Giving lavish feasts at weddings can well be dispensed with.116.我们把没收土地改为减租减息
We have altered the policy of confiscating the land of the landlords to the one of reducing the rent and interest.117.我已经提前完成了交给我的工作，他也提前完成了交给他的工作 I have fulfilled my assigned work ahead of schedule, so has he.118.野心不仅是罪恶的根源，也是毁灭的根源 Ambition is the mother of destruction as well as of evil.119.说起季羡林先生的认真，那是出了名的
Professor Ji Xianlin had a reputation for being contentious.120.郭沫若同志曾说：“中国人民历来是勇于探索、勇于创造、用于革命的。”
Comrade Guo Moruo once said, “The people of China have always been courageous in exploration, innovation and revolution.” 121.美国的战争景气，仅仅是一时的现象
The warboom in the United States of America was only temporary.122.这些都是人民内部矛盾的问题
All these are contradictions amidst the people 123.这些新兴汽车速度快，效率高，行动灵活
The new cars are fast, efficient and handy.124.这个口号，是对于在中国和帝国主义国家的关系的问题上，特别是在中国和美国的关系的问题上，还抱有某些幻想的人们说的。
125.基于伊拉克目前社会动荡和纷扰不安的局面，中国驻伊拉克大使馆已经向德国订购了两辆防弹轿车
The Chinese embassy in Iraq has ordered two bulletproof cars from Germany due to the social unrest and upheaval in Iraq at present.126.匪军所至，杀戮人民，奸淫妇女，焚毁村庄，掠夺财物，无所不用其极
Wherever the bandit troops went, they massacred and raped, burned and looted, and stopped at
nothing.127.200公里航道上遍布着无数险滩。险滩上江流汹涌，回旋激荡，水击礁石，浪花飞溅。Numerous shoals scattered over the 200 km course give rise to many eddies.Pounding on the midstream rocks ,the river roars thunderously.128.我们必须坚持社会主义道路，坚持人民民主专政即无产阶级专政，坚持共产党领导，坚持马列主义、毛泽东思想
We must adhere to the socialist road, the people’s democratic dictatorship, the Communist Party’s leadership and Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought.
点击咨询 