黑英语翻译

第一篇：黑英语翻译

黑人英语

Peter Farb

极少数美国白人意识到大多数美国黑人患有语言分裂症——一种独特的病症。底层黑人的双语问题是不寻常的，因为他不讲口语式的或“不正确”的形式的标准英语。相反，他们说方言，这种方言有一个截然不同的语法规则和发音体系，即使对白人听众来讲，黑人们似乎在努力说标准的英语。任何说黑人英语的人很可能发现自己被指责为是使用下等标准英语的人，而实际上他说的是一种完全不同的方言，这种方言与白人的标准英语是一致的，同样是优雅的。整个黑人英语问题是与种族主义和极少讨论这种问题的良好意图联系在一起的，即使这个领域的专家也很少提及此事。有一种极端的说法，种族主义者有意识或无意识地将黑人英语问题归咎于黑人的体性特征，比如嘴唇厚或者舌头大；他还肯定：黑人英语是低等的语言，它必须被消灭。另外一种极端的说法是一位自由主义者提出的。他反驳道：他发现黑人英语仅仅是从白人英语中脱离出来的一部分；他认为黑人英语只是美国南部的一种方言，而且他将这种问题归因于黑人被剥夺了教育权利。这两种观点都是错误的。黑人英语从标准英语的分离跟种族分离和教育的缺失是没有关系的。在新大陆，黑人英语的历史表明：从一开始这就是不同的，曾经两者还具有更加不同的地方，不过那个时代已经过去了。当然，一些黑人说的英语跟白人完全相同，但是这种例子都是最近的和特别的;绝大多数的黑人有时候或者一直在讲黑人英语。我不认为黑人英语是个褒义的词汇，它被白人们误用为这是在跟黑人兄弟说真正的灵魂。对与描述黑英语来讲，这些丰富的具有隐喻意的词汇没有语法那么重要。它们来自于同样的过程，这个过程同样产生了俚语，行话，和标准英语中的隐语，并且，他

们如同标准英语一样，它们已经渗透成为一般词汇的一部分了。它们当中的很多词，如常规，广场，摇摆，说唱，酷，小鸡，挖，撕掉，曾经都是黑英语使用者的绝对财产，不过现在已经被白人们广泛使用了。我所指的不是那些一直都在变化的肤浅的词汇，而是其大不相同的历史，发音体系，和基本结构。我们今天所听到的黑英语应该是由五大因素影响下的结果，他们是：非洲语言；西非的洋泾浜语；南美种植园奴隶以及北部加拿大奴隶所讲的克里奥尔语；标准英语；最后就是北部少数名族聚居地区的城市化。非洲语言对黑英语的影响之前一直都被否认的，直到在1949洛伦佐特纳发表了他对格勒语15年的研究成果，这说法才被人们接受。格勒语是查尔斯顿的沿海地区，南卡罗来纳州，和萨凡纳，乔治亚等地区使用的方言。格勒语在黑英语历史上具有重要地位，格勒地区最迟在1858年就开始不断地从非洲直接接收黑人奴隶了，因此非洲语言对黑英语的影响在这个地区应该持续的时间比较长。特纳积累的令人信服的证据显示：在发音，词汇和语法方面，格勒语和许多非洲西部语言是相似的。他列出了大约4000个格勒语单词涉及到人名，数字还有其他物体，这些都是直接从非洲语言中借来的。其中的一些字：如手提包，恙，山药，和土豆（马铃薯”），最后进入标准英语。

第二个因素，洋泾浜语的影响就更加明显了，因为，在新大陆，讲这种语言的那些奴隶们的后人到处都是——不管这些语言是否是从英语，法语，荷兰语，西班牙语，还是葡萄牙语而来——它们在发音与语法方面都有共同的特征。例如，黑英语中得常见结构:他把门关上了。在标准英语中找不到直接的对称说法，不过在葡萄牙洋泾浜语，西非的Weskos，海地的法国克里奥尔语，苏里南的萨克里奥尔语，等等语言中都找到了相似的结构。通过18世纪的书信，历史书本

和旅行记录对奴隶语言进行的分析表明这些分布于美国大陆南北部的奴隶中的大多数人都讲洋泾浜语。这些都是正如所料的一样，因为黑人们讲许多种不同的语言，当他们被带到西非奴隶工厂的时候，他们不得不发明一些交流的方法。无论他们的母语是什么，他们不得不学第二种语言。这种洋泾浜英语最早在1719年通过黑奴贸易传播到了全世界。我们之所以确定是那个年代是因在丹尼尔.迪佛出版的《鲁滨孙漂流记》中星期五这个角色就有迹象，在这本书中出现了大量的这些洋泾浜语和使用西非语和以一周的某一天给奴隶取名字的例子。

因此多数已经到达新大陆的奴隶必须讲洋泾浜英语以便于与他人，甚至与监督员们交流。在随后的几代人里，只有少数的黑人被教授了标准的英语。然而很显然的是大多数的黑人通过将英语词汇加入母语或洋泾浜语言结构中的方式，把洋泾浜语扩大为克里奥尔语——这种语言被一些语言学家称为种植园克里奥语，即使在北方地区也有人说这种语言。

令人奇怪的是人们花了很长时间才意识到黑人英语不是标准英语错误发音的产物，更不是标准英语语法错误的随机堆积。黑英语的表达是与语法相符的，并且正如标准英语的表达由一些规则生成的一样，黑英语的表达也是有规则生成的。人们可能认为黑人英语的表达不是“好英语”，但这不是重点，因为与标准英语相比，黑人英语使用了一套不同的规则，这才是重点。

第二篇：英语翻译

英语1-4单元翻译

第一单元.这个婴儿还不会爬，更不用说走了。The baby can not crawl,let alone walk.2 威尔声称谋杀案发生时他正在与一群朋友吃饭，但是我认为他在说谎。Will claimed that he was having a dinner with his friend when the murder happended,but in my opinion he is lying.he told lie.3 一定程度上阅读速度与阅读技巧密切相关；有了阅读技巧，你就可以更好的应对课外阅读了。

To a certain extent ,the speed of reading is closely related to reading skills;and reading skills, you can better cope with outside class readingafter class reading.4 根据规则他们俩都可以参加比赛。

According to the ruleregulation, they both can take part inparticipate the game.5 有些人想当然的认为日语中的每一个词在汉语中都有对应的词语。Some people assume that each word in Japanese has an equivalent in Chinese /Some people assume that there is a Chinese equivalent for very Japanese word 6 我已将所有的相关信息告知了警方。

We have already reported all relevant information to the police We have already passed all relevant information on the police 7 关于那件事你问我再多的问题也没用，因为我是不会回答你的。It is no use asking me any more questions because I won’t answer 8 事先没有仔细阅读合同就签了名是吉姆的错误。

Singing the contract without reading it carefully was a mistake on Jim’s part It was a mistake on Jim’s part to sign the contract without reading carefully 9 他们拒绝向我们提供所需要的全部信息。

They refused to provide us with all information that we needed 10 这起事故与三年前发生的一起事故极为相似。

This accident is very similar to the one that happened three years ago 11 这部影片是根据莎士比亚的戏剧改编的。

The film /movies is based on a play of William Shakespeare 如果你过你的英语和电脑技能都掌握得好，那么你在谋职时一定比别人更有优势.You’ll surely /certainly have advantage over others in finding a job ,if you are good at /if you have a good command of both English and computer skills

第二单元 很多老师不赞同这种做法

Many /A lot of /A large number of teachers frowned on this practice 2 当我想从草地上穿过去的时候，有位老人在旁边怒视着我。

When I was about to /was trying to cross /cut across the lawn , an old man glared at me.3 当我提到我的父亲，她脸上总是露出来认识我的笑容。

When I mentioned my father, she showed a smile of recognition on her face 4 我的大孩子比较听话，而小的那个非常倔。我现在还回想起小的孩子在中学毕业后是如何执意要出国读书的。

My older child/My firstborn was quit obedient, whereas my younger child was very stubborn.I can still recall how the younger child insisted on going abroad to study after his graduation from middle school.5 当海啸袭来时，许多东南亚国家遭受了巨大的损失。

Countries in South East Asia sustained great losses when the tsunami struck the area.6 每当做母亲的那弟弟跟哥哥作比较，弟弟就要抗议。

Every time the mother tries to compare the younger brother with his elder brother, the younger one will protest 7 当他初到这个新学校的时候，发现自己与其他同学格格不入。

He found himself unable to fit in with his classmates when he first came to this school 8 她脸上气急败坏的表情实在把我吓坏了。我再也不敢说个不字。The fury on her face terrified me.I dared not say no to her again.9 怪不得你最后闯出祸来，原来你从来不听你父母的管教。No wonder you ended up in trouble.You never followed your parents’ advice.10 他发了整整两年的时间才慢慢适应了这个新环境。It took him two years to adapt to the new environment

第三单元 威廉非常喜欢那个女孩，所以他尽力讨好她，并且很有信心可以赢得她的心。William likes the girl very much /a lot so he tires his best to impress her and is optimistic to min her heart.2 他有创造性，对未来也有很好的判断力，可就是喜欢秘而不宣。He is creative and has a good vision of the future, but he likes keep things to himself.3 他们来自一个贫穷的小山村，那里的人们远离现代文明。

They come from a poor little village where people were shut off from modern civilization.4 我们要努力工作，争取达到我们是定下的目标.We must work hard and make an effort to achieve the goals that we have set.5 我们应满足于我们所拥有的一切，不该对周围的事情过分吹毛求疵。We should learn to be content with all that we have and should not be too critical about things around us.6 他们经常代表学校参加辩论比赛；今晚我们将聚会庆祝他们的成功。They often represent our school in debating competitions;tonight we will throw a party to celebrate their success.7 通过读书，他不仅开阔了视野，而且学会了不断完善自己的人格。Through reading ,not only has he expanded his horizons,but he also has learned to keep improving his character.8 为了把那个女孩从火中救出，两名警察牺牲了他们的生命。

Two policemen sacrificed their lives in order to save that girl from the fire.9 稳定的；无冲突的夫妻关系对家庭中的孩子有好处。

A stable relationship without conflict between husband and wife benefits the children in family.3

第四单元 我们一知道成绩就互相联系吧！

Let’s get in touch as soon as we know the result of the testexam 2 那音乐激起他强烈的思乡之情。

The music aroused an intense feeling of homesickness in him.3 你已经工作一个上午了，该休息一下了

You’ve been working all morning---you;deserve a rest now.4 我刚躺下，电话铃就响了。

I had no sooner lain down than the telephone rangNo sooner had I lain down than the telephone rang.5 医生说我疲劳过度，劝我不要在接受更多的工作

My doctor says I’m too tired and has advised me not to take on any more work 6 珍妮自愿负责聚会后的清洁工作。

Jenny volunteered to clear up after the gathering.7 演讲的题目提前一个星期宣布，但是演讲者的名字不会提前告知。The subject of the talk is announced a week in advance, but the name of the speaker is not.8 你的考试成绩没有达到所要求的标准，换句话说，你考试不及格。Your performance in the exam did not reach the required standard----in other words, you failed.9 她病得很厉害，必须停止工作。She was so ill that she had to leave off work.10 现在没办法知道结果会怎样，案子的决定权在法官手里，我们所能做的就是等待

There is no way to tell what is going to happen.The case is in the hands of the judge, and all we could do is to wait.4

第三篇：英语翻译

翻译：

在2011年7月，我加入了海航集团这个大家庭并成为海南新生信息有限公司北京分公司的一员，领导给我的职位是客户服务主管，在这个短短的半年中，我严格要求自己并较好的执行自己本职的工作，有收获，也有不足的地方，在公司领导的帮助下，我从一个对自己的工作一知半解，到现在我可以自己独当一面，现将自己的工作状况以及个人体会总结如下：工作介绍:

在这半年中，我们公司主要的工作重点都放在北京锦绣大地物流港，我们的工作主要是在锦绣大地开展第三方支付业务，海航在2011年5月16日全国首批取得 《中华人民共和国支付业务许可证》，在2011年1月24日获得《支付系统安全认证证书》并以此为基础开发科一个支付系统简称“新生支付”系统。通过这个系统为锦绣大地的商户们提供代收代付服务等相关金融服务。

而我的工作主要为：对商户以及公司客户进行新生支付系统的了解推广以及介绍，为商户及公司申请新生支付账号，对新生支付进行使用以及对锦绣大地的一些正在使用新生支付系统的公司进行操作上的培训以及解答，给锦绣大地管理员进行锦绣大地结算卡的培训与使用介绍。

① 新生支付业务了解及推广

在我刚开始接触新生支付系统的时候我只是通过从大新华易物流总部那个得到的相关资料对新生支付系统仅有初步的了解，之后我通过联系易物流总部运营部的苏珊周嘉华等人，对新生支付系统有了更深刻的了解，同时，锦绣大地的一些公司对新生支付也比较有兴趣，这正好可以让我在实际操作中了解新生支付以及对其进行推广，在推广过程中，我了解到了客户的信息，并准备通过他们提交的信息为他们申请支付平台的账号。

② 新生账号的申请

从向总部的相关人员咨询中我了解到，只有申请到了新生平台账号才能在新生平台进行业务的使用。申请账号时需要备其以下资料：商户信息调查表完整填写，营业执照副本，税务登记证，组织机构代码证，法人身份证（都需要复印件），同时要签订协议并上报公文，在协议中，要明确的是结算时间，这个主要跟客户在使用平台时付款的到账时间有关，一般为T+1。了更好更快的推广新生支付平台，我通过以上的要求在1个半月的时间里为锦绣大地的5家公司开了新生平台账号。

③ 新生支付平台的使用培训

在申请完新生支付平台账号后，我将帮助客户进行账号的注册，登陆密码和支付密码啊的设定，之后就可以在使用了。一般的客户主要在平台上进行大额款项的往来、单比付款、批量付款。单笔付款主要是面向个人或者是一家公司，批量付款则是这个系统的一大优点，在一张excel表里可以把所有付款信息填入里面，无论多少人，多少公司都可以，这时，需要在设置另一个操作员的账号，由于批量付款涉及金融较大，数量较多，所有对系统会在批量付款时需要业务复核。在这半年里，这5家公司通过批量付款进行过工资发放，退付款的发放等等，而且他们每天都在新生平台进行金额的代收代付业务。

④ 锦绣大地结算卡

我们在锦绣大地推广新生系统的同时，为了给商户们带来更便利的金融服务，我们推出了锦绣大地结算卡，这是一张预付费卡，可记名可挂失。商户们可以通过这张卡在锦绣大地的结算中心进行现金存取，存支票，转账等业务。在领导把这张结算卡的主要功能给我们讲解完后，在半个月的时间里，我们基本上把这张卡的功能全部了解了。在领导的要求下，我们分层给锦绣大地的管理员们进行培训，之后找到每层的大商户，分层分批次的跟他们进行结算卡的推广。我们以锦绣大地联合农副产品批发市场有限公司名，为其申请了新生平台账号，结算中心通过锦绣大地的新生平台进行代收代付的业务。

感受与不足

在进入海航集团的这半年里我感受到了海航大家庭的温暖，体会到了海航精神，体会到了“共同理想、共同信仰、共同追求、共同理念”，体会到海航将追求品质贯穿到每位海航人的每件工作中，以“诚信、业绩、创新”为理念，赋予了“海航”这个符号高品质的形象，奠定了海航事业长青不凋的基石。在领导和同事的帮助下，自己成长了许多也成熟了许多，领导交给自己的任务，自己可以独立完成，做到独当一面。体会到了海航精神里面的为自己做点事，为他们做点事。

自己在很多方面都有不足的地方，首先我认为我对第三方支付的这个概念了解的不是很全面，而且对金融这方面的知识了解的不是很多，自己应该在周末和休息时间多学一些金融方面的知识，多看一些金融方面的书籍。海航是一个竞争力很强的企业，如果不学习不总结经验早晚会被海航淘汰，在海航一定要多学习，多总结经验和教训，使自己不断成长，这样才能让自己站得住脚。自己在工作中可能还是有些马虎大意，这在以后工作中是一定不行的，自己所涉及的都是金额较大的工作，所以一定要认真。

今年马上就要过去了，明天可能会有更多更有挑战性的工作等着我来完成，我自己也很期待去锻炼自己，让自己变的更成熟稳重，可以帮助领导和同事排忧解难，自已一定要积极贯彻“海航十则”精神，团结同事，听取别人的意见和建议，多学习，多总结经验和教训，为海航的发展多出一份力！

In July 2011, I joined the Haihang group，and become a new member of Hainan new information co., LTD., Beijing branch, my position is customer service director.During this short half a year, I am strict with myself and do my job, I have learnt a lot as well as shortcomings.Under the leadership of firm, I change from a girl knows nothing about business to a girl who can make it, now I will share my working conditions and personal experience with all of you, as follows:

Work Introduction:

During this half year, our company mainly focuses on the Beijing big country logistics port, our main task is to develop the third party payment business in the big country.Haihang first obtains the People's Republic of China payment business license in the May 16, 2011 ,and in 2011 January 24th it wins payment system security authentication certificate and, on this basis, developing a payment system called” the new payment system”.By which big businessmen in the country are able to conduct collect and pay service and other related financial services

My work is mainly as follows: introduce the new payment system to merchants and customers, help them to apply for new payment account, operate the training for the new-pay-users as well as to the big country of new payment system, and introduce the using methods for the to big country managers.(1)understanding and promotion for the new payment business

I just started to contact new payment system via the Xinhuayi logistics headquarters and the relevant information, with the help of ZhouJiaHua, Susan and other acquaintances, I have a deeper understanding of the new payment systems.Meanwhile, some companies are interested in new payment, in which I am able to promote it and have a picture of clients in the real operation, and prepare to submit for their payment platform account through their information

(2)Application for the new account

By the relevant consulting from the heads, I learned that only apply for the new platform account can use it for business.Apply for the account calls for the following material: complete merchant information questionnaire, duplicate of business license, tax registration

certificate, organization code certificate, legal person's ID card(all need copy), and at the same time they need to sign the agreement, and hand in it.What shall be clearly is the main settlement time, which customers in the use of platform payment should account the time, generally for T + 1.In order to promote new payment platform, I opened new platform account for 5 big companies through the above requirements in one and a half months.(3)training for the use of new payment platform

In the application for the new account payment platform, I will help customers account registration, password, then can be in use.The general

customers are mainly in the platform of the large amount of money than current, single payment, batch payment.Single payment mainly is for an individual or company, batch payment system is the one of the great strengths and, a piece of excel list can put all the payment information inside, no matter how many people and company, at this time, we need to set up another operator account, due to the batch payment involves more quantity, all of the system in batch payment need business review.During this half year, the five companies made salary, pay back the issue, and so on through the batch payment, and they everyday in the new platform for amount of collection and payment business.(4)the big country debit card

We promote new system, at the same time, in order to bring more financial services to traders, we have launched the big country debit card, this is a prepaid card, which can be registered and can report the lost.Traders of the settlement center can have cash access, deposit check, transfer, etc through the card in the big country.After the leader introduces the functions of this debit card, we have a good grasp of it in the coming half month.Under the leadership, we give the detailed training to managers and big fishes about the debit card.Our big country,agricultural and sideline products wholesale market co., LTD., applies for the new platform account, settlement center collects and pays business through the new platform.Feeling and shortage

During the half year in Haihang group, I felt the warm of this family, and realize the process of spirit, “same ideal, same beliefs, same pursuit, and same idea”, realize to the Haihang will pursue the quality through the process of each piece of work, take “the faith, performance,innovation” for the concept, shape “Haihang” the image of high quality, laid the solid foundation of the development.With the help of leadership and colleagues, I grow up and become mature.I am able to finish the task on myself which realize the spirit “one for all, all for one”.I have some shortcomings, to begin with, I don’t have a clear picture of third party payment and also lack for financial knowledge, I should spare the weekend time to do more reading and learn more about them.Haihang is a very competitive enterprise, without learning and summing up experiences one is easily be eliminated.In this company, I must learn the lessons to make myself grow up, only in this way I will earn a position here.I am careless sometimes in the work, which is not allowed because it is involved in the large amount of money, so I must serious.This year will be the past, more challenges are waiting for me, I, myself, also looking forward to exercise myself, and learn to be more mature.I can help leaders and colleagues to solve problems, and I do stick for the spirit, I will unify colleagues, take their suggestions and advise, learn to sum up experience and lessons to make a contribution to Haihang!

第四篇：英语翻译

“Our aim is to take our art to the world and make people understand what it is to move，” said David Belle, the founder of parkour(跑酷)．

Do you love running? It is a good exercise, yet many people find it boring.But what if making your morning jog a creative one? Like jumping from walls and over gaps, and ground rolls? Just like the James Bond in the movie Casino Royale？Bond jumps down from a roof to a windowsill and then runs several blocks over obstacles on the way.It is just because of Bond’s wonderful performances that the sport has become popular worldwide.Yes, that’s parkour, an extreme street sport aimed at moving from one point to another as quickly as possible, getting over all the obstacles in the path using only the abilities of the human body.Parkour is considered an extreme sport.As its participants dash around a city, they may jump over fences, run up walls and even move from rooftop to rooftop.Parkour can be just as exciting and charming as it sounds, but its participants see parkour much more than that.Overcoming all the obstacles on the course and in life is part of the philosophy(理念)behind parkour.This is the same as life.You must determine your destination, go straight, jump over all the barriers as if in parkour and never fall back from them in your life, to reach the destination successfully.A parkour lover said, “I love parkour because its philosophy has become my life, my way to do everything.” Another philosophy we’ve learnt from parkour is freedom.It can be done by anyone, at any time, anywhere in the world.It is a kind of expression of trust in yourself that you earn energy and confidence.()1.Parkour has become popular throughout the world because of ________.A．its founder, David Belle B．the film Casino Royale C．its risks and tricks D．the varieties of participants()2.The underlined word “obstacles” in Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to “________”． A．streets

B．objects

C．barriers

D．roofs()3.Which of the following is TRUE of parkour? A．It challenges human abilities.B．It is a good but boring sport.C．It needs special training.D．It is a team sport.()4.As its participants move around a city, ________.A．they can ask for help B．they may choose to escape C．they should run to extremes D．they must learn to survive()5.Which of the following is the philosophy of parkour? A．Sports and extremes.B．Excitement and popularity.C．Dreams and success.D．Determination and freedom “我们的目标是把我们的艺术走向世界，让人们了解什么是移动的，说：”戴维贝尔，跑酷的创始人（跑酷）。你喜欢跑步吗？这是一个很好的锻炼，但许多人觉得很无聊。但如果你早上慢跑一个具有创造性的人？就像跳围墙和差距，和地面卷吗？就像在电影皇家赌场的杰姆斯邦德？键跳跃从屋顶到窗台上，然后越过障碍的道路上几块。这是因为债券的精彩表演，体育已经成为风靡全球。是的，这是一个极端的街头运动跑酷，旨在从一个点到另一个尽可能快，要在路上的一切障碍，只使用了人体的能力。跑酷是一项极端的运动。为参加短跑在城市周围，他们可能会跳过栅栏，跑上墙，甚至从屋顶。跑酷也一样令人兴奋和迷人的声音，但其参与者看到跑酷多。克服了所有困难的课程和生活哲理的部分（理念）在跑酷。这是一样的生活。你必须确定你的目的地，笔直走，跳过所有的障碍，如在跑酷永不后退从他们在你的生活中，成功地达到目的地。一个跑酷爱好者说，“我爱跑酷因为其哲学已经成为我的生活，我做的一切。”另一种哲学，我们学会了从跑酷是自由的。它可以通过任何人，在任何时间，在世界的任何地方。它是一种信任自己，你获得的能量和自信的表达。（）1.parkour风靡世界因为________。利用其创始人，戴维Belle该电影皇家赌场c.风险和技巧的品种的参与者（）2.下划线的单词“障碍”2段意思相近的“________”。b.objects街头c.barriers d.roofs（）下列内容，是真正的跑酷？A.它挑战人类的能力。这是一个很好的但无聊的运动。它需要特殊的训练。这是一项团队运动。（）4.as参与者将周围的城市，________。他们可以寻求帮助，他们可能会选择逃避他们应该走极端他们必须学会生存（）下列5.which是跑酷的哲学？A.体育和极端。B.兴奋和普及。C.梦想与成功。D.确定和自由

【要点综述】 电影中的邦德让跑酷运动风靡全球，它既是对人体能力极限的挑战，也是对人生意志与自由的追求。1．B 细节理解题。根据第二段可知跑酷之所以风靡全球是受《皇家赌场中主人公邦德精彩表演的影响。2．C 词义猜测题。根据倒数第二段中间部分的“jump over all the barriers as if in parkour”可知画线词与C项“障碍”意思最接近。3．A 根据第三段中的“getting over all the obstacles in the path using only the abilities of the human body”可知跑酷是对人体能力的挑战。4．C 推理判断题。根据第二、三段最后两句中的内容可推测他们应该跑到极限。5．D 推理判断题。结合倒数第二段中内容以及最后一段第一句中内容可知跑酷的理念是决心和自由

第五篇：英语翻译

1.As is commonly acknowledged / It is commonly recognised that humans are social animals.Bonded together in a community, we naturally expect to have friends.As to what friendship is, people have different notions / ideas.Some make friends for mutual utility.Once the ground for such friendship disappears, the friendship also breaks up.However, a lot more people long for “soul pals”— those who possess virtues and with whom we can go through trials and tribulations together.Such friendships keep us away from greed and violence and encourage us to have the courage of our convictions.Such is what we call “true and perfect friendship”.2.After dinner, we all sat around the hearth.Aunt Susan was still in the grief of losing Uncle Robert.In her soft voice she told us about their past years.Uncle Robert joined the army shortly after they were engaged.Given the critical situation at the time when lots of army men didn’t return alive, you can imagine how much overjoyed Aunt Susan was to see Uncle Robert come back safe and sound from the European battlefield.Then they got married and brought up five children.For all those years, their affection for each other grew stronger in the course of overcoming difficulties and hardships in life.I was fascinated by Aunt Susan’s story, which was totally different from my ideal of love.They practiced giving and sharing in their daily life instead of pursuing passion and romance.Amazingly, such love lasted through their whole life.3.Happiness must have much to do with money.After all, a hard life will wear out one’s sense of joy.However, happiness doesn’t derive from money alone.Today’s society as a whole has seen dramatic improvement in the standard of living, and the majority of people are decently fed and clothed.However, are people happier today? In fact, when the mass media and commercial advertisements are still reinforcing the notion that to be happy is to possess more, people find themselves longing more earnestly than ever for a happy and healthy spiritual life: being loved, respected, feeling safe and proud of realizing their self-value.As a wise man once pointed out, happiness lies in the positive attitude one holds towards life other than how much money one earns.Those millionaires who view life as boring and empty serve as good negative examples.5.Scientific development has brought about global changes in educational thought.It not only generates such a new form of education as “virtual universities” but turns “lifelong learning” into a workable project.In addition, people today seem to be in favor of practical knowledge.But whatever changes there might have been, education must stick to its classic role: to enlighten learners.Confronted with the new problems of this century, we still expect that education should put more emphasis on cultivating learners' competence to think critically and to work collaboratively / with team spirit.Furthermore, we hope that education will take the responsibility of promoting traditional virtues by guiding learners to dispense with negative desires like greed, lust and violence.6.Once transplanted abroad, people will feel anxious and even lose the capacity to deal with daily routines.This problem is attributed to the disappearance of the surroundings we have been used to.Then, what should we do so as to change the life styles and patterns built up in us over so many years? First, we should be more tolerant towards people with cultural backgrounds different from ours.To get over frustrations caused by culture shock, we should try to adapt ourselves to the new environment and get along with our workmates harmoniously.Furthermore, we should never identify a person with the nationality he represents or proceed to hate the person’s culture only because we don’t like him.In fact, to preserve our national culture is not to resist foreign ones.8.In the modern society, how does competition work in combination with cooperation? Firstly, scarcity leads to competition.Players of the same football team compete for slots on the team, and this team competes against other teams for victory.In a work place, colleagues compete for higher positions.And also in business, firms become rivals for more consumers and a bigger market share.But meanwhile competition is inseparable from cooperation.Players have to cooperate efficiently with one another to win the championships for their team.Colleagues have to cooperate to accomplish their shared task.Firms try their best to cooperate to lobby the agencies of business administration for the greatest privileges.All in all, individuals as well as teams are subjected to both competition and cooperation.The two together nourish the social development so that we can enjoy a more prosperous and harmonious world.