中西酒文化对比文献综述（共5则）

第一篇：中西酒文化对比文献综述

中西酒文化对比文献综述

姓名：何煌 班级：10级英语一班 学号：201041010125

摘要：酒是人类生活中的主要饮料之一。在人类文化的历史长河中，它不仅是一种客观的物质存在，而且是一种文化象征，即酒神精神的象征。酒文化源远流长，品种繁多，是一个国家历史发展和文化沉淀过程中不可缺少的一环。中西方文化价值观存在着根本性的差异，酒文化也是一样。本文通过比较中西方酒的源头，酿酒原料与酒品的差异，酒文化核心的差异，酒的交际功能等方面的不同来分析和比较中西方酒文化差异，从而进一步阐述中西方文化差异，特别是价值观方面的差异。关键词：中国，西方，酒文化，比较

文化是人类在社会历史过程中所创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和，中国和西方的酒文化差异，包括酒的酿造工艺和酒人文精神等的差异，都可以归结为物质和精神两大类。造成这些差异的原因是多方面的，不仅有地理环境、物产和风俗习惯等因素的不同，而且有生产方式、文化传统等因素的不同，但是也不外乎客观和主观两个方面。只要密切关注这两个方面的变化，就能在一定程度上了解和把握中国和西方酒文化发展的脉搏，促进中西文化的交流与发扬光大。

酒被认为是酒神赐予人们的礼物。酒文化源远流长。酒在人们日常的交际生活中起着重要作用。由于生活环境、历史背景、传统习俗、价值观念、思维模式和社会规范等的不同，东西方（甚至国与国之间）的酒文化呈现出风格迥异、丰富多彩的民族特性。对东西方酒文化特性进行比较研究，颇有意义。东西方酒文化同中有异、异中有同，内容丰富。了解不同民族的酒文化，有助于人们成功地进行跨文化交际。

本文主要研究中西方酒文化在精神象征方面和风俗习惯中的差别。具体将从中西方酒文化所体现出的不同的酿酒技术、人文精神以及酒俗酒礼三个方面对本文主题进行阐述，本文旨在发扬中国酒文化，了解中西方酒文化，找出二者的差异，实现中西方酒文化的交流。

在中国的餐桌上，大家喝的酒一般是啤酒，如哈啤，青岛啤酒，雪花啤酒等等，或是白酒，如茅台，五粮液，北京二窝头等等。在美国，喝啤酒的人很多。但是，我很少见

到美国人有直接喝酒精浓度很高的白酒，这和中国很不同。还有，我极少见到美国人在餐桌上互相敬酒，大家通常都是各喝各的。只有在某些特定场合，大家才会一同举杯。这样的时刻通常是在某人致辞之后，大家交相举杯，祝福某人，为某人某事庆贺。仔细想想，可以发现：中国人饮酒重视的是人，要看和谁喝，要的是饮酒的气氛；西方人饮酒重视的酒，要看喝什么酒，要的是充分享受酒的美味。中国的饮酒礼仪体现了对饮酒人的尊重。主人，客人都有固定的座位，都有固定的敬酒次序。敬酒时要从主人开始敬，主人不敬完，别人是没有资格敬的，如果乱了次序是要受罚的。而敬酒一定是从最尊贵的客人开始敬起，敬酒时酒杯要满，表示的也是对被敬酒人的尊重。晚辈对长辈、下级对上级敬酒要主动敬酒，而且讲究的是先干为敬。而行酒令、划拳等饮酒礼仪，也是为了让饮酒人喝的更尽兴而应运而生的。显然，中国酒文化深受中国尊卑长幼传统伦理文化的影响，在饮酒过程中把对饮酒人的尊重摆在最重要的位置上。而西方人饮用葡萄酒的礼仪，则反应出对酒的尊重。品鉴葡萄酒要观其色、闻其香、品其味，调动各种感官享受美酒。在品饮顺序上，讲究先喝白葡萄酒后喝红葡萄酒、先品较淡的酒再品浓郁的酒、先饮年轻的酒在饮较长年份的酒，按照味觉规律的变化，逐渐深入地享受酒中风味的变化。而对葡萄酒器的选择上，也是围绕着如何让拼饮者充分享受葡萄酒的要求来选择的。让香气汇聚杯口的郁金香型高脚杯、让酒体充分舒展开的滗酒器、乃至为掌握葡萄酒温度而为品饮专门设计的温度计，无不体现出西方人对酒的尊重，他们的饮酒礼仪、饮酒文化都是为更好的欣赏美味而制定的。

无论是中国的豪饮，还是西方的品酒，都希望酒文化能够在以后的时间里比较出更多更好的酒，也可以是酒文化得到发展和继承，让更多的人了解酒文化，欣赏酒文化！在中国，酒常常被当做一种工具，所谓醉翁之意不在酒。如青梅煮酒是为了论证谁是英雄；杯莫停的将进酒，为的是与尔同消万古愁；竹林里狂歌的七贤，为的是借酒避难。酒在中国人眼里更多的是当作一种交际的工具，所以在中国的酒文化中缺乏对于酒本身进行科学而系统的理论分析和品评，更在意饮用他后带来的美妙作用。在西方，饮酒的目的往往很简单，为了欣赏酒而饮酒，为了享受美酒而饮酒。当然，在西方葡萄酒也有交际的功能，但人们更多的是追求如何尽情的享受美酒的味道。

比较中西方酒文化，可以发现，酒文化之间的差异其实就是中西方思维方式的差异。中国人喝白酒的多，西方人基本不喝白酒，以果酒和啤酒为主，中国酒礼可太多了，一时也说不清，各地都不相同，我有个朋友说，他有个外国朋友，外国朋友说过：“我们德国人喝的才叫酒，你们中国人喝的不叫酒，叫酒精”好了，把这个事写到你的论文

中吧，这个外国人说的话说明了很多问题，我国酒的酿造工艺非常差，酒精直接对水，像法国的葡萄酒，要选上好的葡萄，还要用橡木桶封装，工艺十分讲究。

鉴于上述情况，中西酒文化对比主要研究的是中西方酿酒技术的差异、中西方酒俗的差异、中西方酒文化所折射出的人文精神的差异。酒文化是人类社会文化和历史文化的投影，从一个侧面反映出其所属群族的文化本质。酒文化的差异就是其主体文化的差异，不同的饮酒习俗与酿酒技术和原料等，有助于我们加深对主体文化差异的认知。

参考文献

[1] Patrick Matthews, Real wine: the rediscovery of natural winemaking, Mitchell Beazley, 2000.[2]杜莉,“中西酒文化比较”，《扬州大学烹饪学报》，2004年第01期。[3]江丽容，“中西饮酒文化差异探析”，《中北大学学报(社会科学版)》,2010第 04期。

[4]李争平，《中国酒文化》，北京，时事出版社，2007年。[5]铁流，《中华酒文化大观》，北京：当代中国出版社, 2000年。[6]王守国，《酒文化与艺术精神》，郑州：河南大学出版社, 2006年。[7]吴克祥，《酒文化与酒水管理》，南京：南开大学出版社，2012年。[8]杨乃济，《中西酒文化比较》，北京联合大学学报，1994年第08期。[9]张爱敬，《酒文化》，青岛：中国海洋大学出版社, 1999年。

[10]万晓艳，2009，从跨文化交际的角度解读中西方酒文化，《甘肃科技纵横》。

第二篇：中西酒文化对比的论文[范文模版]

Abstract: Nowadays, with the expansion of communication between China and Western countries and the globalization of the world, the differences between Chinese and Western cultures have been attracted much more attention, for instance, the differences of wine culture is one of which focused as an issue.The wine is considered as the gift given by the god of wine.Wine culture has a long history and wine plays an important role in people’s daily life, and it combines people’s lives and interpersonal communication in all aspects.On the other hand, as a linker of inheriting history and leading to the future, wine is an article that deserves our earnest study.Because of the differences of living environment, historical background，traditions, values and thinking mode，social norms and culture, wine culture has a different connotation in different countries and regions and shows the characteristics of disparate style as a kind of profound cultural phenomenon.This article is an analysis performed after a lot of data collection and reading, which mainly describes the differences of wine culture between China and western countries.According to the research, the wine culture between China and western countries is very special, which has similarities in their differences and differences in their similarities.The study presents that the content of the wine culture is really rich and complex.Therefore, for the sake of the successful intercultural communication, among different nations and regions having a good knowledge of wine culture is necessary.What’s more, it can deepen people’s understanding of their own history.Key words: Wine Culture Intercultural Communication Cultural Differences

摘要： 随着中西方交流的扩大,中西文化之间的差异也越来越受到重视,酒文化的差异也当然是其中之一。酒被认为是酒神赐予人们的礼物,酒文化源远流长.酒在人们日常的交际生活中起着重要作用,它融会贯通了人们生活和人际交往的各个方面。而酒作为一个既传承历史又通向未来的道具是一个值得我们认真研究的课题。而由于生活环境、历史背景﹑传统习俗、价值观念、思维模式、社会规范以及文化底蕴的不同,酒文化作为一种深刻的文化现象,也在中西方各个国家、各个地区有着各不相同的内涵,呈现出风格迥异的特性。本文是在经过大量资料收集和阅读之后进行的分析总结,主要论述的是中西方酒文化之间的差异。中西方的酒文化同中有异、异中有同,内容丰富,了解不同民族的酒文化,有助于人们成功地进行跨文化交际,同时也加深了对历史文化的了解。

关键词

酒文化 跨文化交际 文化差异

1.The Background of Wine Culture 1.1 Wine Culture in China

China is one of the ancient countries in the world and has a long history about

the wine culture.“Since the appearing of wine and formed the methods of brewing wine, then the processes of brewing, the making of all kinds of drinking sets and drinking customs and etiquette were gradually formed and completed.”(Lixiaoye, 2010, P7)This is just the definition of wine culture.It is well known that Confucianism is the core of Chinese culture, so people's understanding of the wine culture tends to the spiritual dimension and gives it a variety of emotions.In 1987, the renowned economist professor Yu Guangyuan put forward the phrase “wine culture” in China and Wan xiaoyan(2009)explains that the wine culture has broad and narrow meaning.In the broad sense, wine culture including wine technology with thousands of years’ enhancement, technological level, legal system and drinking customs;in the narrow sense, wine culture is just referred to drinking etiquette, custom and anecdote.There are many experts devote themselves to the research of wine culture, but it’s difficult to give a clear definition.Wine culture represents different characteristics in different times and has different effects on society.Throughout the Chinese wine culture’s history, we know that wine culture studies the material, brewing techniques of wine and its social attitude.Xu Shaohua(1999)said that wine means drinking in social activities has a specific effect on politics, economic, culture, military affairs, religion, art, science and technology, social psychology, and folk customs.Wine culture is the combination of material culture and spiritual culture.It's a special and attractive culture.Next, take the Origin of Wine in China for example.Yi Di and Du Kang are considered the originators of wine-making in China.According to ancient annals Yi Di was ordered by Yu the Great to produce mellow wine fro me fermented glutinous rice.The concoction tasted good and Yi Di was confident he would receive a reward.Yu while agreeing that the drink was of excellent quality and had a good taste stopped short of rewarding its maker.Why? Because the Son of Heaven decided that over indulgence in this new beverage could be dangerous-it could make a person read-the monarch himself lose his wits and inadvertently put the country at risk.Another wine-maker Du Kang created a formula for high quality liquor made of sorghum..As legend has it one winter he put cultivated sorghum seeds in a hollow.The following spring he notice d a strong smell coming from it and was amazed to discover that the sorghum he left there had fermented.This accidental disconery inspired Du Kang to create an alcoholic beverage.1.2 Wine Culture in the West In the west, wine culture is also a richly historical culture.In most time, wine culture refers to grape wine in west countries.“It has a history more than 8000 or at most 10000 years since wine appeared, and much longer than the liquor history in China.”(Li xiaoye, 2010, P8)To western people, wine is a special kind of art and has its glamour.When we meet troubles in our daily life or feel sad, wine can help us become strong and comfort us.So there is no doubt that wine culture is not only a kind of material culture but also a kind of a spiritual culture.Owing to the different cultural backgrounds, the western people’s understanding of the wine culture tends to the symbol of the right and gives it elegant and luxury image.For example, they believe wine can enrich their life and regulate their feelings.Xu Yan(2004)said this view of life can be expressed as drink one’s sorrows/ troubles, drown one’s troubles away, drink down sorrow.Wine culture is the reflection of culture in history and it’s the witness of history.Next, take the Origin of Wine in the West for example.Greek mythology Dionysus Greek god of wine and fertility identified with the Roman god Bacchus.The son of Zeus and Semele Dionysus was reared by nymphs and taught men the secrets of cultivating grapes and making wine.but Hera struck him with madness and drove him forth a wanderer through various parts of the earth.Dionysus wandered through many lands teaching men the culture of the vine and the mysteries of his cult.The Bible The earliest written account of viniculture is in the Old Testament of the Bible which tells us that Noah planted a vineyard and made wine.Middle Eastern origin an ancient Persian fable credits a lady of the court with the

discovery of wine.This Princess having lost favor with the King attempted to poison herself by eating some table grapes that had spoiled in a jar.She became intoxicated and giddy and fell asleep.When she awoke she found the stresses that had made her life intolerable had dispersed.Returning to the source of her relief her subsequent conduct changed so remarkably that she regained the Kings favor.2.The application of the wine culture 2.1 Types of Wine Baijiu is a typical Chinese wine, while grape wine plays an important role in Western countries.China is a country with a long history and it is no exaggeration to say that Chinese history with five thousand years is written by wine.As China is a large agricultural country, the most wine is brewed with grain.In China, the word is “jiu” can be used to represent all the types of alcoholic beverages, such as beer, grape wine and so on.The most popular wine in China can be classified into two types, namely, yellow wine and white wine.The yellow wine is brewed directly from rice and wheat.The white wine is also brewed grain, but it has a higher purity of the alcohol level.Although China has a lot of techniques to brew wine and there are various types of wine, the grain liquor is always in the important position;this is because of the effect of geographical environment and agricultural culture.China's climate is very good for the growth of rice and other grain, as a result, the grain liquor is very prevalent.In the Western countries, no matter when we talk about the western wine, grape wine is always the first one comes to our minds.Grape wine is the major wine and

plays an important role in people’s life.Grape wine has a long history, Qu Xiaohui(1996)said that the Western archaeologists found that people had drank grape wine seven thousand years ago.Western is different from China as a large agricultural country, so most of Western countries develop animal husbandry and business.But the climatic and soil in many places don’t fit the growth of crops, they are suitable for grape.Grape wine was produced and became more and more popular under this circumstance.With the development of society, there are more types of grape wine, such as whisky, brandy, rum, cocktail and so forth.2.2 Drinking Vessels Where there is wine, there is drinking vessel.As the saying goes, if there is no drinking vessel, there is no way to drink.So there is no doubt that drinking vessel as a part of wine culture has a long history.The development of drinking vessel is closely bound up with the national economics;it can reflect a country’s level of development.China always shows great respect for the use of drinking vessels.People divided the drinking vessels into different categories depending on their usage.In ancient times, due to the low level of social development, people use some natural materials to make drinking vessels, such as horns and gourds.With the improvement of productivity and development of the wine industry, there are more types of wine vessels, for example, the drinking vessels are made of bronze or jade or other materials.What’s more, some drinking vessels are made in different shapes, for instance sheep, tiger, cow, rabbit and other animals or landscape.Different shapes of drinking vessels not only can help people enjoy the beauty of wine, but also reflects the unique charm of Chinese art.Compared with China's drinking vessels, West’s has a distinctive flavor.Westerners pay attention to different glasses for different kinds of wine.When they drink whisky, brandy and grape wine, they will prepare the corresponding cups.It is

well known that most western drinking vessels are made of glass and crystal, because these cups are good for drinkers to appreciate the wine's color and enjoy the beauty of wine.This is indeed the case;the western drinking vessels have an elegant appearance as well as the good usage.Nowadays, the glasses become more popular and are carriers to spread the wine culture.2.3 Etiquette of Drinking Wine is a medium to understand the culture of different countries.Knowing the etiquette of drinking can reduce the misunderstandings in social activities and promote communications between peoples.After careful studies, we can find that there are some differences of etiquette of drinking between China and Western countries.China is a country known as ceremony and pay attention to etiquette.Talk freely about the saying “No Custom without Wine”, etiquette of drinking is becoming an important part of life.Chinese drinking etiquette reflects the respect for the drinker.There is fixed seating and a fixed toast times about who is the master, who is the guest.Toast normally chooses after eating the main course, and before the sugar beet is not on.The cup must be held on the eyes level when the toast happen.The toast must begin from the master and watch each other, and at least drink a little wine to show respect.Others are not qualified to respect until the master finished.If the toast order is upset the person who upset the toast order will be fined.Toast must be started from the most distinguished guests, at this time the wine should be full of so that the most distinguished guests can be respected.Not only younger people toast to the elders, and subordinates take the initiative to propose a toast to the higher levels, but also should drink first in order to show respect.The Jiuling, Finger Guessing Game etiquette of wine, but also to make drinkers thoroughly enjoyed themselves.Obviously, Chinese wine culture deeply influenced by Chinese culture and traditional

ethics of hierarchy of seniority, during drinking alcohol the respect for those who drinking was placed in the most important position.Western drinking wine etiquette demonstrates respect for wine.Drinking wine must watch their color, smell their fragrance, taste its quality, and mobilize all kind of sensory to enjoy nice wine.In the sequence of drinking, pay attention to the first drink after drink red wine, white wine, the first lighter wine In the sequence of drinking, it is necessary to pay attention to the order of drinking.White wine should be first and after red wine, the first lighter wine following Re-bodied wine to drink a short year wine and then drink a long year wine, changes gradually in-depth change in the enjoyment of wine flavor.The selection of wine device, also revolve around how to get the full enjoyment of drinking on the drinkers.Let aroma convergence on mouth of the tulip-type goblet cup, and even for wine temperature degree specially designed thermometer, without exception, demonstrate respect for Westerners wine, and their Drinking etiquette is for a better appreciation of wine.In the West people rarely Toast each other, they usually drink separately.Only in certain occasions, they will join in a toast.If a time like this is usually the person after the speech, they are blessing a person, or to celebrate something for someone.2.4 Purpose of Drinking

Wine exists with the form of water and with the content of fire.They are incompatible since ancient times, only an exception on wine.It is water also fire.Not only was extinguished by the minds of unhappy, but also can bright the inner.Both Chinese and westerners love wine, but the diversity of cultures, so caused the difference on drinking purposes between the Chinese people and Westerns.The purpose of drinking in western is simple.They have a drink in order to enjoy drinking.Of course, wine also has the function of communication, but it is more important for people to enjoy the taste of wine.What kind of drink should be used to

enjoy on a occasion , and what temperature degree should be , what shape of the glass should be, there is a very fine clear requirement.There is not hing Finger Guessing Game was provided on the banquet.The aesthetic of western is a direct form Style-oriented and do not require to use distiller's yeast to achieve communicative effects, showing that the West is drinking for wine.In China, wine is often used as a communicative tool.Therefore, there are not scientific systematic theoretical analysis on Chinese wine culture.More attention was paied on other function s brought by drinking.The so-called ulterior motives are not on wine , but care between landscape and landscape of the music.People who drink often want to discuss official business, or talk to a private matter.In short, drinking is just an expression of a mood-assisted behavior.People have a drink just want to borrow the role of alcohol to complete a number of other things, so Chinese people will never be less wine on the table.Whether it is Chinese New Year, or a business in the future, wine is the middle of the hub of everything.It also links to the subtle emotions between people, but people rely more on drinking is the pursuit of wine.Qingmeizhujiu is to prove who is the hero.The paradis Jiang Jinjiu purpose to eliminate the same melancholy;Bamboo Poets of the Seven Sages was to take sanctuary.Qianlong 1000 gentleman feast want to share happy with the public.Chinese people drinking is not for alcohol but for feelings.Therefore, so long as having appropriate reasons, everyone can advise each other to drink, in order to show goodwill and sincerity.Toast is a typical performance of Chinese hospitality, but often is not understood by Westerners on the Chinese people.China is the ceremonies.The communication is usually advocated implicitly.They are not bounded, not only can speak, also can criticize after drinking alhtough there is nothing to speak usually.Wine can help Chinese people to achieve communicative purposes.2.5 Drinking Habits Several major Chinese festival of the year have a corresponding drinking activities, such as the Dragon Boat Festival drink “calamus wine”.Suspended drink “chrysanthemum wine”.In some places, such as Jiangxi, people gathered to drink after planting the cereal crop or to celebrate the harvest time.Chinese New Year also is known as New Year's Eve.It is the day for family reunion to have the most sumptuous dinner of the year.Dinner and wine are essential to the even poorest family.In some places, people generally do not leave the house on the first day of the first lunar month.From the second day, people begin to drop around.The owner of the house takes the dishes which have been prepared earlier to the table and enjoy the wine with the guests.“liquor of daughter in the south“ According to the earliest record by the ”Southern Grasses“ that the southern people began to make wine when their daughter was seven years old.Then they bury the brewed wine when their daughter got married.This kind of wine was inherited in Shaoxing and developed to be famous as ”Huadiao jiu“.Another difference exists in the custom of drinking wine.As is known to us, China is a big country with 56 nationalities and vast territory.Most of the nations have its own distinctive wine and custom of drinking wine.However, there still exists the common character: encouraging people to drink.While in western countries, no one will encourage you to drink.It is up to you to drink or not.No one would associate toasting people with the face.If there exists buying wine culture, that is, today I buy the wine for you in a bar;tomorrow you will buy for me.Wine culture brings about the difference of ideology of flows.Wine culture that caused great affection on the east and west civilization is embodied in the feminism.In the west, fete is an important means of worship of wine.The housewives and girls gathered in wild mountains to dance and enjoy themselves the whole night.Women could communicate with any people.Although the man was discontented with this, he could not have any complaints.This tradition was handed down.As a result, women got almost the same status with the man in the west.The worship of wine came along with the mysterious worship of maternity, which rippled in the civilization of the west.It was not the case in China.Although at the beginning, the wine was brewed for the daughter of Yu, women were deprived of right of drinking wine by man.The girls

in The Dream of Red Mansion mostly drank fruit wine.The liquor, repetitive of wine, was the patent of men, such as Jia Zheng.The status of women was gradually promoted after the spread of western culture during the period of Fourth Five.Women have the same right of drinking wine in modern times.3.Different Communicative Functions and Drinking Culture 3.1 Shallow Sip and Cattle Drink

Chinese people pay attention to the “shallow sip”.The so called“shallow sip”is to put the glass in one hand and enjoy the fun by singing a song or poem to purse the realm into a little drunk.The so called little drunk is like non-drunk and non-awake, with a rather wonderful feeling to get high in the realm.We Chinese people will take a little drunk while talking with our friends or family and have a good time.The Westerners pay attention to “cattle drink”, the so called “cattle drink” also described as the “drink by”.That is, no matter one battle or one glass, just raise your neck to drink it overturned.They enjoy the excitement that the wine brings to them.3.2 Masculinity and Feminism

Chinese wine culture is the doctrine of partial male.Since ancient times, “wine” was always used by men as the signboard and mask of their entertainment.By the “wine” of power, things will line.Things can be done easier by the power of wine.CaoCao used wine to test whether troops under his command were loyal to him.Wine and beauty seem always to go together;both are men’s tool to release their pressure.Actually, with the collapse of the feudalism, women were no longer regarded as men’s vassal.Nevertheless, in most case, women are often still at arm’s length speak of love.The western wine culture joined more feminist factors and is relatively neutral.In western countries, there is not only spirits for men but also cocktails and champagne with a sweet or fruity taste and beautiful color for women to drink.Female drinking is socially accepted, and fends to be neutral on the whole.3.3

Lyricism and Enjoyment

China, the scenic spot of wine culture, the significance of drinking wine is far more than the sensual pleasure.In many occasions, wine is used as a cultural symbol to represent a ritual, a state of mind.Wine and poetry, had the tight relationship from then on.In China, The wine is often used as a communication tool, a medium to express feelings after drinking.The so called the drinker’s heart is not in the cup but in people and in love.Such as to make the plum wine is in order to prove who is the real hero;to drink one more cup of wine is to bid farewell to the friend going away.Different feeling and different mood are passed through the wine.In the western countries, the purpose of drink is often very simple, to enjoy the wine and alcohol.Of course, the red wine in the west also has the function of communication, but it is more of a pursuit of how to enjoy the taste.It can be seen that the Western wine culture focus more on the wine itself while we Chinese people seem to pay more attention to the spiritual experience after evaporation or distillation of the wine.Western habit of tasting wine is to taste with their tongue, while we Chinese people use more of a heart and brain to feel the feeling the wine bring us.The Way to Promote the Intercommunication of Wine Culture 4.1.Launching International Communication Conference

The development of world wine culture depends on the intercommunication of different nations.On this matter, I give several suggestions as following: Firstly, we should launch international communication conference about research of wine culture.At present, the research communication between professors and experts in especially French, Germany, and England and so on is little.Professors and experts exchange their ideas and views about wine and put forward new suggestions.It is an important and direct way to push the development

of wine culture.Secondly, a worldwide organization should be set up to harmonize and guide the deed acted by nations.Regions and nations behave according to the rules regulated.4.2.Setting the Suitable Rules

As we know, a proverb says without rules we cannot do things well.Thus it is necessary and important to set the suitable rules.Nations can communicate and behave well with the restrictions.However, the rules are not set now, which needs the efforts of the professors and experts.4.3 Innovation

Wine culture can not develop without innovation which is the gist of wine culture.China has a long history of brewing wine, which is proud by us.Meanwhile, we indulge ourselves in the success we have had and depend on the traditional wine culture excessively.Therefore, crisis is there.In order to keep the booming vitality of wine, obviously, the innovation is crucial.But what we should do innovate the wine culture.In my point of view, we should do as the following: To begin with, the combination of innovation of wine and idea.The consumption psychology of people is always changing.There is an increasing demand about the safety and sanitation of wine.The idea of green consumption occurs to people.As a result, we not only cater to the demand of trend, but also put our feet in the consumer's shoes.Secondly, the combination of innovation and technology.The innovation of culture can not;eave the development of technology.The big innovation and development of many professions is caused by the innovation of technology.The innovation of technology and technique push the development of the profession of brewing wine vigorously and base the solid foundation of the innovation of wine culture.Thirdly, the combination of innovation of wine culture and the management of firm.The history of abroad or domestic management of firm can be subdivided into three stages: ”experimental management“ ”scientific management“ and ”cultural management".It realized the big leap on management from experimental one to Tylor's scientific one.However, scientific management neglects the creativity and ability of man, which can not fit the demand of development.Thus, cultural management came into being.That whether the wine culture is a success or a failure is associated with the leader of the enterprise.The runner of the wine firm is different from the leader of the firm of making screwdriver.He should be an artist with high quality of culture and artistic taste.The fierce competition demands that they give direction and decision on the design of products, the direction of market, the selling

and plan of market.It is also necessary for them to carry out the cultural management and innovation of management and make full use of resources including resource of mankind to infuse the color of culture in the product.Make sure the realization of innovation of wine culture successfully through innovation of management.This is one aspect and another aspect is that: In the first place, transfer the advantage of culture into the advantage of market.Transmitting culture is to exploit the market.The core of the wine market is health;safety and fashion which the enterprises need long time of penetration of culture and patient and dedicate cultivation of market.It advocates drinking wine in a scientific way and green consumption to guide man return to rationalism from the traditional wine culture, which advocates drinking wine in great amount.In the second place, transfer the advantage of market into the advantage of economic, society and zoology.The advantage of economic is the final embodiment of the advantage of market.Promoting the additional value of wine culture is a significant way to transfer the advantage of market into the advantage of economic.At the same time, it requires shat the effectiveness of society and zoology should be taken into account.We should strengthen the idea of sustaining development of firm and carry out green management and controlling of whole process and protect the mature during the process of carrying out the innovation of wine culture.Therefore, the vitality of wine lies in wine culture and fitting the progressive consumption culture, which is to keep pace with time.Conclusion The wine is the best present that God has given.Wine culture comes along with the birth of wine since wine appeared.Due to the difference of wine, regions and environment, the faith brought by wine culture also has more or less difference.At first, the wine in China was the sweet wine made from fruits.After that, man gradually found the grain which was used as the raw material of liquor.It was much better than sweet wine either in power or taste.Therefore, it is the mainstream to brew wine with grain as the raw material.At present, it refers to liquor when it comes to the wine of China.However, the wine in the west was brewed with barley the raw material firstly.Man began to brew wine with grape.The wine made man intoxicated and gradually became the mainstream of the west.And now, it refers to champagne and Brandy wit grape as the raw material.Drinking wine in China is the common phenomenon of different nations.Most of nations have its own characteristic wine

and custom of drinking wine.The culture of drinking wine has endurable vitality and character.The research of drinking custom will promote the unity of nations and progress of civilization.In order to communicate with the consumer, it is necessary to promote the development of wine culture.The wine can popularize wildly and sell best according to the taste of consumer.The brewed wine is to be consumed by man.Consequently, people's suggestion about the way of brewing wine is vital, which is to make sure the wine is consumed with confirmation and agreement of consumer.Intercommunication is also crucial to the development of wine culture.Thus, increasing international communication is essential.Professors and experts can exchange their views and put forward new ideas about innovation of technology.A worldwide organization restrains the behavior of the members.Through this topic, the profound Chinese culture during the course of investigations will be appreciated.Consequently the Chinese wine culture will develop along with the development of the world wine culture.Bibliography [1] Patrick McGovern.Ancient wine: the search for the origin of viniculture.Princeton University, 2000.[2] Haeger.North American Pinot Noir.Langman, 2004.[3] Patrick Matthews.Real wine: the rediscovery of natural winemaking.Mitchell Beazley, 2000.[4] Jeni Port.Crushed by women:women and win., Arcadia, 2000.[5] Jancis Robinson.Jancis Robinson's wine tasting workbook.Conran Octopus, 2000.[6]Dai Weidong.A New Concise Course in Lingustics for Students of Englishin [M].ShangHai Foreign Language Education Press, 2010:125-126 [7]Jamie Goode.The science of wine: from vine to glass[M].University of California Press, 2005 [8]John Winthrop Haeger.North American Pinot Noir[M].Niversity of California Press, 2004

[9]Julia Harding.The Oxford Companion to Wine[M].Oxford University Press, 2006 [10]Patrick McGovern.Ancient wine: the search for the origin of viniculture[M].Princeton University Press, 2003

[11] 王守国．酒文化与艺术精神[M]．郑州：河南大学出版社, 2006． [12] 铁流．中华酒文化大观[M]．北京：当代中国出版社, 2000． [13] 张爱敬．酒文化[M]．青岛：中国海洋大学出版社, 1999． [14] 张长兴．酒文化[M]．呼和浩特：内蒙古人民出版社, 2003．

[15] 赵荣光．中国传统酒人形象的历史异变[M]．香港：饮食文化研究出版社, 2002．

[16] 蒋雁峰．中国酒文化研究[M]．长沙：湖南师范大学出版社, 2000． [17] 朱迪．带一只酒杯去巴黎[M]．北京：团结出版社, 2005． [18] Thomas Karlauf．突然想喝酒,微醺[M]．上海外文出版社, 2003． [19] 蕭曦清酒國春秋[M]．台北：台湾新生报出版社, 2001． [20] 韩胜宝．姑苏酒文化[M]．苏州：古吴轩出版社, 2000． [21]贾玉新.跨文化交际学[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社，1997：65 [22]蒋雁峰.中国酒文化研究[M].长沙：湖南师范大学出版社，2006 [23]杜莉.中西酒文化比较[J].扬州大学烹饪学报，2004（1）：1-4 [24]杨利.酒文化及酒的精神文化价值探微[J].邵阳学院学报：社会科学版，2005（4）：82-83 [25]万晓艳.从跨文化交际的角度解读中西方酒文化[J].甘肃科技纵横，2009（3）：160

第三篇：中西酒文化浅析

中西方酒文化浅析

内容摘要： 酒是人类生活中不可或缺的美味饮品。无论在中国还是在西方，酒伴随着人类的脚步一路前行，在漫长的发展历程中形成了一门特殊的文化——酒文化，它是一个国家或地区历史文化的重要组成部分。本文通过中西酒文化研究对比，从中找出二者的共同点及其差别，为中西方文化差异特别是价值观方面的差异提供一些参考。

关键词：酒文化；价值观；对比

一、起源的美丽传说

尽管相隔遥远，在远古时代又彼此隔绝，但关于酒的起源，在中国和西方都有着许多美丽的传说。

（一）中国有关酒起源的传说

在众多关于酒的起源传说中，影响最大主要有以下几种：上天造酒说、猿猴造酒说、仪狄造酒说、杜康造酒说。关于酒起源在我国众多古籍中也不乏记载，《战国策》中说：“昔者，帝女令仪狄作酒而美，进之禹，禹钦而甘之，遂疏仪狄，绝旨酒，日：‘后世必有以酒亡其国者。”晋朝江统在《酒诰》中言：“有饭不尽，委之空桑，郁结成味，久蓄气芳，本出于代，不由奇方。”

（二）西方有关酒起源的传说

在西方，没有太多关于酒起源的古籍记载。其中最著名的是希腊神话中关于葡萄酒起源传说。相传塞墨勒与宙斯相爱、怀孕却被害致死，宙斯便把胎儿放入自己的大腿中养育，孩子出生后取名为狄俄倪索斯。狄俄倪索斯历尽磨难长大成人。多年后，好友在战斗中死亡，后来在友人的墓上长出一株结满果实的葡萄树。他采下果实榨成汁，喝来甘甜爽口，这就是最初的葡萄酒。他把这玉液琼浆献给奥林匹斯诸神，同时也赐给了希腊人民。于是，许多西方国家便有了葡萄酒的酿造技术。

性劳动基本上起着主导作用。经过漫长的探索、凝练，中国的酿酒技艺堪称一流、各种名酒各得其妙。总体来说，中国酿酒大都有浸渍、蒸煮、多次投料、固态及半固态发酵等工艺环节和方法，这也正是中国粮食酒酿造技艺的突出特点。

（二）西方酒种类和酿酒工艺简介

由于西方许多地方不适宜农作物的生长，却十分有利于葡萄的生长，因而葡萄的产量大、品质优，因此在西方最具特色的酒是葡萄酒和白兰地，用的几乎是百分之百的葡萄；另外开胃酒、利口酒、鸡尾酒等大多也以葡萄酒为酒基进行制作。西方葡萄酒的代表有法国的沙都拉菲、法国的精选波尔多、意大利的草编驰骋安稠、西班牙的公牛血等。

在酒的酿造工艺上，西方主要以葡萄为原料，讲究以料为核心，桶和窖为保障，采用液态、单式发酵方法。在葡萄酒的酿造过程中，葡萄起主导作用，葡萄的品种和质量决定着葡萄酒的品质、特色和香型，人的劳动则起辅助作用。葡萄酒的酿造大多是葡萄去梗破皮、压榨、发酵、培养、装瓶等工艺环节，而橡木桶、酒窖是其中的两个关键。橡木桶是发酵和培养葡萄酒的最经典容器。其木材多孔，外界的氧气缓缓渗入，包括酒精在内的挥发物质部分蒸发，使酒变得更加细腻、芳香；橡木释放出的辛香和单宁酸，给葡萄酒增添华美复合的润饰，使酒质不断成熟、稳定。酒窖是葡萄酒最好的栖身之所，决定着葡萄酒的最终品质。任何好酒都需要经过较长时间的藏酿，葡萄酒在橡木桶中的陈化不是全部过程，要达到最佳饮用状态，更需要继续贮存、陈化。

四、所用酒器不同

中国人历来就十分重视酒器的使用，就其用途而言，可分为贮酒器、盛酒器、卖酒器和饮酒器四大类。中国的酒器从远古时代的兽角、葫芦等逐步演变为陶制酒器、青铜制酒器、漆制酒器、玉制酒器以及后来的金银酒器、玻璃酒器和不锈钢酒器等等。每一种酒器都有其不同的类型，比如青铜制酒器中就有尊、壶、皿、鉴、瓿等。有些酒器会做成特定的动物形状，如羊、牛、兔等；有些酒器上绘有人物、山水等图案，其种类繁多，造型各异。当然，这些形状各异、色彩缤纷的

满传空”六礼，指要把杯中酒喝干，并亮底给同座检查。明代冯时化的《酒史》，记述了苏州宴客“杯中余沥，有一滴，则罚一杯”。如实在酒量不济，要婉言声明，并稍饮表示敬意。

2、酒德

酒德，指饮酒的道德规范和酒后应有的风度。合度者有德，失态者无德，恶趣者更无德。酒德二字，最早见于《尚书》和《诗经》，其含义是说饮酒者要有德行，不能“颠覆厥德，荒湛于酒”。儒家并不反对饮酒，但反对狂饮烂醉。

中国酒德的主要内容包括三个方面：

一是要量力而饮。即饮酒不在多少，贵在适量。《饮膳正要》指出：“少饮为佳，多饮伤神损寿，易人本性，其毒甚也。醉饮过度，丧生之源。”

二是要节制有度。即饮酒要注意自我克制，做到饮酒而不乱。《三国志》裴松之注引《管辂别传》说到管辂自励励人：“酒不可极，才不可尽。吾欲持酒以礼，持才以愚，何患之有也?”就是力戒贪杯与逞能。

三是饮酒不能强劝。酒林中一些近乎疯狂的欢饮者，常常是把沉溺当豪爽，把邪恶当有趣。其实，人的酒量各异，强人饮酒不仅败坏了饮酒的乐趣，而且有损身体健康。因此，在群饮过程中既要热闹，又要理智，不能强人所难，执意劝饮。

（二）西方的酒吧文化

酒吧，是西方人饮酒的主要且特定的场所，在英文中写作“BAR”，原意是指木栅栏。在欧洲，早期的酒吧只是出售酒品的柜台，后来，随着酿酒业的发展，酒吧从饭店和餐馆中分离出来，成为专门出售酒水和供客人饮酒、交友、聚会、娱乐的地方。

在西方国家，酒吧的数量和种类都非常多，其分类方法也不尽相同，根据酒吧形式进行分类，可以分为主酒吧、酒廊、服务酒吧、多功能酒吧等。

1、主酒吧

主酒吧大多数装饰美观、典雅、别致，设备完善，并备有足够可靠柜吧凳、大多数中国人把酒当做是一种特殊的物质，对酒本身的关注度并不那么高，人们更多的是依靠饮酒而追求酒之外的东西。在欢乐时酒可助兴，在忧愁时酒可浇愁；可邀三五好友在酒馆里豪饮，也可在家中独自小酌；可用大碗显豪饮，也可用小盅慢品。如此种种，都说明了在中国人的主观感情思维中，酒文化体现了其“以人为本”的特征。大部分中国人很少对酒种类、酿造和品鉴方法感兴趣，而会津津乐道于各种饮酒趣事。

在西方人看来，酒是一种特殊的艺术品，拥有魅力和生命。面对这个的神圣艺术品，西方人用心去欣赏和玩味。西方人喝酒时讲究规矩和套路，他们通常会去酒吧喝酒，而酒吧有特定的布局，酒吧侍者也有一套特定的规范化的服务操作程序。西方人注重酒的本身品质，对饮酒器具十分的讲究，他们把酒看成是艺术品，认为都要有适合自己的杯子，只有相互间完美地配搭，才能充分的享受饮酒的乐趣。这些充分说明了西方人的科学、理性的思维方式，体现了“以物为本”的特征。如果让他们选择的话，大部分人可能会滔滔不绝地讲述酒的种类、酿造和品鉴方法。

酒是一种客观存在的物质，更是一种文化。酒文化作为一种特殊的文化形式，中西方对其有着不同的解读。中西方饮酒之道的差异也折射出其背后不同的文化和思维模式。在信息化和全球化的今天，中西方文化在交流中也在不断地相互融合渗透。分析和比较中西方酒文化的差异有助于我们更加深入的了解酒文化背后所隐藏的中西文化差异，更好的为我们进行跨文化交际、交流服务，更好的为世界人民融洽交流服务。

第四篇：中西方酒文化对比

中西方酒文化的对比

摘要：“酒”是一个国家历史发展和文化沉淀过程中不可缺少的一环，无论是其制作过程还是饮用习惯都与该国家的文化价值观紧密相连。中西方文化价值观存在着根本性的差异，酒文化也是一样。本文通过对中西方酒文化所涉及的几个方面，进一步阐述中西方酒文化的差异，使读者对这些差异的理解更加清楚明确 关键词：酒文化；中国；西方；文化；差异

引言

酒是一种艺术，它以其水的外形，火的性格，渗透在人类生活的每一个角落、人类文化的每一个方面。它在世界文化中也有着惊人的相似之处。在文学和艺术的领域，酒的精神无处不在，并且深深影响着文学人士在各方面的造诣，是自由，艺术和美丽相结合。毫无疑问，酒在中国人的生活和文化中占据了重要的位置。在西方，谨慎与热情的冲突贯穿于西方的历史，正如美国人对于酒的敬仰。西方浪漫主义哲学也由此产生。在美国东部，酒文化对浪漫主义产生很大的影响，尽管浪漫主义没有太多理论上的哲学立据，但是他们主张要随时保持

现实的态度。1.1中国酒文化 1.1.1祭祀与酒

由于酒是一种特殊的饮料，它能使人兴奋，使人麻醉，饮酒就成为有别于其他饮食行为的特殊行为。饮酒行为必然受到政治、经济、习俗、道德等特定条件的制约，并表现出人类精神活动的特点，如风俗习惯、伦理道德、审美情趣等。因此，酒文化现象往往是人类精神生活的反映。酒文化的产生与发展，受到许多因素的影响，是一个历史的过程。如农业发展在酒文化演进中的基础作用、科技进步对酿酒工艺的促进、手工业发展对酒具质地和形成的制约、自然地理条件对酿酒业的微妙作用等等，都反映出酒文化是人类历史的一部分，它受到其他文化的影响，并与它们相互交融。

人类对神的信仰，也显示了对神灵所代表的自然力的崇拜。祭祀，是人们向神祗祈福求做的重大仪式。随着社会的发展和文明的进步，祭祀的政治意义日益加强，帝王的祭祀仪式作为朝廷大典。成为国家重要政治活动。不论是郊祀，还是宗庙里德祭祀，都是王朝的的大事，礼仪十分隆重。酒在祭祀活动中，起着独一无二的作用。酒以成礼，因此，凡是祭祀，除要供献牛羊等牲畜及五谷瓜果外，还要敬献酒鬯。

而饮酒之风的盛行，刺激了酿酒业的发展，但若饮酒漫无节制，则不仅有害于饮酒者一己之身，而且会带来许多社会问题。古人对此早有认识，因此禁酒的历史与造酒和饮酒的历史一样悠久。历代王朝禁酒，不外乎三个原因，一是以国君为代表的统治集团，因纵酒可能会导致统治腐败，君臣之间会因酒失礼，大臣之间会因酒失和，从而危及政权的巩固，也害怕庶民百姓酗酒滋事，引发争讼殴斗，不利于社会安定，影响统治秩序。二是古代农迁业生产常因频繁的天灾人祸而遭致破坏，粮食骤然减产是常有的事，而酿酒要消耗大量的粮食，特别是遇到饥荒之年，政局不稳，若把粮食消费于造酒，就会加剧政局的不稳定。三是为了防止百姓造酒卖酒获取厚利，而由官府专卖，保以使国家垄断造酒的利润。我国历史上的魏晋时代，是个既动荡不安又自由潇洒的时代。与人一般不同的是，魏晋文人中不少人则是以畅饮，豪饮以至狂饮，酗酒，从狂饮，酗酒直至将命搭上。

3.1.2酒器和酒的种类

中国酒文化包罗万象，丰富多彩，主要包括以下内容∶一，中国酒品种的形成和发展。按照经营上的习惯，中国的酒分为黄酒、白酒、果酒、露酒啤酒和葡萄酒六大类。其中每一大类又可以根据产地、原料、工艺特点、酒色、酒味、酒曲等区分为更多的种类。例如，白酒可以根据香型区出五种∶酱香型、清香型、浓香型、米香型、其他香型。而且，同一香型的酒，由于产地自然条件的差异、工艺操作细节的不同、其香气和风味会各有特色。中国的酒文化渊远流长，虽然历史最长的当属黄酒，但最能代表中国酒的莫过于白酒了，从某种角度可以说中国的酒文化酒是白酒文化。因为在中国的诸多酒种中，她历史悠久、工艺成熟、至今为止仍是世界上产量最大的蒸馏酒。中华文明产生在黄河流域，这里土壤肥沃、气候温和，很早成为农业大国。中国五谷类粮食产量大、品种多，粮食在满足了人们食用的功能，还有剩余，这为粮食酿酒奠定了基础。而被称为西方文明摇篮的希腊地处巴尔干半岛，三面环海，境内遍布群山和岛屿，土壤相对贫瘠，属于典型的地中海式气候。不利于粮食作物的生长，谷类作物产量低，仅能满足食用，很难有富余的用来酿酒。而更喜欢沙砾土壤的葡萄，以其耐旱性和对地中海式气候的适应性而在希腊广泛种植，葡萄酒满

足了西方人对酒类的需求。

中国人历来就十分重视酒器的使用，“就其用途而言，可分为贮酒器、盛酒器、卖酒器和饮酒器四大类”。在远古时代，由于生产力发展水平比较低，人们所用来饮酒的器具主要是一些天然的材料，并非特制而成，比如兽角、葫芦等。随着生产力的不断提高及酿酒业的逐步发展，酒器的材料和种类也繁多起来，像陶制酒器、青铜制酒器、漆制酒器、玉制酒器以及后来的金银酒器、玻璃酒器和不锈钢酒器等等，每一种酒器都有其不同的类型，比如青铜制酒器中就有尊、壶、皿、鉴、瓿等。有些酒器甚至是不同的动物形状，像羊、虎、牛、兔等；也有些酒器上绘有人物、山水、故事等，其种类繁多，造型各异。让人眼花缭乱。当然，这些形状各异、色彩缤纷的酒器使人们在饮酒的同时也能得到美的享受，同时也反映出了中国艺术文化的独特魅

力。2.1.3中国的特色酒

说道中国的特色酒，就必定会联想到青稞酒，因为青稞酒是藏族的男女老少都喜欢饮用的一种传统饮料。在藏语中，婚礼就叫“喝青稞酒”，这同汉族人管婚礼叫“吃喜酒”意义是相似的。一般人到藏民家去作客，热情的主人都会在你一进门就递上一满杯青稞酒，让客人先喝上一口，随即再添满，再喝一口，连续添三次，最后要满杯喝完。藏族将此称为“三口一杯”。客人完成这“三口一杯”。主人会非常高兴。客人不喝，那是不礼貌的，主人会以为小看他们。假如客人确实是因为不会喝酒而没有喝成这“三口一杯”，就可用无名指蘸点酒，将酒弹向右上方三下，主人仍会高兴地接受。“三口一杯”后，客人就可随意。与主人告别时，按藏族习俗，还得干上

一满杯青稞酒。

据记载，青稞酒的酿制技术，还是唐朝时文成公主进藏带去的。青稞（一种高原生长的麦子）煮熟后，拌入酒曲，装入陶罐或木桶中，封严发酵，几天后加入水，再放一两天后就可饮用。青稞酒酒精含量约10度，属低度酒，颜色清淡，味道酸中带甜，人称“西藏啤酒”。

3.2西方酒文化 3.2.1酒的种类和酒器

纵观各类酒品不难发现，东方以酿造米酒为主，而西方则以啤酒和葡萄酒为主。在西方文明的起源中，主要的农作物是麦类，众多考古发现表明，早在远古时代，巴比伦人就已用小麦制成啤酒，远古埃及人也有如何酿造啤酒的记载。在西方国家葡萄的产量和品质都首屈一指。在这样的条件下，西方的人们可以大量地用葡萄酿制并享用葡萄酒，所以古代西方盛行“啤酒和葡萄酒文化”。西方的酒器虽然没有中国这么丰富，但也有其特色，而且，西方人讲究在不同的场合，饮用不同的酒，要选用不同的洒杯，像葡萄酒杯、白酒杯、白兰地酒杯及香槟酒杯等。此外，西方酒杯的制作讲究轻薄透明，因此其酒器多为玻璃和水晶制品，以便于欣赏酒的色泽，进而判断出酒的档次高低。西方人喝酒时习惯玩弄酒杯，让酒在杯中回旋，因此，西方酒杯的外形大都是窄口宽肚，不仅美观大方，而且轻巧实用，在保留酒香的同时还避免酒的溢出。由此可见，中国的酒器形象、优美；西方的酒器轻巧、方便，虽然差别比较明显，但各有其文化特色。现如今，随着社会的不断发展，中国传统的酒器已经少见，西方的酒器开始在中国受到欢迎，这也是我们提倡的文化融

合的一种体现。3.2.2西方的酒吧文化

Bar多指美式的具有一定主题元素的酒吧，如体育吧。而Pub和tavern多指英式的以酒为主的酒吧。它最早起源于美国西部大开发时期，最初，在美国西部，牛仔和强盗们很喜欢聚在小酒馆里喝酒。由于他们都是骑马而来，所以酒馆老板就在馆子门前设了一根横木，用来拴马。后来，汽车取代了马车，骑马的人逐渐减少，这些横木也多被拆除。有一位酒馆老板不愿意扔掉这根已成为酒馆象征的横木，便把它拆下来放在柜台下面，没想到却成了顾客们垫腚的好地方们，受到顾客的喜爱了。

据说，当时美国中西部的人骑马出行时，路过街边的小店，就把马拴在门口的一根椐木上，进去喝一杯酒顺便休息一下，然后继续上路。这样的小店就被称之为BAR。它们为城市中辛苦工作一天的人们提供一个放松身心和朋友聚会的场所。在这种酒吧中最重要的就是电视机，经常播放新闻节目、电视连续剧以及像棒球和足球这类体育节目。许多酒吧会放置一台大荧幕的电视机，用他们招揽顾客。它是一种大众闲暇消费的活动空间，也是一种欣欣向荣的文化新景观，更是

泡吧者释放压力的港湾。

酒吧是一个自由的地方，西方人喜欢一群人边喝酒边高谈阔论，一边喝着，一边聊着，人与人之间都是平等、自由地进行交流和沟通，他们相互尊重彼此的看法。酒吧文化实质上是西方文化的重要表现形式，酒吧就是其文化表现力的标准模式，它属于一种新型的娱乐文化。欧洲人说：要找人，不在办公室或家里，到酒吧去；不在酒吧，肯定在去酒吧的路上。这句话听起来夸张了点，但确实体现出酒吧在西方人生活中的重要地位。西方绝大部分人都把酒吧当成社交、娱乐和饮食的场所。西方人的交往联系，往往是在酒吧里进行的，而不像中国人喜欢把朋友带到自己的家里。西方人士的许多重要的聚会，如生日聚会、结婚纪念聚会等都是在酒吧举行。在英国，在以冷漠著称于世的英国社会里，酒吧文化的形成被看作是为了促进社会交往。因为，人们在排队的时候，可以和身边同样等待买酒的人交谈。而想要了解英国生活和文化核心，酒吧是必不可少的。所有的邻里交往、朋友相聚基本上都是在酒吧中进行的，在酒吧喝啤酒也是溶入社会的一个简单易行的方式，平常克制保守的英国人在酒吧里表现另一个张扬，并且表现得淋漓尽致。而美国酒吧是用餐或者和朋友们喝一杯的好地方。他们通常会提供一份包罗了汉堡、牛排、沙拉和各种小吃的内容全面的菜单。许多酒吧还会以提供各种进口的葡萄酒、啤酒以及装在附带龙头的酒桶里的地方啤酒等广泛选择为特色。在白天，如果电视里正在播放一场体育比赛的总决赛，酒吧里会十分吵闹。在晚间，酒吧会播放生动的音乐，可以跳舞或者只是作为背景音乐。

4．中西酒的创新

4.1酒器

伴随着酿酒业的发展和社会生产力的进步，酒器也有陶器、青铜器、木器，发展到金银器、瓷器、种类日益丰富，技术不断进步，成为我国酒文化的重要组成部分。在春秋战国时期，青铜冶铸的发展，出现了一些新的酒器，其用途也逐步摆脱作为礼器的雍容华贵，而向较为实用的日常生活用具的方向发展。及至现代，除了陶瓷酒具外，还有玻璃、金属、塑料等质地的酒器，具有贮酒、盛酒、温酒、饮酒等不同用途，不仅造型上风格多样，大小型号上也是千差万别，以满

足人们饮酒的需要。

我国酒器的发展演变，不仅反映出我国手工业技术的发展历程，也反映出我国酿酒业的进步和饮酒习惯额的演变。酒器本身，又把雕塑、工艺、美术集于一体，达到了审美与实用的统一，因而一些酒器成为超绝的工艺精品和罕世的艺术瑰宝，在中华民族的文化之园中，闪烁着特有的光彩。正如好马要配以好鞍，才能体现一匹坐骑的完美一样。自古以来，人们饮酒时都喜欢用上好的酒具。在他们看来只有好的酒具才能配得上这人间的琼浆玉液。也许在每个人的心里，追求完美才是最真实的感觉，所以才会有“葡萄美酒夜光杯”的千古名

句。

在中国封建社会，上好的酒具不但是财富的象征，更是身份和社会地位的象征，因此我们今天能够看到的那些上好的古代酒具，几乎都是那个时代的有钱人和王公将相所使用的。明代，瓷制品的生产技术持续发展，所以这时的酒器便以青花，斗彩，祭红最具特色。而到了清代，在瓷器酒器中具有清代特色的，如珐琅彩，素三彩，青花玲珑瓷及各种仿古瓷都十分著名。从明清时期到新中国成立，锡制酒器在民间被广为使用，这种锡制的酒具主要是用作温酒的器具。酒具的发展演变史，也是中国酒文化的一个缩影，纵观酒具的发展演变，便可看到中国酒文化在其中的点点渗透。

酒器的选择，让饮者对酒充分享受。选择让香气汇聚杯口的郁金香型高脚杯、让酒充分舒展的滗酒器、乃至为葡萄酒温度而专门设计的温度计，无不表现出西方人对酒的尊轻，他们的饮酒礼仪都是为更

好的欣赏美味而制定的。

4.2酿酒技术

酒是一种客观存在的物质，中西方酒文化差别在物质层面下的表现：在酒的用料与品类下，中国最具特色、最著名的是用粮食酿造的粮食酒，西方则是用葡萄酿的葡萄酒；在酿造工艺下，中国讲究料、水、曲三者统一，采用固态、复式发酵法，西方以料为核心，采用液

态、单式发酵法。

法国葡萄公厂区蒙彼利埃和波尔多,为了改进红葡萄酒质量,采用了一个新设备,在葡萄破碎前进行全部热处理的新方法。这一工艺有三个优点葡萄经过热处理,可浸出葡萄皮上的色素和香气葡萄通过热处理,可破坏多酚氧化酶葡萄通过热处理,可去掉葡萄上的尘土和一部分果胶。但通过热处理的葡萄必须立刻冷却,进行发酵。在正常的年景,这个葡萄热处理方法可明显地改进葡萄酒的质量和色泽。

4.3品酒

饮酒要观色、闻香、品味，调动各种感官享受美酒；品饮顺序，从较淡的酒到浓郁的酒。

在一般情况下，无论什么酒，其酒的香气与酒液都是融合的，所以喝起来会给人一种浑然一体的感觉。如果把酒液直接暴露在空气当中，过一些时候，酒的香气就会有所散失，这时留下来的酒液便会让人感觉寡味难饮。由此看来，尽管饮者对酒的口味会有不同的感觉与选择，但一些鉴别好酒的基本标准，大体上应该是一致的。一般来说，鉴别酒的好坏。主要是从酒的色，香，味三大指标来

加以评定。

葡萄酒，不但在全球流传较广，也是果酒中最为常见的一种。不同品种的葡萄酒其风格也各不相同。白葡萄酒的颜色虽然一般说来近似于无色，但由于果肉原料的颜色差别，也使得白葡萄酒在颜色上具有浅黄，麦秆黄，浅黄略带微绿，金黄等不同的颜色差别。由此说来，深黄和褐黄颜色的葡萄酒并非优良的白葡萄酒。那么同样道理，由于葡萄酒品种的关系，红葡萄酒的颜色也分为自然地深宝石红，宝石红，石榴红，洋葱皮红，紫红等不同的颜色，而其中酒色清新润泽的一定是上品，除此之外，干白葡萄酒以酒液澄清透明为佳，干红葡萄酒则以色泽红亮为上，说到葡萄酒的口味，应该是洁净舒顺，和谐完整而爽口清快的。白葡萄酒清新纯柔；而甜葡萄酒还应该兼备甘甜，柔软和滋润等特点以及酸甜适口的风味；干白葡萄酒酸味突出而甜味不显；半干葡萄酒则必然略带甜味；干白葡萄酒入口新鲜柔和且清淡爽口，既有水果的清香又有陈酒的醇香；干红葡萄酒，则酒味浓而不烈，醇和协调，不涩不燥，且无刺舌之邪味，富有浓郁的酒香。一杯好的酒向我们传达了这样的生活态度---乐于分享并努力追求丰富的生活，这无疑是最令人向往的人生体验，对奢华的孜孜追求，会使那些能够切实感受并分享它的人们，或为它所表达的意义中不可或缺的一部分。而名酒在给予我们味觉、视觉、嗅觉诸多美好感受的同时，也让我们领略到奢华最为强烈的直观体验，一次完美的奢华体验。往往会将人们的生活浓缩成一份美好的记忆。而人们将用那些体验奢华的片段来纪念和珍藏生命中最重要的时光，这也将成为岁月巅

峰的铭记而被留在历史中。

5.结语

酒是上帝给与的一份最美好的礼物。

在中国，酒常常被当做一种工具。所谓醉翁之意不在酒，在乎山水之间也。山水之乐，得知心而寓之酒，人们更多的依靠饮酒而追求酒之外的东西。青梅煮酒是为了论证谁是英雄；杯莫停的将进酒，为的是与尔同消万古愁；竹林里狂歌的七贤，为的是借酒避难。酒在中国人眼里更多的是当作一种交际的工具，更在意饮用他后带来的美妙作用。而在西方，饮酒的目的往往很简单，为了欣赏酒而饮酒，为了享受美酒而饮酒。当然，在西方葡萄酒也有交际的功能，但人们更多的是追求如何尽情的享受美酒的味道。

酒是一种客观存在的物质，是一种文化。酒文化作为一种特殊的文化形式，渗透到社会生活的各个领域，在聚会中酒是必需品，中西方对于这种必需品有其不同的解读。以往的差别性探究主要倾向于酒文化的物质层面以及与古代诗歌、古代政治、酒令和饮酒礼仪的不同进行讨论。而分析和比较中西方酒文化的差异更有助于我们了解酒文化背后所隐藏的风格迥异、丰富多彩的文化和民族意义，有助于人们成功地进行跨文化交际和文化交流，更好地为英汉国家的文化交流起到积极的促进作用，最终更有利于整个世界人民的和谐和发展。

第五篇：中西企业文化对比

中西企业文化对比与融合

【摘要】企业文化是企业生存与发展的根源。在当前经济全球化，区域经济一体化的背景下中国与世界的经济贸易往来更加频繁，西方的企业文化也越来越多的受到中国企业的关注。处于国际进程中的中国企业，应当更加注重中西企业文化的对比，通过借鉴和融合，形成具有鲜明特色的中国企业文化理念。

【关键词】企业文化 文化对比 文化差异 文化融合

企业文化被普遍认同为具有广义和狭义两种解释。其中广义的企业文化是指企业在长期生产经营过程中形成的、具有本企业特色的物质财富和精神财富的总和。狭义的企业文化是指企业培育的被绝大多数员工认同的价值理念、道德规范、行为准则、共同理想与企业精神。在后现代社会的今天，涵盖物质文化、行为文化、制度文化和精神文化的企业文化已经无可争议的成为企业生存与发展的基石。[1]

一方面，在经济全球化的背景下，越来越多的中国企业通过自身不断的努力，已经走出国门，走向世界。另一方面，西方是企业文化理论的发源地，无论在企业文化的理论方面，还是实践方面都走在世界前列。中国企业理当注重中西企业文化对比，通过借鉴和融合，不断推进企业文化建设，创造出优秀的企业文化，从而促使企业自身更好更快发展。1 中西企业文化对比 1.1 价值观的不同

价值观是一个国家区别于另一个国家最显著的方面。同时，价值观亦是文化结构的重要组成部分。正是由于价值观的不同，才造成了中西方企业文化的巨大差异。西方企业文化鼓励员工不断提高绩效，鼓励员工创新、冒险和竞争。中国传统企业文化倡导“以义生利，义利合一”，“重情义，轻规范”。因此，中国的企业员工团结互助、有大局意识和群体意识。1.2 管理的不同

西方企业管理表现为以“法理”为中心，重视制度管理和条例管理，在企业日常管理中特别强调制度和条例建设，严格按照规则办事。中国企业管理以“人情”为特质，深受儒家文化影响，注重和谐共生的人际关系。无论是在奖惩问题上还是在员工职位升降问题上都存在很大的弹性，人为因素较大。同时，由于受到“君臣关系”的影响，中国的权力等级关系更复杂。高层管理者会有更多的权力，中低层管理者与西方同等级的管理者相比较而言被授予的权力较小。[2] 1.3 行为方式的不同

中西文化行为方式的不同体现在思维方式和沟通方式两个方面。以直线思维为基础，西方企业文化重事实，重逻辑思维，重发现，追求精确，注重竞争；中国企业文化重先验理性，重直觉，重感悟，重整体性，容许模糊性，重和谐。[3]在沟通方式上，西方企业文化表现为开门见山，明确、直接的表达意见和见解，而中国企业文化则是委婉的、间接地的提出看法，不习惯于反问、追问。2 中西企业文化差异

企业文化的产生和发展变化，与企业所处的国家和地区的文化传统密切相关，是传统文化与现代企业相结合的产物。国家和民族环境是文化形成与发展的土壤，中西方文化形成的地理渊源和历史渊源不同，导致中西方企业文化的差异。[1][2] 段维龙.企业文化与人本管理.北京：北京大学出版社，2009.胡小燕.中西企业文化对比研究.商品与质量，2012（4）:123-124.[3] 史燕.中西企业文化比较研究.企业经济，2008（2）：161.2.1 西方企业文化的特点

由于西方较早出现资本主义萌芽，并且一些国家始终处于资本主义意识形态，因此，西方企业文化具有独特的特点。第一，崇尚个人主义。不论是人权宣言，还是美国独立宣言都强有力的彰显了西方社会对于“个人”的推崇。“人生来就自由而平等”，使得西方企业文化提倡个人至上、个人奋斗、个人独立。在工作中，企业尊重、信任员工，给与自主权，承认个人价值和能力，并强调个人奋斗。惠普公司的五个价值观“相信、尊重个人、尊重员工追求最高的成就，追求卓越做事情”就是对于个人主义很好的证明。第二，重视创新研发，卓越品质。西方企业高度重视开展创新活动，并且为此提供了优越的条件、营造了良好的氛围。德国西门子公司从不削减研发资金，并且拥有近四万名研发人员，这使得西门子公司拥有几万项发明专利，在德国专利领域高居榜首。日本的索尼公司一直将创新作为生存发展的立足点，具备强大的技术开发能力，坚持不断创新，使得索尼公司成为世界上专业视听产品、游戏产品、通讯产品和信息技术等领域的先导之一。第三，注重终身学习。西方企业非常重视企业内部学习精神的培养，把学习精神融入到企业的经营过程中，提倡建立重视教育的学习型企业。日本松下电器长期重视员工的教育培训工作，以提高全体员工的素质。其创始人松下幸之助曾说过：“事业是认为的，而人才的培养是当务之急”。为了建立一个有利于鼓励和推进员工学习的环境，1964年松下电器公司在大阪建立起占地14.2万平方米的超大型培训中心，全公司一年有三分之一的人来这里接受培训。正是由于确立了终身学习的理念，松下员工的整体素质和业务水平不断提高，使得松下电器一直走在行业前端。第四，顾客至上，服务第一。顾客是上帝，顾客决定了企业的生存死亡，没有顾客也就没有了企业。“顾客至上”、“以顾客为中心”一直是西方企业管理经营的主要信条。美国沃尔玛公司多年来一直稳居美国500强企业榜首，并在全世界都有连锁店，在全球经济危机下，沃尔玛公司仍以每年7%的速度增长。沃尔玛将顾客第一的理念贯彻在经营服务的每一个细节中，不论是店铺内的通道，还是灯光设计都令顾客更加舒适。此外，沃尔玛还实行免费停车，开展免费咨询服务。第五，重视社会责任。企业的社会责任包括捍卫消费者权益、维护员工利益和保护自然环境、支持公益事业等公众立业为核心的社会问题。西方企业文化认为，企业既是经济组织，又是社会组织。作为经济组织，不仅要以优良的品质和服务队消费者负责，还要对交易合作者、股东负责。作为社会组织，重视对本社区和社会的责任，把环境保护和减少公害作为企业生存和发展的前提条件。2.2 中国企业文化的特点

中国有着五千米的文明历史，具有优秀的文化传统，历史上经历了较长时期的农耕文明。文化方面，儒家文化一直是主流，但同时也出现了法家、道家等百家争鸣的文化繁荣。由于经历了长久的中央集权的封建君主专制，以及重农抑商政策影响，中国较晚出现资本主义萌芽，工商业落后。由于此种种原因，中国的企业文化独具特点。第一，以和为贵，和气生财。中国自古就是礼仪之邦，历来就倡导“和为贵”以及和谐共生的伦理道德。这些传统道德渗透到企业中，成为企业文化的重要内容。中国的企业家认为，以和为贵就可以化解企业内部的种种矛盾，还可以密切企业与消费者和合作者之间的关系，精诚合作，和气生财。第二，重视亲情，轻视规范。中国的传统社会以血缘关系为纽带，依靠伦理道德而不是依靠法律来维系人与人之间、人与社会之间的关系，因此，整个社会形成了人治大于法治、人情大于制度的文化氛围。企业在经营管理中，注重人情关系维系，注重感情投资。在树立企业价值观时，将企业比作“家”，唤起员工的亲情意识，要求员工对“家”忠诚。同时，由于“管理无情人有情”，法制和科学管理的成分较少，在执行时很难把握分寸，造成管理的随意性和复杂性。第三，注重集体利益。中国的企业管理者通常群众观念较强，形成了集体决策、民主集中的决策风格。一方面，群体决策有权力相对分散，责任不易明确，行动比较迟缓等不足，另一方面，群体决策又有集思广益，在充分汇总意见基础上，发挥领导整体功能和决策能力的优点。随着现代企业的发展，企业的经营管理目标已经不仅仅是实现利益的最大化，而还要股东满意、员工满意、顾客满意和社会满意。这时，企业文化中的集体性就发挥了重要作用。第四，崇尚德才兼备。儒家文化是以人为中心的文化，重视人际关系，强调人的作用。一方面，注重个人的德行，即修身养性，认为人的德行第一位的。因此，在考察、提拔干部时，既看其才，又看其德，但要以德为先。良好的德行是前提。另一方面，重视人的作用，主要不是指个人能力的发挥，而更多的是强调群体的作用，注意处理好人际关系，以求社会和谐。中西企业文化的融合与借鉴

随着世界经济一体化和区域经济集团化的不断加深，越来越多的中国企业走向了世界市场，中西方企业文化的融合已经成为不可逆转的潮流。优秀的企业文化不仅要体现企业自身的特点，还应当积极学习西方企业文化的科学内容，学习发达国家的先进管理经验，尤其是国外知名企业的文化精华，并根据企业自身的情况，融合与借鉴，形成独具特色的中国企业文化。在学习西方企业文化时，一定要防止两种倾向：一是认为中国传统企业文化一无是处，一切都是照抄照搬，不辨良莠，直接把西方的企业文化全盘搬来。二是，盲目自大，认为中国的传统企业文化是最好的，无须向西方等先进国家学习，因循守旧。中国有几千年文明社会形成的灿烂文化，有其不可抗拒的魅力和众多的精华。企业文化的融合不是简单的机械堆加，而是在中国原有文化的基础上，相互比较、吸收和补充，然后生成一种新的企业文化。要对西方企业文化进行详细的研究，总结出一些值得借鉴的经验和教训。既要“适应他人”，也要“保持自我”，关键是找准二者之间的平衡点。在尊重、学习西方文化的同时，还要坚持中国传统文化的特色与影响力。这样才能把中西方文化的精华结合起来，建立起既适应国际经济环境，又适应国际文化环境的新型企业文化，是具有中国特色的企业文化。这将成为中国企业走向世界，取得竞争优势，获得国际经营活动主动权的关键。

【参考文献】

[1] 段维龙.企业文化与人本管理.北京：北京大学出版社，2009.[2] 胡小燕.中西企业文化对比研究.商品与质量，2012（4）:123-124.[3] 史燕.中西企业文化比较研究.企业经济，2008（2）：161.[4] 孙香梅.中美企业文化的特色及比较研究.企业管理，2008（3）:30-32 [5] 汤涛.日本企业文化初探.华东师范大学，2005.