管理英语英汉翻译考试要点

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第一篇:管理英语英汉翻译考试要点

目标管理Management by objectives

管理人才储备表Management inventory form 激励下属motivatesubordinates

预定的目标previously-set goals

岗位性质job orientation

岗位责任制job responsibility system

职位空缺job vacancy

人力资源状况表human resource inventory 工作规范job specification

潜在求职者potential candidates

现金流入cash inflows

现金流出cash outflows

现金流动情况cash liquidity

现金支出cash outlays

信用评价credit rating

现金盈亏账户Cash over and short account活期账户chedking account

线上盘点work in process inventory

控制支付账号Controlled disbursement account厂房设备折旧depreciation-plant and equipment生产经营管理production and operation management

品质保证书quality certificate

集思广益group brainstorming

质量检验制度quality auditing systemassurance全面质量管理total quality management工作流程work flow

代理行,通知行Correspondent bank

银行票据交换bank clearing

定期存款账户deposit account

账户结余account balance

小额客户retail customer

空白背书endorsed in blank

清洁已装船提单clean on board Bill of Lading保险凭证insurance certificate

保险赔偿Insurance indemnities

保费premium

险种coverage

保单持有人policyholder

绝对免赔额The deductible

按照背面所列条例As per the clauses printed overleaf

运输船只 Per conveyance S.S

保水渍险和战争险covering with Particular Average and War Risks

营销网markeing network

销售媒介markeing intermidiaries

目标市场target market

潜在顾客prospective customers

潜在盈利性potential profitability

蓝筹股(热门股)blue chip

股份制度joint-stock system

股票公开上市公司Public company

股票交易所stock exchange

股票指数Stock index

道琼斯工业股票价格平均指数dow jones industrial1、the textbook on management is organized around management functions(是按管理的职能编排的)

2、the leading function involves motivating subordinates ,resolving conflicts among members and directing their activities.(激励下属,解决员工间的纠纷、指挥他们的行动)

3、you will be required to serve a probationary period not exceeding three months effective(从你报到之日算起不超过三个月)。

4、Either party can terminate the contract of service(任何一方均可终止该劳务合同)by giving to the other 1 day’s notice or 1day’s salary in lieu of notice during probation.5、management is able to estimate shortages-both in number and in type after it assesses the current status and future needs(对现状和将来的需求进行评价)

6、employees can be interviewed individually or in a group(单独或集体接受面试)

7、it is essential that a supervisor communicate both personally and impersonally with all the involved parties(与有关各方直接或间接地沟通)。

8、one of his main duties is to establish and implement the annual budget for the department(确立并落实部门年度预算)

9、desktop computers give pinancial managers access to balances on bank accounts.(为财务经理了解银行账户的收支情况提供了渠道)

10、excess funds which are not earning interest(没有盈利的超额资金)can be moved in-stantly to investments.11、We hope you will inform us of the main items you can export.Please send us your exportcatalogues and various samples for our choice(请寄给我们几份商品目录及各种样品,以便我们选择)

12、we have received your letter of june 22 and wish to quote sunflower brand alarm clocks as follows.(你公司6月22日来信收悉。现对“向日葵”钟表报价如下)

13、the objective of quality control is to improvide products with higher and better quality.(为顾客提供质量更高更好的产品)

14、three principles should be followed to implement total quality management.(实施全面质量管理)

15、a good strategy helps a business focues on the target markets(帮助企业专注于目标市场)it can serve best.16、working through established distributors or agents(通过已有的经销商或代理商)generally is easiest for manufacturers.17、these services typically include payroll automated clearing house,and wire transfers(工资发放、自动结算和电汇)

18、telephone banking generally allowscustomers to check account balances,transactions and pay bills(查询账户结余、了解交易情况以及支付款项)through voice response systems.19、We are instructed by Banco Americano to advise you that they have opened their irrevocable letter of credit in your favor(对方已开具以您为受益人的不可撤销信用证)。20、Payment will be made available by your drafts on us at sight for invoice value of 100﹪(凭以我行为付款人按发票金额100﹪付款的见票即付的汇票)

21、the amount of the premium for a specific type of risk is mainly based on thepossible losses that may occur in the future(主要以将来可能出现的损失为依据)

22、unemployment threatens so many people,so unemployment insurance is usually easy to come by(通常很容易获得)

23、mpanies wishing to raise more money for expansion can issue new shares(可以发行新股)

24、the company has run into financial difficultly(遇到了财务困难)for its poormanagement.

第二篇:考研英语英汉翻译高分攻略

《考研经验网》http://kaoyan.qianbo.com欢迎光临下载学习资料

2006年考研英语英汉翻译高分攻略(很详细)1.近年英译汉考题内容是什么?

英译汉短文内容大体上涉及当前人们普遍关注的社会生活、政治、经济、历史、文化、科普等方面的一般常识或社会、自然科学与技术常识的题材。体裁多为议论文。科学常识性的题材占了相当大的比重。

1991~2004年英译汉短文主题

1991年:能源与农业(444词)

1992年:智力评估的科学性(406词)

1993年:科学研究方法(443词)

1994年:天才、技术与科学发展的关系(308词)

1995年:标准化教育与心理评估(364词)

1996年:科学发展的动力(331词)

1997年:动物的权利(417词)

1998年:宇宙起源(376词)

1999年:史学研究方法(326词)

2000年:科学家与政府(381词)

2001年:计算机与未来生活展望(405词)

2002年:行为科学发展的困难(339词)

2003年:人类学简介(371词)

2004年:语言与思维(357词)

平均值:短文词数:370词;要求翻译的词数:160词

从英译汉试题内容分析,考生就应明确认识到,要想在英语考试中取得成功,必须在基本训练上狠下工夫。首先要扩大知识面,提高自身文化素质。考生如果熟悉试题内容,将有助于对短文的深入理解,增强信心,提高翻译水平。考生应利用各种渠道,特别是通过大量浏览中、英文报纸杂志,扩大相关的知识面。

2.近年英译汉考题的特点是什么? 《考研经验网》http://kaoyan.qianbo.com欢迎光临下载学习资料

从题型改革后、特别是1996年以后的试题分析,命题组更侧重考生综合运用语言的能力,题难度加大,趋向稳定。考题要求考生在理解全句、全段或全文的基础上,把语法、词汇的意思和上下文结合起来理解,表面看上去画线的句子语法不很复杂,词汇似乎也不陌生,但翻译时很多考生觉得难以动笔,难度增大体现在:不能采用就词论词、就句子论句子的简单直译方法,而要求把词和句子放在篇章里去理解,还可强调英语习惯用法、语感和翻译技巧的掌握。这样仅靠熟悉语法规则和孤立地背单词已远远不够了。这也是考生得分普遍不高的主要原因。近年来英译汉试题主要特点如下:

(1)反映自然科学、社会科学的常识性、科学类和报刊评论文章占很大比例;

(2)考题难度加大;

(3)语法现象难度有所降低;

(4)突出简单翻译技巧,如:词、词组的省略及补译,译出it,they,this,that等代词的真正代表的含义,词义选择、引申、词性转换,长句的拆句与逆序翻译法等。考生应针对这些特点认真做好适当的准备。

我来帮你背单词 [taste /teist/ n.滋味,味道,味觉,鉴赏力;vt.尝,品尝,体验,领略;vi.尝起来有某种味道 ] 第 3 楼:

3.2005年英译汉考题的命题趋势是什么?

(1)体裁:议论文。

(2)题材:反映自然科学、社会科学的常识性报刊评论文章;特别是有重要现实意义的题材,如资源、环境、能源、教育、科技创新、经济全球化、科教兴国、民主与法制等常识及有生命科学、宇宙探索、信息技术和纳米科技等有现实意义的科普题材。

(3)写作特点:语言通俗规范,知识性强,内容新颖有趣,思想进步,有时代感和较强的现实意义。

(4)难度:2004年考题读起来相对简单,难点在于汉语表达的准确性,估计2005年考题的难度会适当增加。

(5)重点:词义的选择及引申,对原文理解的深度和语言的准确表达。

4.在翻译过程中能否字字对译?

大部分考生没有接受过系统的翻译训练,在开始做翻译时就养成了一种坏习惯:一边读句子,一边思考每一个单词分别是什么汉语意思。在没有完整理解英语句子的情况下,就直接做了“字字对等”的翻译。或者,在读完之后,并没有理解句子,就马上在自己积累的词汇中找与看到的英语词对应的汉语来表达。只要碰到不认识的生词就束手无策。这样的译文,不仅扭曲了英语原文的意思,汉语句子本身也晦涩难懂。

比如,在2003年的试题中有这样一句话:

经典例题1 Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned,orderly,systematic,and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.《考研经验网》http://kaoyan.qianbo.com欢迎光临下载学习资料

有的考生一看这个句子,不加以理解就直译为:“社会科学是那个智力询问的分支,它寻找研究人类和他们的努力。在同样自然的、有序的、系统的方式下,自然科学家也用智力询问的方式来研究自然现象。”

显然,这个汉语句子让人不知所云。

再比如,2001年试题中的一句话:

经典例题2 There will be television chat shows hosted by robots,and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.有的考生看到这句话很短,感觉翻译起来比较容易。在没有深入理解句子的情况下,写出这样的译文:“将会有机器人控制的电视聊天节目,以及带有污染监视器的汽车在冒犯时,司机就不能工作了。”看这样的译文,无异于看天书。

5.在翻译过程中常见的症结是什么?

有的考生英语阅读能力比较强,能正确理解句子。但是,一翻译就往往有一种想说说不出来的感觉。或者即使翻译出来了,总觉得自己的译文没有把事情说清楚,找不到贴切的词来表达。比如说,在1999年的试题中:

经典例题3 While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians,modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.有的考生就翻译为:“有多少个历史学家,就有多少个历史学的定义。而现代实践最与其中把历史看作是试图再创造和解释重大历史事件的一个接近。”

从这个译文上可以看出这个考生基本理解了这个句子。但是,读读这个汉语译文,却感觉很荒谬,就连考生自己恐怕都不禁会问:“这是汉语句子吗?” 6.如何理解“理解是翻译的前提”?

“理解是翻译的前提”。只有在准确理解的基础上,才能开始翻译。英语是用大量的关系词、连接词和引导词等连接起来的结构清楚、层次分明、逻辑严密的“形态语”,所以理解的时候就必须理清句子的语法结构,分清句子中各成分之间的语法关系,即找出句子的主干,弄清句子的各个修饰成分以及修饰关系。

例如,上述的例1和例2,我们的翻译思路应该是这样:

例1

1)先通读全句,一边读,一边考虑这个句子的结构(而不是考虑你读到的这个词的汉语意思是什么!)。这个句子的主干是Social science is that branch of intellenctual enquiry。2)which后面是一个定语从句,其先行词是social science。

3)in the same reasoned,orderly,systematic,and dispassioned manner是方式状语。其中reasoned,orderly,systematic,and dispassioned是并列定语,修饰manner。《考研经验网》http://kaoyan.qianbo.com欢迎光临下载学习资料

4)that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena是定语从句,其先行词是manner。

5)这样理解之后,我们可以得出这样的句子结构:“社会科学是„的一个分支,它力图以„的方式来研究„”。

例2

这句话虽然很短,用词也比较简单,但是句子结构比较复杂,其实并不是太好理解,很多考生往往就被这样的假象所蒙蔽。

1)这个句子是一个“There be„”结构,即所谓的存在句型。

2)这个存在句的真正主语有两个,分别是television chat shows和cars。

3)两个主语分别由hosted by robots和with pollution monitors作后置定语来修饰。

4)that后面是一个定语从句,其先行词是pollution monitors。

5)定语从句里面还有一个when引导的状语从句。

6)them和they都是指cars。

读到这里,有的考生不禁会问,现在基本对整句话的结构有所理解了,到底应该怎么来表达,把整个句子翻译出来呢?

7.如何根据汉语表达习惯对译文做适当的调整?

如上所述,必须在准确理解的基础上,寻找贴切的汉语来表达。如何展开联想,字斟句酌,反复推敲,得到“神来之笔”呢?根据汉语习惯,通过“适当调整”就可以!因为汉语是我们的母语,我们深知汉语语言的思维习惯和表达习惯。同时,调整的是各个句子的成分,比如说:后置定语可以翻译在其中心词前;定语从句如果易于表达、信息量不大可以提到先行词前,如果信息量大,放在先行词前表达起来很累赘,就可以考虑独立成一句话;表示时间、条件、原因等的状语从句可以放在主句之前或之后来翻译。前面的例

1、例2和例3我们可以继续分析,使其贴切地表达出来。

例1

6)主干部分,“社会科学是intellectual enquiry的一个分支”。理解得知,intellectual enquiry是社会科学的一个上层学科。根据大部分同学积累的词汇可以知道:intellectual是“知识的”,enquiry=inquiry,是“询问”的意思。于是有的人就直译成“知识询问”。可是,汉语不说“询问知识”,常说“探索知识”,于是我们可以把intellectual enquiry调整成“知识探索”。

7)同样,我们不说“研究人类及其努力(endeavors)”。因为这里的endeavors是一个抽象词,根据习惯,我们常常说“研究人类的行为”。《考研经验网》http://kaoyan.qianbo.com欢迎光临下载学习资料

8)that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.这个定语从句的先行词是manner。整个句子可改写为“Natural scientists„use the same„manner for the study of natural phenomena”。故翻译为:自然科学家用的同样的方式研究自然现象。

9)reasoned,orderly,systematic,and dispassioned都是形容词作定语,修饰名词manner,其意思是:理笥的、有序的、系统的和冷静的。

10)整句话可以翻译为:社会科学是知识探索的一个分支,它力图像自然科学家研究自然现象一样,用理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式研究人类及其行为。

例2

6)根据汉语习惯,两个主语各自的后置定语hosted by robots和with polluton monitors可以放到其各自的中心词前来翻译。

7)hosted是“主持”的意思。monitor是“监视器”的意思。但是根据汉语习惯,不说“监视污染”而说“检测或者监控污染”。所以这里pollution monitors最好应该翻译为“污染监控器”或者“污染检测器”。

8)that will disable them when they offend这个定语从句根据汉语习惯应该先翻译其中的状语从句。“when they offend”中的they指“汽车”,这个从句不能译成“当汽车冒犯时”,因为这样不符合汉语习惯。根据上下文稍加联想,我们就可以知道“汽车冒犯”实际上就是我们平常所说的“汽车排污超标”。

9)同样,disable是“使丧失能力”或“使伤残”的意思。根据对整个句子的理解,可以具体翻译成“使汽车不能行驶”。

10)这样,整个句子可以翻译为:将出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目以及装有污染监控器的汽车,当这些汽车排污超标,监控器就会使其停止行驶。

例3

例3的译文主要有两个问题:一是对动词recreate理解不到位;二是中文句子没有经过适当的调整。

1)“有多少个历史学家,就有多少个关于历史学的定义”虽然忠实于原文,意思表达得也很清楚,但根据汉语的表达习惯,我们还可以译得更加简洁明了:“每个历史学家都对历史学都有不同的定义。”

2)原文中的不定代词one指代的是definition。

3)one后面的从句,因为比较复杂,根据习惯我们可以独立出来翻译。

4)根据习惯,我们不说“再创造重大历史事件”,而说“再现重大历史事件”。

5)因此,调整后的译文为:几乎每个历史学家对历史学都有不同的定义,而现代实践则最接近这样一个定义,这个定义把历史看作是试图再现和解释过去的重大历史。《考研经验网》http://kaoyan.qianbo.com欢迎光临下载学习资料

总之,在整个翻译的解题过程中,我们一定要注意分析、理清句子结构,在准确理解的基础上,用符合汉语语言习惯的句子来翻译。惟有这样才能做到“准确、通顺、完整”。8.就句子而言,英语和汉语的侧重点有什么不同?

英语重结构,汉语重语义。我国著名语言学家王力先生曾经说过:“就句子的结构而论,西洋语言是法治的,中国语言是人治的。”(《中国语法理论》,《正力文集》第一卷,第35页,山东教育出版社,1984年)我们看一看下面的例子:

经典例题4 Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips,computers with inbuilt personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools,relaxation will be in front of smelltelevision,and digital age will have arrived.(2001年第72题

参考译文 儿童将与装有个性芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍,具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具,人们将在气味电视前休闲,这时数字时代就来到了。

这句英语是由四个独立句构成的并列句,前三个句子都用简单将来时,最后一个句子用的是将来完成时,句子之间的关系通过时态、逗号和并列连词and表示得一清二楚。而汉语译文明显就是简单的叙述,至于句子之间的关系完全通过句子的语义表现出来:前三个句子可以看成是并列关系,最后一个句子则表示结果。从中文到英文的翻译中,语义与结构的区别就更加明显。街头笑话“Good good study,day day up.”和“You don't know,who know!”之所以好笑,是因为“好好学习,天天向上。”和“你不知道,谁知道?”是典型的中文表达,直接翻译成英文不符合英文语法。正确的翻译其实很简单:Work hard and make progress everyday./If you don't know,who knows?动词work和make是句子的核心,两者之间用并列连词连接;If引导从句使who knows成为整个句子的主句。如果没有这样结构上的调整,中文句子的语义是无法用英语表达出来的。9.就句子的长度而言,英语和汉语有何不同?

英语多长句,汉语多短句。由于英语是“法治”的语言,只要结构上没有出现错误,许多意思往往可以放在一个长句中表达;汉语则正好相反,由于是“人治”,语义通过字词直接表达,不同的意思往往通过不同的短句表达出来。正是由于这个原因,考研英译汉试题几乎百分之百都是长而复杂的句子,而翻译成中文经常就成了许多短小的句子。

经典例题5 Interest in historical methods had arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.(1999年第72题)

经典例题5 Interest in historical methods had arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.(1999年第72题)

参考译文人们对历史研究方法产生了兴趣,这与其说是因为外部对历史作为一门知识学科的有效性提出了挑战,还不如说是因为历史学家内部发生了争吵。

英文原句是个典型的长句,由27个词组成,中间没有使用任何标点符号,完全靠语法结构使整个句子的意思化零为整:less through„and more from构成一个复杂的状语修饰动词arisen。在中文翻译《考研经验网》http://kaoyan.qianbo.com欢迎光临下载学习资料

中,“产生兴趣”这一重要内容通过一个独立的句子表达,两个不同的原因则分别由不同的句子表达,整个句子被化整为零“„产生兴趣„,这与其说是因为„,还不如说是因为„”

经典例题6 In the doorway lay least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colors.参考译文门口放着一堆雨伞,少说有十二把,五颜六色,大小不一。

如果把这个句子译成“门口放着至少有十二把五颜六色大小不一的雨伞”,中文明显有些别扭,效果肯定就差远了。

10.就句子类型而言,英语和汉语有何不同?

英语多从句,汉语多分句。英语句子不仅可以在简单句(前面两个例子都是简单句)中使用很长的修饰语使句子变长,同时也可以用从句使句子变复杂,而这些从句往往通过从句引导词与主句或其它从句连接,整个句子尽管表面上看错综复杂却是一个整体。汉语本来就喜欢用短句,加上表达结构相对松散,英语句子中的从句翻译成汉语时往往成了一些分句。

经典例题7 On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is compared,and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.(1992年第75题)。

参考译文总的来说,得出这样一个结论是有一定程度把握的,但是必须具备两个条件:能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与他相比的另一个孩子的态度相同;他也没有因缺乏别的孩子已掌握的有关知识而被扣分。

原文中两个only if引导的从句显然使整个句子变得很复杂,可是由于有并列连词but和and,整句话的逻辑关系十分清楚:„能够得出结论„但是只要„而且只要„。从上面的译文我们可以看出,为了使中文表达更加清楚,but only if…and only if„被首先提纲挈领地先来了个介绍,但是必须具备两个条件„,这种做法给我们的感觉是译文中没有从句,有的只有一些不同的分句。

经典例题8 Can you answer a question which I want to ask and which is puzzling me?参考译文我有一个问题弄不懂,想请教你,你能回答吗?

汉语用三个分句表达原文的意思,显然效果很好,如果译成:你能回答一个使我弄不懂而又想问你的问题吗?不仅效果不好,而且显得费劲。

11.就句子中单词的词性而言,英语和汉语有何不同?

英语多代词,汉语多名词。英语不仅有we、you、he、they等人称代词,而且还有that、which之类的关系代词,在长而复杂的句子里,为了使句子结构正确、语义清楚,同时避免表达上的重复,英语往往使用很多代词。汉语虽然也有代词,但由于结构相对松散、句子相对较短,汉语里不能使用太多的代词,使用名词往往使语义更加清楚。

经典例题9 There will be television chat shows hosted by robots,and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.《考研经验网》http://kaoyan.qianbo.com欢迎光临下载学习资料

参考译文 届时,将出现由机器人主持的电视访谈节目及装有污染监测器的汽车,一旦这些汽车污染超标(或违规),监测器就会使其停止行驶。(2001年第71题)

英文原句共使用了三个代词:关系代词that、宾格代词them和主格代词they,汉语译文中却只用一个代词“其”,that被译成了名词“监测器”,they被译成了名词“汽车”。这是因为汉语里没有关系代词,that从英语语法上讲指代的是先行词monitors,把它译成名词“监测器”就成了很地道的汉语表达。而如果把they译成“它们”,汉语里就有可能语义不清,因为“它们有可能指“汽车”,也有可能指“监测器”。由此可见,英语里很多代词译成汉语时都要变成名词。

此外,许多考研翻译题中代词的指代对象往往不在划线部分,在这种情况下,代词更应该翻译成名词。

经典例题10 They are the possessions of the autonomous(self—governing)man of traditional theory,and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.(2002年第64题)

参考译文 自由和尊严是传统理论当中自治者(自我约束者)拥有的最宝贵的东西,一个人必须对其行为负责,他的成绩必须得到赞扬,在这些实践中,自由和尊严是必不可少的。原文中的“they”在句中显然找不到指代对象,根据上下文,它应该指前面提到的freedom and dignity(自由和尊严),在翻译的时候如果译成“它们”就已经表达不清,如果译成“他们”,显然就是大错特错的了,因此应该译成名词“自由和尊严”。

12.就语态而言,英语和汉语有何不同? 英语多被动,汉语多主动。英语比较喜欢用被动语态,科技英语尤其如此。汉语虽然也有“被”、“由”之类的词表示动作是被动的,但这种表达远没有英语的被动语态那么常见,因此,英语句子中的被动在汉语中往往成了主动。一些常用被动句型的汉译:

It is said that„据说„

It is believed that„据认为„

It is reported that„据报道„

It is estimated that„据估计„

It must be pointed out that„必须指出„

It must be admitted that„必须承认„

It has been found that„实践证明„

It is suggested that„有人建议„

It is agreed that„人们同意„

It is imagined that„人们认为„ 《考研经验网》http://kaoyan.qianbo.com欢迎光临下载学习资料

It can not be denied that„不可否认„

It will be seen from this that„由此可知„

It should be realized that„必须认识到„

It is(always)stressed that„人们(总是)强调„

It is(generally)considered that„大家(普遍)认为„

It may be said without fear of exaggeration that„可以毫不夸张地说„

这些常用被动句型属于习惯表达法,在科技英语中出现频率很高,考生不仅要熟悉这些句型的固定翻译,同时要认识到许多英语中的被动从习惯上来讲要译成汉语的主动。

经典例题11 And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can by no means be compared with these processes,and that they have to be required by a sort of special training.(1993年第74题)参考译文许多人认为,普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维活动相比,认为这些思维活动必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。

原文中有三个被动语态is imagined,be compared和be required,译成汉语都变成了主动表达:认为、相比和掌握。

有时候英语被动句译成被动和主动都可以,如:

经典例题12 It must have been taken away by him.那一定是(被)他拿走了。You will be drowned if you are not careful.若是不小心,你就会(被)淹死。

In the development of social economy,the culture tradition must be kept.在社会经济发展过程中,文化传统必须(被)保持。

The economic development is decided to great extent by science and technology.经济的发展在很大程度上是(由)科学技术决定的。

有些英语被动需要把主语译成汉语的宾语,这样才能更加符合中文的表达习惯。13.就表达方式而言,英语和汉语有何不同?

英语多变化,汉语多重复。熟悉英语的人都知道,英语表达相同的意思时往往变换表达方。第一次说“我认为”可以用“I think”,第二次再用“I think”显然就很乏味,应该换成“I believe”、“I imagine”之类的表达。相比之下,汉语变换表达方式的要求没有英语那么高,很多英语中的变化表达译成重复表达就行了。

请看下面的例子: 《考研经验网》http://kaoyan.qianbo.com欢迎光临下载学习资料

经典例题14 The monkey’s most extraordinary accomplishment was learning to operate a tractor.By the age of nine,the monkey had learned to solo on the vehicle.(R,Quirk)

参考译文 这只猴子最了不起的成就是学会驾驶拖拉机。到九岁的时候,这只猴子已经学会了单独表演驾驶拖拉机了。

tractor和vehicle在句子中显然都表示“拖拉机”,英语表达上有变化,而译成汉语时使用了重复表达法。由于英语喜欢用代词,汉语喜欢用名词,这也使英语多变化、汉语多重复的特点更加突出。

经典例题15 He hated failure;he had conquered it all his life,risen above it,and despised it in others.参考译文他讨厌失败,他一生中曾战胜失败,超越失败,并且藐视别人的失败。

同样,英语中的变化表达有时也不能在划线句子中寻找另外一种表达,这就需了解英语的表达特点,善于从文章中或者运用常识寻找答案。

经典例题16 You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction and deduction,that by the help of these operations,they,in a sort of sense,manage to extract from Natrue certain natural laws,and that out of these,by some special skill of their own,they build up their theories.(1993年第73题)参考译文你们都多次听说过,科学家是用归纳法和演绎法工作的,而且从某种意义上来说,他们依靠这种方法力求从自然界归纳出某些自然规律,然后根据这些规律,用自己的某种非同一般的本领,建立起他们的理论。

“men of science”显然是“scientists”的另外一种说法,在1993年的英译汉文章中,作者还使用了“a man of science”,“a scientific man”之类的表达法,掌握了英语变化表达的特点,就能很轻松地把它们都译成“科学家”。

14.就具体和抽象性而言,英语和汉语有何不同?

英语多抽象,汉语多具体。做翻译实践较多的人都有这样的体会:英文句子难译主要难在结构复杂和表达抽象上。通过分析句子的结构,把长句变短句、从句变分句,结构上的难题往往迎刃而解。表达抽象则要求译者吃透原文的意思,用具体的中文进行表达,这对考生往往具有更大的挑战性。下面我们先看一组例子:

经典例题17

disintegration土崩瓦解

ardent loyalty赤胆忠心

total exhaustion精疲力尽

farsightedness远见卓识

careful consideration深思熟虑 《考研经验网》http://kaoyan.qianbo.com欢迎光临下载学习资料

perfect harmony水乳交融

feed on fancies画饼充饥

with great eagerness如饥似渴

lack of perseverance三天打鱼,两天晒网

await with great anxiety望穿秋水

make a little contribution添砖加瓦

on the verge of destruction危在旦夕

从上面的例子不难看出,英语表达往往比较抽象,汉语表达则比较具体。我们再看一个翻译真题:经典例题18Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all,people will have to accept more“unnatural food.”(1991年第74题)

参考译文 除非人类终于意识到要把人口减少到这样的程度:使地球能为所有的人提供足够的饮食,否则人们将不得不接受更多的“人造食品”。

原文中有三个抽象的名词:sense,point和support和两个抽象的形容词comfortable和unnatural。根据大纲中词汇表提供的解释,sense可指“感觉”、“判断力”,point的意思是“点”,support的意思是“支撑(物)”、“支持(物)”,comfortable是“舒适的”,unnatural是“非自然的”,都是意思十分抽象的词,如果不进行具体化处理,译文就可能是这样:除非人类有这样的感觉,把人口减少到这样的,使地球能为大家提供舒适的支持,否则人们将不得不接受更多的“非自然的食物”。这种没有经过加工的译文不仅别人难理解,译者本人也不一定明白,把抽象的意思具体化其实就是一种深层的理解和有效的表达。

15.在语言的使用方式中,英语和汉语有何不同?

英语多引申,汉语多推理。英语有两句俗话:一是You know a work by the company it keeps.(要知义如何,关键看词伙),二是Words do not have meaning,but people have meaning for them.(词本无人,义随人生)。这说明词典对词的定义和解释是死的,而实际运用中的语言是活的。从原文角度来说,这种活用是词义和用法的引申,翻译的时候要准确理解这种引申,译者就需要进行推理。

经典例题19 While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians,modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.(1999年71题)

参考译文 尽管关于历史的定义几乎和历史学家一样多,现代实践最符合这样一种定义,即把历史看作是对过去重大历史事件的再现和解释。

“recreate”根据构词法和一般词典上解释都是“重新创造”,而考研英语大纲词汇表中只有名词“recreation”,所给词义为“娱乐、消遣”,在这种情况下,考生很容易把recreate译成“重新创造”或《考研经验网》http://kaoyan.qianbo.com欢迎光临下载学习资料

者“娱乐”。仔细观察一下recreate在句中的用法,不难发现它带有宾语the significant events of the part(过去的重大历史事件)。从逻辑上来讲,“过去的重大历史事件”是不能“重新创造”的,作者显然对recreate一词的词义进行了引申,再想想我们生活中发生的情况:历史、文学、电影、电视经常向我们展示过去发生的事情,这种展示用恰当的中文表达就是“再现”,所以,句中用“再现”译recreate才是正确的理解和表达。做翻译的人经常会有这样一种感受:某个词明明认识,可就是不知道该怎样表达。这其实就是词的引申和推理在起作用。现在我们看一看sure这个词在不同句子中的处理情况: 经典例题20

①I am not quite sure of his having said it.我不能确定他是否说过这话。

②This is the surest guarantee that we shall be successful.这是我们取得成功最可靠的保证。

③He made a sure step out of the mud.他从泥淖中跨出了稳健的一步。

④She had a sure grasp of the subject.她对这门学科的知识掌握得很牢固。

⑤He is very sure in his beliefs.他的信仰十分坚定。

5个sure分别译成了“确定”、“可靠的”、“稳健的”、“牢固”和“坚定”,如果都译成大家熟悉的“确信的”、“肯定的”,中文译文岂不成了天书?原文词义稍有引申,译文就要进行适当的推理。16.就句子结构而言,英语和汉语有何不同?

英语多省略,汉语多补充。英语一方面十分注重句子结构,另一方面又喜欢使用省略。英语省略的类型很多,有名词的省略,动词的省略,有句法方面的省略,也有情景方面的省略。在并列结构中,英语往往省略前面已出现过的词语,而汉语则往往重复这些省略了的词。

经典例题21

①Ambition is the mother of destruction as well as of evil.野心不仅是罪恶的根源,同时也是毁灭的根源。

②Reading exercises one’s eyes;speaking,one’s tongue;while writing,one’s mind.F.Bacon)阅读训练人的眼睛,说话训练人的口齿,写作训练人的思维。

③Association with the good can only produce good,with the wicked,evil.近朱者,近墨者黑。

④One boy is a boy,two boys half a boy,three boys no boy.一个和尚挑水吃,两个和尚抬水吃,三个和尚没水吃。

在考研英译汉中,省略是一种很常见的现象。《考研经验网》http://kaoyan.qianbo.com欢迎光临下载学习资料

经典例题22 Whether to use test,other kinds of information,or both in a particular situation depends,therefore,upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.参考译文 因此,究竟是使用测试,其它种类的信息,还是在特定的情况下两者都使用,取决于关于相对效度的来自经验的证据,同时还取决于成本和可获得性这样的因素。

whehter„or„是并列连词,or前面省略了不定式to use,and upon中间省略了动词depends,译文中补充了“使用”和“取决”。17.就逻辑思维而言,英语和汉语有何不同?

英语多前重心,汉语多后重心。在表达多逻辑思维时,英语往往是判断或结论等在前,事实或描写等在后,即重心在前;汉语则是由因到果、由假设到推论、由事实到结论,即重心在后。

经典例题23 I was all the more delighted when,as a result of the initiative of your government it proved possible to reinstate the visit so quickly.参考译文 由于贵国政府的提议,才得以这样快地重新实现访问。这使我感到特别高兴。

经典例题24 The assertion that it was difficult,if not impossible,for a people to enjoy its basic rights unless it was able to determine freely its political status and to ensure freely its economic,social and cultural development was now scarcely contested.参考译文 如果一个民族不能自由地决定其政治地位,不能自由地保证其经济,社会和文化的发展,要享受其基本权利,即使不是不可能,也是不容易的。这一论断几乎是无可置辩的了。

不难看出,英语和汉语的重心在句中的位置有时是不一样的,翻译的时候如果不进行调整,势必给表达造成很大的困难。以上是英语跟汉语在思维方式和表达习惯上的十大区别。只有了解这些区别,才能对英译汉有正确的认识,才能在翻译中抓住重点,找到解决问题的办法。18.做英译汉时所依据的标准是什么?

最为提倡的翻译标准是一个世纪前严复提出的“信、达、雅”。大学英语测试中的英译汉虽然是应试之作,但对“信、达、雅”文字原则一样可行。“信”即忠实,译文须忠实于原文;“达”即通达顺畅,读来流畅,符合译文的语言习惯;“雅”是对语言的更高要求,即译文要雅致,是优美的汉语。对于大学非英语专业的学生来说,英译汉必须掌握前两个标准,在达到“信”和“达”的标准后,可以追求最后一则。19.做英译汉应采取的步骤是什么?

翻译的过程大致分为三步:理解、表达与校正。理解指对原文的理解,主要是指首先找到要翻译句子的主谓结构,看看这句话主要讲什么,然后再找出句子的其他成分,如定语、宾语、状语等。表达是指把原文分析后,用译文表达。校正就是在完成了表达之后,对照原文进行检查,看看所选词义是否符合上下文,原文要表达的意思有没有表达错误,汉语的译文中意义上是否与原文对等,译文有没有译者增加的不是原文作者的意思,或者译者删减,丢失了原文作者要表达的意思。这三个环境是翻译过程必不可少的。20.理解句子时应注意些什么问题? 《考研经验网》http://kaoyan.qianbo.com欢迎光临下载学习资料

理解原文是翻译最关键、最易出问题的一步。译文的模糊不清很多时候是源于译者对原文理解得不透彻、不仔细。理由可以从以下几个方面来考虑:

(1)搞清句子结构,辨别主语和谓语。抓住了句子的主干,各部分之间的从属关系也就看得比较清楚,有益于从整体把握句子。

(2)理解虚拟语气。虚拟语气是英语特有的一种表达方式,它包括对现在、未来、过去的假设,在英语中有多种表现,译成汉语时一定要弄清它的对象和范围,尽量把虚拟的意思传达出来。

(3)搞清楚关系。句中如果有代词,应根据上下文找出其所指代的内容,并将其准确地翻译出来。

(4)明白否定的方式。英语思维的特点也表现在它对否定式的用法上,中国读者往往容易在这里产生错误。例如:

All that glitters is not gold。(发光的未必都是金子。)

在这里是以全部否定的形式来表达部分否定的事实。英语也用双重否定表示肯定,这种现象英语中常见,汉语中并不常见,翻译时需要多加注意。

(5)一词多义。一词多义是很常见的现象。判断词义一定要根据上下文确定其具体的义,不能因为是过去认识的词便不加深究,便草率地按以前的理解翻译而产生错误。如:

There is company downstairs.楼下有客人。

如按通常的理解以为company是“公司”的意思,就出错了。

(6)注意英国英语和美国英语的不同。英美语言之间有很多差异,比如:英国英语中continent指欧洲大陆,而在美语中,continent却指美洲大陆;又如:英语中homely是“家常的、朴素的”的意思,并无贬义,在美语中却是“不漂亮的”。所以翻译时一定要搞清文章是英语作者还是美国作者写的。

(7)成语。成语具有约定俗成的特点,属于语言中较难理解的部分。英语的某些成语具有形象思维的特点,可以和汉语相吻合,比如:Strike the iron as it is hot.(趁热打铁)但有一个成语的含义与我们的理解大相径庭,如:Claw me and I will claw thee.(互相吹捧)所以翻译时一定要小心。

(8)语意的褒贬与轻重。翻译时还要注意词语的感情色彩,即它是褒、是贬,还是中性。这种感情色彩往往表明了作者的主观态度,好恶与爱憎。把握住它对于正确、传神的翻译是非常必要的。有时单凭个别词是难以判断的,还要根据上下文来判断,因为为达到讽刺的目的,作者可能正话反说或反话正说。

(9)注意文章的语体色彩。如果是专业文章,那么术语一定很多,叙述也较客观,少有个人色彩,翻译时应多选用正式的词语。如果是一般的叙述,则可能日常用语较多,小词和短语较多。翻译时也要注意这一点,以此来确定词语的选择。

(10)留心文化背景。中西文化的差异非常明显。比如,中国的亲戚划分非常仔细,而英文中的cousin一词对应的中文可以是表(堂)兄弟(姐妹),可以有八个之多。《考研经验网》http://kaoyan.qianbo.com欢迎光临下载学习资料

本章试以2002年真题为例,帮助考生熟悉英译汉这种题型的难易程度、出题思路,并具体指导考生如何应对。

以下为2002年真题:

经典例题25 Almost all our major problems involve human behavior,and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone.What is needed is a technology of behavior,but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn.61)One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind,feelings,traits of character,human nature,and so on.Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them.62)The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.The environment is obviously important,but its role has remained obscure.It does not push or pull,it selects,and this function is difficult to discover and analyze.63)The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago,and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood,however,effects once assigned to states of mind,feelings,and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions,and a technology of behavior may therefore become available.It will not solve our problems,however,until it replaces traditional pre_scientific views,and these are strongly entrenched.Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty.64)They are the possessions of the autonomous(self_governing)man of traditional theory,and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment.It also raises questions concerning“values”.Who will use a technology and to what ends?65)Until these issues are resolved,a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected,and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.首先通读文章。该篇主要讲的是:我们人类的一些主要问题只有借助行为科学才能解决。而行为科学的发展与人类认知环境对人类行为的影响密切相关。研究行为的技术手段存在的前提是它取代传统的科学理论。传统理论定义的自主人所拥有的自由和尊严是要求一个人对自己的行为负责并因其业绩而给予肯定。但科学分析把这一切都归因于环境的作用。谁来使用这种技术手段?以及到什么样的程度?研究行为的技术手段只有在这些问题得到解决之后才有可能不继续受到排斥。

在通读之后,我们再来分析理解划线的句子。

一般来说,英汉两种语言在句子的结构上有较大的差异。英译汉试题中复合句、长难句较多,考生在答题时首先要弄清原文的句法结构,找出句子的中心内容,理清各层的意思,然后分析各层意思间的关系,最后按照汉语的特点译出原文。

请看第61句。这是一个复合句,结构不太复杂。句子的框架是One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to„。that引导表语从句,《考研经验网》http://kaoyan.qianbo.com欢迎光临下载学习资料

在这个表语从句中包含了一个由what引导的宾语从句,作介词of的宾语。表语从句的主语是almost all of„,谓语动词是continues。虽然这个句子有两个层次的从句,但是可以把原文的句子结构保留下来。全句译为:难题之一在于所谓的行为科学几乎全都依然从心态、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去寻找行为的根源。

再看第65句。这是一个主从复合句。句子的框架是Until these issues are resolved,a technology of behavior will…and with it„。until引导时间状语从句。主句如果用肯定形式,那么,这个时间状语从句翻译时可译成“如果„不„”。在主句中,and又连接两个并列的分句。it指代“a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected”,即指研究行为的技术手段受排斥这件事。with it possibly the only way to solved our problems之后省略了相同的谓语will also continue to be rejected。a technology of behavior在这里译成“研究行为的技术手段”。理顺了它们之间的逻辑关系之后,按层次把该句译为:(如果)这些问题得不到解决,研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥,解决问题的惟一方式也可能随之继续受到排斥。

除了分析清楚各层次之间关系之外,句子翻译的另一要点是:不能断章取义。考研题的英译汉是让考生将一篇短文中的划线部分翻译出来,即断章翻译。然而,划线部分是整篇文章中的有机部分,和上下文连为一体。因此,翻译时尤其要注意划线部分中的代词所指代的内容,同时在译文中反映出来,做到准确完整。

请看第62句。这是一个主从复合句。句子的框架是The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because„and partly because„。两个partly because引导并列的原因状语从句。主句是The behavioral sciences have been slow to change。原因状语从句在句末可译成“之所以„是因为„”的句式。句中的explanatory items原意为“用来解释的条目”。在此句中如果这样直译,那就有失准确。因为explanatory items指代的是61句中的states of mind,feelings,traits of character,human nature。所以,应当根据上下文译为“用来解释行为的依据”。此句译成:行为科学之所以发展缓慢,部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到的,部分原因是其他的解释一直很难找到。

再看第64句。这是一个由and连接的并列句。在第二个分句中又有一个介词in+which引导的定语从句,修饰practices。文中的人称代词they指代的是上句中的freedom and dignity。在翻译此句时一定要根据语意环境,译为“自由和尊严”。全句译为:自由和尊严是传统理论定义的自主人所拥有的,是要求一个人对自己的行为负责并因其业绩而给予肯定的必不可少的前提。

在翻译英语句子时,特别是长句时往往会碰到一些比较难翻的词和词组。所以,在确定词义时一定要从词语的搭配和句子或段落等语言单位对词义进行考虑,以保证词义理解的准确。词义的引申和词性的转换是两种重要的解题技能。它可以使译文忠实通顺,符合汉语的表达习惯。

例如:第63句。这是一个由and连接的并列句,句子的层次相对来说比较简单。但句中的难点是词组natural selection,selective role和动词formulate的翻译。natural selection译为“自然选择”,selective role译为“选择作用”。动词formulate原意为“用简明的形式表示”,在此应引申为“阐明”。

英译汉其目的是测试考生正确理解书面英语材料的能力。考试大纲规定,英译汉试题通常是一篇约400词的短文,要求考生在30分钟内根据上下文将文章中划线的5个部分译成汉语,译文应该通顺达意。短文题材一般为政治经济、社会生活、文化教育或科普知识。2002年英译汉试题译文 《考研经验网》http://kaoyan.qianbo.com欢迎光临下载学习资料

我们遇到的几乎所有重要问题都涉及到人的行为,而且仅靠物理技术和生物技术是无法解决这些问题的。我们所需要的是一种行为技术,但是可能产生这种技术的科学一直发展缓慢。(61)难题之一在于所谓的行为科学几乎全都依然从心态、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去寻找行为的根源。物理学和生物学一度模仿类似的做法并且只有当它们抛弃这些做法后才得到发展。(62)行为科学之所以发展缓慢,部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到的,部分原因是其他的解释方式一直难以找到。环境因素显然是重要的,但是它的作用仍然是模糊不清的。它既不推动也不阻碍行为科学的发展,它具有选择作用,因而这种作用是很难发现和分析的。(63)自然选择在进化中的作用仅在一百多年前才得以阐明,而环境在塑造和保持个体行为时的选择作用则刚刚开始被认识和研究。然而,由于人(生物)和环境之间的相互作用已经逐渐被人们所认识,所以现在正开始从已知的环境去寻找一度认为是心态、情感和性格特征所造成的影响其根源所在。因此就可以建立一门行为技术。但是,如果行为技术代替不了传统的科学发展以前的观点,那它将无法解决我们的难题。而这些传统的观点是根深蒂固的。自由和尊严是难处之所在。(64)自由和尊严(它们)是传统理论定义的自主人所拥有的,是要求一个人对自己的行为负责并因其业绩而给予肯定的必不可少的前提。科学的分析把责任和成绩归因于环境。它还提出有关“价值观念”的种种问题。谁会使用一门技术?其目的何在?(65)在这些得到解决以前,研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥,解决问题的惟一方式可能也随之继续受到排斥。注释:

1.assign„to„认为„是„造成的。例如:1)They assigned his odd behavior to his ill health.(他们认为他古怪的行为是身体不好造成的。)2)The fire was assigned to various causes.(这次火灾是种种原因造成的。)

2.shift„to(onto)„把„推到„的头上。例如:1)I mustn’t shift my responsibility to[upon]you.(我不能把责任推到你身上。)2)I don’t want to shift the blame onto her.(我不想把错推到她身上。)

3.64题中give sb.credit for sth.意为“因为„而肯定某人的功劳”,如:The police was given credit for keeping the public services running smoothly.(由于使公用事业顺利运转,警方受到表彰。)

4.65题中with it随之。and引导一个并列的省略分句,补全后为:and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems will continue to be rejected。

练习

Now zoom forward to our present time and think of our pre_Internet communications systems as sorts of protozoa(原生动物).What we’re witnessing today in the realm of cyberspace—the online reformulation of everything from the way we play and learn to how we shop and trade stocks may represent no less a world_ transforming change than the spectacular burst of creation so long ago.One notable difference:The primeval organisms did not have a guide_book to inform them about what to expect and how to deal with some of the fabulous things to come.We do,in the recently released New Rules for the New Economy by Kevin Kelly,a founding editor of Wired magazine.《考研经验网》http://kaoyan.qianbo.com欢迎光临下载学习资料

“The key premise of this book is that the principles governing the world of the soft—the world of intangibles,of media,of software,and of services—will soon command the world of the hard—the world of reality,of atoms,of objects,of steel and oil,and the hard work done by the sweat of brows,”Kelly writes.Driving this economic transformation is the combination of shrinking computers and expanding communications,he says,adding:(1)“We have seen only the beginnings of the anxiety,loss,excitement,and gains that many people will experience as our world shifts to a new highly technical planetary economy.”Does that sound like techno_hype?

It’s barely a taste of the radical and often counterintuitive“rules”that Kelly dishes out.(2)He employs an aphoristic(格言的)and,well,wired style that will easily appeal to geeks and should also turn on any mainstream readers who are a little more than curious about where the digitally rendered world is headed.Where it’s likely headed,in Kelly’s words,is“upside down”.Chew,for example,on the idea that“the surest way to smartness is through massive dumbness”.What that means in essence is that tiny computer chips,though relatively“dumb”on their own,can be added to billions of mundane objects and,thereby,yield substantial economic benefits.Such as real time buying patterns on everything from shirts to soda cans.In the conventional world of supply and demand where we all grew up,value came from scarcity.As in,diamonds,gold and oil.In a world of digital imperatives,as Kelly correctly points out,“power comes from abundance.”(3)That was a principle that Apple tragically failed to understand when it backed off from licensing its graphic computer interface,assuring that its market share would be savaged by Microsoft’s more open Windows operating system.Which leads us to another of Kelly’s hardwired laws:Follow the free.In the universe of atoms,as a resource is consumed it becomes more expensive to produce.As gold is mined,nuggets(天然金块)at first may be easy,and therefore cheap,to find.But when particles of ore must be squeezed out of tons of rock,the price of gold becomes more dear.But in what Kelly terms“the new order”,the law of plentitude kicks in,leading a savvy company such as Netscape to distribute its Web browser for free in order to sell auxiliary services or products.Similarly,expensive cell phones are offered as freebies(免费的东西)to gain contracts for phone services.Finally,Kelly tells us to look around and see how much the world has already changed under our very feet.(4)An American farmer today,for instance,may still get some dirt under his fingernails,but much of his labor is performed under the umbrella of the electronic network.The cab in his tractor has a wireless phone and a satellite_linked GPS location device;his home computer is connected to a never_ending stream of weather data,grain market reports and moisture detectors in the soil.(5)New Rules for the New Economy suggests that we might even learn something from those plucky life forms that exploded on the scene a half billion years ago.“The qualities needed to succeed in the network economy can be reduced to this:a facility for charging into the unknown.” 《考研经验网》http://kaoyan.qianbo.com欢迎光临下载学习资料

答案

文章大意:正在日益缩小的电脑与不断壮大的通讯业的结合在推动着经济变革。《有线》杂志的创刊编辑凯文·凯利在他发表的《新经济之新规则》一书中指出:网络正影响着全人类的各个领域,而网络经济使整个社会翻天覆地。而我们想在网络经济中取得成功所需的素质就是一种冲入未知领域的技能。(1)结构分析:句子的框架是We have seen only…and gains that many people will experience as our would shifts to„。关系代词that引导定语从句,修饰先行词the anxiety,loss,excitement,and gains。as引导时间状语从句。shift to在此句中译为“转变”。gains在此句中应转译为“成就”。

参考译文:我们看到的仅仅是我们的世界向一个新的高科技全球经济转变时许多人将体验到的焦虑、失落、激动与成就的开端。

(2)结构分析:句子的框架是He employs an aphoristic„style that will easily appeal to„and should also turn on…readers who„。关系代词that引导定语从句,修饰style。在此从句中包含了由关系代词who引导的定语从句,修饰先行词any main_stream readers。where the digitally rendered world is headed作介词about的宾语。main_stream readers在此译为“主流读者”。

参考译文:他采取的是一种格言式的而且还是有线的风格,很容易吸引那些怪人,而且吸引那些主流读者的兴趣,他们对这个数字化世界的发展前途多少都有点好奇。

(3)结构分析:句子的框架是That was a principle that Apple„when it backed off from„,assuring that its market share would„。本句的主句是That was a principle„。关系代词that引导定语从句,修饰先行词principle。when引导时间状语从句。现在分词短语assuring that„充当that引导的定语从句的原因状语。名词从句that its market s

hare would be savaged by„作assuring的宾语。principle指代上文的“power comes fro

m abundance”这一原则。back off原意为“屈服,让步”,在此句中译为“放弃”。

参考译文:“苹果”电脑公司悲剧性地未能理解这一原则,它放弃了它的图形电脑界面的 销售许可,因为担心自己的市场份额会被微软更开放的视窗操作系统无情地侵占。

(4)结构分析:句子的框架是An American farmer„may still get some dirt„,but much of his labor is performed under„。这是一个由but连接的并列句。dirt在此句中译为“污泥,泥巴”。under the umbrella of应转译为“在„覆盖下”。

参考译文:比如今日的美国农民,也许指甲盖里仍藏着些许污泥,但他的许多劳作都是在电子网络覆盖下进行的。

(5)结构分析:句子的框架是New Rules for the New Economy suggests that we might even learn„life forms that exploded on the scene„。that we might„是宾语从句,作suggest的宾语。在这个从句中包含了由关系代词that引导的定语从句,修饰先行词plucky life forms。explode原意为“爆发,爆炸”,在此句中译为“急速增长”。life forms指文中的原生动物。

第三篇:英汉翻译教程考试汇总(自学考)

英汉翻译教程考试汇总

(自学考)

Unit 1 STORIES 1.He was thirty-six, his youth had passed like a screaming eagle, leaving him old and disillusioned.他已三十六岁,青春像一路鸣叫的鹰,早已一闪而逝, 留给他的是衰老和幻灭.2.average height 普通高度

3.gleaming eyes 两眼闪着光辉

4.in his middle twenties 大概是二十五六岁的年龄 5.Ignoring the chair offered him, Chu The stood squarely before this youth more than ten years his junior and in a level voice told him who he was, what he had done in the past, how he had fled from Yunnan, talked with Sun Yat-sen, been repulsed(拒绝)by Chen Tu-hsiu in Shanghai, and had come to Europe to find a new way of life for himself and a new revolutionary road for China.朱德顾不得拉过来的椅子,端端正正地站在这个比他年轻十岁的青年面前,用平稳的语调, 说明自己的身份和经历: 他怎样逃出云南, 怎样会见孙中山, 怎样在上海被陈独秀拒绝, 怎样为了寻求自己的新的生活方式和中国的新的革命道路而来到欧洲.6.When both visitors had told their stories, Chou smiled a little, said he would help them find rooms, and arrange for them to join the Berlin Communist group as candidates

until

their application had been sent to China and an answer received.两位来客把经历说完后,周恩来微笑着说,他可以帮他们找到住的地方,替他们办理加入党在柏林的支部的手续, 在入党申请书寄往中国而尚未批准之前,暂时作候补党员.7.Chinese

Communist Party 中国共产党 8.两条要求, 忠实------内11.容, 通顺-------语言 9.Several times on his trips to China, which he made as a guest of the Chinese Government, Bill’s birthday occurred while he was in Beijing.以中国官方客人的身份, 比尔来访中国已多次了, 而且在北京停留期间恰适他生日也有好几次了.10.“This is for you,” Bill Morrow heard on many occasions he would never forget----such as when he was taken a boat down the Grand Canal and 12.every boat that passed sounded its siren in salutation.Or when he shown over the great Nanjing

bridge,built where the ferries used to carry trains across the 13.Changjiang River.He was given a chair and asked to wait a little as darkness came on, then suddenly

the

whole 1/13

bridge was outlined in lights.“这是为你安排的。”这句话比尔.莫诺听到过好几次, 每一次都令他难以忘怀。有一次, 他沿大运河乘船顺水而下,途经的每艘船都鸣笛致敬.还有一次, 他参观雄伟的南京长江大桥------以前没桥时, 要靠轮渡托载火车横渡长江.夜幕渐渐降临了, 他被安排坐下,并被告知稍坐等候, 然后突然间, 整个桥身被灯光勾画出了一个清晰的轮廊.The most important day I

remember in all my life is the one on which my teacher, Anne Mansfield Sulliven, came to me.I am filled with wonder when I consider the immeasurable

contrast

between the two lives which it connects.在我的记忆里, 安妮.曼斯匪尔德.沙利文教师来的那一天,是我一生中最重要的日子.从这一天开始, 我的生活与以前迥然不同, 一想到这一点, 我就感到非常兴奋.On the afternoon of that

eventful day, I stood on the

porch,dumb,expectant.那天下午,我一声不响, 怀着期待的心情站在门廊里.Have you been at sea in a

dense

fog,when

it

seemed as if a tangible white darkness shut you in, and the great ship, tense and anxious, groped

her way toward the shore with plummet(铅锤)and sounding-line(测深绳)and you waited with beating

heart

for

something to happen? I was like that ship before my education began, only I was without compass or sounding-line, and had no way of knowing how near the harbour was.“Light!Give me light!” was the wordless cry of my soul, and the light of love shone on me in that very hour.不知你是否有过这样的经历---在海上航行遇上了大雾,周围一片白,好像着实把你关在一个黑暗的地方,大船上的人又紧张又着急, 一面用铅锤探测深浅,一面向岸边慢慢驶去, 你的心也怦怦直跳,生怕出事.我在开始受教育之前, 就像这样一条船, 只是没有罗盘, 没有测探绳, 也无法知道离海港有多远.“光明!给我光明!” 这就是发自我内心深处的无言的呼唤, 也就在这时候, 爱心的光芒照到了我的身上.Someone took it, and I

was caught up and held close in the arms of her who had come to reveal all things to me, and, more than all things else, to love me.有个人握住了我的手, 于是我被抱了起来, 紧紧地抈在了她的怀里.正是她来到我的身边, 将一切展切在我面前,14.更重要的是, 是她将爱带给了我.15.monkey-like imitation.猴子模仿似的

16.In the days that followed, I learned to spell in this uncomprehending way a great many words, among them pin, hat, cup and a few verbs like sit, stand and walk.接下来的几天里, 我在根本不知自己在做什么样情况下,学会了拼好些单词, 比如PIN, HAT, CUP 及一些动词, 如SIT, STAND AND WALK.17.That was because I saw everything with the strange, new sight that had come to me.On entering the door I remembered the doll I had broken.I felt my way to hearth and picked up the pieces, I tried vainly to put them together.那是因为我正用一种刚刚获得的全新而奇特的视角来看待一切事物.进屋时,我想起了被我弄坏的那个娃娃.我摸索着来到壁炉前, 拾起那些碎片, 试图将它们拼接在一起, 却没办到.18.It would have been difficult to find a happier child than I was as I lay in my crib at the close of that eventful day and lived over(回忆)the joys it had brought me, and for the first time longed for a new day to come.当那感概万千的一天快要结束时, 我躺在自己 的小床里, 感受这一天language.带给我的那些快乐, 我What I hate most are 觉得没有人比我更幸福those

glory-seeking 了.一生中第一次,我期writers who deceive the 待着新一天的来临.public with their lies.19.一切旧的传统观念

all

24.就学习英语而言,有三outmoded traditional

个方面值得注意:拼法thinking

正确,合乎用法---一个一切阻止社会进步和人词怎么用,和哪个词连性发展的不合理的制度

用,很有讲究。句子平any irrational

system 稳—合乎语法。which obstructs

[əb'strʌkt] social Unit2 HISTORY progress

or

human

1.The country was a place development.where men worked from 20.我觉得有一根鞭子在抽

dawn to dark, and the 打我的心, 又觉得仿佛labourer lived not in the 有什么鬼魂借我的笔为sun, but in poverty and 自己伸冤一样.darkness.What aids there I felt as if my mind was were to lighten labour being whipped, as if a were immemorial, like ghost had commandeered the mill, which was my pen and was writing already ancient in to redress the injustices it Chaucer’s time.The had suffered.industrial Revolution 21.另一个地方 On another

began

with

such occasion.machines;the millwrights 22.长得好看的人用不着浓

were the engineers of the 妆艳抹, 而我的文章就coming age.James 像一个丑八怪, 不打扮, Brindley

of 看起来倒还顺眼些.Staffordashire started his Physically

attractive

self-made career in 1733 people don’t need heavy by

working

at

mill make-up.Though my wheels, at the age of writing resembles seventeen, having been [ri'zembl]

an

ugly

born poor in a village.monster, it actually looks 在农村,人们从早到晚a little better without any 都得干活,劳动者并不embellishment 是沐浴在阳光下,而在[im'beliʃmənt].生活在贫困和黑暗之23.我最恨那些盗名欺世,中,那么帮助减轻劳动欺骗读者的谎言。的机械都不知从哪个年This means I oppose 代就有了。比如磨坊,fabrication

在乔叟的时候就已经是[.fæbri'keiʃən](欺骗), 古老的了。而工业革命deception

[di'sepʃən]

就是从这些机械开始(欺诈)and flowery 的。修造磨坊的匠人就

2/13

是开创新时代的工程师。斯塔福郡的詹姆斯.布林斯雷,出身于一个贫苦的农村家庭;一七三三年,他十七岁,就着手改良磨坊的车轮,从而开始了他那自我奋斗的生涯。

2.in the air 酝酿之中 3.multi-purpose machine多功能机器

4.Brindley had begun on his own account, out of interest, to survey the waterways

that

he

traveled as he went about his engineering projects for mills and mines.布林斯雷在为他的磨坊和矿井建筑工程到处奔走的时候,出于自愿和兴趣,对沿途经过的河道进行了勘察。5.They often had little education, and in fact school education as it then was could only dull an inventive mind.他们一般都没有受过什么教育。事实上,当时那种学校教育也只能窒息人的创造性。6.arteries of

communication 交通的动脉 7.These things had been manufactured in villages which were growing into towns now, away from London;

it

was

a

country-wide trade.这些物品都是在远离伦敦渐渐发展成为城镇的农村制造的。这是一场全国范围的贸易。8.要从词汇,短语和结构三个方面去弄懂原文,但是光这样做还是不够的,还必须把握全篇。9.It is not alone: it forms one of a triad of revolutions, of which the other two were the American Revolution that started in 1775, and the French Revolution that started in 1789.It may seem strange to put into the same pocket an industrial revolution and two political revolutions.工业革命不是孤立的,它是当时三大革命之一,另外两次是美国革命和法国革命,分别始于1775年和1789年。将一次工业革命和两次政治革命相提并论,似乎有些奇。

10.cottage industry 作坊似的/家庭小工业 11.What makes the Industrial Revolution so peculiarly English is that it is rooted in the countryside.工业革命特别具有英国特色是因为它植根于农村

12.During the first half of the eighteenth century, in the old age of Newton and the decline of the Royal Society, England basked [bæsk] in a last Indian summer of village industry and the overseas trade of merchant adventures(商业冒险家从事的海外贸易).18世纪上半期,也就是牛顿的晚年,皇家学会逐渐衰败的年代,英国仍享受着农村经济和商 业冒险家从事的海外贸易带来的最后欢娱。13.Eventually, though a few communities continued to be

devoted

almost exclusively to mining, the real wealth of Montana, Colorado,Wyoming, Idaho, and California proved to be in the grass of soil.后来虽然少数城镇专门16.从事采矿业,但蒙大拿,科罗拉多,怀俄明,爱达荷等州的真正财富,也和加州一样,还是在草原和沃土之中。14.readability [.ri:də'biliti], 读起来上口,顺。所谓翻译,是翻译意思,而不是翻译词句。只要抓住了意思,译文在词句上可以有一定的灵活性。

15.Despite the great gains in

17.industry,agriculture remained the nation’s basic occupations(基础产业).The revolution in agriculture----paralleling 18.that in manufacturing after the war involved a shift from hand labor to machine farming, and from

subsistence

to commercial agriculture.19.Between 1686 and 1910, the number of farms in the United States trebled, increasing from 2 million to 6 million while the area farmed more than doubled from 160 million to 352 million hectares.尽管工业的收益很大,农业仍是国民的基础产业。农业革命----和战后

3/13 的制造业革命并驾齐驱,使手工业劳作变为机械耕种,使维持生计的农业变为商业化的农业。从1860年至1910年间,美国农场的数量翻了三番,从2000000个增至6000000个,耕种的面积也从1.6公顷增至3.52公顷,增长了一倍多。I In

1840,Cyrus

McCormick performed a miracle by cutting from two to two-and-a-half hectares a day with the curious machine he had been

developing

for

nearly 10 years.到了1840年,塞路斯,麦克米克创造了一个奇迹,用他历经近十年研制的神奇机器,一天可割麦2---2.5公顷。In 1862, the Morrill

Land-Grant College Act 1862年,政府颁布的有关赠地建校的“莫里尔公地兴学法案” industrial

colleges,appropriated [ə'prəupriət] fund, were at work.农业院校,下拨款项,展开了科研活动。五四运动是反帝国主义的运动,又是反封建的运动.五四运动的杰出的历史意思,在于它带着为辛亥革命还不曾有的姿态, 这就是彻底地不妥协地反帝国主义和彻底地不妥协地反封建主义.The May 4th Movement was an anti-imperialist [im'piəriəlist] as well as

an

anti-feudal

movement.Its outstanding

historical

significance is to be seen in a feature(以一种„„姿态)which was absent from the Revolution of 1911,namely,its

thorough ['θʌrə] and uncompromising opposition to imperialism as well as to feudalism.20.五四运动所进行的文化

革命则是彻底地反对封建文化的运动,自有中国历史以来,还没有过这样伟大而彻底的文化革命.May 4th Movement was uncompromising(不让步的)in its opposition to feudal culture;there had never been such a great and

thoroughgoing

cultural revolution since the dawn of Chinese history.21.五四运动是在思想上和

干部上准备了一九二一年中国共产党的成立,又准备了五?运动和北伐战争.Both in ideology and in the matter of cadres ['kɑ:də](干部), the May

4th

Movement

paved the way for the founding of the Chinese Communist Party in 1921 and for the May 30th Movement in 1925 and the Northern Expedition(远

征)

[.ekspi'diʃən].22.上海,唐山,长辛店等地

工人纷纷罢工示威, 中国工人阶级第一次作为觉悟了的独立的政治力量登上政治舞台,显示了

它的伟大力量.Workers in Shanghai, Tanghsna, Changxindian and etc, went on strike to express their disapproval.As an awakened, independent, political strength, Chinese working class stepped on the political stage for the first time and illuminated [i'lju:mineit] its tremendous power.23.在全国人民反帝爱国斗争的压力下, 北洋军阀政府被迫释放被捕学生,撤销三个卖国贼的职务,拒绝在对德“和约”上签字,反帝反封建斗争取得了初步胜利.Under the pressure of a nationwide patriotic [.pætri'ɔtik] struggle against imperialism, the Northern Warlord ['wɔ:lɔ:d](军阀)government had to release those arrested students, remove the 3 traitors ['treitə] from their posts and refuse to sign on the Peace Treaty with Germany.The struggle against imperialism and feudalism has achieved a fundamental victory.24.五四运动是一次彻底的不妥协的反帝反封建的革命运动, 它促成了中国工人运动同马克思主义的结合, 在思想上和干部上为中国共产党的成立作了准备, 是中国新民主主义革命的开端.May 4th Movement is a revolutionary movement with a thorough and

uncompromising UNIT 3 GEOGRAPHY opposition to imperialism 1

All this suggested ancient and

feudalism.It

harmonies.prompted(推动)the 这一切使人感到古代的combination of Chinese 和谐气氛.workers’ movement and 2

The devastating floods Marxism and, both in and droughts that ideology and in the imposed a recurrent tax matter of cadres, paved of

suffering

on

the the way for the founding fellahin no longer occur.of Chinese Communist 过去给农民带来灾难的Party.It

was

the

水旱灾害,现在也不再发生了.beginning of the Chinese

About six years ago it New Democratic

became an island.Day by Revolution.day the sea is eating the 25.Scarcely less important

land----the dam

has than machinery in the stopped the sediment of agricultural revolution the

Nile

from was science.In 1862, the

replenishing [ri'pleniʃ]Morrill Land-Grant(加固)the shoreline.College

Act

allotted

大约六年前, 那地方变成[ə'lɔt](拨给)public land 了一个小岛.海水一天天冲刷to each state for the 陆地----水坝已经使得尼罗河establishment of 的泥沙无法沉积下来加固海agricultural and industrial

岸了.colleges.旧的教学法只管三件事,在农业革命中与机械几识汉字, 读汉字读物, 写汉字乎同等重要的是科学。作文.冰心在<北京晚报>发1862年,根据“莫里尔公表过一篇文章:“漫谈赏花和地兴法案”, 国会把公用玩猫”。地分配给各州,以便建立4

Tombs and temples of 农业和工业学院。ancient Egypt follow the 26.The

revolution

in Nile well into Sudan.agriculture---paralleling Driving southward from ['pærə,lɛliŋ]

that

in

Cairo into the valley, I manufacturing after the entered a landscape that war involved a shift from owed little to the present hand labor to machine era.For the next 1800 farming, and

from miles the thin blue ribbon subsistence

to of the Nile, flowing commercial agriculture.slowly north, unwound 农业的革命----和战后制over brown soil and 造业的革命并驾齐驱----green fields, some only a 使手工业劳动变为机械few yards wide, others as 耕作,从维持生计的农业broad

as

an

Iowa 变成为商业化的农业.cornfield.At the edge of

4/13

the fields, rising in dramatic

hills

or

stretching flat to the horizon, lay the brown barren deserts.古埃及的坟墓,庙宇遍布尼罗河两岸,一直沿至苏丹.驾车从开罗往南行至尼罗河谷,映入眼帘的是一番与现代截然不同的景色.蓝色玉带般的尼罗河绵延1800英里,在棕色的土地和绿色的田野间缓缓向北流去.田地有的仅几码宽,有的则如依阿华州的玉米地那么宽.田野的外边缘处是寸草不生的棕色沙漠,有的地方如小山般高高耸起,有的则平平的一直延展至天际.I had the illusion that I was driving through one immensely long, narrow farm.我感到自己宛若驾车穿越一个毫无尽头的狭长农场.The road followed the course of the Nile, now passing through the fields, now drawing a black line separating them from the desert.公路是顺着尼罗河修筑的,所以时而从田间穿过,时而如一条黑色的分界线将田地与沙漠隔开.7

As the flood receded, the water draining through the soil leached out the salts and carried them off to the Mediterranean.洪水退去时, 下渗土壤的水会冲走土里的盐分,并最终把盐带入地中海.8

It enjoys a Mediterranean [.meditə'reinjən] climate.属地中海气候 9 The fertility of the surrounding plains, easy access to the Murray lowlands to the east and southeast, and the presence of mineral deposits in the nearby hills all contributed to the city’s growth.四周平原土壤肥沃,与东和东南方的墨累低地相通.附近山区有矿藏.原为早期农贸中心, 现已工业化.10 The Adelaide Festival of Arts was the first international celebration of its kind to be held in Australia.阿德莱德文艺节每两年举行一次,是在澳大利亚举办的第一个国际性文艺活动.11 Adelaide, the capital of South Australia, is one of Australia’s best-planned cities.南澳大利亚的首府,阿德莱德, 是澳大利亚布局最精巧的城市之一。12 Belts of parklands line three sides of the area and four large open squares of lawns and trees break the regularity of the city buildings.North Adelaide, which is chiefly residential, is bordered by more parklands, and contains two open squares.N and S Adelaide are divided by the Torrens River, spanned by four bridge and lined with ornamental gradens.带状绿地从三面环绕,区内的四块空地上有草坪 也有树木,打破了市内建筑物的单调格局.北部主要是居民区,其周围也有公园环绕.另外还有两个大广场.南北阿德莱德的分界是特化斯河,河面上建有四座桥,两岸则有花园点缀.13 The city contains many fine examples of early Australian architecture, including the town hall on

King

Wiiliam Street---the wide main N-S thoroughfare.阿德莱德拥有许多早期澳式建筑的典范,比如贯通南北的主干道路----余威廉大街上的市政大厅.14 jets of water, aluminium sculptures, draws

its water.喷水孔,铝质雕塑.供水之源 2015 Parklands,which separate the city and the suburbs, are preserved in the

perpetuity [.pə:pi'tju:iti] for the use of the people.分隔市区与郊区的绿地永远留作人们活动的场所.16 The Imperial Palace 紫禁城

2117 Of particular interest if you have time might be the Imperial Ancestral Temple, which is to the right, and

the

Sun Yat-Sen Park, on the left.18 Covering an area of 175 acres, the Palace is enclosed by walls over 35ft high and surrounded by a moat 57yd wide.19 The Palace Museum, 22with four gates, has its

5/13

main entrance to the south, known as the Meridian Gate.This is the gate you

will

approach as you continue

along

the

cobbled

roadway from Tian An Men.The Imperial Palace is divided into two ceremonial areas: the Outer Palace and the Inner Court.Through the Meridian Gate and across the Golden Water Bridge, one comes to the Gate of Supreme Harmony, the main gate of the Outer Palace.The

main

building in the Outer Palace are the Hall of Supreme Harmony, the Hall

of

Preserving

Harmony.The Hall of Supreme Harmony, the Meridian Gate, the Outer Palace, the Inner Court, the Golden Water Bridge, the Gate

of

Supreme

Harmony, the Hall of Complete Harmony, the Hall

of

Preserving

Harmony.太和殿 the Hall of Supreme Harmony, 午门 the Meridian Gate, 外朝 the Outer Palace, 内延 the Inner Court, 金水桥 the Golden Water Bridge, 太和门 the Gate of Supreme Harmony, 中和殿 the Hall of Complete Harmony, 保和殿 the Hall

of

Preserving

Harmony

总面积共有68.2公顷, 燕京八景之一, 五龙亭,九龙壁, 御花园 the imperial garden, 白塔the White Dagoba, 燕京 Beijing, 琉璃瓦glazed tiles, 影壁

With a total area of 68.2 ha.One of the eight views of Beijing.The Five Dragon Pavilion.Nine-Dragon Screen.The Imperial

garden.The

White Dagoba.Beijing.Glazed tiles.Screen.UNIT 4 ECONOMY 1

President Clinton realized---as al of us must----

that

today’s

economy is global.正如每个人必须认识到的那样,克林顿总统认识到当今的经济具有全球性质.1977, the sum total of Chinese

imports

and

exports was less than $15 billion, putting China’s share of world at 0.6 percent.The

most

populous country in the world, China ranked a distant

30th

among

exporting nations.By 1993 China’s exports and imports totaled nearly $200 billion.China had become the world’s tenth largest exporter.在1977年,中国进出口总额还不到150亿美元,仅占世界贸易总额的0.6%, 世界上人口最多的中国在出口国家中排名靠后,仅是第30位,到1993年,中国进出口总额接近2000亿美元,它已成为每10个最大的出口

国.3 Per capita GNP has grown at an average rate of 7.6% from 1980-1992.8 to lay a sound foundation for future commercial and financial ties.为未来贸易与金融关系14

light industries.粮食产量, 工业生产, 轻工业 I

believe

Chinese maximize her share of world markets;and----as the UK knows from direct

experience----to 从1980年至1992年,人均国民生产总值平均增长率为7.6%.4 But the importance of trade in our economy has exploded in the past three decades.In 1970, the value of two way trade was equal to just 13% of the US economy.Last year, that figure, at 28%, was more than twice as high.In just the last seven years, jobs supported by US exports have risen by 4 million, to a total of 11 million.That’s almost one out of ten American jobs.Last year US trade equaled $1.8 trillion dollars.但在过去30年中,我们经济贸易的重要性大大地增加了,在1970年,双边贸易的总值占了整个美国经济的13%.去年上升到28%,比1970年增加了一倍多.就在过去7年中,美国的出口创造的就业机会增加了400万个.总数上升到1100万个.这个数字就占美国就业总数的1/10.去年, 美国贸易总额达到了1.8亿美元.5 Nor is the importance of trade likely to diminish for either China or the United States.无论是中国还是美国,都不会缩小贸易的重要性.6 Foreign exchange 外汇 7 Bilateral trade双边贸易

打下了一个坚实的基础.9 China’s imports from the US, which amounted to $900 million in 1978, rose to nearly $ 3 billion in 1982.exports rose from $300 million to $ 2.3 billion during that period.Total Chinese trade has also risenj dramatically, from 1978 15to 1983 Chinese exports increased from roughly 10 billion to 22 billion, while imports increased from 10 billion to just over 21 billion.中国从美国的进口额,从??到由9亿美元增至近30亿美元,对美出口额在这期间也从3亿美元增至23亿美元.中国的对外贸易总额也急速攀升, 中国的出口额从1978年的约100亿美元增至1982年的220亿美元,进口额与此同时也从100亿美元增长到了210多个亿美元.1610 joint ventures合资企业 11 Offshore oil exploration 海上石油勘测 There are reasons to be optimistic and to expect 17that

commercial

and financial

relationships will grow in the future.我们有理由保持乐观的态度,有理由相信,未来贸易与金融关系会继续发展.13 food production, industrial

production.186/13

economic

authorities

recognize the problem and the next Five-Year Plan will address it effectively.我相信中国的经济管理部门已认识到这个问题,在下一个“五年计划”中定会有效地解决这一问题.Britain

lives

by

commerce.With 2% of the world's population, we are the world’s fifth largest trading nation.We rely more than any other major economy on the goods and services that we

export ,the

investment that we attract and we make abroad.英国的生存依赖贸易.虽然英国人口只占全球的2%, 它却是世界第五大贸易国.英国对商品和服务出口以及对投资和引资的依赖超过了世界上其他主要经济体.outward investor, net income, the share of foreign investment.海外投资, 净收入, 外商投资份额 What this means is that Britain

has

direct

experience of the benefits that international trade and investment generate.这意味着英国直接享受到了国际投资所带来的利益., 国际投资的蓬勃发展符合我国利益.That is the way to

attract the stimulus, the technology and

the

funding

that

inward

investment can offer.最大限度地扩大其在世界上的市场份额的方法, 英国从自身直接的经历中体会到,吸引外资可以带来动力,技术和资金.19

严复--<天演论>,信—忠实, 达—流畅, 雅—尔雅, 他并不十分重视“信”, 他说“译文取明深义,故词句之间,时有所颠倒附益,不斤斤于字比句次.” 周煦良教授在“翻译三论”一文中说: 我认为应当作为“得体”来理解.multilateral disciplines多边条约.Brought this home.Zero-sum game盈利损失总体持平.Finite stock.Donor

and

recipient., 感触颇深, , 经济利益增长值, 投资方与被投资方 立足国内资源, 实现粮食基本自给, 是中国解决粮食供需问题的基本方针.The basic principle for solving the problem of grain supply and demand in China is to reply on the domestic resources and basically

achieve

self-sufficiency in grain.22 根据中国农业自然资源,生产条件,技术水平和其他发展条件,粮食增产潜力很大.Natural agricultural resources, production conditions, technical level and some other conditions ensure great potential in this respect.23 即使考虑到土地报酬率递减的因素,也是有条件实现的.To achieve the target is totally possible even if the factor of diminishing land returns rate is considered.24 中国政府将在加强对现有耕地保护的同时,加快宜农荒地的开发和工矿废弃地的复垦.The Chinese government will make efforts to speed up the reclamation of wasteland suitable for farming as well as land discarded by factories and mines.25 inland waters, aquaculture

['ækwə.kʌltʃə], aquatic [ə'kwætik] products, intensification, animal by-products, arbor ['ɑ:bə]foodstuffs.内陆水域,养殖,水产品,集约化,畜产品,木本食物.UNIT 5 CULTURE 1 It’s raining again.As I lie awake in bed, listening to the sound of those razor-sharp drops pounding on the pavement, my mind goes reeling down dark corridors teeming with agonizing ['ægənaiziŋ](苦恼的)flashbacks, and a chill from within fills me with dread.It’s raining, again.又下雨了,我躺在床上,睡不着,听着雨点儿落在路面上啪啪作响.我思绪万千,恍恍惚惚进入了一条条幽暗的甬道,回想起许多痛苦的往事.心里一6

阵冰凉, 不禁感到毛骨悚然.是的,又在下雨了.2 It does this every year in Southern California;at least that’s what they told me last year when I marveled at the relentless 7 determination of the rain.加利福尼亚南部,年年如此;去年,雨无情地下个不停.我表示惊异, 人们就是这样对我说的.3 Every child raised in the West knows about these dangers.At least that’s 8 what I used to think.I’m not so sure anymore.在西部长大的孩子都知道洪水的厉害.至少我过去是这样想的,现在就不敢说的.4 Habits form, however, and, in a child’s mind, 9 most of the time becomes all of the time, and nobody gives it much thought.Then the rains come.然而孩子们习以为常,在他们心目中,“大部分时间”变成了“全部时间”,而谁也没有仔细去想这件事.后来就下起雨来了.5 在理论方面,鲁迅曾针对10当时赵景深的”宁顺而不信”的提法,提出了“宁信而不顺”的主张.1935

7/13

年,鲁迅在“题未定‘草’”一文中又对翻译作了新的概括.他说:”凡是翻译,必须兼顾着两面,一当然力求其易解,一则保存着原作的丰姿.”也就是说,翻译既要通顺,又要忠实.Each day we make choices that affect our lives and, sometimes, the lives of others.每一天我们都要做出许多选择,大部分是为自己,有的也为别人.Somehow our path took us toward the park, across

the

footbridge

high above the rolling water of the Los Angeles River.不知怎的,我们就踏上了通向公园的小路.Many

children

were

playing close to the water, and we were stunned by their

ignorance

and

daring.The far bank.许多孩子在告近水边的地方玩耍.他们的无知与鲁莽把我俩看呆了.He jumped into the water to get his bike and was carried rapidly downstream, a look of panic and

horror

registering on his young

face.他跳进河里去捞车.急流一下子就把他给冲走了,他吓坏了,脸上现出惊恐的表情.刹那间,我们要做出选择.The greatest instinct, I believe, is to help a child in need.我想,是本能驱使我们去

救助一个危难中的孩子.11

I could see that he had confronted much more than he could handle, even being as strong and athletic as he was.从艾勒的表情,我知道,尽管他身强力壮,但当时他面临的困境是他无法摆脱的.Feeling of guilt, as a matter of course.That little was lucky to get out.内疚心理, 理所当然, 那孩子命大的话会脱险的.13 Although

both

my

parents died young, I have done well in this respect as regards my other

ancestors.My

maternal grandfather, it is true, was cut off in the flower of his youth at the age of sixty-seven, but my

other

three

grandparents all lived to be over eighty.我的父母年纪轻轻就去世了,可是说到祖辈,我还是选得不错的.我外祖父固然是在风华正茂之年就弃世了,当时他只有六十七岁,但是我的祖父,祖母和外祖母却都活到了八十以上.14

My maternal

grandmother, after having nine children who survived, one who died in infancy,and

many

miscarriages, as soon as she became a widow devoted herself

to women’s higher

education.我外祖母有九个孩子活

了下来,有一个孩子很小就死了,她还流产过多次.丈夫一死,她就致力于女子高等教育.15 If you have wide and keen interests and activities in which you can still be effective, you will have no reason to think about the merely statistical fact of the 19 吸取力量.Animals

become indifferent to their young as soon as their young can look after themselves, but human beings, owing to the length of infancy, find this difficult.动物,一旦它们的后代能够自己照料自己,它们就不管了;但是人,由于抚23

阵亡疆场,而且一想到人生最美好的一切就这么被葬送了,恐惧的心情会更加严重.这种恐惧无可厚非.但作为老年人,人生的悲欢离合你已都经历过了,自己要做的事情也都做了,这时若还恐惧死亡,那就有些让人瞧不起了.An individual human 26

In “ A River at Heart”, he expressed his deep feelings

towards

the

flowing water of a creek, which reminded me of my own love for the boundless, vast sea.这几年,我因行动不便, 整天过着“井蛙”的无聊生活,读了这游记,绚丽生动得如经其境,给了number of years you have already lived, still less of the probable brevity of your future.你要是有广泛的爱好和强烈的兴趣,而且还有能力参加一些活动,你就没有理由去考虑自己已经活了多少岁这样的具体数字,更没有理由去考虑自己的余年大概是很有限的了.16 One’s thoughts must be directed to the future, and to things about which there is something to be done.一个人应当考虑未来,考虑一些可以有所作为的事情.17 It is easy to think to oneself that one’s emotions used to be more vivid than they are, and one’s mind more keen.人们往往会对自己说,我过去感情多么丰富,思想多么敏锐,现在不行了.18 The other thing to be avoided is clinging to youth in the hope of sucking vigour from its vitality.另一件需要避免的事就是老想和年轻人呆在一起,希望从青年的活力中 养子女的时间长,是难以这样做的.20 在我国,从二十年代开始从事翻译工作,从五十年代乃至八十年代还在讨论翻译问题的,大概只有两个人,一个是郭沫若,一个就是茅盾.21 I think that a successful old age is easiest for those who have strong impersonal interests involving appropriate activities.我认为,如果老年人对个人以外的事情怀有强烈的兴趣,并参加适当的活动,我们的晚年是最容易过得好的, 他们的晚年才会是一生收获的季节.22 Yong men who have reason to fear that they will be killed in battle may justifiably feel bitter in the thought that they have been cheated of the best things that life has to 24offer.But in old man who has known human joys and sorrows, and has achieved whatever work it was in him to do ,to fear of death is somewhat 25object and ignoble.年青时有这种想法是可以理解的.年青人害怕

8/13

existence should be like a river---small at first, narrowly

contained

within its banks, and rushing passionately past boulders

and

over

waterfalls.Gradually the river grows wider, the banks recede, the waters flow more quietly, and in the end, without any visible

break,they

become merged in the sea, and painlessly lose their individual being.一个人的一生应像一条河----起初窄窄的,夹在两岸之中,急速地流动阒,冲过岩石,冲下瀑布,渐渐地,河面变宽了,两岸变得越来越远,河水静静地流动着,直到最后,再也没有什么阻碍了,因为这时,你已融入了大海,毫无痛苦地结束了自己单独存在的那一段历程.如今,能为他的这本散文集作序,我觉得很荣幸.I find it a great honour to be asked to write a preface to this collection of his essays.<心上的河流>写出了他对于小河流水的深情,这使我忆起死回我所热爱的无边的大海.我很大的快乐.In recent years, unable to move about easily, I have been leading a dull life like that of “a frog at the bottom of a well”.Reading his travel notes gave me great pleasure because they are so colourful and vivid that I felt I was actually there.27

如同旧梦重温一般,我回忆起1936年在伦敦的3个星期,在昼夜看不到日,月,星三光的浓雾之中,参观了大英博物馆,敏纳斯教学-----访问了一些英国朋友.Just like going through old

dreams,I

remembered the three weeks I had spent in London in 1936.during that time, when the sun, the moon and the stars were hidden behind the thick fog day and night, I visited the British

Museum

and

the

Westminster and called on my English friends.28 因为住处离罗浮宫很近,我就整个上午“泡”在罗浮宫里.As I was very close to the Louvre, I would loiter in

the palace the whole morning.29 吃过早餐,就出来坐在宫门台附上,欣赏宫门口那一大座花坛,花坛里栽的是红,黄,白,紫四色分明21.“No, no, no,” replied this individual, who was blond and vigorous and by nature a little irritable and contentious.“没有,没有,没有,” 这break forth in grass and flowers.只要经历一个雨量充足的冬季, 草呀,花呀, 就会长出来.28.When June came the

一阵咯咯的欢笑声打破了严肃而沉寂的气氛.谁也不拘束了,大家都笑了起来.33.在旧社会, 我们评剧演

员常常挣钱不够吃饭,艺的盛开的郁金色.After lunch, I would come out and sit on the steps at the entrance of the palace, enjoying the big flower beds near the gate filled with blooming tulips of distinctive red, yellow, white and purple.30 意大利是我最喜欢的一个欧洲国家.One of my favorites European countries falls on Italy which is built of stone.31 佛罗伦萨给我留下的,除了美术馆里的雕像和壁画之外,还有一座座府弟墙壁上的灯座,每座灯下都有一只拴马的铁环,是聚会或宴客时拴马用的,十分别致.Things I can remember in Florence are the statues and murals in the Art Gallery as well as the lampstands on the walls of each house.Under each lampstand, there is q unique iron ring used to tie the horses when parties or banquets are held.UNIT 6 LITERATURES 20.重神似不重形似“这是在讨论翻译问题时常说的一句话.傅雷—人间喜剧, 约翰.克利斯朵夫, 最难应付的是原文中最简单最明白而最短.个人回答说.他长得漂漂亮亮,精神饱满,生性有点暴躁, 喜欢争吵.22.茅盾:“直译的意义若就浅处说,只是‘不妄改原文的字句’;就深处说,还求’能保留原文的情调与风格.”

23.“No, sir, but couldn’t I pick it up pretty quick if I tried hard?”

“是没干过, 先生.但只要我用心,很快就会学会的,是吧?”

24.Clyde, left alone in this

29.fashion(用这种方式), and not knowing just what it meant, stared, wondering.克莱德就这么给甩在这儿了,弄不明白什么意思, 两眼直愣愣地想呀想呀.30.25.著名翻译家王佐良教授以翻译英诗为主,兼及散文和戏剧.1980年出版的他的<英国诗文选择集>中,有他译的袁斯诗11首,雪莱诗8诗,麦克迪儿米诗10首,有他译的31.培根的散文3篇,科贝特的散文6篇.1985年出版了他译的<彭斯诗选>.此外他还曾将曹禺的<雷雨>译成英语.26.I remember my childhood names for grasses and secret flowers.我记得儿时给各种小草32.和隐蔽的小花取的名字.27.It required only a rich winter of rain to make it

9/13

grasses headed out and turned brown, and the hills turned a brown which was not brown but a gold anad saffron and red----an indescribable

color.到6月,草就已经长高了,颜色也变成棕色了.山则显出一种特别的棕色,说棕也不是棕, 有点金黄,有点桔黄,还有点红----也形容不出是个什么颜色.It was a rasping nervous

wind,and

the

dust

particles cut into a man’s skin and burned his eyes.大风让人们烦躁焦虑,尘土的微粒剐着人的脸,刺痛人的眼睛.The land cracked and the

springs dried up and the cattle listlessly nibbled dry twings.土地龟裂,泉水干枯,牛儿无精打采地啃着干树枝.The tall, well-dressed

gentleman

standing

before me was certainly a far cry from the old sea wolf of my imagination.站在我面前的是一位身材高大,衣着讲究的先生, 与我先前想象的老海怪完全不同.A delighted giggle cut

through the severe silence.The ice was broken.We all laughed.人们大都是拉家带口,生活困难.In the old society, Pinju players seldom

made

enough to live on.And as most were saddled with big families their life was hard.34.腊月二十三封箱,把“祖

师爷”请到前台去, 后台冷冷清清, 演员们就更苦了,要等到年初一开戏了,才能挣到钱.On the twenty-third of the twelfth lunar month, when theatres closed and the patron saint(守护神)of actors was invited to the front stage, leaving the backstage deserted, actors were even worse off, unable to earn any more until the reopening on New Year’s Day.35.真是一个钱撕成八瓣用,心里总是想着怎样能够改善家里的困境.Each single copper had to be eked [i:k] out, and I kept racking my brains for ways to improve our difficult conditions.36.每天天不亮戴着星星去

排队,工厂没开大门就排上老长的队了.We had to queue up before dawn when there were still stars in the sky.A long queue formed before the mill’s gate opened.37.可我从头到脚淋成了落汤鸡了.I was drenched from head to foot like a drowned rat.UNIT SCIENCE 1 There were three groups 8 POPULAR 6 低热度.The statement that oil originated [ə'ridʒineit] in the sea is confirmed by a glance at a map showing

that

chief oilfields of the world;very few of them are far is taken to the refineries.Gas that comes off the oil later is condensed.从油田获得的原油要被送到炼油厂进行处理.接下来再将获得的汽体浓缩后成为煤油.We stand now where two 16

rapids(湍急)its periods of drought as well as of fullness.其源头,隐隐约约,并不引人注目;其流势,时而平缓,时而湍急;其水情, 有汛期,也有枯竭期.Dr.Knipling was ready of oils;animal, vegetable and mineral.油可以分为三大类:动物油,植物油,矿物油.2 A few other creatures yield oil, but none so much as whale.有些动物也出油,但都没有鲸鱼出得多.3 Vegetable oil has been known from antiquity [æn'tikwiti].植物油从古以来就为人们所熟悉.4 To it we owe the existence of the motor-car, which has replaced the private carriage drawn by the horse, to it we owe the possibility of flying.就是因为有了这种油,我们才能用上汽车,以代替马车.就是因为有了这种油,我们才有可能飞行.5 Two metal surfaces rubbing together cause friction and heat;but if they are separated by a thing film of oil, the friction and heat are reduced.No machine would work for long if it were not properly lubricated.两个金属面相擦,就要产生摩擦和热;但如果在它们之间抹上薄薄的一层油,就可以减少磨擦,降 distant from the oceans of today.石油原于大海的这种观点是被人们所认可的,你要看一眼世界主要油井的分布图就一目了然了, 几乎没有远离现在海洋的油井.7 The rocks in which oil is found are of marine 12origin too.13石油存在处的岩石也都有海洋的渊源.8 A

very

common sedimentary rock is called shale, which is a soft

rock

and was obviously

formed

by

14being deposited on the sea bed.And where there is shale there is likely to be oil.一块极普通的沉积岩叫页岩,这种页岩质地松软,很明显是通过海底沉积作用形成的.有页岩的地方,极有可能有石油.9 the drill may just miss the oil although it is near;on the other hand, it may strike oil at a fairly high level.有时石油虽就在附近,但因为没钻准地儿,结果还15是一无所获.有时呢,就这么一钻,石油就喷出好高好高.10 when the crude oil is obtained from the field, it

10/13

roads diverge.But unlike the roads in Robert Frost’s familiar poem, they are not equally fair 我们正处在两条道路分岔的地方.但是并不像我们所熟悉的罗伯特.佛罗斯特诗中所说的,这两条路是同样的好.right to know 知情权 A truly extraordinary variety of alternatives to the chemical control of insects is available.除了用化学方法控制昆虫以外,还有其他各种非常奇妙的方法可以利用.All have this in common: they

are

biological solutions,based

on understanding

of

the

living organisms they seek to control, and of the whole fabric(结构, 织物, 构造)of life to which these organisms belong.所有这些方法都有一个共同点:他们都是生物的解决办法,其基础是人们对所要控制的生物体的了解,以及对这些生物体整个生活状况的了解。It

has

its

obscure

[əb'skjuə(]变模糊)and unpretentious

['ʌnpri'tenʃəs](含蓄的)beginning;Its quite stretches as well as its

for a full-scale test of his theory.尼普林教授已在佛罗里达岛进行了一些实地预备性实验, 并计划大规模地实践其理论.17 The resounding success of

the

Curacao

experiment whetted 【刺激(欲望, 兴趣)】[wet]the appetities of Florida livestock raisers for a similar feat that would relieve them of the scourge [skə:dʒ](灾难)of

screw-worms.appetite ['æpitait] 库拉索岛上的实验大获成功.这引起了佛罗里达州特征畜饲养者的兴趣,他们希望借助这一成果帮他们摆脱螺旋铃绳这一祸害.18

prearranged flight

parents.事先安排好的飞行队形.19

中国还对广阔的大陆架和专属经济区行使主权权利和管辖权;中国的海域处在中,低纬度地带,自然环境和资源条件比较优越。China

also

exercises sovereignty ['sɔvrənti] and

jurisdiction

[.dʒuəris'dikʃən](管辖权)over the vast continental shelves(大陆架)and

exclusive

economic zone, as apples.Federal Power Commission.license 执法权力, 环境法, 上诉法院, 联邦电力委员会, 颁发许可

grant

a

controversy that often pits those who style themselves

environmentalists against proponents of economic Cinematographic [sinəmætə'grɑ:fik] works.世界版权保护制度, 版权所有者, 电影的作品

For the purpose of this defined by the U.N.Convention on the Law of the Sea.Located in medium and low latitudes['lætitju:d],.growth

in

our

8.China’s sea areas have comparatively advantageous natural environmental and resource conditions.20 所谓上下文一般是指该语言单位的语言环境.所谓狭义上下文是指句子的上下文, 即在一个句子的范围内该单位周围的一些语言单位.所谓广义上下文是指该单位的超出句子范围的语言环境,这就是话语上下文,即在该单位的周围,在该单位之外,亦即在与之毗连的各个句子的语言单位的总和.狭义上下文又可以分为句法上下文和词汇上下文.所谓环境, 是指:1.交际环境,为了实现交行行为的环境;2.通报主题,即话语中描述的一情景;3.交际参与者,即说者与听者.UNIT 9 LAW 1.As recently as the early 1960s, the phrase “environmental law” would probably have produced little more than a puzzled look, even from any lawyers.早在六十年代初,甚至连许多律师接触到“环保法” 这个词儿,大半也只会感到纳决而已.2.enforcement power, environmental statutes ['stætju:t].Court of statue(雕像)

3.A powerful indictment [in'daitmənt]

of America’s disregard of ecology, Silent Spring was aimed chiefly at the wholesale use

of chemical

pesticides, especially DDT.In 1965 a court action took place that

ranks in environmental importance with the publication of

Silent Spring.不久以后,在1962年,雷切尔.卡林所著,名为<沉默的春天>一书问世了>。<沉默的春天>有力的控诉了美国之忽视生态,它主要是针对大规模使用农药----特别是嘀滴6.涕.1965年又发生了一件诉讼,其对环境之重要意义,不亚于<沉默的春天>之出版.4.strip(剥去, 剥夺, 脱衣, 除去)mining 露天采矿 , noise pollution噪音污染, offshore oil drilling深海钻油, waste disposal废物排放.aerosol ['ɛərəsɔl](喷雾剂)cans 喷雾器罐, and non-returnable beverage

7.['bevəridʒ] containers 喷雾器罐.5.In fact, there is hardly a realm [relm](领域, 王国)of national life that is not

touched

by

the 11/13

energy-consuming society.The problem is to balance the needs of the environment

against

those of the economy or consumers trying to cope with the high cost of living without destroying the earth on which we all depend.实际上,人类生活的方方面面都同这个争议密切相关.那些自称为环保主义者的人十分关注这个争议,他们反对社会消耗能源以求发展经济.问题其实是要在环保需求同经济消耗需求之间找到平衡,既满足生存的高消耗又不能破坏我们依赖的地球.Enacting legislation实行规范 Clean open land实行规范.Clean Air Act Amendment净化空气法案State legislatures 各州立法机构Bills 各州立法机构Hearings 各州立法机构Private lobbies.Labor unions劳工会 行业协会Trade-offs.Immediate

future.Taken

into

account.The contracting state 缔约国,成员国 copyright protection版权保护international systems.Copyright

proprietors [prə'praiətə](所有人, 业主, 老板).Convention any Contracting State may, by domestic

legislation,assimilate(使同化, 吸收)to its own nationals any person domiciled ['dɔmisail] in that State.为实施本公约,任何成员国均可按照国内立法,将经常居住于该国的任何人按本国国民对待.9.Director-General 委员会主席 signatory States 缔约国Come into force生效

10.Each Contracting State

undertakes(承担, 从事, 保证, 答应)to adopt, in accordance with

its Constitution,such

measures as are necessary to ensure the application of this Convention 各缔约国应依据其宪法采取有效措施保证此公约的实施.11.It is understood that at the

date

this

convention

comes into force in respect of any State that State must be in a position

under

its

domestic law to give effect to the terms of this Convention.须明确的是此公约在缔约国内一经生效, 该国就应依据其国内法律实施公约的各项条款.12.中华人民共和国

People’s

Republic

of

China 13.国际经济合作和技术交流 International economic cooperation and technological exchange

平等互利的原则 On the principle of equality and mutual benefit.14.合营企业的一切活动应遵守中华人民共和国法律, 法令和有关条例规定.All activities of an equity joint venture shall comply with the provisions of the laws, decrees and pertinent regulations of the PRC.15.合营各方, 主管部门, 工商行政管理主管部门.有限责任公司.注册资本.Parties to the venture, competent department, State’s competent department in charge of industry and commerce administration.Limited liability company.Registered capital.16.合营企业各方可以现金, 实物,工业产权等进行投资.The parties to an equity joint venture may make their investment in cash, in kind or in industrial property rights.17.董事会: Board of directors;企业发展规划:the venture’s development plans;生产经营活动方案:proposals for production and business operations;收支预算:The budget for revenues and expenditure; 利润分配:1.distinguished guests:诸the

distribution

of

位贵宾;On behalf of:profits; 劳动工资计划:谨代表;Incomparable The plans concerning hospitality:盛情款待

manpower and wages 2.Never have I heard 18.毛利润:net profit;所得

American music played 税:net profit; 储备基better in a foreign land.金:reserve fund, 职工奖我在外国从来没有听到励及福利基金:a bonus 过演奏得这么好的美国音乐.and welfare fund for 3.gracious and eloquent workers

and

staff

['eləkwənt]

remarks.members;企业发展基Common ground.At the 金:a venture expansion outset(开始, 开端).fund;净利润:net profit;Common interests.注册资本:registered 盛情和雄辩的讲话.合作fund 的共同点.一开始.共同利益.19.外汇帐户:foreign

4.We have acquired a keen exchange transactions;外sense(强烈地感受到)汇管理条例:regulations of

the

diversity, on

foreign

exchange

dynamism control.['dainəmizəm], and 20.合营企业所需原材料,燃

progress of China under 料,配套件等, 应优先在your policies of reform 中国购买, 也可由合营and

opening

to

the 企业界自筹外汇,直接在outside world.国际市场上购买.我们强烈地感受到你们In its purchase of required 所进行的改革和对外开放政raw

and

processed

策给中国带来的多样化,活力materials, fuels, auxiliary 和进步.[ɔ:g'ziljəri] equipment, 5.More than eight years etc.an

equity

joint

have passed since Vice ventures should first give Premier Deng Xiaoping priority to purchases(n.and I joined hands to 购买)in China.It may establish full diplomatic also make such purchases relations between our two directly on the world great nations.market

with

foreign

自从邓小平副总理和我exchange raised by itself.共同建立我们两个伟大国家21.外籍职工, 个人所得税,之间的正式外交关系以来,已不可抗力, 全国人民代经八年多了.表大会 6.sino-American Foreign

employee.relationship.The forgingIndividual income tax.Force(建立)of firm majeure.National People’s Sino-American ties/ to Congress.establish a

firm

Sino-American

ties.UNIT 10 SPEECHES

National

security

12/13

policies.中美关系.建立牢固的中美关系.国家安全政策.7.strategic

relations.Non-government sectors.战略关系, 非政府部门 8.In this context, it is important for our two societies to search for areas

of

cooperation

which clearly add to our mutual benefit.在这种情况下, 两国寻求能明显带来互惠互利的合作领域便显得尤为重要.9.In the area of public health.Although ours is relatively quite small, such

activities,when combined

with

our

common foreign policy interests and a growing commercial relationship, should help to remove the lingering

fragility

[frə'dʒiliti](不确定因素)in Sino-American relations.在公共健康领域方面.尽管我方所占比例较小, 但此次项目, 涉及我们基本对外政策的利害关系及不断增进的商业关系,必将有助于消除中美关系中长期存在的不稳定因素。

10.先有哈佛,后有美利坚合众国, 这说明了哈佛在美国历史上的地位.The fact that Harvard was founded before the United States of American testifies to its position in the American history.11.中国教育界,科学界,文

化界一直同哈佛大学保持着学术交流.The Chinese educational, scientific and cultural communities have all along maintained academic exchange with this university.12.中国在自己发展的长河中, 形成了优良的历史文化传统.In the prolonged course of its development, China has formed its fine historical and cultural traditions

13/13

第四篇:《销售风险管理》考试要点

销售风险管理

单选题:

1.销售风险因素、事故、损失三者的关系?p5

销售风险因素引起销售风险事故,销售风险事故导致销售风险损失

2.销售风险的类型?p7

按销售风险形成的原因分类,按销售风险所致的后果分类,按销售风险的损害对象分类

3.销售风险的最大特征p9

销售风险多数是投机风险,既存在损失可能性,有存在获利可能性

4.销售风险的评估p27

是指:销售风险识别、分析、评价和预警决策的全过程

5.首要风险指标是什么?p40

是提供对潜在事项进行定性和定量的计量方法

6.事故树分析的原理?p44

即从结果分析原因

7.销售威胁分析的原理?p45

是通过编制对企业销售活动构成威胁的事故一览表,来分析造成企业销售风险的各种原因

8.销售流的运行规律p51

主辅率、协同率、波动率

9.侵权分为哪几类?p59

故意侵权、过失侵权、无过失权

10.企业所面临的潜在责任风险主要有以下几种?p60

产品责任风险、合同责任风险、广告责任风险

11.变异系数p74-75(自我理解)

12.销售风险等级评价法p81

等级评价法是从企业销售特点出发,根据企业过去的经验和对现状的分析判断,将人、客、物、环、法五个基本要素列出全面的检查项目,并将每一检查项目分成优、良、中、劣四等。

13.销售风险应对方式p103(对照书本熟记)

1.销售风险控制2.财务处存在的销售风险因素

14.销售风险避免的含义p104

风险避免是以放弃或拒绝承担风险作为控制方法来回避损失发生的可能性

15.销售风险避免的基本方法?p106

放弃或终止某项销售活动的实施;改变某项活动的实质

16.分割和复制同其他损失抑制措施有明显区别

p111最后一段-112第一段,及第二段第一句

17.销售风险财务性非保险转移p114-115

指企业将自己可能的销售风险损失所致的财务负担转移给保险人以外的其他经济单位的一种风险处理手段,其实质是通过风险的财务转移,使转让人得到外来资金,以补偿风险事故发生所造成的损失。

18.免责约定p116

合同的一方通过合同条款,对合同中发生的对他人人身伤害和财产损失的责任转移给另一方承担,即通过主要针对其他事项的合同中的条款来实现风险转移。

19.销售风险管理信息系统的组成p136

四个基本要素:数据库、软件、硬件、运行人员

20.风险沟通的含义与目标p139

广义,风险沟通泛指所有风险信息在来源于去处之间流通的过程;狭义,是指对于危害健康、环境等的风险信息,在有利害关系的团体之间进行的一种有目的的信息流通过程

21.销售风险预警p145

是分析销售过程风险水平,对风险状态的一种提前的信息警报或警告的方法(p146第一段第二句,第二段,第一句)

22.预警风险等级划分?p147

无警、轻警、中警、重警和巨警

23.客户信用档案的内容与管理原则p167

档案内容:基础资料、客户特征、业务状况、交易现状;

24.客户信用档案管理的原则p168

管理原则:动态管理、突出重点、灵活运用、专人负责

25.调查的结果处理p1711、编写客户信用调查报告

2、信用状况突变情况下的处理(对照书本)

26.资信评估方法p176(计算公式)

27.客户资信等级的管理p179(按案例题理解)

28.客户信用限度的确定p180

是指企业根据其经营情况和每一客户的偿付能力规定允许给予该客户的最大的赊购金额

29.信用期限的确定p182(根据书本理解,公式)

30.加强客户关系管理的方法p186

拜访管理、关系管理、筛选管理

31.留置p216(倒数三段理解)

32.贷款结算的风险p231-234

33.不良贷款的原因探析p234

34.应收账款的功能与成本p242

35.销售人员道德风险的表现p264-266,269

36.销售人员应具备的基本能力p281

收集信息的能力、与客户沟通的能力、销售拉引的能力、克服困难的能力

37.加强质量的管理,品牌策略的风险防范p300

38.新产品开发失败的销售原因分析p304

39.新产品开发风险防范的方法p306

40.销售渠道选择的风险防范p312

密集分销策略、选择性分销渠道策略、独家分销策略

41.价格风险防范p313-314

42.促销预算p320

量入为出法、销售百分比法、竞争对等法、目标任务法

43.销售活动及促销p32

2多选题

44.销售风险因素、事故、损失三者的意义p5

销售风险因素是指促使或引起销售风险事故发生的条件,以及销售风险事故发生时,倒使损失增加、扩大的条件;

销售风险事故是指引起销售风险损失的直接或间接的原因;

销售风险损失是指非故意、非计划、非预期的经济价值减少的事实;分为实质损失、收入损失、费用损失和责任损失四种

45.销售风险按销售风险所致的后果分类p7(2)

46.销售风险的特征p8-9

客观性、主观性、偶然性、可变性、投机性

47.销售风险识别步骤p38-39

48.销售风险分析p

4349.销售风险的形成机理分析p48

50.销售风险管理的设想p55

51.销售风险定性评价法p81

52.损失资料的收集p71

53.销售风险的隔离p110-111

54.销售风险的转移三种形式p113

1.保险2.控制型的非保险转移3.财务型的非保险转移

55.销售风险财务型非保险转移p114

56.风险沟通的类型和方式p141

57.客户信用档案管理的原则p168

58.信用政策制定p238

59.客户不愿支付的风险管理、无力支付的风险管理p245

60.销售人员心理风险的防范p27

1案例题(按照书本介绍途径解决问题,无准确题目)

61.销售纯粹风险分析p5响风险决策的因素p90公司危机事件沟通p144-145

62.客户资信评估内容p172 客户资信等级管理p179 贷款回收控制方法p246 销售人员道

德风险p264

63.价格风险防范与窜货管理p313-318

64.案例:丰田汽车召回p36-37 销售风险识别法p39

销售风险管理的含义和销售风险管理部门功能p11

销售风险财务型非保险转移方法来处理风险,需满足的4个条件p120

案例分析题知识点:

模块一:

1、销售财产风险分析p571、企业财产与权益――主要有抵押权、留置权、承租人和受托人的权益等;

2、财产损失形态――见58页图2-113、财产损失金额评估――常用的有重置成本法、现行市价法和收益现值法

2、影响销售风险决策的两个特殊因素是什么?影响销售风险决策的内在因素有哪些?p90

特殊因素:第一,效益与成本因素。第二,电动机因素。

内在因素:决策的动机、决策者的个性、决策者的态度、决策者所承受的压力与情绪;

3、公司危机事件的沟通,如何处理?p145

危机事件的成功管理就是要承认现实,采取恰当的手段修复局势,同时要让外界知道你正在做的事,让公众听到你的正确言论。

危机管理的关键是危机预防,不管这种警戒的准备是主动的还是在法规的压力下被迫实施的。便如果危机真的已经爆发了的话,那么周密细致的应急计划就会尽是减小灾难的影响。

此外开诚布公的沟通政策也能够帮助尽量减少事故对公司的伤害。

模块二:

1、客户资信评估的内容主要包括哪五个方面?p172

企业素质、资金实力、资金信用、盈利能力、发展前景。

2、客户资信等级,如何确定是哪个等级?如A级的确认。对不同资信等级的客户如何进行不同的管理?p179

A级:企业盈利水平很高;短期债务的支付能力和长期债务的偿还能力很强;企业经营处于良性循环状态,不确定因素对企业经营与发展的影响很小。

B级:水平在同行业中处于平均水平;具有足够的短期债务支付能力和长期债务偿还能力;经营处于良性循环状态,但企业的蒙蒙与发展易受企业内外部不确定因素的影响,从而使企业能力的偿债能力产生较大波动。

C级:水平相对较低,甚至出现亏损;短期债务支付能力和长期使用债务偿还能力不足,经营状况不好;促使C级客户经营与发展走向良性循环的内外部因素较少。

D级:亏损严重;卧龙西于资不抵债的状态,短期债务支付困难,长期债务偿还能力极差,企业经营一直不好,基本处于恶性循环状态,促使D级企业经营及发展走向良性循环太太的内外部因素极少,企业濒临破产或已经资不抵债,属破产企业。

3、贷款回收控制的方法,如建立客户贷款回收管理台帐、滚动清欠方法p246

建立客户货款回收管理台账,滚动清欠方法,利用账龄分析监督应收款的收回,图表控制法。

4、销售人员道德风险的含义及表现?p264

职业道德风险:瞧不起销售工作、认为销售很容易、对企业不忠诚。

社会道德风险:贪污销售费用,不努力开拓市场;接受客户回扣,不顾公司的利益;帮助竞争对手工作,从中获取好处;利用职务之便,谋取个人私利。

模块三: 企业定价有哪些策略?p313 企业防止定价策略风险的手段是根据不同情况灵活选用定价策略,可供企业选择的定价策略包括: ①新产品定价策略 ②系列产品定价策略 ③心理定价策略 ④声望定价策略

2、什么是窜货?有哪些类型?窜货的原因是什么?p315 为了达到一定的目的或利益,将产品越区销售或越级销售,造成市场混乱的销售行为。目前,这种现象大量地存在于流通市场中,而且是一个让企业头痛的问题。窜货可分为恶性窜货、自然窜货、良性窜货。窜货的原因可分为主动窜货诱因和被动窜货诱因。主动窜货诱因包括 ①利润是导致经销商窜货的最直接的因素; ②价格因素; ③年中销量返利和促销费用导致实际价格差。

3、经销商主导的窜货及解决方法?窜货的市场防范和控制手段?p318 经销商窜货手段: ①由于各区域市场状况的不同,各地经销商的进货价格也不同,导致某些经销商为了挣取进货价格差进行窜货。②经销商之间的竞争或矛盾容易引起窜货。③经销商和企业之间的矛盾造成窜货。

4、窜货的市场防范和控制手段: ①培训一支有优良市场销售规范的销售队伍; ②合理划分销售区域,清扫窜货滋生土壤,让窜货没有存活环境; ③制定科学的销售计划,企业应确保产品总供求的平衡,避免因市场变化引起供求失衡而催生窜货; ④制定科学的价格策略,减少窜货诱因产生,包括横向、纵向和两者结合的方式; ⑤采取有效的防止窜货策略。

模块四:

1、什么是销售风险识别?销售风险识别分析过程包含哪两个环节?p37 销售风险识别是指在销售风险事故发生之前,人们运用各种方法系统地、连续的认识所面临的各种销售风险事故发生的潜在原因。销售风险识别是销售风险管理的基础。销售风险识别分析过程包含一下两个环节: ①感知风险,即了解客观存在的各种销售风险; ②分析风险,即分析引起风险事故的各种因素。感知风险是风险识别的基础,分析风险是风险识别的关键。只有通过感知风险,才能进一步在此基础上进行分析,寻找可能导致风险事故发生的各种因素,为拟定风险处理方案、进行风险管理决策服务。

2、销售风险识别的实施过程由哪些结构组成?销售风险识别的步骤?p39 图2-2 风险识别步骤 风险分析基础:业务分析报告、基准假设分析、非确定性事件、历史事件经验教训、解决问题事项。潜在限制条件:企业销售风险管理文化、企业销售风险管理资源、企业销售风险管理自身因素、企业销售风险管理规划。风险识别工具:风险提示列表、风险数据库、流程图管理、风险问卷。风险识别报告:企业销售风险登记手册。

3、销售风险管理的含义?销售风险管理部门主要具有哪四个功能?p11 销售风险管理属于微观经济的范畴,是指为了应对销售风险与构建销售风险指标所采用的各类监控方法与过程的统称。通俗的解释:销售风险管理,是指企业围绕总体销售目标通过在企业销售管理各个环节和销售过程中按照销售风险管理的基本原则,培育良好的销售风险管理文化,设计销售风险管理的框架体系,建构销售风险管理的基本程序,建立健全销售风险责任制度,从而为实现销售管理的总体目标提供合理保证的过程和方法。有以下四个功能:影响销售风险、监控销售风险、评价销售风险、有效配置销售风险管理资源。

4、运用销售风险财务型非保险转移方法处理风险,需要满足哪些条件?什么是销售风

险自留?p120 需要满足以下三个条件: ①转让人与受让人之间的损失必须能够明确的划分。②受让人应当有能力并愿意承受适当的财务责任。③应用这种方法,对于转让人和受让人双方来说,应该都是有利的。销售风险自留又叫销售风险承担,是指由企业自己承担由销售风险事故所造成的损失。

第五篇:客户关系管理的考试要点

客户关系管理考试要点

1.客户:购买商品或者服务的人,是对企业产品和服务有特定需求的群体

4.客户生命周期及特点:

(1)获取期,特征:询问百度ID:53678380

(2)成长期,特征:客户体验良好

(3)成熟期,特征:用户的满意度、忠诚度、信用度稳定

(4)衰退期,特征:用户的满意度、忠诚度、信用度下降

5.客户识别:客户识别就是通过一系列技术手段,根据大量的客户特征、需求信息等,找出哪些是企业的潜在客户,客户的需求是什么,哪些客户最有价值等等,并以这些客户作为客户关系管理对象。

9.客户获取:客户获取是指吸引有价值的潜在客户,将他们变成现实客户的过程。它通常发生在客户生命周期中的考察期。

11.客户细分:是指按照一定的标准将企业的现有客户划分为不同的客户群。

12.客户细分原因:一个企业由于能力有限,不可能服务所有的客户。

13.客户细分方法:价值矩阵

(1)铅质客户: 特征, 当前价值和增值潜力都很低 ;策略,能力有富余,可维持。

(2)铁质客户:特征,当前价值不高,很大的增值空间;策略,注重关系再造,可转换。

(3)金质客户: 特征,很高的当前价值,但增值潜力不大;策略,投入资源,保持关系。

(4)玉质客户:特征,很高的当前价值,也有很大的潜力;策略,给予最多的关怀。

14.客户沟通:沟通是指人们传递信息、思想和情感的过程。

15.客户价值分析:

(1)资源价值:客户的规模优势、信息价值、品牌宣传优势、网络化价值优势、(2)让渡价值:指客户购买产品或者服务实现的总价值与客户购买该项产品或者服务付出的总成本之间的差额。公式(CV=PPIS-MMTP);1)客户成本不变的前提下,提高企业所能够提供给客户的价值,可以提高客户让渡价值。2)企业提供价值不变的前提下,降低客户所付出的成本,可以提高客户让渡价值。

17.客户异议:指客户对你在销售过程中的任何一个举动表示不赞同、提出质疑或拒绝。

18.客户流失:是指本企业客户由于种种原因而转向购买其他企业产品或服务的现象。

19.企业核心竞争力:核心竞争力是一个企业能够长期获得竞争优势的能力。是企业所特有的、能够经得起时间考验的、具有延展性,并且是竞争对手难以模仿的技术或能力。

20.核心竞争力的五大特性:价值性、延展性、异质性、动态性、资源集中性

21.企业文化:指企业在经济活动中,逐步形成的为全体员工所认同、遵守、带有本企业特色的价值观念。

22.企业文化的功能:

(1)导向功能:一是企业成员个体,二是对企业整体价值取向。

(2)约束功能:对企业员工的思想,心理和行为具有约束和规范作用。

(3)凝聚功能:从内心深处唤起饱满的激情,产生奋发向上的动力。

(4)激励功能:是企业成员从内心产生一种高昂情绪和奋发进取的精神效应。

(5)辐射功能:企业文化一旦形成,会通过各种渠道对社会产生影响。

(6)品牌功能:企业文化是企业在发展过程中逐步形成的企业精神,它会在很大程度上推

动企业品牌的建设。

23.公共关系:指组织机构与公众环境之间的沟通与传播关系。

24.公共关系三要素:社会组织(主体)、传播(形成关系)、公众(客体)

25.公共关系的作业:(1)搜集信息,检测环境(2)咨询建议,决策参考(3)舆论宣传,创造气氛(4)交往沟通,协调关系(5)教育引导,社会服务

26.危机公共:危机公关具体是指机构或企业为避免或者减轻危机所带来的严重损害和威胁,从而有组织、有计划地学习、制定和实施一系列管理措施和应对策略,包括危机的规避、控

制、解决以及危机解决后的复兴等不断学习和适应的动态过程。

27.危机公关处理原则(5S):承担责任、真诚沟通、速度第一、系统运行、权威证实

28.关系营销:关系营销,是把营销活动看成是一个企业与消费者,企业,分销商,竞争者,政府机构以及其他公众发生互动作用的过程,其核心是发展同他们的良好关系。

29.关系营销原理(6IS):

(1)客户的信息: 企业必须努力获得关于客户的可靠信息。

(2)对客户的投资:必须选择那些值得投资的客户。

(3)根据个性化特征定制给客户的产品和服务: 定制一个既能个性化,又可能使成本最小的项目。

(4)与客户的整合: 将客户与客户整合进行价值创造,密切商业关系。

(5)客户交流:与客户的系统化交流促使双方相互了解,建立良好的感情基础。

(6)建立独特关系的意愿:有主动建立起独特关系的意愿,是以进行有效的关系营销的基础。

30.关系营销的三个层次:

(1)一级关系营销:对那些频繁购买以及按稳定数量进行购买的顾客给予财务奖励的营销

计划。

(2)二级关系营销:建立顾客组织。以某种方式将顾客纳入到企业的特定组织中,使企业

与顾客保持更为紧密的联系,实现对顾客的有效控制。最典型的就是企业的客户会员制度。

(3)三级关系营销:增加结构纽带,建立特有的结构纽带,如建立起独特的品牌价值和品

牌形象,等一系列做法。

31.客户满意度:客户满意度CSI(Consumer satisfactional index),也叫客户满意指数。是对服

务性行业的顾客满意度调查系统的简称,是一个相对的概念,是客户期望值与客户体验的匹

配程度。

32.客户满意度的影响因素:信赖度、专业度、有形度、同理度、反应度

33.客户忠诚度:客户忠诚是指客户对企业的产品或服务的依恋或爱慕的感情,它主要通过

客户的情感忠诚、行为忠诚和意识忠诚表现出来。

34.忠诚度与满意度对比:

(1)忠诚是满意的积累,只有客户满意到一定程度,才会有忠诚企业的意愿。

(2)满意衡量的是客户的期望和感受,而忠诚度反应客户未来的购买趋势和承诺。

(3)满意的客户不一定能够保证他们对企业忠诚。而忠诚的客户一定对企业或品牌满意。

(4)企业只有在客户满意的前提下,提供量身定做的产品或服务,提高客户忠诚,才能获

得稳定的利润。

35.CRM客户关系管理:客户关系管理是一种管理理念,其核心思想是将企业的客户作为最

重要的企业资源,通过完善的客户服务和深入的客户分析来满足客户的需求,保证实现客户的终生价值。

37.CRM软件系统的一般模型:市场、销售和服务构成。

39.数据库营销:就是企业通过收集和积累消费者的大量信息,经过处理后预测消费者有多

大可能去购买某种产品,以及利用这些信息给产品以精确定位,有针对性地制作营销信息,以达到说服消费者去购买产品的目的。

40.数据库营销的优势:

(1)有效地市场定位,个性化的市场营销方案

(2)有效地节省了营销经费开支

(3)较少的预算来试试一些成本收益高和反应大的市场营销方案。

(4)增加单位营销经费的反应率,减少了取得每个订单的成本,扩大了市场并增加了盈利。

41.数据仓库:面向主题的、集成的、相对稳定的、反映历史变化的数据集合,用于支持管

理决策。

43.数据挖掘:又称为数据库中的知识发现,就是从大量数据中获取有效的、新颖的、潜在有用的、最终可理解的模式的非平凡过程,简单的说,数据挖掘就是从大量数据中提取或“挖

掘”知识。

44.呼叫中心:呼叫中心,它是充分利用现代通讯与计算机技术,如IVR(交互式语音应答系

统)、ACD(自动呼叫分配系统)等等,可以自动灵活地处理大量各种不同的电话呼入和呼

出业务和服务的运营操作场所。呼叫中心在目前的企业应用中逐渐被认为是电话营销中心。

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