2001年英语专业八级考试语言学试题.doc

第一篇：2001年英语专业八级考试语言学试题.doc

2001年英语专业八级考试语言学试题及解析

1.______ is the study of how sentences are structured.A.Linguistics.B.Syntax.C.Phonology.D.Phonetics.2._______ distinguishes the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics as langue and parole.A.Chomsky.B.Saussure.C.Gilman.D.Brown.3.Of the following words, _____ is an acronym.A.Marlboro.B.UN.C.Laser.D.WTO.2001年英语专业八级考试语言学试题答案与解析

答案：1.B2.B3.C

试题解析：

1.研究句子结构的语言学分支称为句法学（syntax）。故答案为B。

2.索绪尔（Saussure）被后人称为现代语言学之父，他把说话者的语言能力和语言的实际 现象或语料区分为语言（langue）和言语（parole）。乔姆斯基（Chomsky）是美国语言学家，他区分了语言能力（competence）和语言运用（performance）两个概念。吉尔曼（Gilman）和布朗（Brown）都是社会语言学家。故正确选项为B。

3.acronym为首字母缩略词，由一组词中各主要词的第一个字母缩合而成，朗读时可按普通发音规则来读，Laser就是以这种方式构成的，Laser=Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation受激光辐射式光频放大器。Initialism首字母缩略式是由词的第一个字母或词组中各词的第一个字母缩合形成，缩略式中的每个字母要大写，朗读时按字母来读。故正确选项为C。

考点分析：2001年英语专业八级考试人文知识中英语语言学知识测试内容涉及教材中前六章中的基本内容。一道题测试第四章句法学的概念；一道题考核对第一章语言学简介中与语言学重要概念区分相关的语言学家基本知识；另一道题测试第三章形态学中有关构词法的知识。

第二篇：英语专业八级 语言学 总结

英语专业八级 语言学 总结

语言学总结

一、语言和语言学

1、语言的区别性特征：Design of features oflanguage

任意性arbitrariness指语言符号和它代表的意义没有天然的联系

二重性duality指语言由两层结构组成创造性creativity指语言可以被创造

移位性displacement指语言可以代表时间和空间上不可及的物体、时间、观点

2、语言的功能（不是很重要）

信息功能 informative

人际功能 interpersonal

施为功能 performative

感情功能 emotive function

寒暄功能 phatic communication

娱乐功能 recreational function

元语言功能 metalingual function3、语言学主要分支

语音学 phonetics研究语音的产生、传播、接受过程，考查人类语言中的声音音位学 phonology 研究语音和音节结构、分布和序列

形态学 morphology 研究词的内部结构和构词规则

句法学 syntax研究句子结构，词、短语组合的规则

语义学 semantics不仅关心字词作为词汇的意义，还有语言中词之上和之下的意义。如语素和句子的意义

语用学 pragmatics在语境中研究意义

4、宏观语言学 macrolingustics

心理语言学 psycholinguistics 社会语言学 sociolinguistics人类语言学 anthropological linguistics 计算机语言学 computational linguistics

5语言学中的重要区别

规定式和描写式：规定式：prescriptive说明事情应该是怎么样的描写式：descriptive 说明事情本来是怎么样的共时研究和历时研究：共时：synchronic 研究某个特定时期语言

历时：diachronic研究语言发展规律

语言和言语：语言：langue指语言系统的整体

言语：parole指具体实际运用的语言

语言能力和语言运用：乔姆斯基(chomsky提出)

能力：competence用语言的人的语言知识储备

运用：performance 真实的语言使用者在实际中的语言使用

二、语音学

1、语音学分支

发音语音学articulatory phonetics研究语言的产生

声学语言学acoustic phonetics 研究语音的物理属性

听觉语音学 auditory phonetics 研究语言怎样被感知IPA（国际音标）是由daniel Jones琼斯提出的三、音位学

1、最小对立体minimal pairs2、音位 phoneme

3音位变体 allophones

4互补分布 complementary distribution

5自由变体free variation

6区别特征distinctive features

7超音段特征 suprasegmental feature

音节 syllable 重音stress 语调tone 声调intonation

四 形态学

1词的构成语素morpheme 自由语素free morpheme 粘着语素bound morpheme

Root 词根词缀affix词干stem

屈折词汇和派生词汇 inflectional affix and derivational affix

2特有的词汇变化lexical change proper

新创词语invention混拼词blending缩写词abbreviation

首字母缩写词 acronym逆构词汇back-formation例：editor—edit

类推构词analogiacal creation 例：work-worked，slay-slayed

外来词 borrowing

五 句法学

1范畴category数number性gender格case时tense体aspect

一致关系concord支配关系govenrment

2结构主义学派the structure approach

组合关系 syntagmatic relation词和词组合在一起

聚合关系 paradigmatic 具有共同的语法作用的词聚在一起

结构和成分 construction and constituents :句子不仅是线性结构liner structure还是层级结构hierarchical structure(句子或短语被称为结构体，而构成句子或短语即结构体的称为成分)

3直接成分分析法 immediate constitutional analysis

指把句子分成直接成分－短语，再把这些短语依次切分，得到下一集直接成分，这样层层切分，直到不能再分

4向心结构和离心结构endocentric and exocentric constructions

向心：指一个结构中有中心词，例an old man ,中心为man

离心：指结构中没有明显的中心词。例：on the shelf

5生成学派the generative approach

深层结构deep structure指机构关系中的潜在层面underlying level

表层结构surface structure指结构形成的最后结果阶段final stage

6功能学派the functional approach

主位与述位 theme and rheme

主位：谈话中已知的信息,说话者从它谈起known，述位：与说话者内容有关的内容what the speaker states about

7交际力communicative and dynamism简称CD

指句子成分对交际发展所作的贡献的程度

六、语义学

1利奇的意义七分法Leech and his 7 types of meaning

概念意义conceptual meaning 字面意义

内涵意义connotative meaning 实际交往过程中所指的事物

社会意义

情感意义 affective meaning

反射意义 reflective meaning 由一个词语联想起来的另外一种意义

搭配意义 collocative meaning

主位意义 thematic meaning 通过调整信息的顺序和强调内容所表达的意义

2指称论 referential theory

指将词的意义和他所指的食物联系起来的意义理论

3语义三角semantic triangle 奥格登和理查兹提出

Symbol或form 指语言要素（如词和语素），the linguistic elements

能指thought指概念concept

所指reference 指经验世界中的物体the object in the word of experience涵义sense语言形式的意义

4主要涵义关系

○同义关系synonymy

地域同义词dialectal synonymy

风格同义词 stylistic synonyms

感情同义词 synonymys that differ in connotation意义相同，但内涵不同，有褒有贬

○反义关系antonymy

等级反义关系gradable antonymy 例cool-warm;hot-cold

互补反义关系 complementary antonymy,肯定A就否定B，否定B 就肯定A，例dead-alive

反向反义关系converse antonymy.reversal of a relationshipbetween 2 enti

ties.例 husband-wife;teacher-student

○上下义关系hyponymy 意义包含关系。例：花－水仙、玫瑰、百合补充：同音同形异义关系homonymy

一词多义 polysemy

七、语用学

1言语行为理论speech act theory奥斯汀提出John Langshaw Austin

认为人在说话的同时也在进行一定的行为动作

○施为句和叙事句performative and constative

施为句：实施某种行为。

叙事句：描述说话人在说话时所作的动作。

○行事行为理论a theory of the illocutionary act

言内行为：locutionnary act表述字面意思

言外行为：illoutionary act 因为言语本身的习惯力量随之产生的其他一些行为言后行为：perlocutionnary act 话语在听者身上产生的效果

2会话含义理论 the theory of conversational implicature

格赖斯提出Herbert Paul Grice

○合作原则:说话人和听话人为达一定的交际目的，都有一种默契，一种都遵循的原则○ 四个准则four categories of maxims

数量、质量、关系、方式(manner)准则

3后格赖斯时期的发展

○关联理论：relevance theory:交际应被看做一种表明自身说话意图的行为every act of ostensive(直接表明的)communication communicates the presumption of its own optimal relevance

○数量关系和关系原则the Q-and R-principles

由霍恩Laurence Horn 提出

八 现代语言学理论和流派

1索绪尔Saussure瑞士语言学家，“现代语言学之父”或者“使语言学科走向现代的大师” 2布拉格学派Prague School

贡献:共时语言学研究，从“功能”角度看待语言，强调语言的系统性，把语言看做一种功能

突出贡献：语音学说，及其划分语音学和音位学

突出：Trubetzkoy特鲁别茨柯依：提出语音学属于言语，音位学属于语言，提出音位概念

4伦敦学派 the Lundon School:系统语言学和功能语言学

创始人：弗斯Firth.人物：弗斯受马林诺夫斯基影响。韩礼德为新弗斯派领袖三人都强调语言环境和语言系统的重要性

韩礼德和系统功能语法：由系统语法和功能语法构成。把实际使用的语言现象作为研究对象

5美国结构主义American Structuralism

共时语言学分支，由博厄斯提出F.Bos.○撒皮尔-沃尔夫假说Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

语言相对论-语言决定论

○布隆菲尔德Bloomfield《语言论》－20世纪被大西洋两岸同时奉为科学的方法论典范和语言学领域的杰出代表。描述语言学的代表人物转换生成语法transformational–generative grammar

乔姆斯基提出Chomsky.认为语言是某种天赋，语言习得机制Language Acquisition device

第三篇：2011年英语专业八级考试语言学试题答案与解析.doc

2011年英语专业八级考试语言学试题答案与解析

答案： 1.C2.A3.C

试题解析:

1.认知语言学是语言学的一门分支学科，它以第2代认知科学和体验哲学为理论背景，在反对主流语言学转换生成语法的基础上诞生，大约在1980年代后期至1990年代开始成型。认知语言学涉及人工智能、语言学、心理学、系统论等多种学科。它针对生成语言学天赋观，提出：语言的创建、学习及运用，基本上都能够通过人类的认知而加以解释，因为认知能力是人类知识的根本。题目中关于语言和心理关系的研究是认知语言学研究的内容。故选择C。

2.英语语音分为元音和辅音两大类。区分元音和辅音的标准是气流是否受到阻碍。气流由肺部发出，在口腔和喉部不受任何阻碍，通常声带振动，这样发出的音叫元音。气流由肺部送出时，或者完全受阻，或者部分受阻，或者因出口太窄，空气流出时产生摩擦，或者气流在口腔受到阻碍而由鼻腔发出，这样发出的音称为辅音。故选择A。

3.某一地区或国家的居民使用几种语言（通常在三种或三种以上）的现象称为多语制。多语现象在一些西非国家（如尼日利亚、加纳）、马来西亚、新加坡和以色列等国家普遍存在。故选择C。

考点分析：2011年英语专业八级考试人文知识中英语语言学知识测试内容仍然涉及教材中

第二章语音学（phonetics）、第八章语言与社会（language and society）和第十二章语言与大脑（language and brain）中基本概念和基础知识的理解。

第四篇：1996年高等院校英语专业八级考试翻译试题

1996年高等院校英语专业八级考试

C-E原文：

近读报纸，对国内名片和请柬的议论颇多，于是想起客居巴黎时经常见到的法国人手中的名片和请柬，随笔记下来，似乎不无借鉴之处。在巴黎，名目繁多的酒会，冷餐会是广交朋友的好机会。在这种场合陌生人相识，如果是亚洲人，他们往往开口之前先毕恭毕敬地用双手把自己的名片呈递给对方，这好像是不可缺少的礼节。然而，法国人一般却都不大主动递送名片，双方见面寒暄几句，甚至海阔天空地聊一番也就各自走开，只有当双方谈话投机，希望继续交往时，才会主动掏出名片。二话不说先递名片反倒显得有些勉强。

法国人的名片讲究朴素大方，印制精美，但很少有镶金边儿的，闪光多彩的或带香味的，名片上的字体纤细秀丽，本人的名字也不过分突出，整张纸片上空白很大，毫无拥挤不堪的感觉。

参考译文：

Version 1:

In reading recent newspapers, I have come to find that people in China have become more and more interested in discussing name cards and invitation letters.This reminds me of the name cards and invitation1

letters of the French people that I saw when I was sojourning in Paris.In writing down those random reminiscences, I believe that they might provide some useful information for us to learn.The French tend to take extraordinary precaution in making their name cards, simple yet elegant.Exquisitely designed and printed, their name cards are seldom golden-framed, or colorfully shiny, or tinted with fragrant smells.The letters which appearing on their name cards tend to be diminutive but beautiful, not allowing the name of the card-bearer t be overly prominent / salient.The entire card leaves much empty space, imparting no sense of over-crowdedness.Version 2:

Recently, I find from newspapers that people at home are interested in cards, name and invitation alike.This reminds me of my experiences in Paris.Random as they may seem, I write them down.Perhaps, the French way of handling name cards and invitation cards provide some useful lessons for us.The French people’s name cards are simple but elegant.They are seldom golden-framed, colorfully shiny, or with fragrance.Words on the cards are very fine and beautiful, and the name of the bearer does not stand particularly out.Their cards leave much space, and incur no over-crowdedness whatsoever.Version 3:

In Paris, cocktail parties and buffet receptions of different kinds offer great opportunities for making friends.On such occasions, strangers may get to know each other.If they are Asians, they will, very respectfully and with both hands, present their calling cards to their interlocutors before any conversation starts.This seems to be the required courtesy on their part.The French, however, usually are not so ready with such a formality.Both sides will greet each other, and even chat casually about any topic and then excuse themselves.Only when they find they like each other and hope to further the relationship will they exchange cards.It will seem very unnatural to do so before any real conversation gets under way.E-C英译汉

Four mouths before the Election Day, five men gathered in a small conference room at the Reagan-Bush headquarters and reviewed an oversize calendar that marked the remaining days of the 1984 presidential campaign.It was the last Saturday in June and at ten o’clock in the morning the rest of the office was practically deserted.Even so, the men kept the door shut and drapes carefully drawn.The three principals and their two deputies had come form around the country for a critical

meeting.Their aim was to devise a strategy that would guarantee Ronald Reagan’s resounding reelection to a second term in the White House.It should have been easy.They were battle-tested veterans with long ties to Reagan and even longer ties to the Republican Party, men who understood presidential politics as well as any in the country.The backdrop of the campaign was hospitable, with lots of good news to work with: America was at peace, and the nation’s economy, a key factor in any election, was rebounding vigorously after recession.Furthermore, the campaign itself was lavishly financed, with plenty of money for top-flight staff, travel, and television commercials.And, most important, their candidate was Ronald Reagan, a president of tremendous personal popularity and dazzling communication skills.Reagan has succeeded more than any president since John F.Kennedy in projecting a broad vision of America – a nation of renewed military strength, individual initiative, and smaller federal government.参考译文：这应该不是件难事。这都是些跟着里根多年、久经沙场的老将，他们跟共和党则有更深厚的渊源，是这个国家里最熟悉总统政治的人。竞选的背景也很有利，也很多好消息可供炒作。例如，美国上下一片和平，美国经济这一竞选要素也在经过一段时间的衰退之后开始强劲反弹。此外，这次竞选本身得到了慷慨资助，因此有充裕的资金用于组织一流的竞选班子、支付巡回演讲和电视广告的费用。而最重要的一点是，他们的候选人是罗纳德·里根，他可是位极具个人魅力和沟通技巧的总统。自约翰·F·肯尼迪总统以来，里根是最成功地勾勒出美国蓝图的总统：一个军事力量复兴、富有个人进取心、联邦政府得以精简的国家。

这应该不是件难事。这都是些跟着里根多年、久经沙场的老将，他们跟共和党则有更深厚的渊源，是这个国家里最熟悉总统政治的人。竞选的背景也很有利，也很多好消息可供炒作。例如，美国上下一片和平，美国经济这一竞选要素也在经过一段时间的衰退之后开始强劲反弹。此外，这次竞选本身得到了慷慨资助，因此有充裕的资用于组织一流的竞选班子、支付巡回演讲和电视广告的费用。而最重要的一点是，他们的候选人是罗纳德•里根，他可是位极具个人魅力和沟通技巧的总统。自约翰•F•肯尼迪总统以来，里根是最成功地勾勒出美国蓝图的总统：一个军事力量复兴、富有个人进取心、联邦政府得以精简的国家。

第五篇：2009英语专业八级考试全真试题--参考答案

无忧英语编辑整理英语四级、英语六级、专业四级、专业八级考试历年真题 听力下载 模拟预测试题下载

09专八人文知识参考答案，环球时代提供，仅供参考

31、（D）the monarch of the United Kingdom32、（B）Edinburgh.33、（A）Thomas Jefferson.34、（C）Sydney35、（D）Percy B.Shelley36、（B）Walt Whitman.37、（C）D.H.Lawrence.38、（D）psycholinguistics.39、（C）pidgin.40、（A）an illocutionary act.09专八翻译参考答案 24EN.COM提供，仅供参考

1.中译英题目

手机刷新了人与人之间的关系。会议室的门口通常贴着一张通告，请与会者关闭手机。可是会议室里的手机依然响成一片。我们都是普通人，没有多少重要的事。尽管如此，我们也不会轻易关掉手机。打开手机象征着我们与这个世界的联系。手机反映出我们的“社交饥渴症。”最为常见的是，一个人在路上走着走着，忽然停下来盯着手机屏幕发短信，不管是在马路中间还是厕所旁边。

参考答案：

Cell phone has altered human relations.There is usually a note on the door of conference room, which reads “close your handset|.” However, the rings are still resounding in the room.We are all common people and has few urgencies to do.Still, we are reluctant to turn off the phone.Cell phone symbolizes our connection with the world and reflects our “thirst for socialization.” We are familiar with the scene when a person stops his steps to edit short messages with eyes glued at his phone, disregard of his location, whether in road center or beside restroom.2.英译中题目

We, the human species, are confronting a planetary emergencythough not all-of its consequences, if we act boldly, decisively and quickly.However, despite a growing number of honorable exceptions, too many of the world's leaders are still best described in the words Winston Churchill applied to those who ignored Adolf Hitler's threat: “They go on in strange paradox, decided only to be undecided, resolved to be irresolute, adamant for drift, solid for fluidity, all powerful to be impotent.”

So today, we dumped another 70 million tons of global-warming pollution into the thin shell of atmosphere surrounding our planet, as if it were an open sewer.And tomorrow, we will dump a slightly larger amount, with the

cumulative concentrations now trapping more and more heat from the sun.参考答案：

我们人类，正面临全球性的危机，我们的生存和文明受到威胁。尽管我们聚在一起共商对策，而灾难却在扩大，形式不容乐观。但也有令人欣喜的消息：如果行动大胆果断，反应迅速，我们有能力解决这场危机，避免其向最坏的方向发展。

但是，时下世界上的许多国家领导人可以用当年温斯顿·丘吉尔批评欧洲诸政要忽视阿道夫·希特勒的名言来形容，“它们在奇怪的悖论中前行，仅仅为一个决定而犹豫不决，有了决心却拖泥带水，信心犹疑不定，见解随波逐流，掌权者虚弱无力。”

而如今我们向这个星球脆弱的大气层倾倒超过七千万吨温室气体，把其当作天然排污口。明天我们还会变本加厉，堆积的温室气体吸纳了越来越多的太阳热度。

09专八作文参考范文 沪江博客逍遥哥哥提供 仅供参考

09专八作文题目：Are dialects just as acceptable in public places?

Instruction:

Mandarin, or putonghua, is the standard service sector language in China.However lately some employees of a metropolis subway company start using dialects to cater to the requirements of people from different areas in order to render better service.Opponents sees the countering effects of such movement to the national policy of promoting mandarin across China.Write in 400 words your opinion and support your argument and bring your essay to a natural conclusion.范文一：

China's State Administration of Radio Film and Television(SARFT)recently issued a notice banning domestic radio and TV stations from translating foreign radio and TV programmes into any local dialect.The notice said that such dialect translation contradicts the national initiative to promote Putonghua, or Mandarin, around the country.Foreign programmes that have been translated into dialects must be removed from television and radio immediately.The notice evoked a mixed response from experts and audio and video producers, as well as the general public.Many voiced their concerns that local dialects would be fornidden in public places.Mandarian, which means “common language”, is the country's predominant language and is widely used by more than 70 percent of the population.However, local dialects still enjoy pupularity for relatively less-educated people in some occasions.The dialects do make unique role and should be tolerated for existence in public places.Though promoted widely in public places, dialects are acceptable in public places.First, it is more than a mere tool for communication.It is, most importantly, the messenger of its respective culture.If the dialect was eliminated from daily use, the culture will be broken.Second, Mandarian can absorb the elit part of local dialect to enrich its vovabulary and usuge.This is the perfection of Mandartian from thousands of years blend and contact.The dialects can also be popular in the public.Along with the famous short play by comic actors in NE China, the local dialect came into the splotlight, and enjoyed more pupulatity throughout China.Such a cultural phenomenon represents the audience an attitude to local dialects which cater to the taste of the majority.Third, dialect is the only mean of

communicate.To sum up, local dialects should be tolerated in public places for its unique role which Mandarian can not substitute.We should guartee its survival because dialects stand for our spiritual land.From a long-term perspective, dialects should not and would not be wiped out.There is no need for any purposeful and deliberate attempt to protect dialects.Just let dialects take their natural course.The best way to protect a dialect is to use it in daily life and pass it down from generation to generation.范文二：

Recently, China's State Administration of Radio Film and Television(SARFT)banned domestic radio and TV stations from translating foreign radio and TV programmes into any local dialect.According to the SARFT such dialect translation is of great damage for the national initiative to promote Mandarin all over the country.Therefore, foreign programmes that have been translated into dialects must be eliminated from television and radio as soon as possible.As a result, the opinion on this prohibition varys from person to person.Some people support this prohibition.While others express their concerns about this prohibition.These people who express their concern about this prohibition believe that the dialects still enjoy good popularity all over the country.The dialects do make unique role and should be toleratedfor existence in public places.From my point of view, I believe dialects are acceptable in public places.First of all, it is a kind of culture instead of a tool for communication.It is the messenger of its respective culture.If the dialect is totally eliminate from our life, the culture will be damaged and our life will be a little bit boring.Secondly, dailects can enrich the content of Mandarian and give a long-term development of Mandarian.The dialect in Northeast China also brings a lot of fun and happiness to the Chinese in recent years through the television and the internet.Such a cultural phenomenon represents the audience an attitude to local dialects which cater to the taste of the majority.Third, dialect is alsp the only way of communication to some undereducated local people.If local dialects are fobbiden in the public places, they can not communicate.Therefore, I safely come to the conclusion that local dialects should be tolerated in public places for its unique role which Mandarian can not replace.We should guartee its existance because dialects stand for our culture.From a long-term perspective, dialects should not and would not be prohibited.There is no need for any purposeful and deliberate attempt to protect dialects.Just let dialects take their natural course.09专八改错题目 Proofreading & Error Correction:

题目及参考答案由博客小城之恋提供，仅供参考。

The previous section has shown how quickly a rhyme passes

from one school child to the next and illustrates the further difference(1)_____

between shcool lore and nursery lore.In nursery lore a verse, learnt

in early childhood, is not usually passed on again when the little listener(2)_____

has grown up, and has children of their own, or even grandchildren.(3)_____

The period between learning a nursery rhyme and transmitting

It may be something from twenty to seventy years.With the playground(4)_____

lore, therefore, a rhyme may be excitedly passed on whtin the very hour(5)_____

it is learnt;and in the general, it passes between children of the(6)_____

same age, or nearly so, since it is uncommon for the difference in age

between playmates to be more than five years.If therefore, a playground

rhyme can be shown to have been currently for a hundred years, or(7)_____

even just for fifty, it follows that it has been retransmitting over

and over;very possibly it has passed along a chain of two or three(8)_____

hundred young hearers and tellers, and the wonder is that it remains live(9)_____

after so much handling, to let alone that it bears resemblance to the(10)____

original wording.09专八改错参考答案，仅供参考，欢迎指正。

（1）illustrated，承接has shown and illustrated...版本二：the改为a

(2)the little listener改为a little listener,因为是不确指

版本二：when改为until

（3）their改为his以于上文匹配

（4）something 改为somewhere，前者少指时间之长短

版本二：something改为anything

（5）therefore显然应为however

(6)in the general去掉the

(7)currently 改为current

(8)it has passed along 改为 it has been passed

版本二：over and over 后面加again

(9)live 改为 alive

(10)to let alone去掉to 改为 let alone

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