介绍比较摩托车车架应选择什么样的材料

第一篇：介绍比较摩托车车架应选择什么样的材料

介绍比较摩托车车架应选择什么样的材料

对于摩托车车架来说，通常由铝、钢或者合金焊接制作而成，碳素纤维仅仅用于一些特别昂贵或者定制车架。随着摩托车技术的发展，车架材质也不断改进，结构越来越轻巧。目前，CFRP（碳素纤维增强塑料）已渐渐地成为赛车车架的主流。在不久的将来，合金也可能成为车架主要材料，不过车架材料和车架制作方法有很大关联。对于越野自行车（山地车）来说，已从钢管逐步演变到铝、钛、碳纤维（即CFRP）。摩托车虽然有实验性的钛合金和碳素纤维增强塑料车架，但到目前为止，在材料的应用上还远远落后于自行车和山地车。铝是迄今为止最好的山地车车架材料，严格地说，在悬挂出现前，钛因轻巧耐用和所具有的固有弹性（可以吸收山地长途行驶中产生的震动）而成为最好的车架材料，而钢则是仅次于钛的车架材料，其价格相对比较便宜，且具有和钛一样的固有弹性。如维护适当的话，其使用寿命会很长。随着车架悬挂的出现，钛和钢本身固有弹性所具有的优势荡然无存。悬挂所用的衬套和连接结构只能使用最小的侧力来作用，否则会引起车架的弯曲变形。如果希望悬挂效果完美，车架的刚性必须很好。也许你觉得增强车架刚性非常容易，给车架多加点材料就行了，这对铝制车架来说，多加材料是很好的方法；而对钢车架来说，增加材料会使其非常沉重；对钛车架来说，增加材料产生的效果比铝车架要差，不过比钢车架稍好。通常增强车架刚性需要很多艰辛的工作，而且车架不可能无限制地轻。对于越野车来说，其可以选用上述任一种材料，整车的所有功率需要传输到链条上，这需要车架具有很好的刚性，而且整车需要保持较轻的重量，铝便成为越野车最常用的车架材料，它很少会弯曲变形，但如果重量过轻的话，车架容易产生裂缝，这也表明多数铝车架最终会失效，而且车架重量越轻，失效得越快。铝的这种特性非常令人讨厌，当然，坚毅的越野赛车手们不会因此而感到忧虑，对他们来说，不仅希望知道到底什么样的车架材料最好，而且他们也不想长久使用同一辆旧山地车。对于整天进行猛烈行驶的驾驶者来说有许多选择，在经济条件允许且不担心维修的情况下，可以选择使用具有悬挂结构的铝车架，但即使配置一个悬挂座垫杆，当你站在脚蹬上行驶时，仍然很易被弄伤。当然碳素纤维材料车架刚性很好且重量很轻，也可选择使用。钢则是长途赛车的最佳选择，凭其具有的固有弹性，较长的使用寿命和低廉的价格，使其在所有材料里脱颖而出。对于跨越式行驶用车架来说，强度则是一切，显然碳素纤维很难让人放心。由于重量并不是需要考虑的关键因素，因此也不必选用昂贵的钛材料。在钢和铝中，钢被更多地选用。在所有大公司成立后的3年左右时间内，其用于产品制作的材料都是钢，相比其它材料来说，钢也更易于组装到一起。对于摩托车来说，以往铝制车架从悬抱车架开始，到双管车架成为主流，并一跃成为越野车车架的主流，铝制车架首选量产的是日本的铃木RG250。一直拘泥于延续悬抱车架的铃木GSX-R75也最终演变成双管车架。铝制车架不同于具有较高强度和韧性的钢管车架，在韧性和回复性方面表现销差，但在重量和弹性上有较大的优越性，故成为高性能越野车的基本型式。铝制车的制作方法是将铝板材料压制成型，或将断面制成圆形、角状或目字形，总之都是采取以弯曲管状物的方式来制作车架。当然，像本田的SPADA250铸造车架 也无可厚非，其形状也非常地单纯。但像鸟笼一样用许多小口径管构成的复杂设计已经不流行了。杜卡迪L型双缸仍持续致力于圆形切面的钢管车架，并一直保持了摩托车的高性能。杜卡迪916绝美的钢梁车架证明了铁合金在现代仍是最先进的科技，具有轻量和高韧性的优点。钢管车架中的多半是大断面脊背车架以及双悬抱车架。意大利BIMOTA（比莫塔）的DBONE轻量车架正是最佳代表作，车架本身的单体重量只有5kg，但它被撞扁的机率也随之提高了许多，即在摔车或冲击时，车架变形或弯曲的情况会比较严重，所以设计者必须具备有将伤害减到最低限度的能力。钢、铝、钛等金属车架都是将压装成形的各部分材料熔接而组成的，最新的潮流更倾向于将支撑座位、挡泥板等次要零件用螺栓来组合，将车架的主体和副体分开来。如果主车架用铝制，而副车架用钢制，两

者是无法直接焊接的。在主车架为铝或钢而副车架采用FRP或CFRP的无大梁式结构（以座位盖或侧盖来作为强度支撑面）的时候，也有采用螺栓来支撑的方式。当然在不能相互焊接的金属类组合或金属和塑胶的组合上，也可以采用接合的方式。如果摩托车的车架采用CFRP材料，又会是怎样的情形呢？所谓碳素纤维增强塑料是指将碳纤维与塑胶混合，车架就按照其要制作的形状将碳纤维加入塑胶糊中凝固。如此制作出来的量产车架，如果不是形状单纯的圆形断面管，就很难办了，就像量产钓鱼杆或自行车，在有角度处用金属把手来结合，以增大强度，但这种方法无法实行规模化生产。据报道，对自行车来说，用力踩脚踏的时候，车架的柔软度非常重要，而材质的柔软度排序依次为：钢材最好，其次是碳素纤维增强塑料、钛，最后是铝。而钛和碳素纤维增强塑料一直以来因具有较好的弹性而得到广泛地应用。铝在柔软度方面确实有待加强，直到现在，仍采用在双管铝制车架内侧开洞或堵塞等方法来改善柔软度。在道路赛车世界里，追求高速行驶所作的努力一直没有停止过，例如对一边硬踩着刹车，一边进入弯道的赛车手来说，就用车头周围及摆动旋轴等补强手法来弥补。如此一来，与其追求车架采用哪一种材质，倒不如深入研究采用哪一种材质补强最适合。（王春/文）

第二篇：比较教育学介绍

比较教育 ：

bǐ jiào jiào yù

研究不同国家、民族和地区的教育的学科。通过比较不同的教育制度，探讨教育的共同特点、发展规律及其总的趋势，并进行预测，以便根据本国的条件进行取长补短，为提高教育质量服务。

一、比较教育的史前时代

比较教育的史前史，可以一直追溯到古希腊和古罗马时代。当不同国家的人们因旅行、贸易、战争和传教等活动而互相往来时，就出现了教育与文化的交流。这种交流最初可能只是口头传递，并逐渐发展到书面描述，从而实现各国教育的交流。美国比较教育学家诺亚和埃克斯坦称这一时期的教育比较为“旅行者见闻”。

到中世纪及其以后，由于人们跨国界的贸易、旅行、考察和外交活动的扩大，有关不同国家教育的描述、比较和评论也日益增多。13世纪中叶，意大利旅行家马可·波罗(MarcoPolo，约1254～1324)随其父亲和叔叔访问东方一些国家，并在中国元朝供职达1．7年之久。他口述经人记录的《马可·波罗游记》广泛介绍了东方国家的文化、社会风情和教育状况。

由上可见，对于外国教育的比较研究，在古代就已经开始。

二、比较教育发展史上的“借鉴时代”

我们前面所说的教育比较，都还没有真正形成相对完整的理论和方法体系，严格说来还不能看作教育学科体系中的一门学科，因而还不是真正的比较教育。直到19世纪，欧洲民族国家制度的兴起和产业革命的爆发，促使欧美各国争先恐后地推行富国强兵的政策。当时人们相信把一个国家的教育制度移植到另一个国家是完全可行的，所以各国都积极向国外派遣专家，从教育先进的国家学习经验，以期为我所用，比较教育因此得以产生和发展起来。但这一时期的考察大多是表面化的、百科全书式的；往往忽视别国教育与当地计会生活的联系，忽视对别国的教育经验在本国的可行性的深入讨论。因此，人们也把这一时期称为“借鉴时代”。作为比较教育研究的第一阶段——学科的倡导阶段，方法上的特征是访问与借鉴。

借鉴时代作为比较教育发展的第一阶段，它的开始就是以1817年朱利安在巴黎《教育杂志》上连载发表《关于比较教育的工作纲要和初步意见》为标志的，“比较教育”这一术语也是在这部书中首次被正式使用的。

借鉴时代的另几位重要的比较教育学家是法国的库森(VictorCousin，1792～1867)。1831年，身为外国教育情报调查人的库森，受法国教育部长之命考察普鲁土的教育，并把考察结果写成了《关于普鲁士公立教育情况的报告》，为法国政府制定初等教育制度的基本法——1933年的《基佐法案》(Loi de Guizot)提供了重要参考。美国马萨诸塞州的教育督察长霍拉斯·曼(HoraceMann，1796～1859)，1842年访问欧洲归来，撰写了一本著名的《第七年报告》。这是一份对欧洲各国教育进行了历时6个月的考察以后提交出来的报告书。日本的文部大臣田中不二□考察欧美教育制度后，编写并整理了《理事功程》。

本阶段比较教育研究的主要目的在于介绍外国教育经验，作为改进本国教育制度的借鉴。

三、比较教育发展史上的“因素分析时代”

20世纪上半叶是比较教育研究的第二阶段，是比较教育学科的形成阶段，方法上的特征是因素分析，也被称为因素分析时代。

要改革教育必须根据本国的具体情况，参照国际的教育经验，作出正确的决策，因此，比较教育的研究重点，转向分析决定各国教育制度的主要因素。比较教育在方法上一改过去那种孤立地研究和移植别国教育经验的做法，开始密切联系各国的社会文化和民族特性等因

素来分析研究各国的教育。在比较教育史上一般把这一时期也称作“因素分析时代”。因素分析时代的开端，是以1900年英国比较教育学家萨德勒(Michael Sadler，1861～1943)发表论文《我们从对别国教育制度的研究中究竟能学到什么有价值的东西？》为标志的。

萨德勒是英国比较教育学家，撰写了28卷的《教育问题专题报告》，自1897～1914年陆续发表。这些报告，详细地描述了欧洲各国、美国以及英属领地的教育状况，分析了不同地区教育的社会文化背景，总结了教育经验，并指出了教育发展的趋势。他认为孤立地研究教育是不对的，必须重视教育的文化背景，研究决定教育制度的各种因素。他还提出民族特性这个概念来说明教育的思想和实践，并且强调学习外国经验的目的在于改进本国的教育制度。萨德勒的比较教育观点，对这个时期比较教育研究的方向，特别是康德尔的比较教育观点，产生了很大的影响，为以历史主义为主要特征的因素分析理论奠定了方向，标志着比较教育的发展进入了一个新阶段。

美国比较教育学家康德尔深受萨德勒的影响，他的研究工作更加典型地反映丁因素分析时代比较教育的特点。康德尔的比较教育思想集中体现在他1933年出版的代表作《比较教育》(1954年出版的修订本更名《教育的新时代：比较研究》)一书中。康德尔是比较教育史上第二个系统阐述理论与方法的学者，按照美国比较教育家卡扎米亚斯和马西亚拉斯对康德尔的《比较教育》论著的分析，得出工种主要目的。

第一，“报导－－描述”的目的。他向读者提供各国教育制度的“情报”，并按问题把事实加以分类，例如分为教育制度、教育行政、中小学教育、中小学师资培训等。他认为事实的报导是不够的和有局限性的，但却是比较研究过程中必要的一步。

第二，“历史－－功能”的目的。按照康德尔的意见，比较教育不仅要描述事实，而且要说明特征。他指出，不应把教育作为孤立存在的事业来看待，它应同国家背景，同社会、经济、政治和文化背景结合起来研究。

第三，“借鉴－－改善”的目的。康德尔希望通过考察外国和本国的教育制度，研究比较教育的学生能够养成一种更可取的哲学态度，其终极目的是为了改进本国的教育制度和培养对“民主”制度的忠诚。

与康德尔同时代的著名比较教育学家还有德国的施奈德（Friedrich Schneider，1881～1974)和英国的汉斯(NicholasHans，1888～1969)，他们的比较教育观点基本一致。其中汉斯的思想更接近于康德尔。1947年，汉斯在英王学院任职期间撰写了《比较教育：教育的因素和传统研究》一书，书中他根据影响人的发展的天资、社会和训练等因素，把一个民族的发展看做一个人的成长，认为影响教育制度的决定性因素可分作三类：自然因素(包括种族、语言、地理和经济等因素)、宗教因素(包括天主教传统、圣公会传统和清教传统等因素)和世俗因素(包括人文主义、社会主义、民族主义、民主主义等因素)，并对每一种因素又做了进一步的细致分析。在研究工作中，汉斯把因素分析法与历史法紧密结合在一起，形成了自己独特的研究方法。和康德尔、汉斯一样，施奈德也提倡并运用因素分析的研究方法，但与前者强调注重教育以外的影响因素不同，施奈德在强调外部因素的同时，还特别强调教育的内部因素在国民教育制度形成过程中的重要作用。他在1947年发表的《各国教育的动力》一书中，指出了对教育有影响的国民性、地理位置、文化、经济、科学、政治、宗教、外国影响等外部因素，还进一步分析了教育发展的内部动力。他认为，影响教育的内部因素主要有两个方面，一是教育的消极性和积极性、必然和自由、统一件和多样性练两极辩证法的相互作用；二是教育理论和教育实践之间的辩证作用。

在本阶段，比较教育学已经开始从教育学分化出来，成为教育科学中一门独立的分支学科，比较教育研究取得了一定的进展。但是从世界范围来看，研究的规模还不够广泛，研究方法还比较单一，研究成果还不够丰富。

第三篇：比较选择类作文

一、比较选择类作文

A Better Way to Get Information----Internet

It is said that the 21 century is the “century of information”.The ways for people to get information are varied.Between two main sources, internet and printed materials, I hold that internet is an obviously superior choice to printed books.My belief that internet is a better way to get information than printed books is based on the following two reasons.The first reason is that internet can provide us with information more conveniently.Just getting on the line, finding the right web-site and typing in the key words we want to search for, in several seconds, we can get thousands of pieces of relevant information.Sometimes, we can even get the exact message we want.But by reading books, we have to spend much time finding the right books, the right chapters, and then the right pages.The second reason for my preference for internet is that it can transmit the newest information much faster than printed materials.Internet can tell us what is happening throughout the world in few minutes.But if you want to get the same information in printed materials like newspapers or magazines, you have to wait until they are published.According to the above mentioned reasons, we can easily draw the conclusion that, compared with the printed materials, internet is for sure superior in conveying information.Which to Choose: to Further Study or to Find a Job?

A survey says that in recent years more students enter for postgraduate entrance examination.But many people argue against the tendency.They hold that to find a good job soon after graduation is more practical.Actually, different people have different opinions as to the question whether we should further study in graduate school or we should begin work, because both have their advantages and disadvantages.Many people appreciate the bright future a master’s degree may bring to them.Three years’ accumulation of knowledge is more likely to enable them to solve more challenging problems.And it is a fact that in many cases a graduate has more chances to get a promotion, and to have high salary than an undergraduate.But a promising job after college graduation is also attractive, especially when the job hunting competition becomes more and more fierce.A job in hand is worth two in the future.Another three years’ study means a delay but more heated competition with others later.However, both of them have their own problems.Academic study in graduate school may be difficult fir a freshman from college who has no practical experience, which may be also a problem when they search for a job three years later.Those without a master’s experience may come across many problems too, like special knowledge inefficiency, and research ability inadequacy.As far as I am concerned, I want to be more knowledgeable and capable through postgraduate study.So , given me the chance, I would choose to further study in graduate school.二、意义、重要性、危害性说明类作文

A Major Advantage of Advertising on TV

Some people complain abut the interference of TV adds in their enjoying excellent performances.Many others even turn to other channels when TV ads are released.They believe that TV ads mislead customers especially youngsters to have unreasonable consuming concepts.In spite of such hostile attitudes, we must admit that TV advertising is beneficial to us in various ways.The major advantage is to promote consumption.TV advertising promotes consumption for, firstly, it is an efficient way for manufacturers to publicize their products.TV is a medium, through which information can be spread quickly, vividly, and in a large scale.When WaHaHa, a kind of children’s drink, is released on TV, the song is imitated by children all over the nation nearly overnight.Along with its release the sales of the drink increases greatly.Without TV adds, a product would get a longer time to be acknowledged by a limited number of people.TV advertising promotes consumption for, secondly, it provides a good way for consumers to learn the products.This is a time when information is too excessive to be processed.Without TV adds, customers will spend large quantity of time looking for goods they want, and choosing from the alternatives.TV adds give them much information about products, the manufacturers, the places they can purchase or enjoy, and the possible effects.From the above reasoning, we can easily see the consumption promoting function of TV adds.We hope that TV ad agencies will give us more colorful and more trustworthy advertisements.The Importance of Keeping a Good Mood

Competition is one of the traits of this society.Heated competition in career and education has exerted great pressure on people, which brings about many physical illness and mental problems.In my opinion, a good mood is critically important for us under whatever situations.The importance can be show in the follow two aspects.For one thing, a good mood is beneficial to our health, both physically and mentally.People who are always gloomy, according to the Chinese traditional medicine, have more chance to suffer from physical illness such as kidney pains.On the contrary, keeping a good mood ,we can make ourselves relaxed and therefore can keep calm and optimistic in difficulties.Therefore , a good mood keeps doctors(including mental healing)away.For another, with a good, we are likely to work efficiently.The reason is that in a good mood we are more willing to cooperate with others, and are more willing to listen to others’ advice.With such relaxation, it is easy for all the people to cooperate to figure out solutions to the problems.Therefore it is not exaggerating to say that keeping a good mood is the precondition of working efficiency.From the reason we have presented above, we can surely come to the conclusion that keeping a good mood, we will be healthier, and in a good mood ,we are more likely to succeed in our career.Being Indulged in Computer Games Is Harmful

An excellent college student flunked because he could not concentrate on the study for being too indulged in computer games.He spent nearly all the money on games, which was earned by his father’s selling blood.When his father knelt down to beg him to return school, he was too much to show any regret.When computers’ entertaining function is highly spoken of, such a problem does deserve our serious concern.The most serious harm of computer games comes from their contents, which affect children’s mental health.Many games involve violence, such as fighting killing.To win or kill their opponents, children are permitted to use all various turn of mind is developed and rooted in them, which may induce future violent behaviors in their real life.Being indulged in computer games also does harm to children’s health.The computer can arouse many uncomfortable feeling , like a headache , poor eye sight and even losing hair.Being lack of sleep and dinner, children are more likely to get irritable and suffer from severe malnutrition.Of course, it is not the end of the story.Being indulged in computer games also affect children’s study, and their communication with others.All these facts show that it is time for us to manage computer games by the whole society.三，观点论证类作文

My View on Man-Made Beauty

The Chinese traditional saying “Close make a person” reflects the importance of “appearance”.nowadays such a belief has its new content.Many people, especially young girls or ladies, are not content.with getting more beautiful by clothes.They turn to a more challenging practice of physiological reform to make them man-made beauties.I don’t think this practice should be advocated.The desire for beautiful appearance is one of human nature.The operations may really mean something to some people.At last they turn more beautiful.But a coin has two side, and so does the man-made beauty practice for two following reasons.Firstly, one’s appearance is the God’s blessing, and has been one part of our life.The reform of the original physiological structure may bring great harm to our body.After breast enlargement surgery ,many women look sexier than before.However many of them are found mammary gland disease.The more serious effect is that they risk being unable to breast feed.Secondly, the advocating for such a practice will mislead people in the judgment of true beauty.The concept of beauty is quite rich in its content.I should include many virtues like honesty, diligence, etc, which should be the real mainstream of our spiritual life.The practice and some contest about man-made beauty will confuse those who are to develop correct concept of beauty.Concerning the above possible harms the practice may bring about, we are strongly against it and advocate seeking true and natural beauty.四，现象解释类作文

Why do College Student Have Difficulty in Finding Jobs?

In recent years college graduates are facing greater challenge in job markets.To avoid such an embarrassment, many students even choose to further their study to wait for another there years for a possible job opportunity.The reasons for the employment difficulties lie in the following three aspects.Firstly, the enlarged college enrollment supplies more than enough graduates with a certain specialty.There has been an overabundance of executive secretaries, lawyers, etc.therefore in the contest for a single position by tens of hundreds of graduate, most will suffer the failure.Secondly, job-finding difficulty also comes from the curricula design of many colleges.They have not adjusted their majors and subjects to meet the demand of modern society, so that students can’t find a position in the market to apply their knowledge in practice.Thirdly, I believe the difficulty also come from graduate themselves.The job demand are quite unbalanced between developed areas and underdeveloped areas.A large number of graduate would rather stay jobless in big cities than take position in small or underdeveloped cities.Taking all these reasons into account, we’d like to suggest that the should have a micromanagement in college enrollment and major design, and students have a bboader and more reasonable vivd about caReer.五，提出建议，解决问题类作文。

The Best Way to Stay Healthy

In such a quick fixed soci%ty, peopld have to bear burdens from education, work and families.Therefore it is necessary for them to attach more importance to their health.As to the best way to keep healthy, some people insist on a balanced diet, and some others argue for physical exercise.I agree with the latter.My suggestion of sports as the best way to stay healthy lies in the following reasons.Firstly, doing sports can keep you fit, for it helps you burn your excessive fat, which is much safer than any wonder drug, miracle diet or liposuction to lose weight.Secondly, doing sports can contribute a lot to patient’s recovery.However severe one’s illness may be, the process of exercise can more or less do good to him or her, for it can speed up the rate of blood circulation, can help him or her to inhale more fresh air.In this way exercise can quicken the process of recovery.Thirdly, by doing sports you can get your brain refreshed, which is vital importance to the people working at office and student in intensive study.The benefits of sports are than I have listed.Doing sports will make us fit, strong, and in good working condition, namely, it helps us stay healthy.◆ 说明文，顾名思义，是用来说明，解释并阐述某一客观事物得特点，性质，原理，发展过程及揭示其客观事物本质的一种文体。说明文的目的在于给读者提供关于某一客观事物的信息，使读者对这一客观事物能有所认识，或是其原有的认识更新颖、更清楚、更完整。说明文一般用来解释或阐述某事物，比如机器的操作过程和工作原理，事物发展过程、自然现象或社会现象的原因、项目计划、解决问题的方法等。

◆ 议论文, 顾名思义，是用来对某事物的现象、问题等进行逻辑分析和论证，从而表明作者对这种事物所持的观点、看法、立场以及见解的一种文体。议论文的目的在于表达作者的看法、立场、观点和见解，并通过合力的客观逻辑分析及主观感性的劝说，让读者同意或接受作者的观点，或对读者原有的观点产生偏向性影响。比如，说服读者赞同一项政策或参与某种行动。政策演讲，新闻社论，倡议书等都属于议论文的范畴。◆ 比较:从上面两种文体的概念和写作目的可以看出说明文和议论文的共同点是，两者均围绕着某一事物或问题展开论说，各有说理的部分，使读者对所写的事物有所认识，所以两种文体的界线不易划分清楚；具体写作时，两者之间会相互渗透，因此，又将两种文体称为论说文。从两种文体的写作目的看，两者还是有一定的区别：

A． 说明文的目的是提供信息，而议论文的目的是说服； B． 说明文基本上就事论事，不带个人感情色彩，强调通过阐述事理使读者对所写事物认识识更新颖、更清楚、更深刻；

C． 议论文写作时要求论点鲜明准确，论据充分有力，强调通过合理的客观逻辑分析和主观感情的劝说，即在客观上以理服人，在主观上以情动人，通过论证来影响或改变读者的思想和行动。

Topics: Exposition I.Illustration: 1.College Students’ Everyday Expenses are High 2.Changes in My Home Town or Beijing in the Last Ten Years 3.Life on Campus Is Interesting(or Monotonous)4.There Is a Generation Gap 5.Sunday Is the busiest Day of the Week to Me or to Many Chinese 6.What the Service Trades Can Do for Us

The Advantages of Temporary Jobs

Several years ago, people were often a little surprised when they heard that a college student was doing a part-time or a temporary job.“ Why? Maybe he is short of money,” they thought.Nowadays, lots of college students are working as tutors.Some serve as tour guides or do whatever work they can find during vacations.In big cities, students often put up advertisements on bulletin boards or wire poles near bus stops.Are they all short of money? Perhaps not.“By doing part-time jobs, we have broadened our vision and gained some experience,” those who do temporary jobs often say.Since most students enter college as soon as they finish middle school, they lack experience in the ways of society.When they graduate from college, they often find the outside world is not as simple as they thought and have difficulty in adjusting themselves to reality.Many students find doing temporary jobs is a good way to solve the problem.While working, they learn how to deal with different kinds of people and situations.Gradually, they increase their knowledge and deepen their understanding of society.One of my classmates taught English to senior middle school students in his hometown during the last vacation.The first difficulty he met with was to find a classroom.His request of using a classroom in a middle school was turned down.However, he did not lose heart and tried hard to find some other place.Later, with the help of a former teacher of his, he succeeded.Temporary jobs can also help students improve their academic studies.My own experience is an example.During the last winter vacation, a friend asked me to help him improve his ability to understand spoken English.When I saw the teaching material, I felt a little frightened.For it was something like TOEFL, and I had not had any practical experience with it.However, I accepted the job.Every time before teaching him, I would listen to the tape again and again in order to get everything clear.It was time-consuming and troublesome.But later I found my own listening comprehension improved too.If one works as a tutor, he ought to understand everything in the texts he is teaching, or he may not be able to answer the student’s questions.If one serves as a tour guide, he should know something about places of historic interest and scenic beauty.Whatever job it may be, one has to learn in order to be qualified.Part-time jobs can also provide students with pocket money.Nowadays, the expenses of college students are high.They spend 60 to 70 yuan per month on the average.Girl students like to have some fashionable clothes, while boy students want good sneakers and T-shirts.The pay for temporary jobs can help cover the expenses.Besides, doing temporary jobs makes students feel self-reliant.“I feel rather ashamed every time I receive money from home.I’m no longer a child, yet I still have to be supported by my parents” — such words are often heard on campus.Young people talk a lot about independence.They are aware if one is not economically independent, one cannot enjoy true independence.Recently, a report in China Youth said that about one fifth of the country’s college students have done or are doing temporary jobs, and as the economic reform is going on, the number is increasing.Today, when people hear that a student is doing a temporary job, they no longer think he must be short of money, but look at him with approval.II.Division and classification: 1.2.3.4.Youth of the 1990s Qualifications for a Good Teacher or Student My Requirements for a Friend Ways of Spending One’s Spare Time 5.Kinds of Second Jobs 6.Different Attitudes Toward Work, Life, Death, or Illness

What We Want from Sports

Students in our school have one thing in common — an interest in sports.According to their different intentions in taking part in sports, they fall into three groups.Many students go to the playground when they feel tired after a few hours of study.These students put much more stress on their study efficiency than the fun of sports.They just want to go back to their classrooms from the playground with a clearer and quicker mind.Thus they don’t actually care whether they can enjoy themselves on the playground.Most of them choose long-distance running, the kind of exercise which few real sports enthusiasts like.So this group of students can be well labeled as study-oriented participants.Students that make up the second group are real sports lovers.Sometimes they even put aside their studies for a match.They take part in the sport that interests them most, not caring whether it is most beneficial to their health.They may be called fun-oriented sports participants.The third group want beauty from sports.Boys want to become strong;girls want to be slim and graceful.Those who consider sports the only way of reducing weight also belong to this group.They are very careful in choosing the kind of exercise they do, and are afraid that certain sports may ruin their figures.Horizontal bars and parallel bars are the boys’ choice, and the hula hoop is now the girls’ favorite.The appropriate name for this group may be beauty-oriented sports participants.No matter which group we belong to, we all benefit from sports.If you look around the campus, you will find that bookworms have disappeared, and, instead, there are healthy, strong, clever, modernized students everywhere.III.Comparison and contrast 1.Life in Middle School and College 2.Chinese and Foreign Teachers 3.Youth of the 1990s and Youth of the 1950s 4.Traveling by Train and by Plane 5.Chinese and Western Medicine or Food

Eating and Reading

As a creature, I eat;as a man, I read.Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of my mind, they are in a way quite similar.To keep ourselves alive, we need all kinds of nutrition.Eating is the most important way by which we can get starch, protein, vitamin, sugar, fat, and some trace elements.On the other hand, we eat not only because we have to do so, but also because we enjoy doing so.Having satisfied our hunger, eating can then be a kind of enjoyment.The color, the smell, and the taste of the food are considered as important as its nutritive value.Very often we eat some food not because it is nourishing but simply because we like it.This partiality for certain food will not affect our health, so long as we do not indulge heavily in it.There are many people, however, who do not eat the food they dislike and consequently suffer from malnutrition.So, for the sake of health, we have to eat some food even though we may not like it.Similarly, to enrich our minds, we need information and knowledge, which can be obtained through reading.Reading is one of the most important ways of learning.Without reading our minds will become empty like that of an animal.Sometimes, we take reading as a pastime, and we relax and learn at the same time.Since recreation is involved, we will naturally have a partiality for some particular kinds of books, just as we do for certain kinds of food.It is all right if we read more books on history than books on literature.But suppose we focus on one subject only and pay no attention to anything else, we will face the problem of imbalance.Nutrition for our minds should be as comprehensive as the nutrition for our bodies.An educated person is a person who knows a lot of things about something and something about a lot of things.One’s mind needs all kinds of nourishment, whether they are to one’s liking or not.Besides, there are other similarities between eating and reading.We should not eat too much without digesting and assimilating, nor should we read too much without understanding.While we are eating, we should leave out the rotten part of the food which will do harm to our health;and while we are reading, we should be able to reject the poisonous content in a book, if any, for it will poison our minds.So, eat sensibly and read sensibly to give yourself a strong body and a healthy mind.IV.1.2.3.Cause and Effect Why Some Students Make Better Progress than Others Why People Want to learn a Foreign Language Why Many Young Men Do Not Want to Marry Capable Young Women 4.Job Discrimination Against Women in China 5.Causes and Effects of Divorce in China

Being Short

Being short is something that cannot be helped.One cannot choose one’s appearance;it is already decided at the time when one is born.And it happens that one’s parents are both short, it is inevitable that one will remain short all his life, whether he likes it or not.Being short is a lifelong pity.Almost everyone wants to look beautiful and to be moderately tall.For me, it has always been a bad time during medical examinations when I have to stand on that terrible scale and have my height measured and recorded.Year after year, the figure seems to remain the same.Although now I have more or less reconciled to this unchanging fact, I just cannot help feeling regretful at times.How nice it would be if only I could be just an inch taller.Being short is a “handicap” and this is something that I hate most.During military training, I stood at the end of the line, because I was considered the shortest.And if they did not want too many students to march in a review, they always discarded the shortest, never the tallest.Though I do not really mind a great deal about joining in a review, I just do not feel good.I used to attend a volleyball training class, and every time we needed to separate into teams to play a match, the coach would say,“ You twelve shorter ones go there, and you twelve taller ones come here, please.”It sometimes makes me furious about being treated so unfairly.Short as I am, I am not a poor player and should be reckoned with.Being short is being inferior.Every day I live among people who are mostly taller than I am.Whether it is out of friendliness or whatever, very often, they pat me on the head, or throw one of their arms conveniently over my shoulder, and look down at me, while I have to look up at them.These gestures might not be ill intended, but I feel that these people are taking advantage of my shortness, and want to show they are superior to me.Being short is an impetus.When we, the short, have to live with these day-to-day disadvantages — the pity, the handicap, and the inferiority, we turn to other things to get self-confidence.We work industriously against prejudices to tell people that we are by no means inferior or handicapped.V.Definition 1.Materialism 2.Individualism 3.Happiness 4.Freedom 5.Values 6.Project Hope

The Red, Yellow, and White Roads

On reading the title, you may feel quite puzzled.“ What does it mean?” you may ask.To be frank with you, when a friend used this phrase, I was also at a loss what make of it until she explained it to me.“The red, yellow, and white roads”is a popular phrase among senior students in Chinese colleges.In their last year in college, students begin to consider their future jobs.It is time for them to decide whether they will be officials, businessmen, or intellectuals.Of course, different people make different choices.These choices, by and large, are generalized as the “red”, “yellow”, and “white” roads.The red road is considered to be the most promising one.Red in China is the color which has some connection with communism.The one who chooses to follow this road will, first of all, join the Communist Party.A diploma and a Party card will make it much easier for him than one without the two things to be promoted, first as section chief, and then as head of a department.Gradually, he will climb up the social ladder.The red road seems to provide a good chance for one to achieve his political goal.The second one is the yellow road.Yellow may remind us of gold.To be well-to-do is the goal.How does one achieve it? Positions in joint ventures run by China and some foreign countries are the most desirable for people who have chosen this road.Though they may have to work hard, they get good pay.Aside from that, those graduates who know foreign languages may have more opportunities to go abroad than people working elsewhere.On the whole, this is a profitable road.Lastly comes the white road.The color is not so delightful as the first two.People who choose this road will work very hard so as to become graduate students, and to be successful in the world of knowledge.It is an arduous road without much concrete and immediate benefits.Just like the color itself, the road is very clean and pure.The three roads reflect some characteristics of our society and show, in a way, what young people are thinking and dreaming of.It is good to know that young people are very practical now.But it is also rather disappointing to find that knowledge which is vital to our modernization is placed last.People are so obsessed by power and money that knowledge is devaluated.Argumentation  Requirements for argumentation: 1)a debatable point 2)sufficient evidence 3)good logic: Inductive reasoning;deductive reasoning 4)clear logic 5)good use of the other three types of writing 6)an honest and friendly attitude 1.Everyone Should Be Given an Opportunity to Study in College 2.Wealth or Power Is a Sign of Success 3.Clothes Make a Man or Cosmetics Make a Woman 4.People’s Worth Are Shown in the Reward They Earn 5.Opportunity, Diligence, Perseverance or Resolution Is the Key to Success 6.Life Can Be Happy and Meaningful

The Three Gorges Project Is Beneficial

The Three Gorges lie in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River.After years of investigation and research, many scientists and engineers have suggested that to control the floods brought by the Yangtze River to its lower reaches, a large dam should be built there.But many scientists and engineers disagree.Thus a heated debate has begun as to whether the project is beneficial.I am in favor of the project and believe that it will have more advantages than disadvantages.Those who are against the project argue that the project will bring about serious consequences.The Three Gorges are among the most beautiful and famous places in China.Here the tourists see not only the natural scenery, but also a lot of ancient cultural relics, which are of great historical value.Many of those places of interest will be submerged when the dam retains water at the normal level(175m).The project will affect the ecological environment of the Yangtze River.Some rare species of aquatic animals are faced with the danger of extinction.Moreover, the river-bed will be worsened.More seriously, when the dam begins to retain water, there may be earthquakes and landslips in the Three Gorges area.The Persian Gulf War gave rise to another doubt: if there should be a war and the Three Gorges Dam destroyed, the consequence would be ghastly.In short, the risks of the project may be too great for it to be beneficial.Their worries and warnings are well justified.But we should not give up eating for fear of choking.First of all, the feasibility of the project has been thoroughly examined.A new feasibility report by hundreds of experts has been submitted to the government.In the report, all the harmful effects have been taken into consideration and appropriate measures suggested.For example, to solve the problem of earthquakes and landslips that may be caused by the project, monitoring and forecasting will have to be stressed.The success of the Gezhou Dam which has stood the test of many great floods proves that our technology of water conservancy is up to the mark and able to withstand the stiffest test of natural disasters.It is estimated that once the Three Gorges Project is completed, the loss in agriculture caused by floods will be reduced by six to eight hundred million yuan each year;if there is a catastrophic flood, the loss will be reduced by twenty billion yuan.More importantly, the project will protect the lives of three hundred and fifty million people living in the plain east of the dam.The hydropower station on the dam will have a generating capacity ranking first in the world, five times that of Gezhou Dam.That means each year fifty million tons of coal will be saved.The electronic power it will produce will greatly push the development of industry in our country.The project will improve the transportation of the Yangtze River.Those dangerous shoals and rapids in the gorges today will disappear.The river in the dam area will be broadened.As a result, giant vessels will be able to sail straight from Shanghai to Chongqing.This is of vital importance to the economic development of Sichuan Province.It is clear that the Three Gorges Project will be beneficial to the country.Everything has its advantages and disadvantages.Since the project will bring more benefits than losses, it is worthwhile to take some risks.Life Can Be Happy and Meaningful

Not long ago, a poll was conducted among students in a middle school.They were asked to make a choice between these sentences — “No one can be happy”, and “One can be happy.” Shockingly enough, about 20 percent of the students agreed to the first statement.When I asked some of my friends for their opinions, most of them thought the former statement was true.When asked for explanations, they said, “Frankly speaking, life is bitter and meaningless.But to live on, we’d better say to ourselves that there is happiness in life.”

I have been thinking of this opinion ever since.The more I think, the more I am convinced that if we have a right attitude towards life, our lives can surely be happy and meaningful.It is true that all people have some bitter experiences.But it is through overcoming hardships that our happiness emerges.Many people admire Madam Curie, and say with a sigh, “If I could live like her, I would be the happiest person in the world.” But if we take a close look at her life, we will find her happiness is closely connected with her misfortunes.First of all, she did not have a happy childhood.When she was in France, she studies twice as hard as others but lived a poor and simple life.In her research work, she had to sit up late night after night.She experienced many losses, too — she lost her beloved father, her dear husband, and later her eyesight.But she never complained and never stopped working for the benefit of mankind.That is why her life was happy and meaningful.She fought against life’s bitterness and difficulties and conquered them all.Some people complain that their work is insignificant and thus their lives are meaningless.But what kind of work is significant? Workers, peasants, teachers, and scientists, they are all working for the welfare of mankind, themselves included.That is where the meaning of life lies.But some people seem to think little of such a life.Once a friend of mine told me he felt very wretched for having to work as a teacher.“Our lives can be compared to candles.While giving light to others, we ourselves are burning out.Our students may become famous one day, but what will become of us? We shall only remain what we are — fameless and wealthless.” Paradoxically, I would rather think he was giving a vivid description of nobleness of a teacher.If I can live the life of a teacher, to contribute the only thing I own — my knowledge — to the upbringing of young people, I will be very happy, because I am useful to others.Different people may think of differently.But of one thing I am certain: happiness never favors those who merely care about themselves, and the meaning of life cannot be understood by those who refuse to sacrifice anything for others.便条的写作

书信由7个部分组成：

1.发信人信息（地址、邮编和写信时间）2.收信人地址

3.对收信人的称呼（后面的标点一般用逗号）4.正文 5.结尾客套语(后一定有逗号)6.签名(后面一定不能有标点符号)7.职务名称(如果写信不是以集体的名义写的,这部分则不要)便条则相对简单,仅仅由时间、对方称呼、正文、结尾客套语和签名组成，当然如果便条是以集体的名义写的，则要添加职务名称。

邀请、约会便条

Dear Professor Ma，Feb.11 We would be very grateful if you could give us a talk on “the Skills for TeM-4 Writing” on this coming Friday, 3p.m.to 5p.m...If this subject does not suit you or that time is not convenient for you, any other similar topic and time would also be welcome.If you have any decision, call me at the cellphone number, 131X.Thank you.Respectfully yours，Mei Ying

Chairman of Students’ Union

July 15 Dear Professor Smith, These days I am very gloomy, because I meet many troubles in my thesis writing.I do not know how to define some key words of my study.So I am wondering whether you can give me some instruction.If it does not trouble you too much, shall we meet at your office this Friday morning and give me a call at 130x? Thank you.Sincerely yours, Wang Ling

抱怨、投诉便条

July 15 Dear Sir or Madam，I’m writing to bring your attention to a problem I’ve had with information availability with your product.I have been trying to get a person on the phone, but I filed by trying several departments.I hope you will address this problem to my satisfaction, or I will never do business with you again.I expect to hear from you soon.My telephone number is 0751X.Thank you.John Smith

Jun.15 Dear Sir or Madam, I’m writing to bring you attention to the noise from your construction site.It is time for many high school students to prepare for their college entrance examination.But your noisy working always lasts till midnight, which has disturbed their study and interfered in their normal rest.Therefore, it would be very considerate of you to stop working before 10 o’clock at least in these 10 days.Heartfelt thanks.Sincerely yours，John Smith

Chairman of Qingya Residential committee 道歉便条

Mar.1 Dear Professor Liu, I’m sorry I couldn’t make 2 o’clock appointment.There is to be an urgent conference in my department this afternoon and I have to make some preparation for it.Could we meet at 3 o’clock on this Friday afternoon? If that is not convenient for you, please leave me a note in my mailbox.With many apologies.Sincerely yours, Pan Yang

Mar.15 Dear Lucy, I’m terribly sorry for not being able to return you the book you lent me several months ago.You see, I’m writing my thesis paper, and this book is one of my important references.If it is possible, I want to keep it for another month.If not, I’ll return it soon.Many apologies and thanks again.Yours, John

祝贺便条

Mar.5, 2005 Dear Martin, I’m so pleased to hear that you’ve got the scholarship to the University of Columbia.Congratulations on your success.You really deserve it because you are such an intelligent and hardworking student.I’ve never doubted your ability to achieve great aims.You will have a brilliant future, and I wish you all the best in your life and academic studies in the USA.Yours, Ann

致谢便条

Jun.15 Dear Peter, I’m writing to show my gratitude for your invitation to your birthday party.That was a really wonderful party.I appreciate your considerate arrangement and wonderful performances you had prepared.And it also offered me a chance to meet many old friends.I really enjoyed that night and do hope you will have a wonderful life.Yours, Helen

留便条

Mar.15 Dear Mr.Zhang, A Mr.Lin Min who recently arrived from Beijing called you this morning when you were out.He said he wished to see you, for he had something important to consult with you.You’re requested to ring him up at any time this evening from 8 p.m.to 10 p.m.at 500-5566.Yours，Zhang Wei

通知、海报

Notice

May 18, 2005 Dear schoolmates, To improve our English, an English evening is going to be held by the Students’ Union of English department at the Students’ Center from 7 p.m.to 9 p.m.this Saturday.You can enjoy short plays, English songs and poems at evening.Many foreign friends will be invited to the evening and they will offer us wonderful performances.All the teachers and students are welcome to attend the English evening.Come and enjoy the evening.Students’ Union

Football Match

English 0401 vs.Chinese 0402 Time: 3 p.m., Dec.10, 2005 Place: The University Stadium Please contact the Physical culture and Sport commission.Tickets are limited.Fans should be quick.The Physical culture and sport commission

November 8, 2005

第四篇：济南轻骑铃木摩托车有限公司介绍

济南轻骑铃木摩托车有限公司

公司名称：济南轻骑铃木摩托车有限公司 公司地址：济南高新技术开发区东部新区 创立时间：1994年7月29日 投产时间：1996年7月10日

生产规模：现已成为摩托车年生产能力超过50万辆，年产值超过20亿元，年利税过5亿元的大型专业摩托车生产企业。投 资 方：中国南方工业集团公司：中央直属的特大型企业集团，拥有特种装备、汽车、摩托车、汽车零部件、光电等五大产业板块，主营业务收入与资产规模突破1000亿元。

日本铃木株式会社：以轻型四轮车著称世界，日本四大摩托车厂家之一

公司方针：以让用户更满意为目标，创造更有价值的产品

上下同欲，建设光明的公司

敬业、认真、勤奋、干劲、不断向上 经营宗旨：站在消费者立场上，奉献有价值的产品

质量方针：制造赢得用户满意、有价值的产品，创建一流服务体制

环境方针：关爱环境 清洁生产

遵法守纪 预防污染

健全体制 持续改进

保护家园 贡献人类

多年的市场沉淀配合日趋完善的公司管理，使轻骑铃木开始进入高速发展时期。产品销量的快速突破，市场规模的成倍扩张，一个迅速崛起并潜力无限的轻骑铃木开始爆发出蓬勃的力量，令行业瞩目。

摩托车行业新技术、新工艺日新月异，市场前沿资讯嬗变、变幻莫测，“自信而激情奔放、务实而胸怀理想”的轻骑铃木人依靠对行业政策的迅速应对、对市场前瞻的精准把握，依靠铃木模式高效协调的管理机制、与时俱进的运营体系，着力打造品牌、产品、技术、服务的企业核心竞争力，不断规划和开辟出新的事业平台，聚集所有有效力量，健全更能实现巨大飞跃的高效体制。济南轻骑铃木摩托车有限公司，正逐步成长为一家令人信赖的优良的摩托车企业。

济南轻骑铃木摩托车有限公司的发展壮大离不开多年来一直关心、支持和帮助轻骑铃木的各级领导和各界人士。谆谆关怀如春暖大地，润物无语，方成就轻骑铃木成为今日行业内最具成长性最具竞争力的摩托车企业之一。

“航道已经打通，号角已经吹响，风帆已经扬起，轻骑铃木以更高昂的斗志和更快的速度开始新的航程。”

---总经理致辞---

全国的广大用户朋友们、摩托车的车迷朋友们：

大家好！非常感谢长久以来对敝公司产品的青睐，我代表公司全体员工向大家致以最真诚的谢意！

敝公司始终恪守“创造有价值的产品”这一宗旨，致力于向大家提供值得信赖的铃木牌摩托车。而且，我们每时每刻都站在消费者的立场上，自我反省什么是真正的有价值的产品。

我认为可以从以下几个方面阐释什么是有价值的产品：

·值得信赖的、高质量的产品。

·性价比高的产品（不仅仅局限于购买时的价格，还包括购买之后的油耗费用和维修费用）。

·由于拥有而带来喜悦及满足感、自豪感的产品。

为了能够制造出这样的摩托车，我们努力不懈，我们的产品也正在一点一点地接近我们的理想。

敝公司作为日本铃木株式会社在中国的摩托车生产基地，同时在铃木的全球战略中也占有重要的位置，自1996年开始正式投产以来，在以日本铃木派遣的总经理为首的中日高管层的共同领导管理下，建立起了和日本铃木同等水平的开发、生产、质量管理体系，以向中国的消费者提供和日本铃木同等质量水准的产品作为我们的崇高使命。自正式投产以来的这12年里，在广大消费者及社会各界的倾力支持下，敝公司取得了顺利的发展。2007年我们又有了中国南方工业集团这样新的合作伙伴，可以说这为敝公司的发展奠定了更加坚实的基础。

真诚的希望广大消费者和社会各界今后能够继续对敝公司及敝公司的产品给予一如既往的眷顾和信赖。此致!

济南轻骑铃木摩托车有限公司

总经理 岡崎 淳

公司荣誉

我公司作为一家大型摩托车制造企业，一直致力于向中国消费者提供卓越产品，通过多年的努力，先后获得了“中国最具竞争力的摩托车品牌”、“中国市场知名品牌质量.信誉.服务满意单位摩托车行业十大知名品牌”等称号。

在管理创新、技术创新等方面，我公司先后获得中国机械行业企业管理创新成果奖、全国优秀质量管理奖等荣誉称号。

同时，我公司亦为社会的发展、环境的保护做出自己的贡献，连续多年荣获“外商投资先进企业”、“济南市外商投资形象企业”、“省国税百强纳税企业”、“纳税明星企业等荣誉称号”、“环境保护信用等级A级企业”等荣誉称号。

1999年6月17日，公司一次性通过严格的欧洲（南德意志集团管理服务股份公司）TUV（ISO9002）认证，并于2004年一次性通过ISO14000环境管理体系认证。

2002年，我公司获日本铃木公司海外出口生产基地称号，2003年，又因“品质管理、成本控制、生产效率提高、营业推广等方面在铃木的众多海外工厂中表现突出，经营业绩优秀”，被铃木公司评为“模范海外工厂，并一直保持该称号。铃木模范海外工厂 铃木在中国的3S营销网络

环境管理体系认证证书 ＣＱＣ认证证书

质量管理

“站在消费者立场上，奉献有价值的产品”，这一质量标准现已融入轻骑铃木运营的每一个环节。日本铃木本部定期派遣技术人员现场指导，开展技术、质量培训；并长期派驻3名有经验的技术、质量专家督导把关；每一岗位都制定严格的QSOS（工艺标准），关键工序由经过日本铃木本部培训的优秀人员担当。3C认证证书 CQC认证证书

生产模式

以“生产与日本铃木同等质量水平的摩托车”为目标。

由日本铃木规划设计并制造安装大型压力机、涂装生产线、机械加工设备和检测系统等关键设备。

采用铃木TPICS生产管理系统，实行零部件“传票卡制度”和“零库存”的管理方式，融入铃木“少、小、轻、短、美”的生产方式（少投入、小规模、轻巧化、短简化、美观化），建立高效简捷运转的生产管理体制。

遵循P-D-C-A目标管理流程，整合50％以上员工的集体智慧，积极开展“QC”和品质提案改善活动，工作现场严把5S关，整理、整顿、清扫、清洁、素养一个都不能少。使员工树立起良好的集体荣誉感和团队合作精神。

全面实行铃木生产方式SPS（SUZUKI PRODUCTION SYSTEM），彻底做到一目了然的管理。

小：小成本；

少：少工时、少库存；

轻：工装设备轻量化；

短：短距离；

美：清洁、安全、有利于工作的5S： 整理 整顿 清扫 清洁 素养 环境

公司大事记

2010年公司大事记 ◆12月

※12月25日，公司三届一次职（工）代表大会顺利召开。◆11月

※3款GT新车和3款十五周年纪念版车型发布。

※公司完成了第二期代理公司销售服务经理的教导型经理人培训工作。※ERP试运行了技术管理系统、原材料管理系统。

※11月25日-26日，第二届铃木嘉年华（上海）成功举行。◆10月

※10月16日，公司参加济南市首届外向型企业职工运动会，取得了团体第五名的好成绩。

※10月27日-29日，第三季度全国代理商会议在成都顺利召开。※公司举办了全国代理商标准点检PK大赛决赛。※ERP项目中的营销系统试运行。◆9月

※9月13—17日，营销本部首届针对代理外勤人员的教导型经理人特训活动开展。

※GSX赛道特训营日完成北京站、广州三水站活动。◆8月

※8月12日，“南方集团第四届职业技能竞赛济南轻骑铃木摩托车有限公司选拔赛”圆满结束。

※公司组织部分配套厂家召开了为期8天的“管理研修会”。◆7月

※7月28日，全国首家铃木文化店在广西合浦落成。

※7月28日-8月1日，公司二季度代理会在广西北海召开。◆6月

※6月5日，中国摩托车行业绿色环保宣言签署仪式在北京钓鱼台国宾馆举行，公司岡崎淳总经理参加了签署仪式。※6月11 日至13日，公司参加了在北京举办的“中国国际摩托车及零部件交易会”。

※6月21日至22日，中国质量认证中心青岛分中心对公司质量、环境、3C进行了全面审核。

※6月27日，安徽省首届铃木改装大赛在合肥举行。◆5月

※5月14日，公司召开“百日安全生产竞赛”活动启动会，百日安全竞赛拉开帷幕。

※5月25-27日，由《中国兵器报》张永宁总编带队，就我公司各方面成功经验进行了深入访谈。

※5月27日，山东省委调研组在高新区有关领导的陪同下，对我公司进行了现场调研。◆4月

※公司2010年董事会于4月19日在日本铃木本社召开。※4月27-29日，公司一季度代理会在南昌召开。◆3月

※为庆祝“三八妇女节”100周年，公司工会举办了女工才艺展、征文、笑脸征集等丰富多彩的活动。

※为更快开展新工厂建设工作，公司成立了新工厂建设领导小组和搬迁办公室，并对技术生产本部的任职做出部分调整，新任职将于4月1日起正式执行。◆2月

※2月1日，济南轻骑派遣80名工作人员来我公司进行为期三个月的研修学习。※2009优秀员工、优秀学员的评比工作顺利完成，共评出优秀员工85名、优秀学员38名。

※公司迎来春节促销开门红，圆满完成预期目标。◆1月

※经中国兵装集团公司摩托车事业部党委研究决定：任命马洪同志为济南轻骑铃木摩托车有限公司党委副书记，免去陈娴同志的党委书记职务。

※公司荣获“2009工业能源交通邮电通信统计工作先进集体”、“2009年工业品、原材料价格统计工作先进集体”称号；“2009年消防工作先进单位”三项荣誉称号。

※1月25-29日，四季度代理商会议在海口召开。

※1月26日，铃木公司海外担当和久田先生来我公司视察。※2009年12月，公司下发了新的《就业规则》，并由人事部统一组织了修订答疑培训； ※2009年10月25—29日，公司在上海举办首届铃木嘉年华；

※2009年9月17日-20日，公司跟随母公司——中国兵器装备集团，参加了第八届（重庆）摩托车博览会。这是公司继2004年参加第六届（广州）国际摩托车展览会后，首次参展国内的摩托车博览会；

※2009年9月4日，120台QS125-5A（GT125国Ⅲ对应机种）在QS成车装配线下线，这是首批国Ⅲ机种在轻骑铃木实施量产； ※2009年7月31日，公司领导和ERP厂商——浪潮共同召开了项目的启动会议，这标志着公司ERP项目正式全面启动； ※2009年7月7日至9日，由山东省质量协会组织的QC成果发布会在威海召开，我公司机加工车间“卓越”QC小组的《降低AN150齿轮箱盖加工不良率》、涂装车间“卓越”QC小组的《降低GSX125车体的电泳不良率》、冲焊车间“橄榄树”QC小组的《降低QS150T车体流出不良率》荣获省级优秀QC成果奖。同时，涂装车间“卓越”QC小组荣获本次发布会“最佳发表奖”；

※2009年7月3日，公司和济南技术学院共同举办了高级技工班毕业典礼； ※2009年6月，以“中国力量”为主题的首届“中国摩托车十佳发动机”评选于6月正式拉开帷幕。在本次评选活动中，我公司参选的QS157FMI-3（骏威）和QS153FMI（骏驰）最终凭借领先的技术、超旺的人气荣获了首届“中国摩托车十佳发动机”（合资）称号；

※2009年6月，铃木车友会试点方案在安徽、湖南、江西、辽宁、广西五省开始实施；

※2009年6月8日，中国兵器装备集团公司对“2008年工业企业劳动生产率及增长率排行榜”进行了通报，我公司位列“2008年工业企业劳动生产率排行榜”榜首；

※2009年于6月3日-5日，济南市QC成果发布会在济南市长清区召开,冲焊车间的《降低QS150T车体流出不良率》、涂装车间的《降低GSX125车体电泳不良率》、机加工车间的《降低AN150齿轮箱加工不良率》荣获发表会一等奖。发动机车间的《制作磁电机定子半圆键挤脱报警装置提高确认效果》、完成车间的《降低FD110车型单车完成组装工时》荣获二等奖，同时我公司还荣获本次发表会的“最佳组织奖”的荣誉称号；

※2009年6月23日，公司2009ISO9001ISO14001外审圆满结束； ※2009年5月24日至26日，中机车辆技术服务中心的审核专家一行4人对轻骑铃木的独立生产准入进行了现场审核；

※2009年4月15日，我公司被济南市高新技术产业开发区财政局评为“会计基础工作规范评审优秀单位”；

※2009年3月，公司安装了考勤管理系统，并且从3月起公司实行刷卡考勤网络管理；

※2009年3月30日，公司被国家统计局山东调查总队评为“2008山东工业品价格统计调查先进单位”；

※2009年1月5日上午8时，公司2009年新年例会隆重举行；

※2009年1月，我公司财务本部在中国南方工业集团公司会计信息基础工作中获得二等奖；

※2009年1月，国家启动摩托车下乡工作，公司全力以赴，准备摩托车下乡招投标；

※ 2008年12月，《摩托车趋势》杂志主办的2008车型评选中，铃木锋彩凭借出色的综合表现获得“2008合作研发大奖”。※ 2008年12月，济南铃木商学院成立。

※ 2008年11月，由《摩托车信息》杂志主办的《中国摩托30年报告》中，轻骑铃木荣膺“行业著名品牌”称号，铃木王GS125荣膺“行

业经典车型”称号。

※ 2008年10月30日，中国南方工业集团公司党组成员、副总经理龚艳德、办公厅主任王进文、人力资源部副巡视员刘伯涵、科技质量部

副主任钱一欣、摩托车产业办公室副主任肖勇等一行莅临我公司检查指导工作。※ 2008年5月，轻骑铃木骏威GSX未来版上市发布会暨铃木品牌全球新口号（WAY OF LIFE）中国启动仪式在浙江萧山召开。

※ 2008年5月，为支援四川灾区，轻骑铃木通过山东省慈善总会向灾区人民捐款100万元。在公司工会的党委的的联合倡议下，全体直供

共为灾区人民捐款15余万，并对位于地震灾区的代理商四川金恒达商贸有限公司提供援助，向受灾的销售店员工发放慰问金。

※ 2008年3月16日，日本铃木中国首家SUZUKI WORLD店在安徽六安开业，来自铃木公司的高层、轻骑铃木领导、六安市相关领导、安徽

铃木代理及销售店经理等嘉宾出席了开业典礼。※ 2008年3月，轻骑铃木荣获济南市“2007先进企业”称号，总经理岡崎淳先生被评为济南市“2007优秀企业家”。※ 2008年2月，铃木锋彩125/150在国内上市。

※ 2007年11月30日，轻骑铃木临时董事会召开，并通过了冈崎淳先生接替日内地辉幸先生担任轻骑铃木副董事长、总经理职务的决议。

※ 2007年11月，南方集团副总经理、党组成员、总会计师李守武先生一行来轻骑铃木参观视察。

※ 2007年10月25日，为期两天的日本铃木第二届世界维修技能大赛在铃木公司总部日本滨淞落下帷幕，代表中国参赛的轻骑铃木选手袁

志刚获得冠军，这是中国选手首次夺得该项赛事的冠军。

※ 2007年5月底，南方集团副总经理、党组成员尹家绪先生一行来轻骑铃木参观视察。

※ 2007年4月21日，轻骑铃木在昆明召开了铃木韵彩QS100T和金版骏驰QS125-5/QS125-5C（GT125）两款新车的上市发布会。

※ 2007年4月2日上午，济南市市长张建国一行对轻骑铃木进行了视察。※ 2007年3月31日，济南市市委书记焉荣竹一行对轻骑铃木进行了视察。※ 2007年3月22日，轻骑铃木2007董事会在济南召开，本次会议是南方集团入股轻骑铃木后的首次董事会。会议通过了轻骑铃木

2006年经营报告等，并任命南方集团派遣的马洪先生为轻骑铃木财务副总经理。

※ 2007年1月26日，公司股权变更，中方股东由中国轻骑集团变更为中国南方工业集团公司。

※ 2006年7月，在第二届铃木亚洲样板店评选活动中，轻骑铃木浙江总代理杭州铃木摩托车销售有限公司成为中国区第一家获得亚洲样

板店得铃木摩托销售店。

※ 2006年6月14日-12月17，由轻骑铃木和日本铃木公司共同筹备的“铃木魅力炫动中国”大型巡回秀活动正式启动。

※ 2006年4月24日，轻骑铃木常务副总经理陈娴女士获得山东省总工会颁发的山东省富民兴鲁劳动奖章，轻骑铃木被评为济南市五一劳

动奖状先进单位

※ 2006年4月19日，轻骑铃木在济南泉城公园举办了“开业十周年员工表彰暨庆祝晚会”，会上轻骑铃木对为公司发展做出重大贡献的员工进行了表彰。

※ 2006年4月19日，轻骑铃木2006营销大会在济南召开，来自全国各地的700多家销售商和媒体参会。在本会议上轻骑铃木公布了新的销售政策，并推出了三款新品——铃木骏威GSX125十周年纪念版、铃木王GS125十周年纪念版、丽彩UZ125。※ 2006年 4月18日，轻骑铃木开业十周年庆祝大会隆重举行，省市相关领导、铃木公司代表及销售商、配套商共同出席了本次大会。※ 2005年11月，公司二期工程全面竣工投产。

※ 2005年5月24日，铃木骏驰GT125、铃木华彩QS125T-A及05升级版赛驰110碟刹款上市发布会在济南召开

※ 2004年11月24日，铃木新品骏威GSX125、GSX150在广州召开了上市发布会。

※ 2004年9月10日--16日，公司作为中国区唯一代表赴日参加了日本铃木株式会社举办的“维修技能世界竞赛大会”，并取得了优异的成绩。

※ 2004年9月9日，公司二期扩建工程开工典礼仪式隆重举行,济南市副市长杨佩钦等各级领导出席。二期工程投产后，公司的年生产能

力将提高一倍。

※ 2004年8月15日，公司通过ISO14001环境管理体系认证。

※ 2004年3月29日，公司迎来了首批海外研修团--巴基斯坦研修团。※ 2003年12月30日，铃木赛驰110弯梁车上市发布会在安徽合肥召开。※ 2003年10月20日，国家车辆生产准入审查组一行5位专家于对公司进行了相关审查，并于12月顺利通过。

※ 2003年10月1日，公司原总经理服部武夫先生任期届满，日内地辉幸先生成为公司新一任总经理。

※ 2003年7月16日，铃木GS125动力升级版开始量产。

※ 2003年5月19日，公司投资外方股权转让手续办理完成，铃木株式会社增资240万美元，收购日商岩井株式会社

※ 在公司10％的股份，总投资增长为960万美元，股份增至40％。

※ 2002年10月25日，公司顺利通过了ISO9001 2000版的升级审核，并于11月份获取了TUV颁发的认证书。

※ 2002年5月11日，公司全国销售商商务峰会在青岛召开，在本次会议上，铃木株式会社宣布了“轻骑铃木为铃

※ 木公司海外出口基地”，并授予授权证书。此次峰会为公司的跨越式发展树立了一个里程碑。

※ 2002年8月份，公司成功推出了超级风暴太子QS150-A和风飚QS125-E两款新车

※ 2002年5月11日，铃木株式会社宣布授予轻骑铃木为铃木公司海外出口基地。

※ 2002年1月3日，在公司各级领导及全体员工的大力支持下，企业刊物《大家园》成功创刊。

※ 2001年12月6日，铃木GM125正式投放市场，与消费者见面。※ 2001年11月，出口版铃木发动机X9174-A 正式量产。

※ 2001年10月1日，公司正式在全国各省全面实施“无忧服务工程”。

※ 2001年7月27日，全体员工在玉泉森信共聚一堂，庆祝公司开业5周年。※ 2000年11月22日，铃木悠eQS125T新品发布会在广州市东方宾馆举行。※ 2000年7月19日，铃木风暴QS125-A太子车正式量产下线，8月2日上市发布会在厦门召开。※ 1999年10月9日，大连市长***参观公司。

※ 1999年8月19日，铃木株式会社社长铃木修先生到公司视察。

※ 1999年6月17日，公司一次性通过严格的欧洲（南德意志集团管理服务股份公司）TüV（ISO9002）认证，并获得证书。

※ 1999年5月15日，全国人大委员长李鹏参观公司。

※ 1999年2月24日，公司被济南市政府授予“济南市1998先进企业”，“纳税先进企业”称号。

※ 1999年2月1日，公司第一届董事会第四次会议在泉城大酒店召开，友田义章先生任职到期，总经理由日本铃 ※ 木株式会社代表服部武夫先生接任。

※ 1998年10月，轻骑铃木青苹果QC小组获“全国优秀质量管理小组”称号。※ 1998年7月30日，全国人大常委会副委员长周光召由山东省副省长邵桂芳陪同到公司参观座谈。

※ 1998年5月25日，国家外经贸部长石广生参观公司。※ 1998年5月，铃木99新款铃木王GS125（B型）投产。※ 1998年4月4日，全国政协副主席毛致用到公司参观。※ 1997年12月，铃木超人QS150T踏板车投产。

※ 1997年11月19日，山东省副省长杜世成参观公司。

※ 1997年10月29日，中国化学工业部部长陈士能先生参观公司。※ 1997年6月8日，公司济南服务中心开业。

※ 1997年5月28日，轻骑铃木董事会决定公司新增资本1200万美金，总注册资本达到2400万美元，新增资本按时到位。

※ 1997年1月，公司被授予“济南市先进投资企业”及“外商投资形象企业”称号。

※ 1996年11月8日，公司携由日本铃木公司引进的第二个产品－GSX250及已正式生产的GS125摩托车参加广州国际

※ 汽车摩托车展览会，此次参展是年轻的轻骑铃木首次参加国际大型展览。※ 1996年7月10日，公司总经理友田义章被授予“济南市荣誉市民”称号。※ 1996年7月8日，济南市委书记孙淑义参观公司。

※ 1996年2月13日，公司第一届董事会第一次会议召开。中国轻骑集团董事长张家岭先生任公司董事长，日本铃

※ 木株式会社友田义章先生任公司总经理，李树意先生任公司中方代表、副总经理。

※ 1996年1月31日，计15408平方米的主辅厂房全部竣工。※ 1996年1月，公司试制10台GS125.※ 1995年8月23日—11月23日，公司首批研修团赴日研修学习。

※ 1994年12月28日，合资公司奠基仪式举行，国务院特区办主任胡平、中国轻骑集团董事长张家岭、日本铃木

※ 株式会社代表友田义章及政府领导出席奠基仪式。

※ 1994年3月25日，中国轻骑集团、日本铃木株式会社、日商岩井株式会社合资三方在日本签订了合资合同及章程。公司注册资本

1200万美元，其中中国轻骑集团占60%，日本铃木株式会社占30％，日商岩井株式会社占10％。首期工程年设计生产能力20万台摩托

车。※ 1992年10月，中国轻骑集团总裁张家岭率团访日，与日本铃木株式会社商谈建立合资公司的方案。

第五篇：比较选择作文类型2

比较型作文

比较型作文一般分为说明式和议论式比较两种。说明式比较在比较过程中，作者不发表个人意见，不体现个人取向，单纯以说明介绍为目的。

议论式比较以比较事物优劣、阐明自己立场为目的，一般分为倾向型和中立型两种类型。

一、倾向型比较论说文

1、首段

引言句（第一句）：引出比较的对象

主题句（第二句）：提出主题，明确表明作者的个人取向与偏好。

Topic 1 Which do you prefer: to live alone or to live with other classmates?

It is often difficult for undergraduates to decide whether they should live alone or they should live with other classmates.In my opinion, to live with others is always better.2、主体部分

对比点的笔墨分配应有所侧重，对于作者持否定态度的事物优势应少写，而对于肯定的事物的优点则要多用笔墨，对于其缺点可轻描淡写。Topic 1 Which do you prefer: to live alone or1

to live with other classmates?

My belief that to live with others is a better choice is based on the following two reasons(第一句承接首段的观点，引出下文的发展模式).The first reason is that it is very convenient to ask classmates questions about courses and have various discussions with them if we live together...(A优点之一, 用拓展句加以说明）.But if we live alone, we have no one to ask for help…(转折关联词说明B相应的缺点，并用拓展句加以说明）.The second reason for living with classmates is that it can help us have better personal relations.…(A优点之二（1句），用拓展句加以说明).In contrast, if living alone, it may not be easy for us to learn to get along well with others…(转折关联词说明B相应的缺点，并用拓展句加以说明).3、结尾段=呼应主题句，强调被肯定事物的积极

作用。

Topic 1 Which do you prefer: to live alone or to live with other students?

In conclusion, living with others is the best2

choice for college students.It helps them to perform better in study and establish better personal relations.In contrast, living along would produce adverse impact and therefore should be avoided.