英语翻译中的增词法

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第一篇:英语翻译中的增词法

法(上)试译下列句子

Success is often just an idea away.原译:成功往往只是一个念头的距离。改译:成功与否往往只是一念之差。

分析:“原译”似乎与原文一一对应、丝丝入扣。但却含糊不清,让人难解其意。“改译”增加了“与否”二字起到了画龙点睛的作用,让人茅塞顿开。

The dust, the uproar(喧嚣)and the growing darkness threw everything into chaos.原译:烟尘、喧闹声和渐浓的夜色使一切都陷入混乱之中。

改译:烟尘滚滚,人声嘈杂,夜色愈浓,一切都陷入混乱之中。

分析:“改译”增加“滚滚”、“人声”几个字,不仅将原文意思表达得淋漓尽致,而且“四字格”的运用也使译文音韵和谐、琅琅上口。

英汉两种语言由于表达方式不尽相同,翻译时常常有必要在译文的词量上作适当的增加,使译文既能忠实地传达原文的内容和风格,又能符合译入语的表达习惯。

增词法(amplification):亦称增词或增益法,指的是在英汉翻译中适当增加原文中无其形而有其义的词语,以使译文自然通顺,完整、贴切地表达原文的思想内容。

翻译时倘若过于拘泥于原文的表达形式,采用一对一的逐词死译,往往就会使译文生硬晦涩,令人费解,有时甚至背离原文的意思。

但是,增词法并不意味着译者可以随心所欲、任意地添枝加叶,而必须遵守一条基本原则: ——增加原文字面虽未出现,但却为其实际内容所包含的词语。增词一般用于以下三种情况: 一是为了意义上的需要; 二是为了修辞上的需要;

三是为了语法(句法)上的需要。根据意义上或修辞上的需要

一、增加量词

1)由于英语中没有量词,数词(包括不定冠词a)与可数名词往往直接联用,而汉语却往往要借助量词。因此翻译时应根据汉语表达习惯恰当地增加表示其形状、特征或材料的量词。

a bike 一辆自行车

a mouth 一张嘴

a full moon 一轮满月

Repeat the experiment using a wooden ruler,a metal spoon,a coin,a tin lid,a pencil and a rubber eraser.用一把木尺、一把金属匙、一枚硬币、一个铁盒盖、一枝铅笔和一块橡皮,重做这个试验。

Aluminum is said to be the thirteenth element in the periodic table.铝是周期表上的第13号元素。

A red sun rose slowly from the calm sea.一轮红日从风平浪静的海面冉冉升起。

Into the dim clouds was swimming a crescent moon.一钩新月渐渐隐没在淡淡的云彩里。

To the east and the south a faint pink is spreading.东南方呈现一抹浅红,正在向远处扩展。

A stream was winding its ways through the valley into the river.一弯溪水蜿蜒流过山谷,汇到江里去了。

This too was a complete lie.这纯粹是一派胡言。

2)英语中有些动词或动名词,译成汉语动词时经常需要增加一些表示行为、动作量的量词。如: Once, they had a quarrel.有一次,他们争吵了一番。

He gave her a sly look.他狡猾地看了她一眼。

I was extremely worried about her, but this was neither the place nor the time for a lecture or an argument.我真替他万分担忧,但此时此地既不宜教训她一番,也不宜与她争论一通。

He squeezed his sister too and gave her a gentle push.他也捏了一下他的妹妹,并且把轻轻推了她一下。

You might just take a look at my coat before this afternoon.See if it wants pressing.你最好在下午之前瞧一下我的上衣,看是否要熨一下。

二、增加表示名词复数的词

英语的可数名词有单复数之别,汉语名词的复数没有词形变化,很多情况下不必表达出来。但要表达指多数人的名词时,可在该名词后面加“们”字,如the teachers(教师们),或在该名词前面加上“诸位”、“各(位)”,如ladies and gentlemen(诸位/各位女士和先生)。此外,英语名词复数,汉译时还可以根据情况,增加重叠词、数词或其他一些词来表达,提高修辞效果。

可增加数词或重迭词表示复数。例如:

The lion is the king of animals.狮子是百兽之王。

I saw bubbles rising from under the water.我看见一个个水泡从水下升起。

The very earth trembled as with the tramps of horses and murmur of angry men.连大地都震动了,仿佛万马奔腾,千夫怒吼。

The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley.群山已在山谷里开始投下蔚蓝色的长影。

An individual human existence should be like a river — small at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls.一个人的一生可以比作一条河流:开始身躯很小,两岸之间非常狭窄,水流湍急,冲过砾石,飞下悬瀑。

As is known to all, air is a mixture of gases.大家知道,空气是许多种气体的混合物。

From the experiments, scientists learned that ocean currents there are erratic than they had thought.科学家们从这些实验得知,那里的洋流远比他们以前想像得更不稳定。

You can almost put it down as a general rule in this town that presidents often invite ―honest criticism‖ from their aides.你几乎可以把这一点看成首都的一种惯例:历届总统经常请他们的助手们提出 “直率的批评 ”。

Very acute problems exist among them.他们之间存在着种种非常尖锐的问题。

They drove in a black limousine, past groves of birch trees and endless rows of identical new buildings.他们乘坐一辆黑色轿车,经过一丛丛的白桦树和看不到尽头的一排排千篇一律的新住宅。

Flowers bloom all over the yard.朵朵鲜花开满了庭院。

Newsmen went flying off to Mexico.记者纷纷飞到墨西哥去了。

Seeing is believing.百闻不如一见。眼见为实。

三、增加表示时态的词

英语动词的时态靠动词词形变化或加助动词来表示时态的变化,汉语动词没有词形变化,表达时态要靠增加汉语特有的时态助词或一般表示时间的词。因此,汉语往往用“曾经”、“已经”、“过”、“了”等表示过去时;用“在”、“正在”、“着”等表示进行时;用“将”、“就”、“要”、“会”等表示将来时。除此之外,为了强调时间概念或强调时间上的对比,往往需要加一些其他的词过去完成时的翻译

I had never thought I’d be happy to find myself considered unimportant.But this time I was.以往我从未想过,当我发觉人们认为我是无足轻重时,我会感到高兴。但这次情况确是如此。

I had imagined it to be merely a gesture of affection, but it seems it is to smell the lamb and make sure that it is her own.原来我以为这不过是一种亲热的表示,但是现在看来,这是为了闻一闻羊羔的味道,来断定是不是自己生的。

The old man had taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him.原来老头儿已教会了孩子捕鱼,所以孩子很爱他。

Stephen looked older than his age,for he had had a hard life.斯梯芬看起来比他实际的年龄要老些,因为他曾经历过艰苦的生活。

They had always been able to control things.Now control was getting away from all of them.他们从前一向是能够控制局面的,现在他们大家正在丧失控制了。时间上的对比

The old man said, “ They say his father was a fisherman.Maybe he was as poor as we are.” 老人说:“听人说,从前他父亲是个打鱼的。他过去也许跟我们现在一样穷。”

English prose is elaborate rather than simple.It was not always so.现今英国散文华巧而欠简朴,过去却并非总是如此。

I knew it quite well as I know it now.我在当时就知道得同现在一样清楚。

Mother insisted to this day that she thought I was just joking.直到今天母亲还坚持说,她当时以为我只是开开玩笑而已。

The high-altitude plane was and still is a remarkable bird.该高空飞机过去是现在仍然是一种了不起的飞机。

四、增加动词

根据意义上的需要,可以在名词前后增加动词,使句子意义明确,通顺自然,符合汉语习惯。

After the football match, he still has an important meeting.在观看足球比赛之后,他要参加一个重要会议。

In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communique.晚上在参加宴会、出席音乐会、观看乒乓球表演之后,他还得起草最后公报。

My work, my family, my friends were more than enough to fill my time.我干工作,我做家务,我与朋友来往,这些占用了我的全部时间。

Nobody could count on his restraint or rationality.谁也不能指望他会采取克制或讲道理的态度。

He dismissed the meeting without a closing speech.他没有致闭幕词就宣布结束会议。

五、增加名词

1)英语中有些动词有时用作及物动词,有时用作不及物动词,当它作不及物动词用时,宾语实际上是隐含在动词后面的,译成汉语时往往需要把它表达出来。例如: To wash before meal.饭前洗手。

To wash after getting up 起床后洗脸

To wash before going to bed 睡前洗脚

First you borrow, then you beg.头一遭借钱,下一遭就讨饭。

Day after day he came to his work—sweeping, scrubbing, cleaning.他每天都来干活—扫地,擦地板,收拾房间。2)有时,根据汉语的习惯搭配,需要在形容词前增加名词。

This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine.这台打字机真是物美价廉。

He is a complicated man – moody, mercurial, with a melancholy streak.他是一个性格复杂的人—喜怒无常,反复多变,有些郁郁寡欢。

He was wrinkled and black, with scant gray hair.他满脸皱纹,皮肤很黑,头发灰白稀疏。

They, weary but game, decided to take a break.他们人已疲倦而兴致甚高,决定先休息一下。

3)某些由动词或形容词派生来的抽象名词,翻译时可根据上下文在其后面增添适当的名词,使译文更合乎规范。如:

persuasion 说服工作preparation 准备工作tension 紧张局势arrogance自满情绪等Indifference冷漠态漠madness 疯狂行为

complacency 自满情绪backwardness 落后状态Precaution 预防措施Jealousy嫉妒心理Tension紧张局面Remedy补救方法

After all preparations were made, the planes were flown across the U.S.to San Francisco.一切准备工作就绪以后,飞机就飞越美国去旧金山。

Recourse to arms is not the best solution to a quarrel between countries.国与国之间的争端诉诸武力,并不是最好的解决方法。

The development of economy remains one of the priorities of the Chinese government.发展经济仍然是中国政府的首要课题之一。

4)当具体名词表达一种抽象概念时,使文中也常根据上下文增加一些适当的名词。

He felt the patriot rise within his breast.他感到一种爱国热情在胸中激荡。

He allowed the husband to be overruled by the judge, and declared his wife guilty.法官的职责最终战胜了丈夫的角色,他判决他的妻子有罪。

六、增加形容词、副词

根据原文的上下文,有些英语句子中的名词译成汉语时,需要增加一些适当的形容词。有些动词在一定的场合可以增加适当的副词,才能确切表达原意。

O, Tom Canty, born in rags and dirt and misery, what sight is this!啊,汤姆·康地,生在破烂、肮脏和苦难中,现在这番景象却是多么地煊赫呀!With the meeting to begin in just a couple of hours, I hadn’t time to worry about such trifles.不出两三个小时会议就要开始了,我没有闲功夫为这些琐事操心了。

“Army will make a man of him‖, said his father.他的父亲说:“军队会把他造就成为一个堂堂的男子汉。”

He doubtlessly expected hugs, tablefuls of food, tears, laughter, and conversation followed by more conversation, then hugs and more hugs all over again, without end.毫无疑问,他以为会有热烈的拥抱,满桌的食物,激动的泪水,欢乐的笑声,一段接一段的谈话,一次又一次的拥抱,没完没了。

分析:译文中增加了三个相应的形容词,形象地描绘出他想象中的欢乐场景,使意思更加明确,表达更加生动。

In the films of those days, all too often it was the same one: boy tractor driver meets girl tractor driver;they fall in love and drive tractors together.在那时候的电影里,总是老一套:男拖拉机手和女拖拉机手始而相遇,继而相爱,终而并肩开拖拉机了。

Now and then his boots shone.他的靴子时常闪闪发光。

The crowd melted away.人群渐渐散开了。

She lingered long over his letter.她反反复复地回味着他的来信。

1)I was, and remain, grateful for the part he played in my release.(注意时态)我的获释是他成全的,对此我过去很感激,现在仍然很感激。

2)Man, was, is and always will be trying to improve his living conditions.(注意时态)人类过去、现在和将来始终都在努力改善生活条件。

3)In no case will the neighbors look on with folded arms.(译出复数)邻居们(左邻右舍)决不会袖手旁观。

4)Another two weeks saw up-to-the standard machine parts being turned out.(译出复数)又过了半个月,合乎标准的各种机器部件就生产出来了。

5)The judge let him off with warnings not to cause trouble again.(译出复数)法官对他再三提出警告,不得重新作案,然后就将他放了。

6)The first electronic computers went into operation in 1945.(增加量词)第一批电子计算机于1945年投入使用.1)This helps to save coal and reduce the cost of electricity.(谈及电厂)(增加动词)这有助于节约用煤并降低发电成本。

2)I remembered the fear and anger in the gunmen’s voices because John was being slow.(增加动词)我记得因为约翰当时慢慢腾腾,歹徒的声音中流露出了恐惧与愤懑。

3)Some modifications(修改)of the original project were suggested at the meeting yesterday.(增加名词)在昨天的会上对原来的规划提出了一些修改方案。

4)The arrogance of the aristocracy helped to lead to the French Revolution.(增加名词)贵族的傲慢态度促发了法国革命。

5)Jefferson’s courage and idealism were based on knowledge.(增加形容词)杰斐逊的勇气和理想主义是以广博的知识 为基础的。

6)At the meeting he made a speech—eloquent and energetic.(增加副词)他在会上发表了讲话—非常动听有力。

7)The fan, with its modern, elegant, bright, and harmoniously colored design, is an excellent electrical household appliance for cooling purpose on hot summer days.(增加必要的名词)

本电扇款式新颖,造型雅致,色彩鲜艳,色泽调和,是炎炎夏日消暑纳凉之家电精品。

根据意义上或修辞上的需要的增词:

一、增加量词

二、增加表示名词复数的词

三、增加表示时态的词

四、增加名词

五、增加动词

六、增加形容词和副词

七、增加概括词

英语和汉语都有概括词。英语中的in short, and so on, etc.等等,翻译时可分别译为“总之”、“等等”。但有时英语句子中并没有概括词,而翻译时却往往了增加“两人”、“双方”、“等”、“等等”、“凡此种种”等概括词,同时省略英语中的连接词。You and I 你我两人

Militarily, politically and economically 军事、政治、经济等各方面

China, U.S.and Britain held this conference.中、美、英三国举办了这次会议.

The thesis summed up the new achievements made in computers, artificial satellites and rockets.论文总结了计算机、人造卫星和火箭等三方面所取得的新成就.

Then a little over a decade ago, Professors Hoyle, Bondi, and Gold, working at Cambridge, proposed an entirely different scheme.然而十多年前,剑桥大学的霍伊尔、邦迪和哥尔德三位教授却提出了完全不同的学说。

The bond between mathematics and the life sciences has been strengthened by the emergence of a whole group of applied mathematics specialties, such as biometrics, psychometrics, and econometrics.生物统计学、心理测验学、计量经济学等一大批应用数学专业学科的出现,大大加强了数学和生命科学之间的联系。(注释:原句中的连接词and被省略掉。)

八、增加语气助词

语气助词是汉语中特有的一种修辞手段,用在句中停顿处或句尾以表示各种语气,如“呢、吧、呀、吗、罢了、而已”等等。不同的语气助词可以起不同的作用,如肯定、疑问、祈使、中间的停顿等等,但英语中没有相应的语气助词。英译汉时应细心体会原文,增加一些语气词,更好地表达原作的意义和修辞色彩。

Don’t take it seriously.I’m just making fun of you.不要认真嘛!我不过开开玩笑罢了。

As for me, I didn’t agree from the very beginning.我呢,从一开始就不赞成。

He described it(Latvia)—its forests, its little villages, its people, its fierce nationalism—with an eloquence that could only arise out of deep love for one’s motherland.他描绘它(拉脱维亚)的风土人情—森林啦、小村庄啦、人民啦、人民的强烈民族主义啦等等,只有深深热爱祖国的人才能说得如此娓娓动听,滔滔不绝。

It is entirely possible that things are being done for my release right now and that it takes time to do this.完全有可能眼下正在想办法使我获释,只不过需要时间而已。

“Some six or eight thousand men,” returned Montcalm, with much apparent indifference„.(J.F.Cooper,The last of the Mohicans)“那也只不过六千到八千人罢了,”蒙卡姆显然满不在乎地说,„„

分析:译者细心体会原文,在译文增加了“那也只不过”和“罢了”这一语气助词,把蒙卡姆满不在乎的语气生动地再现了出来,增强了该译入语的感染力,向读者忠实地传递了原作的含义和修辞色彩。

九、增加承上启下的词

Yes, I like Chinese food.Lots of people do these days, sort of the fashion.不错,我喜欢中国菜。现在很多人喜欢中国菜,这种情况算是有点赶时髦吧!

For mistakes had made, bad ones.因为已经犯下了许多错误,而且还是很糟的错误。

Two, we heard later, were sent to college, at the government expense, while one, it was rumored, had attempted to blackmail the Agency.Unsuccessfully.我们后来听说,两人已由政府资助送进大学学习,并据传说,一个曾试图对中央情报局进行讹诈,结果并未得逞。

十、增加反映背景情况的词

In April, there was the ―ping‖ heard around the world.In July, the ping ―ponged‖.四月里,全世界听到中国“乒”的一声把球打了出去;到了七月,美国“乓”的一声把球打了回来。

Le Monde, the B.B.C, the New York Times, the entire Arab press, all quote Heikal at length.法国的《世界报》、英国广播公司、美国《纽约时报》及整个阿拉伯报界,都经常大量引用海卡尔的话。

Both Efe and Reuters published their views on the course of events in Kosovo.西班牙的埃新社和英国的路透社都对科索沃事态的发展发表了自己的看法。

根 据 句 法 需 要

一、增补原文回答句中的省略部分

Is this your book? Yes, it is.(yes, it is = yes, it is mine.)这是你的书吗?是的,是我的。

Don’t you want Mr.Smith to be your tutor? Yes, of course I do.你不想让史密斯先生当你导师吗?我当然想。

二、增加原文中省略的动词

Reading makes a full man;conference a ready man;writing an exact man.译文:读书使人充实,讨论使人敏捷,写作使人准确。

英语的并列句中 通常省略重复的动词,该句省略了makes。而汉语则通过重复动词,构成排比句式,增强表达效果,因此译文中添加了“使人”。

We are concerned to develop the abilities of all our students to the full, not just their academic ability.译文:我们关心的是全面发展学生的各种能力,而不仅仅是发展智力。

We don’t retreat, we never have and never will.我们不后退,我们从没后退过,将来也决不后退。

The best conductor has the least resistance and the poorest the greatest.最好的导体电阻最小,最差的导体电阻最大

三、增加原文比较句中的省略部分

Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own.从别人的失败中吸取教训比从自己的失败中吸取教训要更好。

The system of job responsibility can be adopted where the conditions are ripe and not otherwise.工作责任制度,条件成熟了就可以实行,条件不成熟的不要实行。

I can say to you, without any flattery, that the Chinese way of cooperation is more inventive and fruitful than others.(others= the way of cooperation of other countries)我可以对你说—我这样说没有任何奉承之意—中国的合作方式比别国的合作方式更有特色,更有成果。

四、增加表示逻辑关系的词语

But without Adolf Hitler, there almost certainly would never have been a Third Reich.(对过去 事实的虚拟)然而如果没有阿道夫·希特勒,那就几乎可以肯定不会有第三帝国。

At the time of Kennedy’s assassination, Kissinger felt that a second term would have led either to greatness or to disaster.(a second term = a second term of presidency for Kennedy)

肯尼迪遇刺时,基辛格认为,如果肯尼迪再任一届总统的话,大概不是立大功,就是闯大祸。

More thorough testing might have caught the failure initially.如果测试更为彻底,也许一开始就能找出故障。

I am in charge of the depot, only I.people will hold me responsible but not you.只有我一人负责管理这个仓库,出了事情别人找我,不找你。

中国还有一句成语,三个臭皮匠,合成一个诸葛亮。

译文:Still another Chinese proverb says: three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind.

第二篇:笔译技巧3 英汉互译中的增词法和减词法

笔译技巧3 英汉互译中的增词法和减词法

英汉互译中的增词法和减词法

(一)语法增减词 A. 英汉在语法上存在某些明显的差异; B. 英语有冠词,汉语没有; C. 英语多用代词,相较汉语; D. 英语介词丰富,汉语介词很少;

E. 英语多用关联词语,汉语主要靠逻辑关系来铺排句子,强调意念的连贯性; F. 汉语多用助词表示各种语气。

例如:

a.I’ve been rich and I’ve been poor — and I tell you , rich is better.富裕也罢,贫穷也罢,我都经历过。说实话,富裕当然胜过贫穷。(省略关联词和已出现过的作主语的人称代词)

b.活到老,学到老。

One is never too old to learn.(增加人称代词)

c.该地区已没什么城乡差别。

There is little difference between town and country in this region.(增加介词)

d.Is more growth really better ? 经济发展得越快越好吗?(增加语气词)

(二)词义增减词

A.很多情况下,英汉词汇的语义范围往往有宽窄之分,并非一一对应;

B.如果英语词汇的语义范围比汉语宽,英译汉时要采取增词法,使原文隐含的意思得以充分表达;

C.如果英语词汇的语义范围比汉语窄,英译汉时要则要采用减词法。

例如:

a.It is pointed out that the sheer(纯粹的,一味地)increase in quantity of products has imposed an enormous cost on society

in the form(方式,形式)of pollution ,crowding , proliferation(激增)of wastes that need disposal , and debilitating(使虚弱,使衰弱)psychological and social effects.一味地追求产品数量的增长 已经让社会付出了巨大的代价。

比如环境污染,交通拥挤,需特殊处理废物的激增,以及由此造成的负面的心理及社会影响。(增词法)

b.The only cure for envy in the case of ordinary men and women is happiness , and the difficulty is that envy is itself a terrible obstacle to happiness.对于普通人而言,治疗嫉妒的唯一方法是快乐,然而困难在于,嫉妒本身就是快

笔译技巧3 英汉互译中的增词法和减词法

乐的巨大障碍。(减词法)

例如:

a.其经营活动多限于市场调查、信息沟通和采购销售等。

Such an office’s activities might be limited to market research , communications , sales and purchasing.(减词法)

b.看粮食,要看中国的农业;看农业,首先要看市场。

To have a better understanding of the food situation in China we must take a full view of her agriculture ,and to know the agriculture we must first look at the food market.(增词法)

A.英语中大量使用抽象名词,概括力强,词义范围宽; B.汉语相对比较具体,以实表虚,以具体表抽象;

C.英译汉时,通常需要把抽象概念具体化,或添加表示某种范畴的名词,如:状况、情形、场面、性质、结果、方式、做法等;

D.汉译英时,把整个名词词组译成英语中的抽象名词即可。

例如:

a.After all preparations were made , the plane took off.一切准备工作就绪以后,飞机就起飞了。

b.Meanwhile individual schools are moving on their own to redress the imbalance between teaching and researching.与此同时,各学校正采取行动改变教学与科研之间不平衡的现状。

例如:

a.她的朋友们听到她家中的困难情况后,主动伸出援助之手。

After her friends heard about her family difficulties , they offered her a helping hand.b.前怕狼后怕虎的态度不能造就干部。

“Fearing dragons ahead and tigers behind”will not produce cadres.

第三篇:词法分析小结

词法分析是编译器工作的第一阶段,它的工作就是从输入(源代码)中取得token,以作为parser(语法分析)的输入,一般在词法分析阶段都会把一些无用的空白字符(white space,即空格、tab和换行)以及注释剔除,以降低下一步分析的复杂度,词法分析器一般会提供一个gettoken()这样的方法,parser可以在做语法分析时调用词法分析器的这个方法来得到下一个token,所以词法分析器并不是一次性遍历所有源代码,而是采取这种on-demand的方式:只在parser需要时才工作,并且每次只取一个token。

token和lexeme

首先,token不等于lexeme。token和lexeme的关系就类似于面向对象语言中“类”和“实例”(或“对象”)之间的关系,这个用中文不知该如何解释才好,比如语言中的变量a和b,它们都属于同一种token:identifier,而a的lexeme是”a”,b则是”b”,而每个关键字都是一种token。token可以附带有一个值属性,例如变量a,当调用词法分析器的gettoken()时,会返回一个identifier类型的token,这个token带有一个属性“a”,属性可以是多样的,例如表示数字的token可以带有一个表示数字值的属性,它是整型的。

如下代码:

int age = 23;

int count = 50;

可以依次提取出8个token:int(值为”int”),id(值为”age”),assign(值为”=”),number(值为整型数值23),int(值为”int”),id(值为”count”),assign(值为”=”),number(值为50)

正则表达式

正则表达式可以用来描述字符串模式,例如我们可以用digit+来表示number的token,其中digit表示单个数字(这里说正则表达式并不完全和实现的正则引擎所识别的正则表达式等价,这里只是为了描述问题而已)。

然而像c语言的的多行注释,用正则表达式来描述就比较麻烦,此时更倾向于直接用有穷自动机(finite automaton)来描述,因为用它来描述非常直观且很容易。

有穷自动机(finite automata)

有穷自动机也称为有限状态机,状态在输入字符的作用下发生迁移,因此,它可以用来识别token,也因此,我们只要画得出fa,之后再用代码实现这个fa,那词法分析器也就差不多弄好了。

有穷自动机分确定性(dfa)和非确定性(nfa)两种,如果对于同一个输入,只会有一个确定的状态迁移路线,也就是只有一个确定的“下一状态”,那就是dfa,否则就是nfa。

因为dfa对于同一个输入只有一个确定的下一状态,所以词法分析器当然优先采用它,那nfa拿来干嘛用呢?nfa用来做描述用时更方便,我们可以非常迅速地画出一个识别token的nfa图,但要想直接画出个dfa那要动不少脑筋。

根据正则表达式构建nfa

如上所述,nfa更容易画出,那我们就先研究nfa,在定义token时,我们可以用正则表达式来描述它,因为正则表达式干这行很合适,例如一个digit+就可以描述数字,多方便。因此,我们需要根据正则表达式画出与之等价的nfa。而这个算法非常简单,就是tompson’s construction,这个书上写得很清楚了。

将nfa转化成dfa(nfa的确定化)

对于计算机来说,面对同一个输入,如果有多个下一状态,那计算机就不清楚要转到哪个状态,所以我们期望能从正则表达式得到dfa,而不是nfa,因为这样将来编程实现时比较自然(同一输入有确定的一个下一状态),而幸运的是,每个nfa都可以转化成dfa。为什么nfa可以转化成dfa?因为fa(finite automata)中的状态都是我们自己画的,只要fa能正确的识别token,那就ok了,也就是,如果nfa和dfa都可以达到一样的效果:识别token,那其它的我们就不管了。

实现词法分析器

对于一个token,比如用来表示数字的token:num,我们可以用正则表达式描述它,然后画出nfa,再将nfa转化成dfa,再最小化dfa的状态,但是我们的词法分析器是不是分析一个token,所以我们要把所有类型的token的dfa合并成一个dfa,这样,这个dfa也就可以识别语言的所有token了,如果在某一连串的输入下,dfa达不到终结状态,那就说明源代码有错误了。

我用c#实现了一个用于《compiler construction: principles and practice》中tiny语言的词法分析器,tiny语言有关键字:if, then, else, end, repeat, until, read, write,有操作符+,-,*,/,=,<,(,),;,:=(全角逗号不算,是文章的分隔符)这10个,然后其余的token有number(一或多个数字)和identifier(一或多个字母),其dfa如下图:

上面这张图和《编译原理及实践》中的一样,其中的带中括号的输入说明这个输入是lookahead的,在匹配成功后是要重新放回输入流中的,比如识别num时,如果发现个非digit的,那就说明识别到了一个number,但是最后识别的那个非digit字符是要放回输入流的,因为它要留着下一次识别。

其中从start到done的那个other,指所有非white space,非{,非letter,非digit,也非:的字符,它有可能是合法的+, *, /这些,也可能是不合法的其它输入,如#号。因此,done这个状态只是说本次gettoken已经结束,状态机是有可能因为不合法的输入而进入done状态的。究竟从start到done是因为合法的,如+号导致的,还是由不合法的如#号导致的,将在代码中实现判断,但可以肯定的是,不管是+号还是#号作用于start状态,都会进入done状态。

第四篇:汽车网络营销 中英语翻译

Automotive Marketing First, the auto parts network management concept American auto parts of automobile fittings dealer Raymond is located in a suburban Atlanta, American and other accessories, this shop to shop and its characteristics, but is online transactions, and car accessories sales related services are available on the Internet.This distributior store of salespeople have extensive network of knowledge, they patiently helped no online trading experience of customer finish on the Internet.If the customer need, they also can be free of imparting knowledge of online transactions.In order to reflect the rapid and convenient online sales, they provide 24-hour services, if the customer questions, they always strive to reply in 15 minutes.The customer need, sitting at home before entering the store sells computer, then the website can complete all want to do, watch shop fittings, download the pictures, auto prices, orders, etc.Then, you can sit at home or in his own maintenance shop of door-to-door salesman received by car accessories.Online transaction does have many advantages.To save time, this is obvious.In this way, said dealers trade become a way to attract customers, people gradually accept it and approved.At the same time, the online trading reduced many expenses, including the staff, management, marketing, etc, and save the cost of expenses on auto parts price on the customer benefit.This is the foreign auto accessories sales of a networked management.This through the Internet and e-commerce fulfillment of our country, and online business, the auto parts marketing MVP has important significance.From the current situation of auto parts, auto sales network throughout the circulation of construction is not perfect, or in an internal network condition.The network Settings are mostly for enterprise internal coordination and daily management, instead of e-commerce.China's online accessories sales prospects from abroad, also can be the development of auto parts online sales of enlightenment.In the foreign auto accessories sales, how to do? zero kilometers sales How to provide the most

satisfactory service to customers? With the Internet, these two problems can greatly alleviate.Now, especially developed countries around the world through the Internet to buy auto accessories are expanding quickly.Second, the auto parts network management advantages

Online purchase of auto parts for car dealers and customers, whether for auto parts manufacturing enterprise, it is a good thing.First, for auto parts manufacturing enterprise, the Internet can more easily collect customers to buy auto parts in the process of the various issues, and timely information feedback to the auto parts manufacturing enterprises.According to the above analysis, the enterprise can produce customer purchase intention, thus producing according with market demand as the auto parts.This saves time and cost, and snatch market opportunities.Secondly, the use of Internet information and convenient services, manufacturing enterprises can promptly informed accessories vendors inventory and sales, thereby adjusting their production and auto parts allocation plan.Auto accessories vendors reduce inventory, accelerate the cash flow, obtained satisfactory returns.For users, they can through the Internet, like “menu” optional choose oneself need auto parts.The market information for auto parts manufacturing enterprise and the seller is important, and can be easily obtained through the Internet.Internet auto parts vendors can provide customers to production enterprise of real-time field information.The demand of information can help to reduce automobile accessories sales production enterprise charges, which usually cost will account for auto parts price of around 15% final sales.If the promotion costs, the cost is higher proportion.In fact, the Internet can also play a role of advertising.Before that, the sellers of auto parts distribution has always sold in part, and another part of the poor.Money is part of the occupied fee is caused to sell the car accessories.Through the Internet, the production enterprises and vendors can be avoided in production and sales market sales bad auto parts.With the advent of the Internet and convenient service, not only saves time and cost, and more importantly, the Internet can cause a concept of change,auto parts manufacturing enterprise, distributors and customers to be stuck nearlier more.Third, China's automobile fittings network management development trend China's auto accessories network management and e-commerce, has started to present development trend.Many of the current domestic large and medium-sized car repair enterprises established computer management system, realized the internal network.This covers the entire network maintenance services.To receive from business, dispatching material inspection.Computerized control can be made to understand the undertakings in real-time monitoring, which can form, and greatly improve the efficiency of the staff, more important is to replace manual accounting and management, strengthen accessories.Meanwhile, some large scale, the current operating performance good car accessories dealers also introduced a computerized management.Because of automotive products, so use variety of such management software, the personnel must be higher requirements after a period of training to mount guard.Such auto parts management network covers the whole process of operation.From the incoming, retail and wholesale price is determined according to the models, and such Numbers classified management, finally to do account settlement and delivery, and XiaoZhang.Chain-like management make better dealer has put the network management of the whole FenXiaoDian to it, formed a certain scale of network connection.Many automobile fittings all dealers from network management gained good returns.The most prominent feature is reflected in the commodity, through the network management allocations, can reach twice the result with half the effort.In addition, in recent years the old car accessories circulation system gradually broken, auto parts market, constantly mature vigorous development.Some far-sighted insight, the operator has felt the network era, and start a

near the market network.Like changchun automobile fittings, west of Beijing automobile fittings, Shanghai auto parts market such as the city of virtual network construction and the development of the market for 2000.But the reality is that the network is quite childish, but certainly not realize online trading and service.With the quickening pace of “two”, the personage inside course of study to commend “trinity” sales mode in the earth gradually.For example, in the choice of Shanghai general dealers, whether to have “trinity” sales ability to determine the object, such as a “trinity” whole car accessories sales mode is a microcosm of network flow field.Because it includes from truckload sale, spare parts supply and maintenance.Mention auto parts network management and e-commerce, somebody thinks, car accessories telephone shopping is actually c-commerce, because only communication platform between different, the operation is basically the same.Actually this kind of understanding is not accurate, phone business and e-commerce is more like Cousins, in many ways, phone business congenital deficiency.First, consumers from the phone in understanding the information is limited, can fully satisfy customer's requirements.Secondly, if advertisers, or printing accessories for customers, due to the directory of accessories sales, cost of printing more and more high, but slow renewal speed.In addition, on the telephone exchanges, due to the environment, voice, speaking, the influence of factors, make telephone service personnel difficulty and error rates increased.Just as phone business, management content in depth and breadth aspect further development will be limited.Fourth,Auto parts distribution system and network management of construction

Auto parts distribution system and network management of construction iis now a successful online trading tangible products such as books, audio and video products, clothing, etc., and auto parts as a certain scientific and technological content, some products are statemandatory standard industrial products, to achieve on-line transactions, compared with other industrial products, have their advantages, sellers

and buyers as long as posted on the Internet and input information about auto parts, such as vehicles, cars, parts name, part number, manufacture, price, quantity, etc., you can sell online or purchase.To truly realize the concept of e-commerce online sales, buyers and sellers in addition to solving the “integrity” issues, but also must establish a complete set of efficient logistics distribution system.Speaking before the factors that limit development of electronic commerce, nothing more than a means of payment, security authentication, the real make up, will find car parts logistics and distribution system is the most difficult, the most facile, the most expensive one.Many auto parts e-commerce companies are trying to find the existing physical network, such as postal services, courier and even newspaper delivery company as a delivery system.However, a suitable auto parts distribution and e-commerce system should look like?The conditions of physical network can be transformed into an auto parts distribution system of e-commerce will be the lowest cost? Five, Auto parts network management is the only way for the development and reform of the road network The Chinese auto parts sales development should be appropriate for the situation in China, with Chinese characteristics, the way the Internet business.Indeed, the United States, network operators have achieved great success, but we can not ignore this brilliant behind the social basis of the United States strong material foundation.As early as 100 years ago, the U.S.has established a comprehensive road, rail, postal services, courier delivery system combining;today's society, Americans have been accustomed to “free currency trading.” It can be said that today's Internet economy development in the United States should be a very natural result and is more than 200 years the United States as a free market economy based on natural product.Like a child to climb from the start with their bare hands, and then learn to walk, over time learned to run naturally.As the development of China, only two aspects of payment and delivery has become a fatal problem “bottleneck.” How to combine the development of China's national conditions and characteristics of the Internet, be able to realistically do something practical auto parts network operators

today is the development of priority.China's auto parts e-commerce and enterprise network operators must follow the joint and it should be a very natural result is more than 200 years the United States as a free market economy based on natural product.Like a child to climb from the start with their bare hands, and then learn to walk, over time learned to run naturally.As the development of China, only two aspects of payment and distribution has become a fatal problem “bottleneck.” How to combine the development of China's national conditions and characteristics of the Internet, Being able to realistically do something practical auto parts network operators today is the development of priority.汽车配件网络营销

第一,汽车配件网络管理概念美国汽车零部件的汽车配件经销商锺泰是这家商店购物和其特点,但位于郊区的亚特兰大、美国及其他配件,是在线交易,和汽车配件销售相关服务可在互联网上。此 distributior 存储的销售人员有广泛的知识网络,他们耐心地帮助没有在线的交易经验,其客户在互联网上完成。如果客户需要,它们也可以免费传授知识的在线交易。为了反映快速、便捷的在线销售,他们提供24小时的服务,如果客户提出的问题,他们总是努力在15分钟内答复。客户需要,坐在家里之前进入商店销售的计算机,然后在网站可以完成所有想做、钟表店配件、下载图片、汽车价格、订单等。然后,您可以坐在家里或他自己维修车间的门到门的收到的汽车配件的推销员。

在线交易确实有很多优势。为节省时间,这是明显的。这种方式,说的经销商贸易成为吸引客户的一种方式,人们逐渐接受它和批准。同时,网上的交易减少了很多的开支,包括工作人员、管理、市场营销等,和节省的开支成本上汽车配件价格对客户的利益。

这是外国汽车配件销售的网络化管理。通过互联网和电子商务实现我们国家,然后在线业务营销MVP的汽车配件这具有重要的意义。从汽车零部件的现状,汽车销售网络遍布流通不是建设的完美的或在内部网络中的一个条件。网络设置是主要为企业内部协调和日常管理,而不是电子商务。

从国外,中国的在线配件销售前景也可以是启示的汽车零件在线销售的发展。在外国汽车配件的销售,怎么办?零公里销售如何为客户提供最满意的服务吗?互联网,这两个问题可以大大减轻。现在,尤其是发达国家通过互联网购买汽车用品世界各地正在迅速扩大。

第二,汽车配件网络管理优势在线购买的汽车部件的汽车经销商和客户,是否为汽车零部件制造企业,这是一件好事。第一,对汽车零部件制造企业,互联网可以更轻松地收集顾客购买汽车零件的过程中的各种问题和及时的信息反馈给汽车零部件生产企业。根据以上分析,企业可以出示客户购买意向,因而产生符合市场需求作为汽车零部件。这节省了时间和成本,且抢夺市场机会。第二,使用互联网的信息和便捷的服务,制造企业可以迅速告知的配件供应商库存和销售,从而调整他们的生产和汽车部件分配计划。汽车配件供应商降低库存,加速

现金流,取得令人满意的回报。对于用户来说,他们可以通过互联网,像可选的“菜单”选择自己需要汽车零部件。

汽车零件制造企业和卖方市场信息很重要,而且可以通过互联网方便地获得。互联网汽配销售商可以提供实时的字段信息的生产企业的客户。信息需求可以帮助减少汽车配件销售生产企业收费通常成本将占大约 15%的最终销售汽车配件价格。如果推广成本,成本是更高的比例。事实上,互联网也可以发挥广告的作用。

在此之前,汽车零部件分布的卖家一向只卖的一部分和穷人的另一部分。钱是被占领的一部分费用导致销售汽车配件。透过互联网,可在生产和销售市场销售的坏汽车零部件避免生产企业和供应商。随着互联网和便捷的服务,不仅节省时间和成本,且更重要的是,互联网会导致一个概念的变化,汽车零部件制造企业、分销商和顾客被卡住的nearlier更多。

第三,中国的汽车配件网络管理的发展趋势

中国的汽车配件网络管理和电子商务已开始发展趋势。许多当前国内大型和中型汽车维修企业建立了计算机管理系统,实现了内部网络。这涵盖整个网络维修服务。接收来自调度材料检查的业务。可以让计算机的控制了解经营的实时监控,可以形成,并极大地提高员工的工作效率,更重要的是,取代手工会计核算和管理,加强配件。

与此同时,一些大的规模,当前的操作性能良好的汽车配件经销商还介绍了计算机化的管理。由于汽车产品,此类管理软件,那么使用各种人员必须装载警卫队训练一段时间后会更高的要求。这种汽车零件管理网络覆盖全过程的操作。从进货、零售和批发价格根据确定模型,和这种数字分类管理,最后做帐户结算及交付,以及消胀。连锁经营更好地经销商已放它在整个 FenXiaoDian 的网络管理,形成一定规模的网络连接。很多汽车配件从网络管理的所有经销商都获得好的回报。最突出的特点反映在商品,通过网络管理分配,可以达到事半功倍的效果。

此外,近年来旧汽车配件流通制度逐渐被打破,汽车零部件市场不断成熟的蓬勃发展。一些有远见的洞察力,营办商感到有网络时代,开始和附近的市场网络。长春市西部的北京汽车配件、汽车配件等上海汽车零配件市场如虚拟网络

建设的城市和2000年市场的发展。但现实是网络是很幼稚,但肯定不实现网上交易和服务。

与节奏的加快“两”,逐渐赞扬“三位一体”的销售模式,在地球研究的业内人士。例如,在选择上海通用经销商时,是否有“三位一体”的销售能力,以确定对象,如“三位一体”整车配件销售模式是网络流场的缩影。因为它包含从卡车销售、零配件供应、维修。

提到汽车部件网络管理和电子商务,有人认为,汽车配件电话购物是实际上c商务因为只有沟通平台之间不同,操作基本上是相同。其实这种认识是不准确,电话业务和电子商务是更像表兄弟,在许多方面,电话业务先天性缺陷。第一,消费者从电话中了解的信息是有限的完全可以满足客户的需求。第二,如果广告商或因配件的销售,目录,客户的印刷配件成本的打印速度更高,但缓慢的重建。此外,电话交流,由于对环境、对声音,说到,影响的因素,使电话服务人员的困难和错误率增加。正如电话业务、管理内容的深度和广度方面进一步发展中将受到限制。

四、汽车零件分发系统和网络管理的建设

汽车零件分发系统和网络管理的建设,现在成功在线交易有形产品如书籍、音像制品、服装等,和汽车零部件作为某些科学和技术内容,一些产品是 statemandatory 标准的工业产品,要实现在线交易,与其他工业的产品相比有其优势、卖家和买家,只要贴上信息输入与互联网有关汽车零部件如车辆、汽车、零件名称、部件号、制造、价格、数量等,您可以在线销售或购买。要真正实现概念的电子商务网上销售、买家和卖家,除了要解决“诚信”的问题,而且还必须建立一套完整的高效率的物流配送系统。发展电子商务,无非支付手段的限制因素安全身份验证,真正的组成,会发现汽车零部件物流与之前分配制度是最难、最简便、最贵的一。很多汽车配件电子商务公司正试图查找现有的物理网络、邮政服务、快递和连报纸递送公司作为传递系统等。不过,适用于汽车零部件配送和电子商务系统应该看起来像?物理网络的条件可以转换成汽车零件配电系统的电子商务将会以最低的成本吗?

五、汽车部件网络管理是道路网络的改革和发展的必由之路

中国汽车零部件销售发展互联网业务的方式应该是适合在中国,具有中国特

色的情况。事实上,美国,网络营办商取得了巨大的成功,但我们不能忽视这辉煌背后的美国强大的物质基础的社会基础。早在100年前,美国已建立完善的道路、铁路、邮政服务、快递配送系统相结合;今天的社会中,美国人已习惯了“免费货币交易”。可以说在美国今天的互联网经济的发展应该是很自然的结果超过200年作为自由市场经济的美国基于天然产品。像个孩子从赤手,开始爬,然后学走路,随时间运行自然地学会了。作为中国的发展,只有两个方面的付款和交付已成为致命的问题“瓶颈”。如何结合中国国情的发展和互联网的特性,能够切实做些实用的汽车零件的网络营办商今天是优先发展。中国的汽车零部件电子商务和企业网络营办商必须遵循联合,它应该是一个很自然的结果是 200 年以上天然产品基于美国作为一个自由的市场经济。像个孩子从赤手,开始爬,然后学走路,随时间运行自然地学会了。中国的发展,作为付款和分布的只有两个方面已成为致命的问题“瓶颈”。

如何结合中国国情的发展和互联网,能够切实做些实用的汽车零部件今天网络营办商的特点是优先发展。

第五篇:4.英汉词法对比

第四讲

英汉词法对比

1、词类划分

2、词义区分

3、搭配习惯

4、词序先后 词类

•词类的概念:词类是根据词在句子中的语法功能进行的一个划分,诸如名词、动词、形容词、副词等。

•谁能够说出英汉两种语言中各有多少种词类?

词类划分

•汉语把词分为12类(名词、动词、形容词、数词、量词和代词是实词,副词、介词、连词、助词、拟声词和叹词是虚词),英语则10类(实词:名词、动词、形容词和副词。虚词:代词、冠词、介词、连词、数量词和感叹词):汉语没有冠词,而英语则少了量词(名量词和动量词)和助词(时态助词和语气助词)

•(名量词)一个人:一张嘴,一双眼睛,两只耳朵,两条腿 •(动量词)等一下,念一遍,哭一场,走一趟 •(助词)

着,了,过(时态助词);的,呢,罢了,而已,啦,吗,吧,啊,么(语气助词);

词类的句法功能

•汉语一个词类能充当较多的句法功能

•英语一个词能充当的句法成分较少,充当不同成分需要词类转换。

英汉比较

•谓语:我们讨论了这个问题。•We have discussed it.•主语:讨论刚刚开始。• The discussion just began.•宾语:很多同学参加了这次讨论。•Many students took part in the discussion.•定语:我们得确定一下讨论的内容。• We have to decide on what to discuss.主要词类比较

•名词 •动词 •代词 •介词

名词 1 汉语的特征

•1)无单复数之分(eg:我是老师;我们都是老师)•2)后可加上们,群(牛群)¡±表复数,但此时其前就不能加数词(错误eg:三个同学们); •3)量词放在名词后面表示统称(一辆车:车辆,一张纸:纸张)

名词 2 英语的特征

1)可数名词前可以直接加上数词:two students;

2)不可数名词前要加表示量的名词: two pieces of news, three sacks of flour, four meters of cloth, six cakes of soap;

3)有特殊含义的复数:colors彩旗,ashes骨灰,the last words 遗嘱(have a word with Jack和杰克说句话;have words with Jack 和杰克吵架),securities证券,at the feet of屈服于

名词 3 翻译(注意三个方面):

•1)英语名词复数翻成汉语通常不必表示出来(foreign invaders 外国侵略者,the students学生)•2 补出相应的汉语量词:20 banks 20家银行, 15 fish 15尾(条)鱼

名词 4 •3)如何体现复数概念 •the eastern provinces •rows of new buildings •the Bakers •the first electronic computers

•Personal tragedy haunted his entire life, in the deaths of loved ones.参考译文

•东部各省

•一排排新建大楼 •贝克一家

•第一批(代)电子计算机

•亲人们相继去世,使他一生充满了人生悲剧。

动词 1 时态

•1)汉语动词一般没有时态变化,但有时间助词:着,了,过;

•2)英语有丰富的时态变化(16种:3种时[现在、过去、将来],3种态[一般、进行、完成]),而且有些时态还可以表示特定的感情色彩。

动词 2 •(1)You¡¯re always asking me such questions!•你老是问我这样的问题!(用现在进行时表示厌烦)

•(2)I am now living in a very pleasant flat. •我现在住在一间非常舒适的公寓里。(用现在进行时表示满意)

动词 3 •传递同样的意思,英语只要选用合适的时态就可以了,汉语则必须使用词汇手段。•It has been noted that those who live,or have lived,in the shadow of death bring a mellow sweetness to everything they do.•(5)His father, who was a good locksmith in the village, is in prison.动词 4

•人们已经注意到大凡受到死亡威胁的人或是死里逃生的人对于他们所干的任何事总是兴趣盎然。

•他的父亲过去是村上有名的锁匠,现在却成了阶下囚。

动词 5 语态

1)汉语重人称,所以句子主语一般都是有生命的,故主动态较多。2)英语重物称,被动语态使用较多。

•It is generally considered that he is a bad egg.大家说他是坏蛋。

(2)Everything he advertised was guaranteed to last ¡°forever¡±.他保证他广告中所登的东西都能永久使用。

代词

•使用频率上的差异:由于英语每个句子、分句都要一个主语,另外所属关系也要明确指出来,所以代词和物主代词的使用频率就很高。

•代词与所指代的实词的先后:英语里代词可前可后,汉语里先实词后代词

代词差异举例

•As we discuss our differences, neither of us will compromise in our principles.But while we cannot close the gulf between us, we can try to bridge it so that we may be able to talk across it.•在讨论分歧时,哪一方都不会在原则上妥协。但是,虽然不能弥合我们之间的鸿沟,我们却能搭一座桥,以便越过鸿沟进行会谈。(省略;转换;还原)参考译文

•In its long history of development, China has formed its own tradition.•在中国的历史长河中,她已经形成了自身的传统。

介词

•英语对介词的使用远远超过汉语

•介词的特殊用法(relations of space and time¡ª>factual or logical¡ª>idiomatic)

介词用法举例

•The street runs westward, across a great black bridge, up a hill and down it again, by little shops and meat-markets, past single-storied homes, until suddenly it stops against a wide green lawn.•The bill is on me.•Don¡¯t go to bed on a full or an empty stomach.参考译文

•大街往西延伸,穿过一座黑色的大桥,翻过山岗,经过许多小铺和肉市,又经过一些平房,然后突然冲着一大片绿色的草地中止了。•我来买单。

•吃的太饱或者空腹都不宜上床睡觉。

词义区分

•词义构成 •词义对应 •词义差异

英汉词义构成的来源

•(1)联想:自行车/脚踏车/单车/洋车(时代背景)bicycle(双轮车)•(2)比喻:画蛇添足/put a fifth wheel to the cart •(3)典故:掩耳盗铃;the Trojan horse •(4)简化:打假(打击假冒伪劣商品);radar(radio detecting and ranging);WTO(过多简化会闹笑话);老板,总裁 英汉词义对应

•词语的形成并没有一个固定统一的规律,因此有些词语看起来会显得不太合理:酱油soy(并非油),ladybird(瓢虫);•由于这种随意性,英汉两种语言一致的情况极少(金鱼 gold fish), 但绝大多数情况下不同(自由体操 floor exercise;)

词义对应关系

•(1)完全对应(少数)(eg:goldfish •(2)部分对应(eg:parent/uncle)•(3)无对应(eg:英语中的教授:professor/assistant prof./associate prof.)•(4)一对多/多对一

词义差异 1 •俯卧

lie on one¡¯s stomach •倒立

stand on one¡¯s head •蛙泳

breast stroke •蝶泳

butterfly(stroke)•双杠

parallel bars •高低杠

high-and-low bars/uneven bars •单杠

horizontal bar •

•活字典

walking dictionary

词义差异 2 •Outpatient

门诊病人 •走读生

daily student •Tableware

餐具 •Vacuum flask(原理上讲)

保温杯(功能上讲)•Stopwatch

秒表 •Family tree

家谱

•看手相

read palm tree •Contact lens

隐形眼镜

词义差异 3 •九五折percent discount(five percent off)•座钟

standing clock •三角债

debt chain •三角恋

love triangle 词义差异 4 •传销

pyramid selling •鸡皮疙瘩

gooseflesh •脚踏两条船

fence-sitter •鱼尾纹

crow¡¯s feet •内八字

pigeon-toed •外八字

goose-toed •露马脚

let the cat out of the bag

搭配习惯 1 英汉在词的搭配能力方面往往有差异。

•(1)¡°吃¡±

•吃鱼(eat)、吃药(take);吃闲饭(idle)、吃软饭(live on one¡¯s wife);吃醋(jealous)、吃老本(draw on your past);吃苦、吃惊、吃香(popular)、吃官司;吃饭馆、吃食堂

•傍大款/富婆(find a sugar daddy/mummy)

搭配习惯 2 •翻译时应当注意:

•--During emergency, people should use the stairs instead of the elevator.•紧急状况下,人们应该走楼道,不要乘电梯。

词序对比 例子:

He was daring and resourceful besides being a fine shot.屡战屡败 屡败屡战

有什么吃什么

吃什么有什么

John did not marry Mary because he loved her.状语及定语的位置;大小 前后;因果顺序;否定转移;语序的灵活与相对固定

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